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Ye C, You Y, Li W, Jing T, Mo M, Qiao M, Yu Z. Diversity of Trichoderma species associated with the black rot disease of Gastrodia elata, including four new species. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1420156. [PMID: 39132139 PMCID: PMC11310069 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1420156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Trichoderma species establish symbiotic relationships with plants through both parasitic and mutualistic mechanisms. While some Trichoderma species act as plant pathogenic fungi, others utilize various strategies to protect and enhance plant growth. Methods Phylogenetic positions of new species of Trichoderma were determined through multi-gene analysis relying on the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions of the ribosomal DNA, the translation elongation factor 1-α (tef1-α) gene, and the RNA polymerase II (rpb2) gene. Additionally, pathogenicity experiments were conducted, and the aggressiveness of each isolate was evaluated based on the area of the cross-section of the infected site. Results In this study, 13 Trichoderma species, including 9 known species and 4 new species, namely, T. delicatum, T. robustum, T. perfasciculatum, and T. subulatum were isolated from the diseased tubers of Gastrodia elata in Yunnan, China. Among the known species, T. hamatum had the highest frequency. T. delicatum belonged to the Koningii clade. T. robustum and T. perfasciculatum were assigned to the Virens clade. T. subulatum emerged as a new member of the Spirale clade. Pathogenicity experiments were conducted on the new species T. robustum, T. delicatum, and T. perfasciculatum, as well as the known species T. hamatum, T. atroviride, and T. harzianum. The infective abilities of different Trichoderma species on G. elata varied, indicating that Trichoderma was a pathogenic fungus causing black rot disease in G. elata. Discussion This study provided the morphological characteristics of new species and discussed the morphological differences with phylogenetically proximate species, laying the foundation for research aimed at preventing and managing diseases that affect G. elata.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Min Qiao
- Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources, Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Zefen Yu
- Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources, Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
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Calumby RJN, Onofre-Cordeiro NA, Silva KWL, Gomes DCS, Moreira RTF, Araújo MAS. Fungal identification in the air and water of a hemodialysis unit in Brazil. BRAZ J BIOL 2023; 83:e275136. [PMID: 37937629 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.275136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The presence of fungi in healthcare settings, including hemodialysis units, represents a significant risk for immunocompromised patients. This study aimed to investigate the occurrence of fungi in the air and water of a hemodialysis unit located in a tertiary public hospital in Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil. Over a period of three consecutive months, monthly air samples were collected and analyzed using the spontaneous sedimentation technique on Petri dishes containing Sabouraud Dextrose Agar (SDA). Simultaneously, water samples (100 mL) were collected from four specific water distribution points and subjected plating on SDA. Fungi were phenotypically identified based on their macroscopic and microscopic characteristics. In total, 498 colony-forming units (CFUs) of fungi were isolated, with 86 CFUs originating from the air and 412 CFUs from the water. Regarding the water samples, a higher concentration of fungal CFUs was observed in the potable water from the supply network (229 CFUs). Unexpectedly, 23 CFUs were identified in the reverse osmosis samples and 11 CFUs in the storage tank, which are post-treatment points where the presence of microorganisms is not desired. The fungus Cladosporium spp. was the most prevalent in both air and water samples, followed by Penicillium spp. in the air and Rhodotorula spp. in the water. These findings underscore the need to implement effective control and monitoring measures for fungi in the hemodialysis unit to ensure patient safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J N Calumby
- Universidade Federal de Alagoas - UFAL, Campus A. C. Simões, Maceió, AL, Brasil
| | | | - K W L Silva
- Centro Universitário Cesmac, Maceió, AL, Brasil
| | - D C S Gomes
- Centro Universitário Cesmac, Maceió, AL, Brasil
| | - R T F Moreira
- Universidade Federal de Alagoas - UFAL, Campus A. C. Simões, Maceió, AL, Brasil
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Ye C, Jing T, Sha Y, Mo M, Yu Z. Two new Trichoderma species (Hypocreales, Hypocreaceae) isolated from decaying tubers of Gastrodiaelate. MycoKeys 2023; 99:187-207. [PMID: 37719304 PMCID: PMC10504636 DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.99.109404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Species of Trichoderma are widely distributed around the world. In this study, two new species in Trichoderma, named as T.albidum and T.variegatum, were introduced and illustrated. These species were isolated from diseased tubers of Gastrodiaelata in China and identified based on morphological characteristics and multi-gene sequence analyses of three loci that is the internal transcribed spacer regions of the ribosomal DNA (ITS), the translation elongation factor 1-α encoding gene (tef1-α) and the gene encoding the second largest nuclear RNA polymerase subunit (rpb2). Distinctions between the new species and their close relatives were discussed. According to results of the phylogenetic analyses, T.albidum belonged to the Harzianum clade and T.variegatum are grouped with species of the Spirale clade. The expansion of two clades provided research foundations for the prevention and control of tuber diseases in G.elata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuwen Ye
- Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources, Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650091, ChinaYunnan UniversityKunmingChina
| | - Tingting Jing
- Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources, Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650091, ChinaYunnan UniversityKunmingChina
| | - Yuru Sha
- Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources, Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650091, ChinaYunnan UniversityKunmingChina
| | - Minghe Mo
- Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources, Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650091, ChinaYunnan UniversityKunmingChina
| | - Zefen Yu
- Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources, Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650091, ChinaYunnan UniversityKunmingChina
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Dos Santos UR, Dos Santos JL. Trichoderma after crossing kingdoms: infections in human populations. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2023; 26:97-126. [PMID: 36748123 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2023.2172498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Trichoderma is a saprophytic fungus that is used worldwide as a biocontrol and biofertilizer agent. Although considered nonpathogenic until recently, reports of human infections produced by members of the Trichoderma genus are increasing. Numerous sources of infection were proposed based upon patient data and phylogenetic analysis, including air, agriculture, and healthcare facilities, but the deficit of knowledge concerning Trichoderma infections makes patient treatment difficult. These issues are compounded by isolates that present profiles which exhibit high minimum inhibitory concentration values to available antifungal drugs. The aim of this review is to present the global distribution and sources of infections that affect both immunocompetent and immunocompromised hosts, clinical features, therapeutic strategies that are used to treat patients, as well as highlighting treatments with the best responses. In addition, the antifungal susceptibility profiles of Trichoderma isolates that have emerged in recent decades were examined and which antifungal drugs need to be further evaluated as potential candidates to treat Trichoderma infections are also indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uener Ribeiro Dos Santos
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Biological Science, State University of Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, BA, Brazil
| | - Jane Lima Dos Santos
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Biological Science, State University of Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, BA, Brazil
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Non- Aspergillus Hyaline Molds: A Host-Based Perspective of Emerging Pathogenic Fungi Causing Sinopulmonary Diseases. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9020212. [PMID: 36836326 PMCID: PMC9964096 DOI: 10.3390/jof9020212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence of invasive sino-pulmonary diseases due to non-Aspergillus hyaline molds is increasing due to an enlarging and evolving population of immunosuppressed hosts as well as improvements in the capabilities of molecular-based diagnostics. Herein, we review the following opportunistic pathogens known to cause sinopulmonary disease, the most common manifestation of hyalohyphomycosis: Fusarium spp., Scedosporium spp., Lomentospora prolificans, Scopulariopsis spp., Trichoderma spp., Acremonium spp., Paecilomyces variotii, Purpureocillium lilacinum, Rasamsonia argillacea species complex, Arthrographis kalrae, and Penicillium species. To facilitate an understanding of the epidemiology and clinical features of sino-pulmonary hyalohyphomycoses in the context of host immune impairment, we utilized a host-based approach encompassing the following underlying conditions: neutropenia, hematologic malignancy, hematopoietic and solid organ transplantation, chronic granulomatous disease, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, cystic fibrosis, and healthy individuals who sustain burns, trauma, or iatrogenic exposures. We further summarize the pre-clinical and clinical data informing antifungal management for each pathogen and consider the role of adjunctive surgery and/or immunomodulatory treatments to optimize patient outcome.
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Burzio C, Balzani E, Montrucchio G, Trompeo AC, Corcione S, Brazzi L. Trichoderma spp.-Related Pneumonia: A Case Report in Heart-Lung Transplantation Recipient and a Systematic Literature Review. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:195. [PMID: 36836310 PMCID: PMC9961996 DOI: 10.3390/jof9020195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Opportunistic and hospital-acquired infections are common among recipients of solid organ transplantation. New pathogens are increasingly reported in the intensive care unit (ICU) population. We report a case of a patient who developed Trichoderma spp.-related pneumonia (TRP) after heart-lung transplantation. In the absence of antifungal susceptibility testing, TRP was confirmed by histological examination, and empirical therapy with voriconazole and caspofungin was swiftly initiated. Complete resolution of pneumonia was obtained after prolonged combination therapy. Given the lack of guidelines, we conducted a systematic review to elucidate the diagnostic and therapeutic strategies to apply during Trichoderma infection. After deduplication and selection of full texts, we found 42 articles eligible for the systematic review. Pneumonia seems to be the most common clinical manifestation (31.8%). The most used antifungal therapy was amphotericin B, while combination therapy was also reported (27.3%). All the patients were immunocompromised except for one case. Despite the rarity of Trichoderma spp. infection, the increase in invasive fungal infections is of growing importance in ICU, considering their impact on mortality and the emergence of antifungal resistance. In the absence of prospective and multicenter studies, a review can provide useful insight regarding the epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and management of these unexpected challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Burzio
- Department of Anesthesia, Intensive Care and Emergency, Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino Hospital, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Eleonora Balzani
- Department of Surgical Science, University of Turin, 10124 Torino, Italy
| | - Giorgia Montrucchio
- Department of Anesthesia, Intensive Care and Emergency, Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino Hospital, 10126 Torino, Italy
- Department of Surgical Science, University of Turin, 10124 Torino, Italy
| | - Anna Chiara Trompeo
- Department of Anesthesia, Intensive Care and Emergency, Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino Hospital, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Silvia Corcione
- Department of Medical Sciences, Infectious Diseases, University of Turin, 10124 Turin, Italy
- School of Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Luca Brazzi
- Department of Anesthesia, Intensive Care and Emergency, Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino Hospital, 10126 Torino, Italy
- Department of Surgical Science, University of Turin, 10124 Torino, Italy
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Andersson (Aino) M, Varga A, Mikkola R, Vornanen-Winqvist C, Salo J, Kredics L, Kocsubé S, Salonen H. Aspergillus Was the Dominant Genus Found during Diversity Tracking of Potentially Pathogenic Indoor Fungal Isolates. Pathogens 2022; 11:1171. [PMID: 36297230 PMCID: PMC9610493 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11101171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Viable airborne pathogenic fungi represent a potential health hazard when exposing vulnerable persons in quantities exceeding their resilience. In this study, 284 indoor fungal isolates from a strain collection of indoor fungi were screened for pathogenic potential through the ability to grow in neutral pH at 37 °C and 30 °C. The isolates were collected from 20 locations including 14 problematic and 6 non-problematic ordinary buildings. Out of the screened isolates, 170 isolates were unable to grow at 37 °C, whereas 67 isolates growing at pH 7.2 at 37 °C were considered as potential opportunistic pathogens. Forty-seven isolates growing at 30 °C but not at 37 °C were considered as less likely pathogens. Out of these categories, 33 and 33 strains, respectively, were identified to the species level. The problematic buildings included known opportunistic pathogens: Aspergillus calidoustus, Trichoderma longibrachiatum, Rhizopus arrhizus and Paecilomyces variotii, as well as less likely pathogens: Aspergillus versicolor, Chaetomium cochliodes, Chaetomium globosum and Chaetomium rectangulare. Opportunistic pathogens such as Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus tubingensis and less likely pathogens such as Aspergillus westerdijkiae, Chaetomium globosum and Dichotomopilus finlandicus were isolated both from ordinary and from problematic buildings. Aspergillus was the dominant, most diverse genus found during screening for potentially pathogenic isolates in the indoor strain collection. Studies on Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus calidodoustus revealed that tolerance to cleaning chemicals may contribute to the adaptation of Aspergillus species to indoor environments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - András Varga
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Raimo Mikkola
- Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | | | - Johanna Salo
- Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - László Kredics
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Sándor Kocsubé
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Heidi Salonen
- Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
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Schalamun M, Schmoll M. Trichoderma - genomes and genomics as treasure troves for research towards biology, biotechnology and agriculture. FRONTIERS IN FUNGAL BIOLOGY 2022; 3:1002161. [PMID: 37746224 PMCID: PMC10512326 DOI: 10.3389/ffunb.2022.1002161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
The genus Trichoderma is among the best studied groups of filamentous fungi, largely because of its high relevance in applications from agriculture to enzyme biosynthesis to biofuel production. However, the physiological competences of these fungi, that led to these beneficial applications are intriguing also from a scientific and ecological point of view. This review therefore summarizes recent developments in studies of fungal genomes, updates on previously started genome annotation efforts and novel discoveries as well as efforts towards bioprospecting for enzymes and bioactive compounds such as cellulases, enzymes degrading xenobiotics and metabolites with potential pharmaceutical value. Thereby insights are provided into genomes, mitochondrial genomes and genomes of mycoviruses of Trichoderma strains relevant for enzyme production, biocontrol and mycoremediation. In several cases, production of bioactive compounds could be associated with responsible genes or clusters and bioremediation capabilities could be supported or predicted using genome information. Insights into evolution of the genus Trichoderma revealed large scale horizontal gene transfer, predominantly of CAZyme genes, but also secondary metabolite clusters. Investigation of sexual development showed that Trichoderma species are competent of repeat induced point mutation (RIP) and in some cases, segmental aneuploidy was observed. Some random mutants finally gave away their crucial mutations like T. reesei QM9978 and QM9136 and the fertility defect of QM6a was traced back to its gene defect. The Trichoderma core genome was narrowed down to 7000 genes and gene clustering was investigated in the genomes of multiple species. Finally, recent developments in application of CRISPR/Cas9 in Trichoderma, cloning and expression strategies for the workhorse T. reesei as well as the use genome mining tools for bioprospecting Trichoderma are highlighted. The intriguing new findings on evolution, genomics and physiology highlight emerging trends and illustrate worthwhile perspectives in diverse fields of research with Trichoderma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Schalamun
- Center for Health and Bioresources, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Tulln, Austria
| | - Monika Schmoll
- Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Division of Terrestrial Ecosystem Research, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Smith JA, Quesada T, Alake G, Anger N. Transcontinental Dispersal of Nonendemic Fungal Pathogens through Wooden Handicraft Imports. mBio 2022; 13:e0107522. [PMID: 35766379 PMCID: PMC9426497 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01075-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined the viability and diversity of fungi harbored in imported wooden handicraft products sold in six retail stores in Florida, United States. Despite being subjected to trade regulations that require various sterilization/fumigation protocols, our study demonstrates high survival and diversity of fungi in wood products originating from at least seven countries on three continents. Among these fungi were nonendemic plant and human pathogens, as well as mycotoxin producers. Several products that are sold for use in food preparation and consumption harbored a novel (to North America) plant and human pathogen, Paecilomyces formosus. In addition, a high number of species isolated were thermophilic and included halophilic species, suggesting adaptability and selection through current wood treatment protocols that utilize heat and/or fumigation with methyl-bromide. This research suggests that current federal guidelines for imports of wooden goods are not sufficient to avoid the transit of potential live pathogens and demonstrates the need to increase safeguards at both points of origin and entry for biosecurity against introduction from invasive fungal species in wood products. Future import regulations should consider living fungi, their tolerance to extreme conditions, and their potential survival in solid substrates. Mitigation efforts may require additional steps such as more stringent fumigation and/or sterilization strategies and limiting use of wood that has not been processed to remove bark and decay. IMPORTANCE This study, the first of its kind, demonstrates the risk of importation of nonendemic foreign fungi on wooden handicrafts into the United States despite the application of sanitation protocols. Previous risk assessments of imported wood products have focused on potential for introduction of invasive arthropods (and their fungal symbionts) or have focused on other classes of wood products (timber, wooden furniture, garden products, etc.). Little to no attention has been paid to wooden handicrafts and the fungal pathogens (of plants and humans) they may carry. Due to the large size and diversity of this market, the risk for introduction of potentially dangerous pathogens is significant as illustrated by the results of this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason A. Smith
- School of Forest, Fisheries and Geomatics Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Tania Quesada
- School of Forest, Fisheries and Geomatics Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Gideon Alake
- School of Forest, Fisheries and Geomatics Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Nicolas Anger
- School of Forest, Fisheries and Geomatics Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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Chung D, Kwon YM, Lim JY, Bae SS, Choi G, Lee DS. Characterization of Chitinolytic and Antifungal Activities in Marine-Derived Trichoderma bissettii Strains. MYCOBIOLOGY 2022; 50:244-253. [PMID: 36158047 PMCID: PMC9467547 DOI: 10.1080/12298093.2022.2105509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Trichoderma fungi have been intensively studied for mycoparasitism, and the latter is closely related to their cell-wall degrading enzymes including chitinase. Here, we studied marine-derived Trichoderma spp., isolated from distinct sources and locations, for chitinolytic and antifungal activity. Based on morphological and phylogenetic analyses, two strains designated GJ-Sp1 and TOP-Co8 (isolated from a marine sponge and a marine alga, respectively) were identified as Trichoderma bissettii. This species has recently been identified as a closely related species to Trichoderma longibrachiatum. The extracellular crude enzymes of GJ-Sp1 and TOP-Co8 showed activities of chitobiosidase and β-N-acetylglucosaminidase (exochitinase) and chitotriosidase (endochitinase). The optimum chitinolytic activity of the crude enzymes was observed at 50 °C, pH 5.0, 0-0.5% NaCl concentrations, and the activities were stable at temperatures ranging from 10 to 40 °C for 2 h. Moreover, the crude enzymes showed inhibitory activity against hyphal growth of two filamentous fungi Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus niger. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of the chitinolytic and antifungal activity of T. bissettii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawoon Chung
- National Marine Biodiversity Institute of Korea, Seocheon, South Korea
| | - Yong Min Kwon
- National Marine Biodiversity Institute of Korea, Seocheon, South Korea
| | - Ji Yeon Lim
- National Marine Biodiversity Institute of Korea, Seocheon, South Korea
| | - Seung Sub Bae
- National Marine Biodiversity Institute of Korea, Seocheon, South Korea
| | - Grace Choi
- National Marine Biodiversity Institute of Korea, Seocheon, South Korea
| | - Dae-Sung Lee
- National Marine Biodiversity Institute of Korea, Seocheon, South Korea
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Sal E, Stemler J, Salmanton-García J, Falces-Romero I, Kredics L, Meyer E, Würstl B, Lass-Flörl C, Racil Z, Klimko N, Cesaro S, Kindo AJ, Wisplinghoff H, Koehler P, Cornely OA, Seidel D. Invasive Trichoderma spp. infections: clinical presentation and outcome of cases from the literature and the FungiScope® registry. J Antimicrob Chemother 2022; 77:2850-2858. [PMID: 35929089 PMCID: PMC9525085 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkac235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Trichoderma spp. are filamentous fungi causing invasive fungal diseases in patients with haematological malignancies and in peritoneal dialysis patients. Objectives To analyse clinical presentation, predisposing factors, treatment and outcome of Trichoderma infections. Methods A systematic literature review was conducted for published cases of invasive Trichoderma infection in PubMed until December 2021 and by reviewing the included studies’ references. Cases from the FungiScope® registry were added to a combined analysis. Results We identified 50 invasive infections due to Trichoderma species, including 11 in the FungiScope® registry. The main underlying conditions were haematological malignancies in 19 and continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) in 10 cases. The most prevalent infection sites were lung (42%) and peritoneum (22%). Systemic antifungal therapy was administered in 42 cases (84%), mostly amphotericin B (n = 27, lipid-based formulation 13/27) and voriconazole in 15 cases (30%). Surgical interventions were performed in 13 cases (26%). Overall mortality was 48% (n = 24) and highest for allogeneic HSCT and solid organ transplantation (SOT) recipients [80% (4/5) and 77% (7/9), respectively]. In patients treated with amphotericin B, voriconazole and caspofungin, mortality was 55% (15/27), 46% (7/15) and 28% (2/7), respectively. Three out of four patients treated with a combination therapy of voriconazole and caspofungin survived. Conclusions Despite treatment with antifungal therapies and surgery, invasive Trichoderma infections are life-threatening complications in immunocompromised patients, especially after HSCT and SOT. In addition, Trichoderma spp. mainly affect the lungs in patients with haematological malignancies and the peritoneum in CAPD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ertan Sal
- University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Translational Research, Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), Cologne, Germany.,University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf (CIO ABCD) and Excellence Center for Medical Mycology (ECMM), Cologne, Germany.,German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jannik Stemler
- University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Translational Research, Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), Cologne, Germany.,University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf (CIO ABCD) and Excellence Center for Medical Mycology (ECMM), Cologne, Germany.,German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jon Salmanton-García
- University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Translational Research, Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), Cologne, Germany.,University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf (CIO ABCD) and Excellence Center for Medical Mycology (ECMM), Cologne, Germany.,German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Iker Falces-Romero
- Clinical Microbiology and Parasitology Department, University Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - László Kredics
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Elisabeth Meyer
- Stabsstelle Krankenhaushygiene und Infektionsprävention, München Klinik, München, Germany
| | - Benjamin Würstl
- Stabsstelle Krankenhaushygiene und Infektionsprävention, München Klinik, München, Germany
| | - Cornelia Lass-Flörl
- Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Excellence Center for Medical Mycology (ECMM-EC), Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Zdenek Racil
- Institute of Haematology and Blood Transfusion, Prague, Czech Republic.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Nikolay Klimko
- Department of Clinical Mycology, Allergology and Immunology, North Western State Medical University, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - Simone Cesaro
- Pediatric Haematology-Oncology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Anupma Jyoti Kindo
- Department of Microbiology, Sri Ramachandra Medical College and Research Institute, Sri Ramachandra University, Porur, Chennai, India
| | - Hilmar Wisplinghoff
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Philipp Koehler
- University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Translational Research, Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), Cologne, Germany.,University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf (CIO ABCD) and Excellence Center for Medical Mycology (ECMM), Cologne, Germany
| | - Oliver A Cornely
- University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Translational Research, Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), Cologne, Germany.,University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf (CIO ABCD) and Excellence Center for Medical Mycology (ECMM), Cologne, Germany.,German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Clinical Trials Centre Cologne (ZKS Köln), Cologne, Germany
| | - Danila Seidel
- University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Translational Research, Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), Cologne, Germany.,University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf (CIO ABCD) and Excellence Center for Medical Mycology (ECMM), Cologne, Germany.,German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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12
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Szymański M, Chmielewska S, Czyżewska U, Malinowska M, Tylicki A. Echinocandins - structure, mechanism of action and use in antifungal therapy. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2022; 37:876-894. [PMID: 35296203 PMCID: PMC8933026 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2022.2050224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
With increasing number of immunocompromised patients as well as drug resistance in fungi, the risk of fatal fungal infections in humans increases as well. The action of echinocandins is based on the inhibition of β-(1,3)-d-glucan synthesis that builds the fungal cell wall. Caspofungin, micafungin, anidulafungin and rezafungin are semi-synthetic cyclic lipopeptides. Their specific chemical structure possess a potential to obtain novel derivatives with better pharmacological properties resulting in more effective treatment, especially in infections caused by Candida and Aspergillus species. In this review we summarise information about echinocandins with closer look on their chemical structure, mechanism of action, drug resistance and usage in clinical practice. We also introduce actual trends in modification of this antifungals as well as new methods of their administration, and additional use in viral and bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Szymański
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Laboratory of Cytobiochemistry, University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Sandra Chmielewska
- Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Urszula Czyżewska
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Laboratory of Cytobiochemistry, University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Marta Malinowska
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Laboratory of Natural Product Chemistry, University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Adam Tylicki
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Laboratory of Cytobiochemistry, University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
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13
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Trichodermosis: Human Infections Caused by Trichoderma Species. Fungal Biol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-91650-3_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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14
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Lipový B, Raška F, Kocmanová I, Hanslianová M, Hladík M, Holoubek J, Bezdíček M, Macháček C. Trichoderma longibrachiatum and Aspergillus fischeri Infection as a Cause of Skin Graft Failure in a Patient with Critical Burns after Liver Transplantation. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7060487. [PMID: 34207136 PMCID: PMC8234584 DOI: 10.3390/jof7060487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious complications are responsible for the majority of mortalities and morbidities of patients with critical burns. Although bacteria are the predominant etiological agents in such patients, yeasts and fungi have become relatively common causes of infections over the last decade. Here, we report a case of a young man with critical burns on 88% TBSA (total body surface area) arising as a part of polytrauma. The patient's history of orthotopic liver transplantation associated with the patient's need to use combined immunosuppressant therapy was an additional complication. Due to deep burns in the forearm region, we have (after a suitable wound bed preparation) applied a new bi-layered dermal substitute. The patient, however, developed a combined fungal infection in the region of this dermal substitute caused by Trichoderma longibrachiatum and Aspergillus fischeri (the first case ever reported). The infection caused the loss of the split-thickness skin grafts (STSGs); we had to perform repeated hydrosurgical and mechanical debridement and a systemic antifungal treatment prior to re-application of the STSGs. The subsequent skin transplant was successful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Břetislav Lipový
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Institution Shared with University Hospital Brno, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (B.L.); (F.R.); (J.H.)
- CEITEC—Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Filip Raška
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Institution Shared with University Hospital Brno, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (B.L.); (F.R.); (J.H.)
| | - Iva Kocmanová
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, University Hospital Brno, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic;
| | - Markéta Hanslianová
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Vyškov Hospital, 628 01 Vyškov, Czech Republic;
| | - Martin Hladík
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Institution Shared with University Hospital Brno, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (B.L.); (F.R.); (J.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +420-532-232-206
| | - Jakub Holoubek
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Institution Shared with University Hospital Brno, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (B.L.); (F.R.); (J.H.)
| | - Matěj Bezdíček
- Centre of Molecular Biology and Gene Therapy, Department of Internal Medicine—Hematology and Oncology, Institution Shared with University Hospital Brno, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic;
| | - Ctirad Macháček
- Department of Pathology, Institution Shared with University Hospital Brno, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic;
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15
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Bustamante DE, Calderon MS, Leiva S, Mendoza JE, Arce M, Oliva M. Three new species of Trichoderma in the Harzianum and Longibrachiatum lineages from Peruvian cacao crop soils based on an integrative approach. Mycologia 2021; 113:1056-1072. [PMID: 34128770 DOI: 10.1080/00275514.2021.1917243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The hyperdiverse genus Trichoderma is one of most useful groups of microbes for a number of human activities, and their accurate identification is crucial. The structural simplicity and lack of distinctive phenotypic variation in this group enable the use of DNA-based species delimitation methods in combination with phylogenies (and morphology when feasible) to establish well-supported boundaries among species. Our study employed a multilocus phylogeny and four DNA-based methods (automated barcode gap discovery [ABGD], statistical parsimony [SPN], generalized mixed Yule coalescent [GMYC], and Bayesian phylogenetics and phylogeography [BPP]) for four molecular markers (acl1, act, rpb2, and tef1) to delimit species of two lineages of Trichoderma. Although incongruence among these methods was observed in our analyses, the genetic distance (ABGD) and coalescence (BPP) methods and the multilocus phylogeny strongly supported and confirmed recognition of 108 and 39 different species in the Harzianum and Longibrachiatum lineages, including three new species associated with cacao farms in northern Peru, namely, T.awajun, sp. nov., T. jaklitschii, sp. nov., and T. peruvianum, sp. nov. Morphological distinctions between the new species and their close relatives are primarily related to growth rates, colony appearance, and size of phialides and conidia. This study confirmed that an integrative approach (DNA-based methods, multilocus phylogeny, and phenotype) is more likely to reliably verify supported species boundaries in Trichoderma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo E Bustamante
- Instituto de Investigación para el Desarrollo Sustentable de Ceja de Selva, Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza, Chachapoyas, Amazonas, Peru.,Facultad de Ingeniería Civil y Ambiental, Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza, Chachapoyas, Amazonas, Peru
| | - Martha S Calderon
- Instituto de Investigación para el Desarrollo Sustentable de Ceja de Selva, Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza, Chachapoyas, Amazonas, Peru.,Facultad de Ingeniería Civil y Ambiental, Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza, Chachapoyas, Amazonas, Peru
| | - Santos Leiva
- Instituto de Investigación para el Desarrollo Sustentable de Ceja de Selva, Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza, Chachapoyas, Amazonas, Peru
| | - Jani E Mendoza
- Instituto de Investigación para el Desarrollo Sustentable de Ceja de Selva, Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza, Chachapoyas, Amazonas, Peru
| | - Marielita Arce
- Instituto de Investigación para el Desarrollo Sustentable de Ceja de Selva, Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza, Chachapoyas, Amazonas, Peru
| | - Manuel Oliva
- Instituto de Investigación para el Desarrollo Sustentable de Ceja de Selva, Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza, Chachapoyas, Amazonas, Peru
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16
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Zheng H, Qiao M, Lv Y, Du X, Zhang KQ, Yu Z. New Species of Trichoderma Isolated as Endophytes and Saprobes from Southwest China. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7060467. [PMID: 34207925 PMCID: PMC8230185 DOI: 10.3390/jof7060467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
During the investigation of endophytic fungi diversity in aquatic plants and the fungal diversity in soil in southwest China, we obtained 208 isolates belonging to Trichoderma, including 28 isolates as endophytes from aquatic plants and 180 isolates as saprobes from soil, respectively. Finally, 23 new species of Trichoderma are recognized by further studies. Their phylogenetic positions are determined by sequence analyses of the combined partial sequences of translation elongation factor 1-alpha (tef1) and gene encoding of the second largest nuclear RNA polymerase subunit (rpb2). The results revealed that the 23 new species are distributed in nine known clades. The morphology and culture characteristics are observed, described and illustrated in detail. Distinctions between the new species and their close relatives were compared and discussed. These include: Trichoderma achlamydosporum, T. amoenum, T. anaharzianum, T. anisohamatum, T. aquatica, T. asiaticum, T. asymmetricum, T. inaequilaterale, T. inconspicuum, T. insigne, T. obovatum, T. paraviride, T. pluripenicillatum, T. propepolypori, T. pseudoasiaticum, T. pseudoasperelloides, T. scorpioideum, T. simile, T. subazureum, T. subuliforme, T. supraverticillatum, T. tibetica, and T. uncinatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Zheng
- Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, Yunnan, China; (H.Z.); (M.Q.); (Y.L.); (X.D.); (K.-Q.Z.)
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, Yunnan, China
| | - Min Qiao
- Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, Yunnan, China; (H.Z.); (M.Q.); (Y.L.); (X.D.); (K.-Q.Z.)
| | - Yifan Lv
- Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, Yunnan, China; (H.Z.); (M.Q.); (Y.L.); (X.D.); (K.-Q.Z.)
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, Yunnan, China
| | - Xing Du
- Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, Yunnan, China; (H.Z.); (M.Q.); (Y.L.); (X.D.); (K.-Q.Z.)
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, Yunnan, China
| | - Ke-Qin Zhang
- Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, Yunnan, China; (H.Z.); (M.Q.); (Y.L.); (X.D.); (K.-Q.Z.)
| | - Zefen Yu
- Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, Yunnan, China; (H.Z.); (M.Q.); (Y.L.); (X.D.); (K.-Q.Z.)
- Correspondence:
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17
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Cai F, Druzhinina IS. In honor of John Bissett: authoritative guidelines on molecular identification of Trichoderma. FUNGAL DIVERS 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13225-020-00464-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
AbstractModern taxonomy has developed towards the establishment of global authoritative lists of species that assume the standardized principles of species recognition, at least in a given taxonomic group. However, in fungi, species delimitation is frequently subjective because it depends on the choice of a species concept and the criteria selected by a taxonomist. Contrary to it, identification of fungal species is expected to be accurate and precise because it should predict the properties that are required for applications or that are relevant in pathology. The industrial and plant-beneficial fungi from the genus Trichoderma (Hypocreales) offer a suitable model to address this collision between species delimitation and species identification. A few decades ago, Trichoderma diversity was limited to a few dozen species. The introduction of molecular evolutionary methods resulted in the exponential expansion of Trichoderma taxonomy, with up to 50 new species recognized per year. Here, we have reviewed the genus-wide taxonomy of Trichoderma and compiled a complete inventory of all Trichoderma species and DNA barcoding material deposited in public databases (the inventory is available at the website of the International Subcommission on Taxonomy of Trichodermawww.trichoderma.info). Among the 375 species with valid names as of July 2020, 361 (96%) have been cultivated in vitro and DNA barcoded. Thus, we have developed a protocol for molecular identification of Trichoderma that requires analysis of the three DNA barcodes (ITS, tef1, and rpb2), and it is supported by online tools that are available on www.trichokey.info. We then used all the whole-genome sequenced (WGS) Trichoderma strains that are available in public databases to provide versatile practical examples of molecular identification, reveal shortcomings, and discuss possible ambiguities. Based on the Trichoderma example, this study shows why the identification of a fungal species is an intricate and laborious task that requires a background in mycology, molecular biological skills, training in molecular evolutionary analysis, and knowledge of taxonomic literature. We provide an in-depth discussion of species concepts that are applied in Trichoderma taxonomy, and conclude that these fungi are particularly suitable for the implementation of a polyphasic approach that was first introduced in Trichoderma taxonomy by John Bissett (1948–2020), whose work inspired the current study. We also propose a regulatory and unifying role of international commissions on the taxonomy of particular fungal groups. An important outcome of this work is the demonstration of an urgent need for cooperation between Trichoderma researchers to get prepared to the efficient use of the upcoming wave of Trichoderma genomic data.
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18
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Abstract
The production of biofuels from plant biomass is dependent on the availability of enzymes that can hydrolyze the plant cell wall polysaccharides to their monosaccharides. These enzyme mixtures are formed by microorganisms but their native compositions and properties are often not ideal for application. Genetic engineering of these microorganisms is therefore necessary, in which introduction of DNA is an essential precondition. The filamentous fungus Trichoderma reesei-the main producer of plant-cell-wall-degrading enzymes for biofuels and other industries-has been subjected to intensive genetic engineering toward this goal and has become one of the iconic examples of the successful genetic improvement of fungi. However, the genetic manipulation of other enzyme-producing Trichoderma species is frequently less efficient and, therefore, rarely managed. In this chapter, we therefore describe the two potent methods of Trichoderma transformation mediated by either (a) polyethylene glycol (PEG) or (b) Agrobacterium. The methods are optimized for T. reesei but can also be applied for such transformation-resilient species as T. harzianum and T. guizhouense, which are putative upcoming alternatives for T. reesei in this field. The protocols are simple, do not require extensive training or special equipment, and can be further adjusted for T. reesei mutants with particular properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Cai
- Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering (ICEBE), TU Wien, Vienna, Austria.,FungiG, Fungal Genomics Laboratory, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Christian P Kubicek
- Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering (ICEBE), TU Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Irina S Druzhinina
- Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering (ICEBE), TU Wien, Vienna, Austria. .,FungiG, Fungal Genomics Laboratory, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.
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19
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Ding M, Chen W, Ma X, Lv B, Jiang S, Yu Y, Rahimi M, Gao R, Zhao Z, Cai F, Druzhinina I. Emerging salt marshes as a source of Trichoderma arenarium sp. nov. and other fungal bioeffectors for biosaline agriculture. J Appl Microbiol 2021; 130:179-195. [PMID: 32590882 PMCID: PMC7818382 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Sustainable agriculture requires effective and safe biofertilizers and biofungicides with low environmental impact. Natural ecosystems that closely resemble the conditions of biosaline agriculture may present a reservoir for fungal strains that can be used as novel bioeffectors. METHODS AND RESULTS We isolated a library of fungi from the rhizosphere of three natural halotolerant plants grown in the emerging tidal salt marshes on the south-east coast of China. DNA barcoding of 116 isolates based on the rRNA ITS1 and 2 and other markers (tef1 or rpb2) revealed 38 fungal species, including plant pathogenic (41%), saprotrophic (24%) and mycoparasitic (28%) taxa. The mycoparasitic fungi were mainly species from the hypocrealean genus Trichoderma, including at least four novel phylotypes. Two of them, representing the taxa Trichoderma arenarium sp. nov. (described here) and T. asperelloides, showed antagonistic activity against five phytopathogenic fungi, and significant growth promotion on tomato seedlings under the conditions of saline agriculture. CONCLUSIONS Trichoderma spp. of salt marshes play the role of natural biological control in young soil ecosystems with a putatively premature microbiome. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The saline soil microbiome is a rich source of halotolerant bioeffectors that can be used in biosaline agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- M.‐Y. Ding
- Fungal Genomics Laboratory (FungiG)Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingP.R. China
| | - W. Chen
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Solid Organic Waste UtilizationJiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Solid Organic WastesEducational Ministry Engineering Center of Resource‐Saving FertilizersNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingP.R. China
| | - X.‐C. Ma
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Solid Organic Waste UtilizationJiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Solid Organic WastesEducational Ministry Engineering Center of Resource‐Saving FertilizersNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingP.R. China
| | - B.‐W. Lv
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Solid Organic Waste UtilizationJiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Solid Organic WastesEducational Ministry Engineering Center of Resource‐Saving FertilizersNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingP.R. China
| | - S.‐Q. Jiang
- Fungal Genomics Laboratory (FungiG)Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingP.R. China
| | - Y.‐N. Yu
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Solid Organic Waste UtilizationJiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Solid Organic WastesEducational Ministry Engineering Center of Resource‐Saving FertilizersNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingP.R. China
| | - M.J. Rahimi
- Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering (ICEBE)TU WienViennaAustria
| | - R.‐W. Gao
- Fungal Genomics Laboratory (FungiG)Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingP.R. China
| | - Z. Zhao
- Fungal Genomics Laboratory (FungiG)Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingP.R. China
| | - F. Cai
- Fungal Genomics Laboratory (FungiG)Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingP.R. China
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Solid Organic Waste UtilizationJiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Solid Organic WastesEducational Ministry Engineering Center of Resource‐Saving FertilizersNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingP.R. China
- Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering (ICEBE)TU WienViennaAustria
| | - I.S. Druzhinina
- Fungal Genomics Laboratory (FungiG)Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingP.R. China
- Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering (ICEBE)TU WienViennaAustria
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20
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Syafiuddin A, Fulazzaky MA. Decolorization kinetics and mass transfer mechanisms of Remazol Brilliant Blue R dye mediated by different fungi. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 29:e00573. [PMID: 33364184 PMCID: PMC7753926 DOI: 10.1016/j.btre.2020.e00573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The release of synthetic dye into the environment causing abnormal growth of phytoplankton may lead to a decline in the photosynthetic performance of aquatic ecosystem. Scientific knowledge of Remazol Brilliant Blue R (RBBR) decolorization is essential for designing the engineered bioremediation systems of employing fungal mycelium. The biodegradation of RBBR dye mediated by an appropriate fungus was analyzed using the modified mass transfer factor models to get better understanding on the decolorization kinetics and mechanisms of external and internal mass transfer. The results showed that the limited capacities of the kinetic and isotherm models are still not able to comprehensively explain many important phenomena of RBBR decolorization mediated by the T. citrinoviride, T. koningiopsis and Pestalotiopsis sp. strains. The rate-limiting step of RBBR decolorization depends on the EMT resistance and the vegetative growth rates of T. citrinoviride, T. koningiopsis and Pestalotiopsis sp. strains can be described by second-order polynomial equation. The analysis of decolorization performance may provide a new insight on the role of fungus in the degradation of RBBR dye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achmad Syafiuddin
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health, Universitas Nahdlatul Ulama Surabaya, Jalan Raya Jemursari No.57, Jemur Wonosari, Surabaya 60237, Indonesia
| | - Mohamad Ali Fulazzaky
- Environmental Engineering and Management Research Group, Ton Duc Thang University, No.19, Nguyen Huu Tho Street, Tan Phong Ward, District 7, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam.,Faculty of Environment and Labour Safety, Ton Duc Thang University, No.19, Nguyen Huu Tho Street, Tan Phong Ward, District 7, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
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21
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Zhou YB, Zhang GJ, Song YG, Sun LN, Chen YH, Sun TT, Li RY, Liu W, Li DM. Application of laser capture microdissection and polymerase chain reaction in the diagnosis of Trichoderma longibrachiatum infection: a promising diagnostic tool for 'fungal contaminants' infection. Med Mycol 2020; 58:315-321. [PMID: 31127839 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myz055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Although Trichoderma species are usually considered to be culture contaminants, an increasing number of case reports have demonstrated their pathogenicity. Current diagnostic tools, including fungal culture, radiology, histopathology, and direct microscopy examination, are often unable to differentiate the pathogenicity of 'fungal contaminants' such as Trichoderma species in patients. Accurate diagnostic tools for 'fungal contaminants' infection have become the urgent needs. To that end, we applicated laser capture microdissection (LCM) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to confirm T. longibrachiatum infection for the first time. A 57-year-old man presented with a cough and hemoptysis lasting for more than 40 days. Computed tomography scan revealed a mass at the left hilum. In addition to pulmonary spindle cell carcinoma, fungal hyphae were also detected in histopathological examination. The cultured fungus was identified as T. longibrachiatum using molecular procedures. The results from DNA sequencing of DNA obtained by LCM revealed the identical result. Antifungal susceptibility testing revealed resistance to itraconazole, fluconazole and flucytosine. The patient was managed with oral voriconazole for 4 months. No relapse of Trichoderma infection was observed at a year follow-up visit. Although there are potential disadvantages, LCM-based molecular biology technology is a promising diagnostic tool for 'fungal contaminants' infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Bin Zhou
- Department of Dermatology, Peking University First Hospital; Research Center for Medical Mycology, Peking University; Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis on Dermatoses, Beijing 100034, China.,Department of Dermatology and Mycological Lab., Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Gong Jie Zhang
- Department of Dermatology and Mycological Lab., Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Ying Gai Song
- Department of Dermatology, Peking University First Hospital; Research Center for Medical Mycology, Peking University; Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis on Dermatoses, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Li Na Sun
- Department of Respiratory, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Ya Hong Chen
- Department of Respiratory, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Ting Ting Sun
- Department of Dermatology and Mycological Lab., Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Ruo Yu Li
- Department of Dermatology, Peking University First Hospital; Research Center for Medical Mycology, Peking University; Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis on Dermatoses, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Peking University First Hospital; Research Center for Medical Mycology, Peking University; Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis on Dermatoses, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Dong Ming Li
- Department of Dermatology and Mycological Lab., Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
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Dos Santos UR, Costa MC, de Freitas GJC, de Oliveira FS, Santos BR, Silva JF, Santos DA, Dias AAM, de Carvalho LD, Augusto DG, Dos Santos JL. Exposition to Biological Control Agent Trichoderma stromaticum Increases the Development of Cancer in Mice Injected With Murine Melanoma. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:252. [PMID: 32547964 PMCID: PMC7272596 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Biological control agents (BCA) are an alternative to chemical pesticides and an emerging strategy to safely eliminate plant pathogens. Trichoderma spp. are the most common fungi used as BCAs. They produce spores that are released into the air and can potentially interact with immune system of mammals. We previously showed that Trichoderma affects expression of genes encoding pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and cytokines in mice. PRRs are involved in the recognition of microorganisms and can lead to pro-tumoral signaling. Here, we evaluated if mice injected with low doses of murine melanoma exhibited increased development of lung tumor when treated with conidia of T. stromaticum. Mice treated with T. stromaticum and inoculated with B16-F10 melanoma cells exhibited significant increase in tumor uptake (p = 0.006) and increased number of visible nodules in the lungs (p = 0.015). We also analyzed mRNA expression levels of genes encoding PRRs in lung of mice exposed to T. stromaticum and demonstrated that mice treated with T. stromaticum conidia exhibited lower expression levels of Clec7a and increased expression of Tlr4 (toll like receptor 4) compared to non-treated controls. The expression levels of Clec7a and Tlr2 were increased in mice treated with T. stromaticum and inoculated with murine melanoma compared to controls only inoculated with melanoma. Our results demonstrate that intranasal exposition to T. stromaticum increases tumor in the B16-F10 model, which may raise concerns regarding the safety of its use in agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uener R Dos Santos
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, Brazil
| | - Marliete C Costa
- Departamento de Microbiologia, ICB - Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Gustavo J C de Freitas
- Departamento de Microbiologia, ICB - Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Flávia S de Oliveira
- Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução - ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Bianca R Santos
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, Brazil
| | - Juneo F Silva
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, Brazil
| | - Daniel A Santos
- Departamento de Microbiologia, ICB - Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Adriana A M Dias
- Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução - ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Luciana D de Carvalho
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, Brazil
| | - Danillo G Augusto
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética, Universidade Federal Do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Jane L Dos Santos
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, Brazil
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23
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Hatvani L, Homa M, Chenthamara K, Cai F, Kocsubé S, Atanasova L, Mlinaric-Missoni E, Manikandan P, Revathi R, Dóczi I, Bogáts G, Narendran V, Büchner R, Vágvölgyi C, Druzhinina IS, Kredics L. Agricultural systems as potential sources of emerging human mycoses caused by Trichoderma: a successful, common phylotype of Trichoderma longibrachiatum in the frontline. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2020; 366:5670621. [PMID: 31816013 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnz246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Trichoderma species are abundant in different agricultural habitats, but some representatives of this genus, mainly clade Longibrachiatum members are also emerging as causative agents of various human diseases with even fatal outcome. Strains of these species frequently show resistance to commonly used azole antifungals. Based on previous data it is hypothesized that Trichoderma isolates identified in human infections derive from environmental-including agricultural-origins. We examined Trichoderma longibrachiatum Rifai and Trichoderma bissettii Sandoval-Denis & Guarro strains recovered from four novel cases of human mycoses, along with isolates from previous case reports and different agricultural habitats, using multilocus phylogenetic analysis, BIOLOG Phenotype Microarrays and Etest. Strains attributed to T. bissettii were more abundant in both clinical and agricultural specimens compared to T. longibrachiatum. The majority of the isolates of both taxa could tolerate >256, >32 and >32 μg/ml fluconazole, itraconazole and posaconazole, respectively. None of the obtained results revealed characteristic differences between strains of clinical and agricultural origin, nor between the two taxa, supporting that agricultural environments may be significant sources of infections caused by these emerging human fungal pathogens. Furthermore, based on our findings we propose the re-classification of T. bissettii as T. longibrachiatum f. sp. bissettii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lóránt Hatvani
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52., Szeged, 6726, Hungary.,MTA-SZTE "Lendület" Mycobiome Research Group, Közép fasor 52., Szeged, 6726, Hungary
| | - Mónika Homa
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52., Szeged, 6726, Hungary.,MTA-SZTE "Lendület" Fungal Pathogenicity Mechanisms Research Group, Közép fasor 52., Szeged, 6726, Hungary
| | - Komal Chenthamara
- Microbiology and Applied Genomics Group, Research Area Biochemical Technology, Institute of Chemical, Environmental & Bioscience Engineering (ICEBE), Gumpendorferstrasse 1a/E166-5., TU Wien, Vienna, 1060, Austria
| | - Feng Cai
- Microbiology and Applied Genomics Group, Research Area Biochemical Technology, Institute of Chemical, Environmental & Bioscience Engineering (ICEBE), Gumpendorferstrasse 1a/E166-5., TU Wien, Vienna, 1060, Austria.,Fungal Genomics Group, Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Organic Solid Waste Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang No. 1., Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Sándor Kocsubé
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52., Szeged, 6726, Hungary
| | - Lea Atanasova
- Department of Food Sciences and Technology, Institute of Food Technology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18., Vienna, 1190, Austria
| | - Emilija Mlinaric-Missoni
- Croatian National Institute of Public Health, Rockefellerova 2., Zagreb, 10000, Croatia (retired)
| | - Palanisamy Manikandan
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Academic City, Majmaah, 11952, Saudi Arabia.,Greenlink Analytical and Research Laboratory India Private Ltd, Tex Park Road, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641 014, India
| | - Rajaraman Revathi
- Aravind Eye Hospital and Postgraduate Institute of Ophthalmology, Avinashi Road, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641 014, India
| | - Ilona Dóczi
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6., Szeged, 6725, Hungary
| | - Gábor Bogáts
- Second Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 8., Szeged, 6725, Hungary
| | - Venkatapathy Narendran
- Aravind Eye Hospital and Postgraduate Institute of Ophthalmology, Avinashi Road, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641 014, India
| | - Rita Büchner
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52., Szeged, 6726, Hungary.,Doctoral School of Biology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52., Szeged, 6726, Hungary
| | - Csaba Vágvölgyi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52., Szeged, 6726, Hungary
| | - Irina S Druzhinina
- Microbiology and Applied Genomics Group, Research Area Biochemical Technology, Institute of Chemical, Environmental & Bioscience Engineering (ICEBE), Gumpendorferstrasse 1a/E166-5., TU Wien, Vienna, 1060, Austria.,Fungal Genomics Group, Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Organic Solid Waste Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang No. 1., Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - László Kredics
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52., Szeged, 6726, Hungary
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24
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Diversity of Trichoderma spp. in Marine Environments and Their Biological Potential for Sustainable Industrial Applications. SUSTAINABILITY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/su12104327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Microorganisms are regarded as a sustainable source of biologically active molecules. Among them, Trichoderma spp. have been an attractive source of biological compounds. However, the study of marine-derived Trichoderma has developed slowly because of the difficulty in isolating the fungi. In our study, 30 strains of marine-derived Trichoderma were identified through the translation elongation factor 1-alpha (EF1α) sequences, and their biological activities, such as antioxidant activity by ABTS and DPPH assays, antifungal activity against Asteromyces cruciatus and Lindra thalassiae, and tyrosinase inhibition activity, were investigated. As a result, the 30 marine Trichoderma species were classified into 21 taxa, including three new species candidates. Three strains of T. asperellum showed the highest ABTS radical scavenging activity and antifungal activity. T. bissettii SFC20170821-M05 and T. guizhouense SFC20180619-M23 showed notable DPPH radical scavenging activity and tyrosinase inhibition activity, respectively. This study showed the potential of marine-derived Trichoderma as a source of bioactive compounds.
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25
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Mroczyńska M, Brillowska-Dąbrowska A. Review on Current Status of Echinocandins Use. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:antibiotics9050227. [PMID: 32370108 PMCID: PMC7277767 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9050227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal infections are rising all over the world every year. There are only five medical compound classes for treatment: triazoles, echinocandins, polyenes, flucytosine and allylamine. Currently, echinocandins are the most important compounds, because of their wide activity spectrum and much lower sides effects that may occur during therapy with other drugs. Echinocandins are secondary metabolites of fungi, which can inhibit the biosynthesis of β-(1,3)-D-glucan. These compounds have fungicidal and fungistatic activity depending on different genera of fungi, against which they are used. Echinocandin resistance is rare—the major cause of resistance is mutations in the gene encoding the β-(1,3)-D-glucan synthase enzyme. In this review of the literature we have summarized the characteristics of echinocandins, the mechanism of their antifungal activity with pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, and the resistance issue.
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26
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Mapook A, Hyde KD, McKenzie EHC, Jones EBG, Bhat DJ, Jeewon R, Stadler M, Samarakoon MC, Malaithong M, Tanunchai B, Buscot F, Wubet T, Purahong W. Taxonomic and phylogenetic contributions to fungi associated with the invasive weed Chromolaena odorata (Siam weed). FUNGAL DIVERS 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s13225-020-00444-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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27
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Bulgari D, Fiorini L, Gianoncelli A, Bertuzzi M, Gobbi E. Enlightening Gliotoxin Biological System in Agriculturally Relevant Trichoderma spp. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:200. [PMID: 32226413 PMCID: PMC7080844 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Gliotoxin (GT) is a dual fungal secondary metabolite (SM). It displays pleiotropic activities and possesses medicinal properties and biocontrol abilities but, unfortunately, has toxic properties in humans. Various Trichoderma species are used as fungal biological control agents (BCAs), as a sustainable alternative for crop protection worldwide. Among them is Trichoderma virens, a GT-producing fungus. Since no information was available on the genetically coded prerequisites for the production of GT in other Trichoderma spp., genome analyses were carried out in 10 Trichoderma spp. genomes. Moreover, a real-time PCR assay setup ad hoc and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analyses were employed to understand the GT-producing biological systems in T. virens GV29-8 (TvGv29-8) and Trichoderma afroharzianum T6776 (TaT6776), two relevant biocontrol fungi. The structure of the GT biosynthesis genes (GT-BG) is polymorphic, with two distinct types associated with the ability to produce GT. GliH, a key protein for GT synthesis, is absent in most of the Trichoderma GT biosynthetic pathways, which may be the reason for their inability to produce GT. The GT-BG are expressed in TvGv29-8 as expected, while they are silent in TaT6776. Interestingly, in the GT-non-producing TaT6776, only gliA (putative GT transporter) and gtmA (putative GT S-methyltransferase) were induced by exogenous GT, underlining the ability of this strain to reduce the deleterious effect of the toxin. This ability is confirmed by growth assays and by the detection of the bis-thiomethylated form of GT catalyzed by GtmA in the culture medium supplemented with GT. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first general description of the GT biological system in different Trichoderma spp. as far as the GT-BG content and organization is concerned and a preliminary insight into their functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Bulgari
- Piattaforma di Microbiologia Agroalimentare ed Ambientale (Pi.Mi.A.A.), AgroFood Lab, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Lisa Fiorini
- Piattaforma di Microbiologia Agroalimentare ed Ambientale (Pi.Mi.A.A.), AgroFood Lab, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Alessandra Gianoncelli
- Piattaforma di Proteomica, AgroFood Lab, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Michela Bertuzzi
- Piattaforma di Proteomica, AgroFood Lab, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Emanuela Gobbi
- Piattaforma di Microbiologia Agroalimentare ed Ambientale (Pi.Mi.A.A.), AgroFood Lab, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
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28
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Rashad YM, Abdel-Azeem AM. Recent Progress on Trichoderma Secondary Metabolites. Fungal Biol 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-41870-0_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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29
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Nematollahi S, Shoham S. Updates on the Treatment of Non-Aspergillus Hyaline Mold Infections. CURRENT FUNGAL INFECTION REPORTS 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12281-019-00364-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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30
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Chen X, Luo X, Fan M, Zeng W, Yang C, Wu J, Zhao C, Zhang Y, Zhao P. Endophytic fungi from the branches of Camellia taliensis (W. W. Smith) Melchior, a widely distributed wild tea plant. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 35:113. [PMID: 31289918 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-019-2686-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Camellia taliensis (W. W. Smith) Melchior is a wild tea plant endemic from the west and southwest of Yunnan province of China to the north of Myanmar and is used commonly to produce tea by the local people of its growing areas. Its chemical constituents are closely related to those of C. sinensis var. assamica, a widely cultivated tea plant. In this study, the α diversity and phylogeny of endophytic fungi in the branches of C. taliensis were explored for the first time. A total of 160 fungal strains were obtained and grouped into 42 species from 29 genera, which were identified based on rDNA internal transcribed spacer sequence analysis. Diversity analysis showed that the endophytic fungal community of the branches of C. taliensis had high species richness S (42), Margalef index D' (8.0785), Shannon-Wiener index H' (2.8494), Simpson diversity index DS (0.8891), PIE index (0.8947) and evenness Pielou index J (0.7623) but a low dominant index λ (0.1109). By contrast, that in the branches of C. taliensis had abundant species and high species evenness. Diaporthe tectonigena, Acrocalymma sp. and Colletotrichum magnisporum were the dominant endophytic fungi. The phylogenetic tree was established by maximum parsimony analysis, and the 11 orders observed for endophytic fungi belonging to Ascomycota and Basidiomycota were grouped into 4 classes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxue Chen
- Key Laboratory for Forest Resources Conservation and Utilization in the Southwest Mountains of China, Ministry of Education, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, 650224, People's Republic of China
| | - Xulu Luo
- Key Laboratory for Forest Resources Conservation and Utilization in the Southwest Mountains of China, Ministry of Education, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, 650224, People's Republic of China
| | - Miaomiao Fan
- Key Laboratory for Forest Resources Conservation and Utilization in the Southwest Mountains of China, Ministry of Education, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, 650224, People's Republic of China
| | - Weilin Zeng
- Key Laboratory for Forest Resources Conservation and Utilization in the Southwest Mountains of China, Ministry of Education, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, 650224, People's Republic of China
| | - Chongren Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianrong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Disaster Warning and Control of Yunnan Province, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, 650224, People's Republic of China
| | - Changlin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Forest Disaster Warning and Control of Yunnan Province, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, 650224, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingjun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ping Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Forest Resources Conservation and Utilization in the Southwest Mountains of China, Ministry of Education, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, 650224, People's Republic of China.
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31
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Recio R, Meléndez-Carmona MÁ, Martín-Higuera MC, Pérez V, López E, López-Medrano F, Pérez-Ayala A. Trichoderma longibrachiatum: an unusual pathogen of fungal pericarditis. Clin Microbiol Infect 2019; 25:586-587. [PMID: 30771525 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2019.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R Recio
- Department of Microbiology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain.
| | | | - M C Martín-Higuera
- Department of Microbiology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - V Pérez
- Unit of Lung Transplantation, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - E López
- Unit of Lung Transplantation, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - F López-Medrano
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - A Pérez-Ayala
- Department of Microbiology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
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32
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Sautour M, Chrétien ML, Valot S, Lafon I, Basmaciyan L, Legouge C, Verrier T, Gonssaud B, Abou-Hanna H, Dalle F, Caillot D. First case of proven invasive pulmonary infection due to Trichoderma longibrachiatum in a neutropenic patient with acute leukemia. J Mycol Med 2018; 28:659-662. [PMID: 30477694 DOI: 10.1016/j.mycmed.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Trichoderma species are saprophytic filamentous fungi that can be found all over the word. These fungi show increasing medical importance as opportunistic human pathogens, particularly in immunocompromised patients. Invasive infections due to Trichoderma are rare and definitive diagnosis is complex to achieve because of the lack of specific diagnosis tools. We report in this work the first proven case of invasive pulmonary infection due to T. longibrachiatum in a 69-year-old white male with hematologic malignancy. The patient was successfully treated initially with voriconazole alone followed by a combination of voriconazole and caspofungine.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sautour
- UMR A PAM, Équipe Vin, Aliment, Microbiologie, Stress, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, AgroSup Dijon, 21078 Dijon cedex, France; Parasitology-Mycology Department, University Hospital of Dijon, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - M L Chrétien
- Department of Clinical Haematology, University Hospital of Dijon, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - S Valot
- Parasitology-Mycology Department, University Hospital of Dijon, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - I Lafon
- Department of Clinical Haematology, University Hospital of Dijon, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - L Basmaciyan
- UMR A PAM, Équipe Vin, Aliment, Microbiologie, Stress, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, AgroSup Dijon, 21078 Dijon cedex, France; Parasitology-Mycology Department, University Hospital of Dijon, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - C Legouge
- Department of Clinical Haematology, University Hospital of Dijon, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - T Verrier
- Parasitology-Mycology Department, University Hospital of Dijon, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - B Gonssaud
- Parasitology-Mycology Department, University Hospital of Dijon, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - H Abou-Hanna
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, University Hospital of Dijon, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - F Dalle
- UMR A PAM, Équipe Vin, Aliment, Microbiologie, Stress, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, AgroSup Dijon, 21078 Dijon cedex, France; Parasitology-Mycology Department, University Hospital of Dijon, 21000 Dijon, France.
| | - D Caillot
- Department of Clinical Haematology, University Hospital of Dijon, 21000 Dijon, France
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33
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du Plessis IL, Druzhinina IS, Atanasova L, Yarden O, Jacobs K. The diversity of Trichoderma species from soil in South Africa, with five new additions. Mycologia 2018; 110:559-583. [PMID: 29902390 DOI: 10.1080/00275514.2018.1463059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Fourteen Trichoderma (Hypocreales) species were identified during a survey of the genus in South Africa. These include T. afroharzianum, T. asperelloides, T. asperellum, T. atrobrunneum, T. atroviride, T. camerunense, T. gamsii, T. hamatum, T. koningii, T. koningiopsis, T. saturnisporum, T. spirale, T. virens, and T. viride. Ten of these species were not known to occur in South Africa prior to this investigation. Five additional species were novel and are described here as T. beinartii, T. caeruleimontis, T. chetii, T. restrictum, and T. undulatum. These novel Trichoderma species display morphological traits that are typical of the genus. Based on molecular identification using calmodulin, endochitinase, nuc rDNA internal transcribed spacers (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2), RNA polymerase II subunit B, and translation elongation factor 1-α gene sequence data, T. beinartii, T. caeruleimontis, and T. chetii were found to belong to the Longibrachiatum clade, whereas T. restrictum is a member of the Hamatum clade. Trichoderma undulatum occupies a distinct lineage distantly related to other Trichoderma species. Strains of T. beinartii and T. chetii were isolated previously in Hawaii and Israel; however, T. caeruleimontis, T. restrictum, and T. undulatum are so far known only from South Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ihan L du Plessis
- a Department of Microbiology , University of Stellenbosch , Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602 , South Africa
| | - Irina S Druzhinina
- b Microbiology Group, Research Area Biochemical Technology , Institute of Chemical and Biological Engineering , Technische Universität Wien, Gumpendorferstrasse 1a, A1060 , Vienna , Austria
| | - Lea Atanasova
- c Institute of Microbiology , University of Innsbruck , Technikerstraße 25, A-6020 , Innsbruck , Austria
| | - Oded Yarden
- d Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment , The Hebrew University of Jerusalem , Rehovot 76100 , Israel
| | - Karin Jacobs
- a Department of Microbiology , University of Stellenbosch , Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602 , South Africa
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34
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Chen K, Zhuang WY. Discovery from a large-scaled survey of Trichoderma in soil of China. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9090. [PMID: 28831112 PMCID: PMC5567330 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07807-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The first large-scaled survey of soil-inhabiting Trichoderma is conducted in 23 provinces of China. Twenty-three new species belonging to the green-ascospored clades are discovered. Their phylogenetic positions are determined by sequence analyses of the combined partial sequences of translation elongation factor 1-alpha and the second largest RNA polymerase subunit encoding genes. Morphology and culture characteristics are observed, described and illustrated in detail. Distinctions between the new species and their close relatives are compared and discussed. They are named as: T. aggregatum, T. alpinum, T. bannaense, T. breve, T. brevicrassum, T. byssinum, T. chlamydosporicum, T. concentricum, T. ganodermatis, T. hainanense, T. hengshanicum, T. hirsutum, T. hunanense, T. ingratum, T. liberatum, T. linzhiense, T. longisporum, T. polypori, T. pseudodensum, T. simplex, T. solum, T. undatipile and T. zayuense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Wen-Ying Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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McMullin DR, Renaud JB, Barasubiye T, Sumarah MW, Miller JD. Metabolites of Trichoderma species isolated from damp building materials. Can J Microbiol 2017; 63:621-632. [DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2017-0083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Buildings that have been flooded often have high concentrations of Trichoderma spores in the air while drying. Inhaled spores and spore and mycelial fragments contain large amounts of fungal glucan and natural products that contribute to the symptoms associated with indoor mould exposures. In this study, we considered both small molecules and peptaibol profiles of T. atroviride, T. koningiopsis, T. citrinoviride, and T. harzianum strains obtained from damp buildings in eastern Canada. Twenty-residue peptaibols and sorbicillin-derived metabolites (1–6) including a new structure, (R)-vertinolide (1), were characterized from T. citrinoviride. Trichoderma koningiopsis produced several koninginins (7–10), trikoningin KA V, and the 11-residue lipopeptaibols trikoningin KB I and trikoningin KB II. Trichoderma atroviride biosynthesized a mixture of 19-residue trichorzianine-like peptaibols, whereas T. harzianum produced 18-residue trichokindin-like peptaibols and the 11-residue harzianin HB I that was subsequently identified from the studied T. citrinoviride strain. Two α-pyrones, 6-pentyl-pyran-2-one (11) and an oxidized analog (12), were produced by both T. atroviride and T. harzianum. Aside from exposure to low molecular weight natural products, inhalation of Trichoderma spores and mycelial fragments may result in exposure to membrane-disrupting peptaibols. This investigation contributes to a more comprehensive understanding of the biologically active natural products produced by fungi commonly found in damp buildings.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R. McMullin
- Ottawa Carleton Institute of Chemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Justin B. Renaud
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, ON N5V 4T3, Canada
| | - Tharcisse Barasubiye
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - Mark W. Sumarah
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, ON N5V 4T3, Canada
| | - J. David Miller
- Ottawa Carleton Institute of Chemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
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Chen K, Zhuang WY. Three New Soil-inhabiting Species of Trichoderma in the Stromaticum Clade with Test of Their Antagonism to Pathogens. Curr Microbiol 2017. [PMID: 28631173 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-017-1282-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Trichoderma is a dominant component of the soil mycoflora. During the field investigations of northern, central, and southwestern China, three new species in the Stromaticum clade were encountered from soil, and named as T. hebeiense, T. sichuanense, and T. verticillatum. Their phylogenetic positions were determined by analyses of the combined two genes: partial sequences of translation elongation factor 1-alpha and the second largest RNA polymerase subunit-encoding genes. Distinctions between the new species and their close relatives were discussed. Trichoderma hebeiense appeared as a separate terminal branch. The species is distinctive by its oblong conidia and aggregated pustules in culture. Trichoderma sichuanense features in concentric colony and produces numerous clean exudates on aerial mycelium in culture. Trichoderma verticillatum is characterized by its verticillium-like synanamorph and production of abundant chlamydospores. In vitro antagonism towards the new species was tested by dual culture technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Wen-Ying Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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Robbertse B, Strope PK, Chaverri P, Gazis R, Ciufo S, Domrachev M, Schoch CL. Improving taxonomic accuracy for fungi in public sequence databases: applying 'one name one species' in well-defined genera with Trichoderma/Hypocrea as a test case. Database (Oxford) 2017; 2017:4553317. [PMID: 29220466 PMCID: PMC5641268 DOI: 10.1093/database/bax072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2017] [Revised: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The ITS (nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer) RefSeq database at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is dedicated to the clear association between name, specimen and sequence data. This database is focused on sequences obtained from type material stored in public collections. While the initial ITS sequence curation effort together with numerous fungal taxonomy experts attempted to cover as many orders as possible, we extended our latest focus to the family and genus ranks. We focused on Trichoderma for several reasons, mainly because the asexual and sexual synonyms were well documented, and a list of proposed names and type material were recently proposed and published. In this case study the recent taxonomic information was applied to do a complete taxonomic audit for the genus Trichoderma in the NCBI Taxonomy database. A name status report is available here: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/TaxIdentifier/tax_identifier.cgi. As a result, the ITS RefSeq Targeted Loci database at NCBI has been augmented with more sequences from type and verified material from Trichoderma species. Additionally, to aid in the cross referencing of data from single loci and genomes we have collected a list of quality records of the RPB2 gene obtained from type material in GenBank that could help validate future submissions. During the process of curation misidentified genomes were discovered, and sequence records from type material were found hidden under previous classifications. Source metadata curation, although more cumbersome, proved to be useful as confirmation of the type material designation. Database URL:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bioproject/PRJNA177353
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Robbertse
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Pooja K Strope
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Priscila Chaverri
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- Escuela de Biología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Romina Gazis
- Department of Entomology & Plant Pathology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Stacy Ciufo
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Michael Domrachev
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Conrad L Schoch
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Seven wood-inhabiting new species of the genus Trichoderma (Fungi, Ascomycota) in Viride clade. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27074. [PMID: 27245694 PMCID: PMC4888246 DOI: 10.1038/srep27074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
More than 200 recent collections of Trichoderma from China were examined and 16 species belonging to the Viride clade were identified based on integrated studies of phenotypic and molecular data. Among them, seven wood-inhabiting new species, T. albofulvopsis, T. densum, T. laevisporum, T. sinokoningii, T. sparsum, T. sphaerosporum and T. subviride, are found. They form trichoderma- to verticillium-like conidiophores, lageniform to subulate phialides and globose to ellipsoidal conidia, but vary greatly in colony features, growth rates, and sizes of phialides and conidia. To explore their taxonomic positions, the phylogenetic tree including all the known species of the Viride clade is constructed based on sequence analyses of the combined RNA polymerase II subunit b and translation elongation factor 1 alpha exon genes. Our results indicated that the seven new species were well-located in the Koningii, Rogersonii and Neorufum subclades as well as a few independent terminal branches. They are clearly distinguishable from any existing species. Morphological distinctions and sequence divergences between the new species and their close relatives were discussed.
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Virulence and Experimental Treatment of Trichoderma longibrachiatum, a Fungus Refractory to Treatment. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2016; 60:5029-32. [PMID: 27216056 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00373-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Different inocula of Trichoderma longibrachiatum were tested in a murine model, and only the highest one (1 × 10(7) CFU/animal) killed all of the mice at day 15 postinfection, with spleen and liver the most affected organs. The efficacies of amphotericin B deoxycholate, liposomal amphotericin B, voriconazole, and micafungin were evaluated in the same model, with very poor results. Our study demonstrated the low virulence but high resistance to antifungal compounds of this fungus.
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Mohamed-Benkada M, François Pouchus Y, Vérité P, Pagniez F, Caroff N, Ruiz N. Identification and Biological Activities of Long-Chain Peptaibols Produced by a Marine-Derived Strain ofTrichoderma longibrachiatum. Chem Biodivers 2016; 13:521-30. [DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201500159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mustapha Mohamed-Benkada
- Département de Biotechnologie; Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie; Université des Sciences et de la Technologie d'Oran-Mohamed Boudiaf (USTO-MB); El Mnaouar, B.P. 1505 Bir El Djir 31000 Oran Algeria
| | | | - Philippe Vérité
- Laboratoire de Chimie Analytique; Faculté de Médecine et Pharmacie; Université de Rouen; FR-76000 Rouen
| | - Fabrice Pagniez
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie et Mycologie Médicale, IICiMed; Faculté de Pharmacie; Université de Nantes; FR-44000 Nantes
| | - Nathalie Caroff
- Laboratoire Thérapeutiques Cliniques et Expérimentales des Infections; Faculté de Médecine; Université de Nantes; FR-44000 Nantes
| | - Nicolas Ruiz
- Faculté de Pharmacie, MMS; Université de Nantes; FR-44000 Nantes
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Al-Maqtoofi M, Thornton CR. Detection of human pathogenic Fusarium species in hospital and communal sink biofilms by using a highly specific monoclonal antibody. Environ Microbiol 2016; 18:3620-3634. [PMID: 26914362 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The fungus Fusarium is well known as a plant pathogen, but has recently emerged as an opportunistic pathogen of humans. Habitats providing direct human exposure to infectious propagules are largely unknown, but there is growing evidence that plumbing systems are sources of human pathogenic strains in the Fusarium solani species complex (FSSC) and Fusarium oxysporum species complex (FOSC), the most common groups infecting humans. Here, a newly developed Fusarium-specific monoclonal antibody (mAb ED7) was used to track FSSC and FOSC strains in sink drain biofilms by detecting its target antigen, an extracellular 200 kDa carbohydrate, in saline swabs. The antigen was detectable in 52% of swab samples collected from sinks across a University campus and a tertiary care hospital. The mAb was 100% accurate in detecting FSSC, FOSC, and F. dimerum species complex (FDSC) strains that were present, as mixed fungal communities, in 83% of sink drain biofilms. Specificity of the ELISA was confirmed by sequencing of the internally transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1)-5.8S-ITS2 rRNA-encoding regions of culturable yeasts and molds that were recovered using mycological culture, while translation elongation factor (TEF)-1α analysis of Fusarium isolates included FSSC 1-a, FOSC 33, and FDSC ET-gr, the most common clinical pathotypes in each group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwan Al-Maqtoofi
- Biosciences, Geoffrey Pope Building, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK.,University of Basrah, College of Science, Biology Department, Basrah, Iraq
| | - Christopher R Thornton
- Biosciences, Geoffrey Pope Building, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK
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Fungi from a Groundwater-Fed Drinking Water Supply System in Brazil. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2016; 13:ijerph13030304. [PMID: 27005653 PMCID: PMC4808967 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13030304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Revised: 02/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Filamentous fungi in drinking water distribution systems are known to (a) block water pipes; (b) cause organoleptic biodeterioration; (c) act as pathogens or allergens and (d) cause mycotoxin contamination. Yeasts might also cause problems. This study describes the occurrence of several fungal species in a water distribution system supplied by groundwater in Recife—Pernambuco, Brazil. Water samples were collected from four sampling sites from which fungi were recovered by membrane filtration. The numbers in all sampling sites ranged from 5 to 207 colony forming units (CFU)/100 mL with a mean value of 53 CFU/100 mL. In total, 859 isolates were identified morphologically, with Aspergillus and Penicillium the most representative genera (37% and 25% respectively), followed by Trichoderma and Fusarium (9% each), Curvularia (5%) and finally the species Pestalotiopsis karstenii (2%). Ramichloridium and Leptodontium were isolated and are black yeasts, a group that include emergent pathogens. The drinking water system in Recife may play a role in fungal dissemination, including opportunistic pathogens.
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Douglas AP, Chen SCA, Slavin MA. Emerging infections caused by non-Aspergillus filamentous fungi. Clin Microbiol Infect 2016; 22:670-80. [PMID: 26812445 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2016.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Revised: 01/02/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
There are three broad groups of non-Aspergillus moulds: the mucormycetes, the hyalohyphomycetes and the phaeohyphomycetes. Infections with these pathogens are increasingly reported, particularly in the context of increasing use of immunosuppressant agents and improved diagnostics. The epidemiology of non-Aspergillus mould infections varies with geography, climate and level of immunosuppression. Skin and soft-tissue infections are the predominant presentation in the immunocompetent host and pulmonary and other invasive infections in the immunocompromised host. The more common non-Aspergillus moulds include Rhizopus, Mucor, Fusarium and Scedosporium species; however, other emerging pathogens are Rasamsonia and Verruconis species, which are discussed in this article. Outbreaks of non-Aspergillus mould infections have been increasingly reported, with contaminated medical supplies and natural disasters as common sources. Currently culture and other conventional diagnostic methods are the cornerstone of diagnosis. Molecular methods to directly detect and identify mould pathogens in tissue and body fluids are increasingly used.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Douglas
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Service, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - S C-A Chen
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Laboratory Services, ICPMR-Pathology West, Westmead Hospital, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - M A Slavin
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Service, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Infectious Diseases, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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First Case of Trichoderma longibrachiatum CIED (Cardiac Implantable Electronic Device)-Associated Endocarditis in a Non-immunocompromised Host: Biofilm Removal and Diagnostic Problems in the Light of the Current Literature. Mycopathologia 2015; 181:297-303. [PMID: 26588923 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-015-9961-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trichoderma species are saprophytic filamentous fungi producing localized and invasive infections that are cause of morbidity and mortality, especially in immunocompromised patients, causing up to 53% mortality. Non-immunocompromised patients, undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis, are other targets of this fungus. Current molecular diagnostic tools, based on the barcode marker ITS, fail to discriminate these fungi at the species level, further increasing the difficulty associated with these infections and their generally poor prognosis. CASE REPORT We report on the first case of endocarditis infection caused by Trichoderma longibrachiatum in a 30-year-old man. This patient underwent the implantation of an implantable cardioverter defibrillator in 2006, replaced in 2012. Two years later, the patient developed fever, treated successfully with amoxicillin followed by ciprofloxacin, but an echocardiogram showed large vegetation onto the ventricular lead. After CIED extraction, the patient had high-grade fever. The culturing of the catheter tip was positive only in samples deriving from sonication according to the 2014 ESCMID guidelines, whereas the simple washing failed to remove the biofilm cells from the plastic surface. Subsequent molecular (ITS sequencing) and microbiological (macromorphology) analyses showed that the vegetation was due to T. longibrachiatum. CONCLUSIONS This report showed that T. longibrachiatum is an effective threat and that sonication is necessary for the culturing of vegetations from plastic surfaces. Limitations of the current barcode marker ITS, and the long procedures required by a multistep approach, call for the development of rapid monophasic tests.
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Chaverri P, Branco-Rocha F, Jaklitsch W, Gazis R, Degenkolb T, Samuels GJ. Systematics of the Trichoderma harzianum species complex and the re-identification of commercial biocontrol strains. Mycologia 2015; 107:558-590. [PMID: 25661720 PMCID: PMC4885665 DOI: 10.3852/14-147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Trichoderma harzianum is known as a cosmopolitan, ubiquitous species associated with a wide variety of substrates. It is possibly the most commonly used name in agricultural applications involving Trichoderma, including biological control of plant diseases. While various studies have suggested that T. harzianum is a species complex, only a few cryptic species are named. In the present study the taxonomy of the T. harzianum species complex is revised to include at least 14 species. Previously named species included in the complex are T. guizhouense, T. harzianum, and T. inhamatum. Two new combinations are proposed, T. lentiforme and T. lixii. Nine species are described as new, T. afarasin, T. afroharzianum, T. atrobrunneum, T. camerunense, T. endophyticum, T. neotropicale, T. pyramidale, T. rifaii and T. simmonsii. We isolated Trichoderma cultures from four commercial biocontrol products reported to contain T. harzianum. None of the biocontrol strains were identified as T. harzianum s. str. In addition, the widely applied culture 'T. harzianum T22' was determined to be T. afroharzianum. Some species in the T. harzianum complex appear to be exclusively endophytic, while others were only isolated from soil. Sexual states are rare. Descriptions and illustrations are provided. A secondary barcode, nuc translation elongation factor 1-α (TEF1) is needed to identify species in this complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscila Chaverri
- University of Maryland, Department of Plant Science and Landscape
Architecture, 2112 Plant Sciences Building, College Park, Maryland 20742,
and Universidad de Costa Rica, Escuela de Biología, Apartado
11501-2060, San Pedro, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Fabiano Branco-Rocha
- Empresa de Pesquisa Agropecuária e Extensão Rural de
Santa Catarina - EPAGRI, Estação Experimental de São
Joaquim, São Joaquim, Santa Catarina, 88600-000, Brazil
| | - Walter Jaklitsch
- University of Vienna, Department of Systematic and Evolutionary
Botany, Faculty Centre of Biodiversity, Rennweg 14, 1030 Vienna,
Austria
| | - Romina Gazis
- Clark University, Biology Department, 950 Main Street, Worcester,
Massachusetts 01610
| | - Thomas Degenkolb
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre for BioSystems, Land Use and
Nutrition (IFZ), Department of Food Science, Institute of Nutritional
Science, University of Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen,
Germany
| | - Gary J. Samuels
- United States Dept. of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service,
Systematic Mycology and Microbiology Lab., B-010, Beltsville, Maryland
20705
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Degenkolb T, Fog Nielsen K, Dieckmann R, Branco-Rocha F, Chaverri P, Samuels GJ, Thrane U, von Döhren H, Vilcinskas A, Brückner H. Peptaibol, Secondary-Metabolite, and Hydrophobin Pattern of Commercial Biocontrol Agents Formulated with Species of theTrichoderma harzianumComplex. Chem Biodivers 2015; 12:662-84. [DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201400300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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