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Zeng Z, Li Q, Guo H, Liu Y, Liang L, Lai Y, Fang Y, Li L, Xue Q, Zhan Y, Lin Z, Guan W, Yang Z. Modified transport medium for improving influenza virus detection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1399782. [PMID: 39027137 PMCID: PMC11254831 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1399782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Accurate detection of influenza virus in clinical samples requires correct execution of all aspects of the detection test. If the viral load in a sample is below the detection limit, a false negative result may be obtained. To overcome this issue, we developed a modified transport medium (MTM) for clinical sample transportation to increase viral detection sensitivity. Method We first validated the MTM using laboratory-stocked influenza A viruses (IAVs: H1N1, H3N2, H7N3, H9N2) and influenza B viruses (IBVs: Yamagata, Victoria). We also tested clinical samples. A total of 110 patients were enrolled and a pair of samples were collected to determine the sensitivity of real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) following MTM treatment. Result After 24 h culturing in MTM, the viral loads were increased, represented by a 10-fold increase in detection sensitivity for H1N1, H9N2, and IBVs, a 100-fold increase for H3N2, and a 1,000-fold increase for H7N3. We further tested the effects of MTM on 19 IAV and 11 IBV stored clinical samples. The RT-PCR results showed that the positive detection rate of IAV samples increased from 63.16% (12/19) without MTM culturing to 78.95% (15/19) after 48 h culturing, and finally 89.47% (17/19) after 72 h culturing. MTM treatment of IBV clinical samples also increased the positive detection rate from 36.36% (4/11, 0 h) to 63.64% (7/11, 48 h) to 72.73% (8/11, 72 h). For clinical samples detected by RT-PCR, MTM outperformed other transport mediums in terms of viral detection rate (11.81% increase, P=0.007). Conclusion Our results demonstrated that the use of MTM for clinical applications can increase detection sensitivity, thus facilitating the accurate diagnosis of influenza infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqi Zeng
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Clinical Rapid Diagnosis and Early Warning of Infectious Diseases, KingMed School of Laboratory Medicine, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Respiratory Disease AI Laboratory on Epidemic Intelligence and Medical Big Data Instrument Applications, Faculty of Innovative Engineering, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macao, Macao SAR, China
| | - Qianying Li
- Respiratory Disease AI Laboratory on Epidemic Intelligence and Medical Big Data Instrument Applications, Faculty of Innovative Engineering, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macao, Macao SAR, China
| | - Hua Guo
- BaSO Diagnostics Inc., Zhuhai, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yong Liu
- Kingmed Virology Diagnostic and Translational Center, Guangzhou Kingmed Center for Clinical Laboratory Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, China
| | - Lixi Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuanfang Lai
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Clinical Rapid Diagnosis and Early Warning of Infectious Diseases, KingMed School of Laboratory Medicine, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi Fang
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Clinical Rapid Diagnosis and Early Warning of Infectious Diseases, KingMed School of Laboratory Medicine, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lei Li
- BaSO Diagnostics Inc., Zhuhai, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiuting Xue
- BaSO Diagnostics Inc., Zhuhai, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yangqing Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhengshi Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Wenda Guan
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Clinical Rapid Diagnosis and Early Warning of Infectious Diseases, KingMed School of Laboratory Medicine, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zifeng Yang
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Clinical Rapid Diagnosis and Early Warning of Infectious Diseases, KingMed School of Laboratory Medicine, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Respiratory Disease AI Laboratory on Epidemic Intelligence and Medical Big Data Instrument Applications, Faculty of Innovative Engineering, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macao, Macao SAR, China
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangzhou Laboratory, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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2
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Welch JL, Shrestha R, Hutchings H, Pal N, Levings R, Robbe-Austerman S, Palinski R, Shanmuganatham KK. Inactivation of highly transmissible livestock and avian viruses including influenza A and Newcastle disease virus for molecular diagnostics. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1304022. [PMID: 38515532 PMCID: PMC10955088 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1304022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
There is a critical need for an inactivation method that completely inactivates pathogens at the time of sample collection while maintaining the nucleic acid quality required for diagnostic PCR testing. This inactivation method is required to alleviate concerns about transmission potential, minimize shipping complications and cost, and enable testing in lower containment laboratories, thereby enhancing disease diagnostics through improved turn-around time. This study evaluated a panel of 10 surrogate viruses that represent highly pathogenic animal diseases. These results showed that a commercial PrimeStore® molecular transport media (PSMTM) completely inactivated all viruses tested by >99.99%, as determined by infectivity and serial passage assays. However, the detection of viral nucleic acid by qRT-PCR was comparable in PSMTM and control-treated conditions. These results were consistent when viruses were evaluated in the presence of biological material such as sera and cloacal swabs to mimic diagnostic sample conditions for non-avian and avian viruses, respectively. The results of this study may be utilized by diagnostic testing laboratories for highly pathogenic agents affecting animal and human populations. These results may be used to revise guidance for select agent diagnostic testing and the shipment of infectious substances.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Karthik K. Shanmuganatham
- National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Veterinary Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States
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3
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Dsa OC, Kadni TS, N S. From cold chain to ambient temperature: transport of viral specimens- a review. Ann Med 2023; 55:2257711. [PMID: 37725901 PMCID: PMC10512818 DOI: 10.1080/07853890.2023.2257711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The diagnosis of an aetiology is dependent on the collection, transport, and storage of the infectious sample. The transport of the sample plays a crucial role in the chain of diagnosis. It is important to maintain the biological integrity of the pathogen during the transport of the sample to achieve an accurate diagnosis. This is important, particularly for labile organisms like viruses that are inactivated easily compared to other microorganisms. Many transport media have been utilised to ensure the integrity of the virus during transport. While most of the transport media are focused on preserving the infectious properties of the virus, progress has been made to develop virus transport media to inactivate the virus and obtain the stability of the viral nucleic acid, enabling better molecular diagnosis of the virus aetiologies. This review summarises the various media used for the transport of virus samples and focuses on the need to develop virus transport media that inactivates the virus and preserves the viral nucleic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Christy Dsa
- Manipal Institute of Virology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Trupti Sathish Kadni
- Manipal Institute of Virology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Sudheesh N
- Manipal Institute of Virology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
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4
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Evaluation and Clinical Validation of Guanidine-Based Inactivation Transport Medium for Preservation of SARS-CoV-2. Adv Pharmacol Pharm Sci 2022; 2022:1677621. [PMID: 35873075 PMCID: PMC9301760 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1677621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
WHO declared the outbreak of COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2, a pandemic in March 2020. More than 223 million cases and approximately 4.6 million deaths have been confirmed. Early diagnosis and immediate treatment became a priority during this pandemic. However, COVID-19 diagnostic testing resources are limited, especially early in the pandemic. Apart from being limited, the COVID-19 diagnostic tests using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) have encountered storage, transportation, and safety issues. These problems are mainly experienced by developing poor countries, countries in the equatorial region, and archipelagic countries. VITPAD® is a guanidine-based inactivation transport medium (ITM) formulated to maintain the RNA quality of SARS-CoV-2 during transportation without cold chains. This study, conducted from September 2020 to March 2021, performed clinical validation of VITPAD® by comparing its performance with a globally commercially available ITM from the NEST brand. Its stability at room temperature, safety, and resistance at high temperatures was also tested using RT-PCR analysis. VITPAD® can reduce the infectious nature of the specimen, preserve the SARS-CoV-2 for 18 days at an ambient temperature, and resist high temperatures (40°C for 3 hours). A guanidine-based transport medium, such as VITPAD®, is compatible and recommended for RT-PCR-based molecular diagnosis of COVID-19.
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5
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Consolidating the potency of Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) in viral diagnosis: extrapolating its applicability for COVID diagnosis? Trends Analyt Chem 2022; 150:116569. [PMID: 35221399 PMCID: PMC8861128 DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
MALDI-TOF-MS has essentially delivered more than expected with respect to clinical pathogens. Viruses are the most versatile entities of clinical pathogens that have challenged well-established microbiological methodologies. This review evaluates the existing scenario with respect to MALDI TOF-MS analytical technique in the successful analysis of viral pathogens. The milestones achieved with respect to detection and identification of COVID-19 has been presented. The fact that only a handful of scattered applications for COVID-19 exist has been pointed out in the review. Further, the lapses in the utilization of the available state-of-the art MALDI-TOF-MS variants/benchmark sophistications for COVID-19 analysis, are highlighted. When the world is seeking for rapid solutions for early, sensitive, rapid COVID-19 diagnosis, maybe MALDI-TOF-MS, may be the actual ‘gold standard’. Reverting to the title, this review emphasizes that there is a need for extrapolating MALDI-TOF-MS for COVID-19 analysis and this calls for urgent scientific attention.
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6
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Boix-Amorós A, Piras E, Bu K, Wallach D, Stapylton M, Fernández-Sesma A, Malaspina D, Clemente JC. Viral Inactivation Impacts Microbiome Estimates in a Tissue-Specific Manner. mSystems 2021; 6:e0067421. [PMID: 34609165 PMCID: PMC8547476 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00674-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The global emergence of novel pathogenic viruses presents an important challenge for research, as high biosafety levels are required to process samples. While inactivation of infectious agents facilitates the use of less stringent safety conditions, its effect on other biological entities of interest present in the sample is generally unknown. Here, we analyzed the effect of five inactivation methods (heat, ethanol, formaldehyde, psoralen, and TRIzol) on microbiome composition and diversity in samples collected from four different body sites (gut, nasal, oral, and skin) and compared them against untreated samples from the same tissues. We performed 16S rRNA gene sequencing and estimated abundance and diversity of bacterial taxa present in all samples. Nasal and skin samples were the most affected by inactivation, with ethanol and TRIzol inducing the largest changes in composition, and heat, formaldehyde, TRIzol, and psoralen inducing the largest changes in diversity. Oral and stool microbiomes were more robust to inactivation, with no significant changes in diversity and only moderate changes in composition. Firmicutes was the taxonomic group least affected by inactivation, while Bacteroidetes had a notable enrichment in nasal samples and moderate enrichment in fecal and oral samples. Actinobacteria were more notably depleted in fecal and skin samples, and Proteobacteria exhibited a more variable behavior depending on sample type and inactivation method. Overall, our results demonstrate that inactivation methods can alter the microbiome in a tissue-specific manner and that careful consideration should be given to the choice of method based on the sample type under study. IMPORTANCE Understanding how viral infections impact and are modulated by the microbiome is an important problem in basic research but is also of high clinical relevance under the current pandemic. To facilitate the study of interactions between microbial communities and pathogenic viruses under safe conditions, the infectious agent is generally inactivated prior to processing samples. The effect of this inactivation process in the microbiome is, however, unknown. Further, it is unclear whether biases introduced by inactivation methods are dependent on the sample type under study. Estimating the magnitude and nature of the changes induced by different methods in samples collected from various body sites thus provides important information for current and future studies that require inactivation of pathogenic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Boix-Amorós
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Enrica Piras
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Kevin Bu
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - David Wallach
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Matthew Stapylton
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ana Fernández-Sesma
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai. New York, New York, USA
| | - Dolores Malaspina
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai. New York, New York, USA
| | - Jose C. Clemente
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
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7
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Abstract
In light of the present pandemic of novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and the unprecedented high demand for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) testing worldwide, there are shortages of established specimen collection devices for respiratory viral testing for diagnostic microbiology laboratories. This creates the need to validate unverified collection devices from manufacturers that may not be a registered supplier for medical devices. In light of the present pandemic of novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and the unprecedented high demand for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) testing worldwide, there are shortages of established specimen collection devices for respiratory viral testing for diagnostic microbiology laboratories. This creates the need to validate unverified collection devices from manufacturers that may not be a registered supplier for medical devices. As clinical laboratories do not routinely perform quality control of established collection devices, there is a need to have a systematic, robust approach to the assessment of substitute unregistered collection swabs and viral transport media (VTM). A discussion of the aspects requiring consideration when determining the suitability and implementation of new collection devices is presented. These specific assessment criteria include an inspection of device integrity, determination of swab and VTM sterility and in vitro performance, VTM stability, and examination of the clinical performance of the device. This method was used in a front-line medical microbiology laboratory on swabs and VTM from an unregistered manufacturer, with suboptimal results that precluded implementation. As the pandemic continues, it will be important for diagnostic laboratories to adopt a flexible and streamlined approach to maintaining adequate supply chains for testing reagents and materials.
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8
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Garnett L, Bello A, Tran KN, Audet J, Leung A, Schiffman Z, Griffin BD, Tailor N, Kobasa D, Strong JE. Comparison analysis of different swabs and transport mediums suitable for SARS-CoV-2 testing following shortages. J Virol Methods 2020; 285:113947. [PMID: 32781008 PMCID: PMC7414358 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2020.113947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
High demand for diagnostic testing for COVID-19 has depleted commercially available consumables for diagnostic testing. Alternative swabs that are not approved for Nasopharyngeal sampling work well for COVID-19 diagnostics. Alternative fluids that are readily available in hospital settings can function as alternatives to Viral Transport Media. No meaningful difference in viral yield from different swabs and most transport mediums for the collection and detection of SARS-CoV-2, indicating swab and medium alternatives could be used if supplies run out.
On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) assessed COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2, as a pandemic. As of June 1, 2020, SARS-CoV-2 has had a documented effect of over 6 million cases world-wide, amounting to over 370,000 deaths (World Health Organization, 2020. Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) Situation. http://https://covid19.who.int/). Consequently, the high demand for testing has resulted in a depletion of commercially available consumables, including the recommended swabs and viral transport media (VTM) required for nasopharyngeal sampling. Therefore, the potential use of unvalidated alternatives must be explored to address the global shortage of testing supplies. To tackle this issue, we evaluated the utility of different swabs and transport mediums for the molecular detection of SARS-CoV-2. This study compared the performance of six swabs commonly found in primary and tertiary health care settings (PurFlock Ultra, FLOQSwab, Puritan Pur-Wraps cotton tipped applicators, Puritan polyester tipped applicators, MedPro 6” cotton tipped applicators, and HOLOGIC Aptima) for their efficacy in testing for SARS-CoV-2. Separately, the molecular detection of SARS-CoV-2 was completed from different transport mediums (DMEM, PBS, 100 % ethanol, 0.9 % normal saline and VTM), which were kept up to three days at room temperature (RT). The results indicate that there is no meaningful difference in viral yield from different swabs and most transport mediums for the collection and detection of SARS-CoV-2, indicating swab and medium alternatives could be used if supplies run out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Garnett
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Canada; Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Alexander Bello
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Canada
| | - Kaylie N Tran
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Canada
| | - Jonathan Audet
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Canada
| | - Anders Leung
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Canada
| | - Zachary Schiffman
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Canada; Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Bryan D Griffin
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Canada
| | - Nikesh Tailor
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Canada
| | - Darwyn Kobasa
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Canada; Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - James E Strong
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Canada; Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, College of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.
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9
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Dewar R, Baunoch D, Wojno K, Parkash V, Khosravi-Far R. VIRAL TRANSPORTATION IN COVID-19 PANDEMIC: INACTIVATED VIRUS TRANSPORTATION SHOULD BE IMPLEMENTED FOR SAFE TRANSPORTATION AND HANDLING AT DIAGNOSTICS LABORATORIES. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2020; 144:916-917. [PMID: 32298137 DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2020-0175-le] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rajan Dewar
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor Michigan (Dr. Dewar); Pathnostics Inc, Irvine, California (Dr. Baunoch); Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut (Dr. Wojno); Oncocell dx, Royal Oak, Michigan (Dr. Parkash); Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA (Dr. Khosravi-Far); Accurome Health, Inc. Boston, MA (Dr. Khosravi-Far)
| | - David Baunoch
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor Michigan (Dr. Dewar); Pathnostics Inc, Irvine, California (Dr. Baunoch); Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut (Dr. Wojno); Oncocell dx, Royal Oak, Michigan (Dr. Parkash); Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA (Dr. Khosravi-Far); Accurome Health, Inc. Boston, MA (Dr. Khosravi-Far)
| | - Kirk Wojno
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor Michigan (Dr. Dewar); Pathnostics Inc, Irvine, California (Dr. Baunoch); Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut (Dr. Wojno); Oncocell dx, Royal Oak, Michigan (Dr. Parkash); Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA (Dr. Khosravi-Far); Accurome Health, Inc. Boston, MA (Dr. Khosravi-Far)
| | - Vinita Parkash
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor Michigan (Dr. Dewar); Pathnostics Inc, Irvine, California (Dr. Baunoch); Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut (Dr. Wojno); Oncocell dx, Royal Oak, Michigan (Dr. Parkash); Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA (Dr. Khosravi-Far); Accurome Health, Inc. Boston, MA (Dr. Khosravi-Far)
| | - Roya Khosravi-Far
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor Michigan (Dr. Dewar); Pathnostics Inc, Irvine, California (Dr. Baunoch); Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut (Dr. Wojno); Oncocell dx, Royal Oak, Michigan (Dr. Parkash); Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA (Dr. Khosravi-Far); Accurome Health, Inc. Boston, MA (Dr. Khosravi-Far)
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10
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Practical Guidance for Clinical Microbiology Laboratories: Viruses Causing Acute Respiratory Tract Infections. Clin Microbiol Rev 2018; 32:32/1/e00042-18. [PMID: 30541871 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00042-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory viral infections are associated with a wide range of acute syndromes and infectious disease processes in children and adults worldwide. Many viruses are implicated in these infections, and these viruses are spread largely via respiratory means between humans but also occasionally from animals to humans. This article is an American Society for Microbiology (ASM)-sponsored Practical Guidance for Clinical Microbiology (PGCM) document identifying best practices for diagnosis and characterization of viruses that cause acute respiratory infections and replaces the most recent prior version of the ASM-sponsored Cumitech 21 document, Laboratory Diagnosis of Viral Respiratory Disease, published in 1986. The scope of the original document was quite broad, with an emphasis on clinical diagnosis of a wide variety of infectious agents and laboratory focus on antigen detection and viral culture. The new PGCM document is designed to be used by laboratorians in a wide variety of diagnostic and public health microbiology/virology laboratory settings worldwide. The article provides guidance to a rapidly changing field of diagnostics and outlines the epidemiology and clinical impact of acute respiratory viral infections, including preferred methods of specimen collection and current methods for diagnosis and characterization of viral pathogens causing acute respiratory tract infections. Compared to the case in 1986, molecular techniques are now the preferred diagnostic approaches for the detection of acute respiratory viruses, and they allow for automation, high-throughput workflows, and near-patient testing. These changes require quality assurance programs to prevent laboratory contamination as well as strong preanalytical screening approaches to utilize laboratory resources appropriately. Appropriate guidance from laboratorians to stakeholders will allow for appropriate specimen collection, as well as correct test ordering that will quickly identify highly transmissible emerging pathogens.
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11
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Granados A, Quach S, McGeer A, Gubbay JB, Kwong JC. Detecting and quantifying influenza virus with self- versus investigator-collected mid-turbinate nasal swabs. J Med Virol 2017; 89:1295-1299. [PMID: 27943313 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
We compared pairs of self- and investigator-collected mid-turbinate nasal swabs to detect and quantify influenza viral loads. We used RNase P, which reflects presence of human cells to determine adequate sample collection. Sixteen pairs of influenza-positive swabs and 25 pairs of influenza-negative swabs were included in this study. The median influenza A viral loads for self- and investigator-collected swabs were 1.68 and 1.67 log10 copies/mL, respectively (P = 0.96). RNase P loads were also similar between self- and investigator-collected swabs (P = 0.51). Self-collected mid-turbinate nasal swabs yield comparable viral loads to investigator-collected swabs, and therefore might be considered for research and clinical management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Granados
- Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Susan Quach
- Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Allison McGeer
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Sinai Health System, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jonathan B Gubbay
- Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jeffrey C Kwong
- Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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12
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Payne DA, Baluchova K, Peoc'h KH, van Schaik RHN, Chan KCA, Maekawa M, Mamotte C, Russomando G, Rousseau F, Ahmad-Nejad P. Pre-examination factors affecting molecular diagnostic test results and interpretation: A case-based approach. Clin Chim Acta 2016; 467:59-69. [PMID: 27321365 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2016.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple organizations produce guidance documents that provide opportunities to harmonize quality practices for diagnostic testing. The International Organization for Standardization ISO 15189 standard addresses requirements for quality in management and technical aspects of the clinical laboratory. One technical aspect addresses the complexities of the pre-examination phase prior to diagnostic testing. METHODS The Committee for Molecular Diagnostics of the International Federation for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (also known as, IFCC C-MD) conducted a survey of international molecular laboratories and determined ISO 15189 to be the most referenced guidance document. In this review, the IFCC C-MD provides case-based examples illustrating the value of select pre-examination processes as these processes relate to molecular diagnostic testing. Case-based examples in infectious disease, oncology, inherited disease and pharmacogenomics address the utility of: 1) providing information to patients and users, 2) designing requisition forms, 3) obtaining informed consent and 4) maintaining sample integrity prior to testing. CONCLUSIONS The pre-examination phase requires extensive and consistent communication between the laboratory, the healthcare provider and the end user. The clinical vignettes presented in this paper illustrate the value of applying select ISO 15189 recommendations for general laboratory to the more specialized area of Molecular Diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah A Payne
- Molecular Services, APP-UniPath LLC, American Pathology Partners-UniPath, 6116 East Warren Ave., Denver, CO, USA.
| | - Katarina Baluchova
- Comenius University in Bratislava, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Biomedical Center Martin, Division of Oncology, Mala Hora 4C, 036 01 Martin, Slovakia; Comenius University in Bratislava, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Department of Molecular Biology, Mala Hora 4C, 036 01 Martin, Slovakia
| | - Katell H Peoc'h
- AP-HP Hôpital Beaujon, Service de Biochimie clinique, Clichy F-92118, France; Université Paris Diderot, UFR de Médecine site Bichat, INSERM UMRs-1149, Paris, France
| | - Ron H N van Schaik
- Department Clinical Chemistry, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - K C Allen Chan
- Department of Chemical Pathology, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Masato Maekawa
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Cyril Mamotte
- School of Biomedical Sciences and CHIRI Biosciences, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Graciela Russomando
- Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Department, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Nacional de Asunción, Paraguay
| | - François Rousseau
- Department of Medical Biology, Direction médicale des services hospitaliers, CHU de Québec - Université Laval, Québec City, Canada; Department of Molecular Biology, Medical Biochemistry and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, Canada
| | - Parviz Ahmad-Nejad
- Institute for Medical Laboratory Diagnostics, Centre for Clinical and Translational Research (CCTR), HELIOS Hospital, Heusnerstraße 40, 42283 Wuppertal, Witten/Herdecke University, Germany
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Zoch B, Karch A, Dreesman J, Monazahian M, Baillot A, Mikolajczyk RT. Feasibility of a birth cohort study dedicated to assessing acute infections using symptom diaries and parental collection of biomaterials. BMC Infect Dis 2015; 15:436. [PMID: 26493700 PMCID: PMC4618955 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-015-1189-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A birth cohort dedicated to studying infections in early childhood may be assisted by parental recording of symptoms on a daily basis and a collection of biomaterials. We aimed at testing the feasibility of this approach for use in a long-term study focusing on infections in children in Germany. Methods Parents of 1- to 3-year-old children (n = 75) were recruited in nursery schools. They were asked to complete a symptom diary on a daily basis and to take monthly and symptom-triggered nasal swabs and stool samples from their child over the study period of three months. Feasibility was measured by means of the return proportions of symptom diaries and bio samples; acceptance was assessed by a questionnaire delivered to participants at the end of the study. Results The majority of the participants filled in the symptom diary during the three months study for 75 or more days (77.3 %), and provided the monthly nasal swabs (62.7 %) and stool samples (65.3 %). The time needed for the tasks was acceptable for most participants (symptom diary: 92.3 %, nasal swabs: 98.5 %, stool samples: 100.0 %). In 64.3 % of the symptom-triggered nasal swabs, respiratory viruses were found compared to 55.5 % in throat swabs taken by health-care professionals within the “ARE surveillance Lower Saxony”, a special project by the Governmental Institute of Public Health of Lower Saxony to investigate causal pathogens for acute respiratory infections in children. Conclusions The parental assessment of symptoms and collection of biomaterials in a birth cohort dedicated to studying infections appears feasible in a middle class German population. The success of the study will depend on the ability to maintain these activities over a long time period. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12879-015-1189-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beate Zoch
- ESME - Research Group Epidemiological and Statistical Methods, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstr. 7, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany. .,PhD Programme "Epidemiology", Braunschweig-Hannover, Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - André Karch
- ESME - Research Group Epidemiological and Statistical Methods, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstr. 7, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany. .,PhD Programme "Epidemiology", Braunschweig-Hannover, Braunschweig, Germany. .,German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Hannover-Braunschweig site, Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Johannes Dreesman
- Governmental Institute of Public Health of Lower Saxony, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Masyar Monazahian
- Governmental Institute of Public Health of Lower Saxony, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Armin Baillot
- Governmental Institute of Public Health of Lower Saxony, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Rafael T Mikolajczyk
- ESME - Research Group Epidemiological and Statistical Methods, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstr. 7, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany. .,German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Hannover-Braunschweig site, Braunschweig, Germany. .,Hannover Medical School (MHH), Hannover, Germany.
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14
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Zhang XC, Liu S, Hou GY, Zhuang QY, Wang KC, Jiang WM, Wang SC, Li JP, Yu JM, Du X, Huang BX, Chen JM. Comparison of three media for transport and storage of the samples collected for detection of avian influenza virus. J Virol Methods 2015; 222:202-5. [PMID: 26159628 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2015.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Revised: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Detection of avian influenza viruses (AIVs) is important for diagnosis, surveillance and control of avian influenza which is of great economic and public health significance. Proper transport and storage of samples is critical for the detection when the samples cannot be detected immediately. As recommended by some international or national authoritative entities and some publications, phosphate buffered saline (PBS), PBS-glycerol and brain heart infusion broth (BHIB) are frequently used for transport and storage of the samples collected for detection of AIVs worldwide. In this study, we compared these three media for transport and storage of simulated and authentic swab and feces samples collected for detection of AIVs using virus isolation and reverse transcription-PCR. The results suggest that PBS-glycerol is superior to PBS and BHIB as the sample transport and storage media. The results also suggest that the samples collected for detection of AIVs should be detected as soon as possible because the virus concentration of the samples may decline rapidly during storage within days at 4 or -20°C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Chun Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; China Animal Health & Epidemiology Center, Qingdao 266032, China
| | - Shuo Liu
- China Animal Health & Epidemiology Center, Qingdao 266032, China
| | - Guang-Yu Hou
- China Animal Health & Epidemiology Center, Qingdao 266032, China
| | - Qing-Ye Zhuang
- China Animal Health & Epidemiology Center, Qingdao 266032, China
| | - Kai-Cheng Wang
- China Animal Health & Epidemiology Center, Qingdao 266032, China
| | - Wen-Ming Jiang
- China Animal Health & Epidemiology Center, Qingdao 266032, China
| | - Su-Chun Wang
- China Animal Health & Epidemiology Center, Qingdao 266032, China
| | - Jin-Ping Li
- China Animal Health & Epidemiology Center, Qingdao 266032, China
| | - Jian-Min Yu
- China Animal Health & Epidemiology Center, Qingdao 266032, China
| | - Xiang Du
- China Animal Health & Epidemiology Center, Qingdao 266032, China
| | - Bao-Xu Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; China Animal Health & Epidemiology Center, Qingdao 266032, China
| | - Ji-Ming Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
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15
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Granados A, Goodall EC, Luinstra K, Smieja M, Mahony J. Comparison of asymptomatic and symptomatic rhinovirus infections in university students: incidence, species diversity, and viral load. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2015; 82:292-6. [PMID: 25999242 PMCID: PMC7127333 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2015.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Revised: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Human rhinovirus (HRV) infections are common but poorly characterized in university students. Thus, we characterized asymptomatic and symptomatic HRV infections by incidence, species diversity, and viral load of 502 university students during September and October of 2010 and 2011 from nasal swabs and electronically submitted symptom questionnaires. We tested all symptomatic students and randomly sampled participants who remained asymptomatic (n = 25/week, over 8 weeks each study year) on a weekly basis by real-time PCR and sequenced HRV positives. HRV was identified in 33/400 (8.3%) and 85/92 (92.4%) of the asymptomatic and symptomatic students, respectively. We identified a higher than previously reported rate of HRV-B in both groups, although the distribution of HRV species was similar (P = 0.37). Asymptomatic viral load averaged 1.2 log10 copies/mL lower than symptomatic HRV (P < 0.001). In conclusion, asymptomatic HRV activity preceded peak symptomatic activity in September and October and was associated with lower viral load. We characterized asymptomatic and symptomatic HRVs in an adult population. We examine HRV incidence, species diversity, and viral load. Asymptomatic HRV was associated with lower viral load than symptomatic HRV. Asymptomatic HRV activity preceded peak symptomatic activity. HRV-A and HRV-B are common in both populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Granados
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; St Joseph's Healthcare, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
| | - Emma C Goodall
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | | | - Marek Smieja
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; St Joseph's Healthcare, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - James Mahony
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; St Joseph's Healthcare, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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16
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Majchrzykiewicz-Koehorst JA, Heikens E, Trip H, Hulst AG, de Jong AL, Viveen MC, Sedee NJA, van der Plas J, Coenjaerts FEJ, Paauw A. Rapid and generic identification of influenza A and other respiratory viruses with mass spectrometry. J Virol Methods 2015; 213:75-83. [PMID: 25500183 PMCID: PMC7113647 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2014.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Revised: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The rapid identification of existing and emerging respiratory viruses is crucial in combating outbreaks and epidemics. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) is a rapid and reliable identification method in bacterial diagnostics, but has not been used in virological diagnostics. Mass spectrometry systems have been investigated for the identification of respiratory viruses. However, sample preparation methods were laborious and time-consuming. In this study, a reliable and rapid sample preparation method was developed allowing identification of cultured respiratory viruses. Tenfold serial dilutions of ten cultures influenza A strains, mixed samples of influenza A virus with human metapneumovirus or respiratory syncytial virus, and reconstituted clinical samples were treated with the developed sample preparation method. Subsequently, peptides were subjected to MALDI-TOF MS and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The influenza A strains were identified to the subtype level within 3h with MALDI-TOF MS and 6h with LC-MS/MS, excluding the culturing time. The sensitivity of LC-MS/MS was higher compared to MALDI-TOF MS. In addition, LC-MS/MS was able to discriminate between two viruses in mixed samples and was able to identify virus from reconstituted clinical samples. The development of an improved and rapid sample preparation method allowed generic and rapid identification of cultured respiratory viruses by mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna A Majchrzykiewicz-Koehorst
- Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research TNO, Department of CBRN Protection, Lange Kleiweg 137, 2288 GJ Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Esther Heikens
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Hein Trip
- Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research TNO, Department of CBRN Protection, Lange Kleiweg 137, 2288 GJ Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Albert G Hulst
- Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research TNO, Department of CBRN Protection, Lange Kleiweg 137, 2288 GJ Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Ad L de Jong
- Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research TNO, Department of CBRN Protection, Lange Kleiweg 137, 2288 GJ Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Marco C Viveen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Norbert J A Sedee
- Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research TNO, Department of CBRN Protection, Lange Kleiweg 137, 2288 GJ Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Jan van der Plas
- Expert Centre Force Health Protection, Health Care Division, Support Command, Ministry of Defence, Korte Molenweg 3, Building 37, 3941 PW Doorn, The Netherlands
| | - Frank E J Coenjaerts
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Armand Paauw
- Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research TNO, Department of CBRN Protection, Lange Kleiweg 137, 2288 GJ Rijswijk, The Netherlands.
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17
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Quantitative RT-PCR evaluation of a rapid influenza antigen test for efficient diagnosis of influenza virus infection. J Virol Methods 2014; 212:76-9. [PMID: 25449113 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2014.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Revised: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Influenza virus infection is diagnosed in most cases using a rapid influenza antigen diagnostic test (RIDT). However, false-negative results are a major concern. By contrast, the nucleic acid amplification test offers high sensitivity and therefore can aid the interpretation of negative RIDT results. In this study, influenza viral loads were quantified with quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) using viral suspensions left over after RIDT, and the performance of both methods was evaluated. qRT-PCR detected as few as 10(3)copies/mL of influenza viruses A and B, whereas RIDT showed negative results for viral loads less than 10(7) and 10(5)copies/mL of influenza viruses A and B, respectively. These results indicate that small quantities of the virus that cause false-negative RIDT results can be detected efficiently with qRT-PCR follow-up. In addition, influenza A virus subtype was determined using qRT-PCR.
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18
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Liu H, Gan Y, Wu Y, Weng H, Lei P, Shen G. Effects of different lysis buffers of nucleic acid purification kit on the stability of influenza virus RNA. Future Virol 2014. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl.14.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Aim: Under suboptimal storage and transport conditions, influenza virus (flu-v) RNA is prone to degradation and lysis buffers from RNA extraction kits have a potential to stabilize RNA. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of different lysis buffers on the stability of flu-v RNA. Materials & methods: Aliquots of flu-v suspension were processed in parallel with two lysis buffers, and then underwent cyclic freeze–thaw or prolonged storage at 4, 22 and -20°C. The viral RNA was analyzed by using real-time and conventional RT-PCR amplifying, respectively, partial and full-length sequences of the flu-v matrix gene. Results: The viral RNA remained intact in samples treated with either of the two lysis buffers for at least 7 days at 4°C, 90 days at -20°C or following seven freeze–thaw cycles, but buffer A was superior to buffer B in protecting RNA from degradation at 4°C and 22°C, or following a further increase of freeze–thaw cycles. Conclusion: Lysis buffer preservatives provide viral RNA stabilization, whereas different lysis buffers vary in their ability to stabilize viral RNA, and thus their performance characteristics should be evaluated prior to their application in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbo Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
- Virology Laboratory, Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Zhongshan, Zhongshan, China
| | - Yan Gan
- Neuroimmunology Laboratory, Barrow Neurological Institute, St Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Yanheng Wu
- Virology Laboratory, Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Zhongshan, Zhongshan, China
| | - Hui Weng
- Department of Immunology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ping Lei
- Department of Immunology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Guanxin Shen
- Department of Immunology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, China
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19
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Goodall EC, Granados AC, Luinstra K, Pullenayegum E, Coleman BL, Loeb M, Smieja M. Vitamin D3 and gargling for the prevention of upper respiratory tract infections: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Infect Dis 2014; 14:273. [PMID: 24885201 PMCID: PMC4041358 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-14-273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background We undertook a 2X2 factorial, randomized controlled trial (RCT) to assess whether vitamin D3 supplementation (10,000 international units per week) versus placebo and gargling versus no gargling could prevent viral, clinical upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) in university students. Methods We randomized 600 students into 4 treatment arms: 1) vitamin D3 and gargling, 2) placebo and gargling, 3) vitamin D3 and no gargling, and 4) placebo and no gargling. Students completed weekly electronic surveys and submitted self-collected mid-turbinate nasal flocked swabs during September and October in 2010 or 2011. Symptomatic students also completed an electronic symptom diary. The primary and secondary outcomes were the occurrence of symptomatic clinical URTI and laboratory confirmed URTI respectively. Results Of 600 participants, 471 (78.5%) completed all surveys while 43 (7.2%) completed none; 150 (25.0%) reported clinical URTI. Seventy participants (23.3%) randomized to vitamin D3 reported clinical URTI compared to 80 (26.7%) randomized to placebo (RR:0.79, CI95:0.61-1.03, p = 0.09). Eighty-five participants (28.3%) randomized to gargling reported clinical URTI compared to 65 participants (21.7%) randomized to the no gargling arm (RR:1.3, CI95:0.92-1.57, p = 0.19). Laboratory testing identified 70 infections (46.7 per 100 URTIs). Vitamin D3 treatment was associated with a significantly lower risk for laboratory confirmed URTI (RR: 0.54, CI95:0.34-0.84, p = 0.007) and with a significantly lower mean viral load measured as log10 viral copies/mL (mean difference: -0.89, CI95: -1.7, -0.06, p = 0.04). Fewer students assigned to gargling experienced laboratory confirmed URTI, however this was not statistically significant (RR:0.82, CI95:0.53-1.26, p = 0.36). Conclusions These results suggest that vitamin D3 is a promising intervention for the prevention of URTI. Vitamin D3 significantly reduced the risk of laboratory confirmed URTI and may reduce the risk of clinical infections. Trial registration Clinical Trials Registration: NCT01158560.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Marek Smieja
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
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Abstract
The common cold is the most frequent, although generally mild, human disease. Human Rhinoviruses are the prevalent causative agents, but other viruses are also implicated. Being so common, viral colds, have significant implications on public health and quality of life, but may also be life-threatening for vulnerable groups of patients. Specific diagnosis and treatment of the common cold still remain unmet needs. Molecular diagnostic techniques allow specific detection of known pathogens as well as the identification of newly emerging viruses. Although a number of medications or natural treatments have been shown to have some effect, either on the number or on the severity of common colds, no single agent is considerably effective. Virus-specific management remains in most cases a challenging potential as many factors have to be taken into account, including the diversity of the viral genomes, the heterogeneity of affected individuals, as well as the complexity of this long standing host-virus relationship.
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Ji J, Sundquist J, Sundquist K. Alcohol consumption has a protective effect against hematological malignancies: a population-based study in Sweden including 420,489 individuals with alcohol use disorders. Neoplasia 2014; 16:229-34, 234.e1. [PMID: 24783999 PMCID: PMC4094792 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2014.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Revised: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been suggested that alcohol consumption is associated with increased risk of a few solid cancers, although studies that examined the association with hematological malignancies have shown inconsistent results. In this study, we examined the risk of hematological malignancies among individuals who had alcohol use disorders (AUDs) in Sweden. METHODS Individuals with AUDs were identified from the nationwide Swedish Hospital Discharge Register and Outpatient Register, the Crime Register, and the Prescription Drug Register, and they were linked to the Swedish Cancer Registry to calculate standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) of hematological malignancies, using those Swedes without AUDs as a reference. In addition, we used a quasi-experimental sibling design to investigate the odds ratios among sibling pairs who were discordant with AUDs. RESULTS A total of 420,489 individuals were identified with AUDs. After more than 15 million person-years of follow-up, a total of 1755 individuals developed hematological malignancies demonstrating a low risk, i.e., SIR = 0.60 (95% confidence interval = 0.57-0.63). People with AUDs had low risks for developing specific types of malignancies. The lowest risk (0.51) was for leukemia, followed by myeloma (0.52), non-Hodgkin lymphoma (0.65), and Hodgkin disease (0.71). The risk was lower among AUDs identified at an older age. The low risks of hematological malignancies were also noted using sibling analysis. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that alcohol consumption has a protective effect against hematological malignancies. However, further studies are needed to identity the underlying mechanisms of the protective effect of alcohol consumption against hematological malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianguang Ji
- Center for Primary Health Care Research, Lund University/Region Skåne, Malmö, Sweden.
| | - Jan Sundquist
- Center for Primary Health Care Research, Lund University/Region Skåne, Malmö, Sweden; Stanford Prevention Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Kristina Sundquist
- Center for Primary Health Care Research, Lund University/Region Skåne, Malmö, Sweden; Stanford Prevention Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
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22
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Akmatov MK, Gatzemeier A, Schughart K, Pessler F. Equivalence of self- and staff-collected nasal swabs for the detection of viral respiratory pathogens. PLoS One 2012; 7:e48508. [PMID: 23155387 PMCID: PMC3498275 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0048508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2012] [Accepted: 09/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The need for the timely collection of diagnostic biosamples during symptomatic episodes represents a major obstacle to large-scale studies on acute respiratory infection (ARI) epidemiology. This may be circumvented by having the participants collect their own nasal swabs. We compared self- and staff-collected swabs in terms of swabbing quality and detection of viral respiratory pathogens. Methodology/Principal Findings We conducted a prospective study among employees of our institution during the ARI season 2010/2011 (December-March). Weekly emails were sent to the participants (n = 84), reminding them to come to the study center in case of new symptoms. The participants self-collected an anterior nasal swab from one nostril, and trained study personnel collected one from the other nostril. The participants self-collected another two swabs (one from each nostril) on a subsequent day. Human β-actin DNA concentration was determined in the swabs as a quality control. Viral respiratory pathogens were detected by multiplex RT-PCR (Seeplex RV15 kit, Seegene, Eschborn, Germany). Of 84 participants, 56 (67%) reported at least one ARI episode, 18 participants two, and one participant three. Self-swabbing was highly accepted by the participants. The amount of β-actin DNA per swab was higher in the self- than in the staff-collected swabs (p = 0.008). β-actin concentration was lower in the self-swabs collected on day 1 than in those collected on a subsequent day (p<0.0001). A respiratory viral pathogen was detected in 31% (23/75) of staff- and in 35% (26/75) of self-collected swabs (p = 0.36). With both approaches, the most frequently identified pathogens were human rhinoviruses A/B/C (12/75 swabs, 16%) and human coronavirus OC43 (4/75 swabs, 5%). There was almost perfect agreement between self- and staff-collected swabs in terms of pathogen detection (agreement = 93%, kappa = 0.85, p<0.0001). Conclusions/Significance Nasal self-swabbing for identification of viral ARI pathogens proved to be equivalent to staff-swabbing in this population in terms of acceptance and pathogen detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manas K Akmatov
- Department of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany.
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23
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Granados A, Luinstra K, Chong S, Goodall E, Banh L, Mubareka S, Smieja M, Mahony J. Use of an improved quantitative polymerase chain reaction assay to determine differences in human rhinovirus viral loads in different populations. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2012; 74:384-7. [PMID: 23017257 PMCID: PMC7127517 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2012.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Accepted: 08/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Human rhinoviruses (HRV) frequently cause acute respiratory infections and chronic respiratory disease exacerbations. However, testing is not generally offered. We developed a modified HRV quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assay to assess viral loads in the community and hospital patients. The assay had a lower limit of detection of 2 log(10) viral copies/mL and displayed linearity over 5 log(10) viral copies, with a lower limit of quantitation of 4 log(10) viral copies/mL. Mean viral loads (95% confidence interval) for hospitalized children, university students, and institutionalized elderly, were 7.08 log(10) viral copies/mL (6.7-7.5), 6.87 log(10) viral copies/mL (6.5-7.2), and 7.09 log(10) viral copies/mL (6.9-7.3), respectively (P = 0.67). Serial specimens of 14 university students showed a decrease of mean viral loads from 6.36 log(10) viral copies/mL on day 1 to 2.32 log(10) viral copies/mL 7 days past symptom onset (P < 0.001). Using an HRV qPCR, we showed that viral loads did not differ between the community and hospitalized populations and significantly decreased following symptoms onset in healthy individuals.
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Mahony JB, Petrich A, Smieja M. Molecular diagnosis of respiratory virus infections. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2012; 48:217-49. [PMID: 22185616 DOI: 10.3109/10408363.2011.640976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The appearance of eight new respiratory viruses, including the SARS coronavirus in 2003 and swine-origin influenza A/H1N1 in 2009, in the human population in the past nine years has tested the ability of virology laboratories to develop diagnostic tests to identify these viruses. Nucleic acid based amplification tests (NATs) for respiratory viruses were first introduced two decades ago and today are utilized for the detection of both conventional and emerging viruses. These tests are more sensitive than other diagnostic approaches, including virus isolation in cell culture, shell vial culture (SVC), antigen detection by direct fluorescent antibody (DFA) staining, and rapid enzyme immunoassay (EIA), and now form the backbone of clinical virology laboratory testing around the world. NATs not only provide fast, accurate and sensitive detection of respiratory viruses in clinical specimens but also have increased our understanding of the epidemiology of both new emerging viruses such as the pandemic H1N1 influenza virus of 2009, and conventional viruses such as the common cold viruses, including rhinovirus and coronavirus. Multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays introduced in the last five years detect up to 19 different viruses in a single test. Several multiplex PCR tests are now commercially available and tests are working their way into clinical laboratories. The final chapter in the evolution of respiratory virus diagnostics has been the addition of allelic discrimination and detection of single nucleotide polymorphisms associated with antiviral resistance. These assays are now being multiplexed with primary detection and subtyping assays, especially in the case of influenza virus. These resistance assays, together with viral load assays, will enable clinical laboratories to provide physicians with new and important information for optimal treatment of respiratory virus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- James B Mahony
- M.G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, St. Joseph’s Healthcare, Hamilton, Canada.
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Akmatov MK, Krebs S, Preusse M, Gatzemeier A, Frischmann U, Schughart K, Pessler F. E-mail-based symptomatic surveillance combined with self-collection of nasal swabs: a new tool for acute respiratory infection epidemiology. Int J Infect Dis 2011; 15:e799-803. [PMID: 21852171 PMCID: PMC7110865 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2011.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2011] [Revised: 07/13/2011] [Accepted: 07/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective We examined the feasibility of combining communication by e-mail and self-collection of nasal swabs for the prospective detection of acute respiratory infections in a non-medical setting. Methods The study was conducted among a convenience sample of employees (n = 53) at a research institution (December 2009–April 2010). Real-time data on the occurrence of acute respiratory symptoms and a nasal self-swab were collected prospectively, with automated weekly e-mails as a reminder mechanism. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to detect respiratory viral pathogens in the swabs. Results Fifty-one out of 53 participants completed the study. The study design was well accepted. Thirty (∼57%) participants reported at least one episode of acute respiratory infection and returned the nasal swab during the study period (eight participants reported two episodes). The majority had no difficulties taking the self-swab and preferred this to swabbing by study personnel. Most participants obtained and returned the swabs within the recommended time. Viral respiratory pathogens were detected in 19 of 38 swabs (50%), with coronaviruses 229E/NL63 and OC43 and rhinoviruses A and B constituting 17 positive swabs (89%). Conclusions Combining e-mail-based symptomatic surveillance with nasal self-swabbing promises to be a powerful tool for the real-time identification of incident cases of acute respiratory infections and the associated pathogens in population-based studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manas K Akmatov
- Department of Infection Genetics, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany.
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