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Detection of capsular genotypes of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and clonal distribution of the cap5 and cap8 genes in clinical isolates. Arch Microbiol 2022; 204:186. [PMID: 35192046 PMCID: PMC8861481 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-022-02793-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Up until now, the capsular polysaccharides of Staphylococcus aureus have been classified into 11 types, of which only 2 types 5 and 8; (encoded by the genes cap5 and cap8, respectively) are present in 80–90% of clinically significant strains. The aim of the present study was to detect the capsular genotypes of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) clinical isolates and determined their clonal distribution. A total of 262 MRSA clinical isolates from different hospitals in Mexico were analyzed by PCR to determine the genetic characteristics of their capsule expression. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and multilocus sequence typing were used to characterize the isolates. The analysis of the capsular genotypes among MRSA isolates showed that 245 isolates (93.5%) contained the cap5 gene, and that the remaining 17 (6.5%) encoded the cap8 gene. The MRSA isolates were grouped into four clonal groups. The identification of the capsular genotypes of clinical isolates of MRSA is important information because potential vaccine formulations against S. aureus involve capsular polysaccharides.
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Bicarbonate Resensitization of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus to β-Lactam Antibiotics. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2019; 63:AAC.00496-19. [PMID: 31010857 PMCID: PMC6591647 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00496-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Endovascular infections caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) are a major health care concern, especially infective endocarditis (IE). Standard antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) defines most MRSA strains as “resistant” to β-lactams, often leading to the use of costly and/or toxic treatment regimens. In this investigation, five prototype MRSA strains, representing the range of genotypes in current clinical circulation, were studied. Endovascular infections caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) are a major health care concern, especially infective endocarditis (IE). Standard antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) defines most MRSA strains as “resistant” to β-lactams, often leading to the use of costly and/or toxic treatment regimens. In this investigation, five prototype MRSA strains, representing the range of genotypes in current clinical circulation, were studied. We identified two distinct MRSA phenotypes upon AST using standard media, with or without sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) supplementation: one highly susceptible to the antistaphylococcal β-lactams oxacillin and cefazolin (NaHCO3 responsive) and one resistant to such agents (NaHCO3 nonresponsive). These phenotypes accurately predicted clearance profiles of MRSA from target tissues in experimental MRSA IE treated with each β-lactam. Mechanistically, NaHCO3 reduced the expression of two key genes involved in the MRSA phenotype, mecA and sarA, leading to decreased production of penicillin-binding protein 2a (that mediates methicillin resistance), in NaHCO3-responsive (but not in NaHCO3-nonresponsive) strains. Moreover, both cefazolin and oxacillin synergistically killed NaHCO3-responsive strains in the presence of the host defense antimicrobial peptide (LL-37) in NaHCO3-supplemented media. These findings suggest that AST of MRSA strains in NaHCO3-containing media may potentially identify infections caused by NaHCO3-responsive strains that are appropriate for β-lactam therapy.
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Mazzariol S, Corrò M, Tonon E, Biancani B, Centelleghe C, Gili C. Death Associated to Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus ST8 Infection in Two Dolphins Maintained Under Human Care, Italy. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2726. [PMID: 30524446 PMCID: PMC6262899 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study describes the isolation of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) from respiratory tract of 2 dolphins of different origin, a stranded juvenile Risso's dolphin (Grampus griseus) and a captive born common bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) calf, which died in the same institution at 1-month distance from the other. A complete microbiological and genetic investigation confirmed the presence of MRSA clone-complex 8, sequence type (ST) 8, spa-type t008 in both individuals. This strain differs from the one previously reported in walruses and dolphins and has never been described in dolphins before, but it is randomly isolated from Italian human patients. Vertical transmission of the infection may also occurs in other species and considering the description and location of the pathological lesions, this seems to be the most likely route of transmission implied in the young bottlenose dolphin. Staphylococcus aureus is known as an opportunistic agent, usually secondary to other pathogens, but its multiple antibiotic resistance and its zoonotic implications suggest a thorough and strict application of animal management hygiene protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandro Mazzariol
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Michela Corrò
- Department of Diagnostics in Animal Health, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Padova, Italy
| | - Elena Tonon
- Department of Diagnostics in Animal Health, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Cinzia Centelleghe
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
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Asadollahi P, Farahani NN, Mirzaii M, Khoramrooz SS, van Belkum A, Asadollahi K, Dadashi M, Darban-Sarokhalil D. Distribution of the Most Prevalent Spa Types among Clinical Isolates of Methicillin-Resistant and -Susceptible Staphylococcus aureus around the World: A Review. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:163. [PMID: 29487578 PMCID: PMC5816571 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background:Staphylococcus aureus, a leading cause of community-acquired and nosocomial infections, remains a major health problem worldwide. Molecular typing methods, such as spa typing, are vital for the control and, when typing can be made more timely, prevention of S. aureus spread around healthcare settings. The current study aims to review the literature to report the most common clinical spa types around the world, which is important for epidemiological surveys and nosocomial infection control policies. Methods: A search via PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, Embase, the Cochrane library, and Scopus was conducted for original articles reporting the most prevalent spa types among S. aureus isolates. The search terms were “Staphylococcus aureus, spa typing.” Results: The most prevalent spa types were t032, t008 and t002 in Europe; t037 and t002 in Asia; t008, t002, and t242 in America; t037, t084, and t064 in Africa; and t020 in Australia. In Europe, all the isolates related to spa type t032 were MRSA. In addition, spa type t037 in Africa and t037and t437 in Australia also consisted exclusively of MRSA isolates. Given the fact that more than 95% of the papers we studied originated in the past decade there was no option to study the dynamics of regional clone emergence. Conclusion: This review documents the presence of the most prevalent spa types in countries, continents and worldwide and shows big local differences in clonal distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Asadollahi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Narges Nodeh Farahani
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Mirzaii
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
| | - Seyed Sajjad Khoramrooz
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | - Alex van Belkum
- Data Analytics Unit, bioMérieux 3, La Balme Les Grottes, France
| | - Khairollah Asadollahi
- Department of Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran.,Faculty of Medicine, Biotechnology and Medicinal Plants Researches Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Masoud Dadashi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Davood Darban-Sarokhalil
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Gostev V, Kruglov A, Kalinogorskaya O, Dmitrenko O, Khokhlova O, Yamamoto T, Lobzin Y, Ryabchenko I, Sidorenko S. Molecular epidemiology and antibiotic resistance of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus circulating in the Russian Federation. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2017; 53:189-194. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2017.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Heterogeneity of mprF sequences in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus clinical isolates: role in cross-resistance between daptomycin and host defense antimicrobial peptides. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2014; 58:7462-7. [PMID: 25288091 DOI: 10.1128/aac.03422-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past several years, single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within the mprF open reading frame (ORF) have been proposed to be associated with a gain-of-function phenotype in terms of daptomycin (DAP) nonsusceptibility (referred to as daptomycin resistance [DAP-R] herein for ease of presentation) in Staphylococcus aureus. We investigated the frequencies of SNPs within the mprF ORF and the relationships of such SNPs to cross-resistance between DAP and cationic host defense peptides (HDPs). Thirty-five well-characterized, unique DAP-susceptible (DAP-S) and DAP-R methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) isolates of the clonal complex 5 genotype were used. In addition to mprF SNPs and DAP-HDP cross-resistance, several other key genotypic and phenotypic metrics often associated with DAP-R were delineated, as follows: (i) mprF expression, (ii) membrane phospholipid content, (iii) positive surface charge, (iv) DAP binding, and (v) cell wall thickness profiles. A number of DAP-S strains (MICs of ≤ 1 μg/ml) exhibited mprF SNPs, occasionally with high-level mprF sequence variation from the genotype reference strain. However, none of these SNPs were localized to well-chronicled mprF hot spot locations associated with DAP-R in S. aureus. In contrast, all 8 DAP-R isolates demonstrated SNPs within such known mprF hot spots. Moreover, only the DAP-R strains showed MprF gain-of-function phenotypes, enhanced mprF expression, higher survival against two prototypical HDPs, and reduced DAP binding. Although a heterogenous array of mprF SNPs were often found in DAP-S strains, only selected hot spot SNPs, combined with concurrent mprF dysregulation, were associated with the DAP-R phenotype.
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Vergison A, Machado AN, Deplano A, Doyen M, Brauner J, Nonhoff C, de Mendonça R, Mascart G, Denis O. Heterogeneity of disease and clones of community-onset methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in children attending a paediatric hospital in Belgium. Clin Microbiol Infect 2012; 18:769-77. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2011.03637.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Lamy B, Laurent F, Gallon O, Doucet-Populaire F, Etienne J, Decousser JW. Antibacterial resistance, genes encoding toxins and genetic background among Staphylococcus aureus isolated from community-acquired skin and soft tissue infections in France: a national prospective survey. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2011; 31:1279-84. [PMID: 21997773 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-011-1441-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2011] [Accepted: 09/27/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
The epidemiology of staphylococcal community-acquired skin and soft tissues infections (CA-SSTIs) has changed dramatically. We described prospectively the characteristics of the Staphylococcus aureus isolated from 71 non-teaching French hospitals and implicated in CA-SSTIs: antimicrobial susceptibility (mecA polymerase chain reaction [PCR], disk diffusion method), virulence factor gene (sea, tst, pvl) prevalence and genetic background (agr allele). During November 2006, 235 strains were collected (wound infection: 51%, abscess: 21%, whitlow: 8%, diabetic foot: 7%, furunculosis: 3%). sea, tst and pvl were identified in 22.1, 13.2 and 8.9% strains, respectively. agr allele 1 was the most frequently encountered genetic background, whatever the methicillin susceptibility. Among the 34 methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA, 14.5% of all S. aureus), only one strain (2.9%) harboured pvl (belonging to the European ST80 clone), four (11.8%) tst (belonging to two endemic French clones) and 18 (52.9%) sea gene (mainly the Lyon clone). According to their in vitro activity, pristinamycin or trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole could be considered as first-choice antibiotics. To date, the international pvl-positive MRSA clones have not spread in France. MRSA strains isolated from putative CA-SSTIs exhibited a genetic and phenotypic background of hospital-acquired (HA) clones. National survey should be continued, in order to monitor the emergence of virulent clones.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Lamy
- Department of Bacteriology, Hôpital Arnaud de Villeneuve, 34295, Montpellier, France
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DeVries AS, Lesher L, Schlievert PM, Rogers T, Villaume LG, Danila R, Lynfield R. Staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome 2000-2006: epidemiology, clinical features, and molecular characteristics. PLoS One 2011; 6:e22997. [PMID: 21860665 PMCID: PMC3157910 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2011] [Accepted: 07/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Circulating strains of Staphylococcus aureus (SA) have changed in the last 30 years including the emergence of community-associated methicillin-resistant SA (MRSA). A report suggested staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome (TSS) was increasing over 2000–2003. The last population-based assessment of TSS was 1986. Methods Population-based active surveillance for TSS meeting the CDC definition using ICD-9 codes was conducted in the Minneapolis-St. Paul area (population 2,642,056) from 2000–2006. Medical records of potential cases were reviewed for case criteria, antimicrobial susceptibility, risk factors, and outcome. Superantigen PCR testing and PFGE were performed on available isolates from probable and confirmed cases. Results Of 7,491 hospitalizations that received one of the ICD-9 study codes, 61 TSS cases (33 menstrual, 28 non-menstrual) were identified. The average annual incidence per 100,000 of all, menstrual, and non-menstrual TSS was 0.52 (95% CI, 0.32–0.77), 0.69 (0.39–1.16), and 0.32 (0.12–0.67), respectively. Women 13–24 years had the highest incidence at 1.41 (0.63–2.61). No increase in incidence was observed from 2000–2006. MRSA was isolated in 1 menstrual and 3 non-menstrual cases (7% of TSS cases); 1 isolate was USA400. The superantigen gene tst-1 was identified in 20 (80%) of isolates and was more common in menstrual compared to non-menstrual isolates (89% vs. 50%, p = 0.07). Superantigen genes sea, seb and sec were found more frequently among non-menstrual compared to menstrual isolates [100% vs 25% (p = 0.4), 60% vs 0% (p<0.01), and 25% vs 13% (p = 0.5), respectively]. Discussion TSS incidence remained stable across our surveillance period of 2000–2006 and compared to past population-based estimates in the 1980s. MRSA accounted for a small percentage of TSS cases. tst-1 continues to be the superantigen associated with the majority of menstrual cases. The CDC case definition identifies the most severe cases and has been consistently used but likely results in a substantial underestimation of the total TSS disease burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron S DeVries
- Minnesota Department of Health, Emerging Infections Program, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America.
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Antri K, Rouzic N, Dauwalder O, Boubekri I, Bes M, Lina G, Vandenesch F, Tazir M, Ramdani-Bouguessa N, Etienne J. High prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus clone ST80-IV in hospital and community settings in Algiers. Clin Microbiol Infect 2011; 17:526-32. [PMID: 20518793 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2010.03273.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
USA300 is an epidemic community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (C-MRSA) clone in the USA, whereas the European C-MRSA clone ST80-IV has mainly a sporadic diffusion in Europe. The prevalence of European clone ST80-IV in Algeria is poorly documented. We prospectively studied S. aureus infections at Mustapha Bacha hospital in Algiers over a 20-month period. S. aureus nasal colonization was studied during a further 6-month period. The European clone ST80-IV was responsible for more than one-third of both community infections (35.7%) and hospital infections (35.8%). Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL)-positive MRSA isolated from hospital inpatients were resistant to multiple antibiotics, including fluoroquinolones in 44.9% of cases. The PVL-positive MRSA nasal carriage rate was high among patients and staff in the dermatology unit (8.7% and 18.5%, respectively), but low (2.7%) among patients attending the outpatient clinic. The European PVL-positive C-MRSA clone ST80-IV is widespread in the Algiers hospital and community settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Antri
- Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire Mustapha Bacha, Algiers, Algeria Université Lyon 1, Lyon Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France
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Schwalm ND, Verghese B, Knabel SJ. A novel multiplex PCR method for detecting the major clonal complexes of MRSA in nasal isolates from a Pennsylvania hospital. J Microbiol Methods 2011; 86:379-82. [PMID: 21672561 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2011.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2011] [Revised: 05/31/2011] [Accepted: 05/31/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A novel multiplex PCR was developed which targeted virulence genes associated with the major clonal complexes (CCs) of healthcare- and community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in the USA. Most isolates (40/66) were identified as CC 5, while remaining isolates represented CCs 1, 8, 30, 45, 59, 133, and five isolates were not S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan D Schwalm
- Department of Food Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
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Risk factors for treatment failure in orthopedic device-related methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2009; 29:171-80. [DOI: 10.1007/s10096-009-0837-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2009] [Accepted: 11/01/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Deurenberg RH, Nulens E, Valvatne H, Sebastian S, Driessen C, Craeghs J, De Brauwer E, Heising B, Kraat YJ, Riebe J, Stals FS, Trienekens TA, Scheres J, Friedrich AW, van Tiel FH, Beisser PS, Stobberingh EE. Cross-border dissemination of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Euregio Meuse-Rhin region. Emerg Infect Dis 2009; 15:727-34. [PMID: 19402958 PMCID: PMC2687018 DOI: 10.3201/eid1505.071618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
MRSA clones were associated with hospital-associated clonal complexes and with Panton-Valentine leukocidin–positive community-associated MRSA. Because the prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) differs among the 3 countries forming the Euregio Meuse-Rhin (EMR) region (Belgium, Germany, and the Netherlands), cross-border healthcare requires information about the spread of MRSA in the EMR. We investigated the emergence, dissemination, and diversity of MRSA clones in the EMR by using several typing methods. MRSA associated with clonal complexes 5, 8, 30, and 45 was disseminated throughout the EMR. Dutch isolates, mainly associated with sequence types (ST) ST5-MRSA-II, ST5-MRSA-IV, ST8-MRSA-IV, and ST45-MSRA-IV had a more diverse genetic background than the isolates from Belgium and Germany, associated with ST45-MRSA-IV and ST5-MRSA-II, respectively. MRSA associated with pigs (ST398-MRSA-IV/V) was found in the Dutch area of the EMR. Five percent of the MRSA isolates harbored Panton-Valentine leukocidin and were classified as community-associated MRSA associated with ST1, 8, 30, 80, and 89.
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Fischer A, Francois P, Holtfreter S, Broeker B, Schrenzel J. Development and evaluation of a rapid strategy to determine enterotoxin gene content in Staphylococcus aureus. J Microbiol Methods 2009; 77:184-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2009.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2008] [Revised: 01/23/2009] [Accepted: 01/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Maugat S, de Rougemont A, Aubry-Damon H, Reverdy ME, Georges S, Vandenesch F, Etienne J, Coignard B. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus among a network of French private-sector community-based-medical laboratories. Med Mal Infect 2009; 39:311-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medmal.2009.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2008] [Accepted: 11/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Suppression of acute lung inflammation by intracellular peptide delivery of a nuclear import inhibitor. Mol Ther 2009; 17:796-802. [PMID: 19259070 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2009.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute lung inflammation is a potentially life-threatening complication of infections due to community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA), a worldwide emerging pathogen, which causes necrotizing pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). MRSA virulence factors encompass immunotoxins termed superantigens that contribute to lung inflammation. In this study, we demonstrate that staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB)-induced lung inflammation is attenuated by a cell-penetrating peptide nuclear import inhibitor of nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB and other stress-responsive transcription factors (SRTFs). This inhibitor suppressed production of a wide spectrum of cytokines and chemokines induced by direct SEB airway exposure. Consequently, trafficking of neutrophils, monocytes/macrophages, and lymphocytes to the bronchoalveolar space was significantly reduced while vascular injury, manifested by increased permeability and protein leakage, was attenuated. Moreover, induction of systemic proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines in response to direct SEB airway exposure was reduced. Thus, intracellular delivery of a nuclear import inhibitory peptide suppresses respiratory and systemic expression of key mediators of lung inflammation evoked by SEB.
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Sotto A, Lina G, Richard JL, Combescure C, Bourg G, Vidal L, Jourdan N, Etienne J, Lavigne JP. Virulence potential of Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from diabetic foot ulcers: a new paradigm. Diabetes Care 2008; 31:2318-24. [PMID: 18809632 PMCID: PMC2584189 DOI: 10.2337/dc08-1010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to assess the virulence potential of Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from diabetic foot ulcers and to discriminate noninfected from infected ulcers. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Diabetic patients hospitalized in a diabetic foot department with a foot ulcer were prospectively enrolled if they had been free of antibiotic treatment over the previous 6 months. At admission, ulcers were classified as infected or noninfected on the basis of clinical examination, according to the International Working Group on the Diabetic Foot system. Only patients carrying S. aureus as the sole pathogen were included. In individuals with a grade 1 ulcer, a second bacterial specimen was obtained 1 month later. Using virulence genotyping markers, clonality tools, and an in vivo Caenorhabditis elegans model, we correlated the virulence of 132 S. aureus strains with grade, time of collection, and ulcer outcome. RESULTS Among virulence genes, the most relevant combination derived from the logistic regression was the association of cap8, sea, sei, lukE, and hlgv (area under the curve 0.958). These markers were useful to distinguish noninfected (grade 1) from infected (grades 2-4) ulcers and to predict wound status at the follow-up. With use of the nematode model, S. aureus strains isolated from grade 1 ulcers were found to be significantly less virulent than strains from ulcers at or above grade 2 (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS This study highlights the coexistence of two S. aureus populations on diabetic foot ulcers. A combination of five genes that may help distinguish colonized grade 1 from infected grade >or=2 wounds, predict ulcer outcome, and contribute to more appropriate use of antibiotics was discovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Sotto
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, ESPRI 26, Université de Montpellier 1, Nîmes, France
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Comparison of adhesion and virulence of two predominant hospital-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus clones and clonal methicillin-susceptible S. aureus isolates. Infect Immun 2008; 76:5133-8. [PMID: 18779343 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01697-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The virulence of SCCmec type IV hospital-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) clinical isolates belonging to the major sequence type 8 (ST8 [Lyon clone]) and to a minor upcoming clone, ST5, was compared with that of methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) isolates of matching sequence types. In vitro adhesion to human airway epithelial cells (HAECs) as an indicator of dissemination and mortality in a murine sepsis model as an indicator of virulence were evaluated. Ten MRSA isolates and 8 MSSA isolates of ST8 and 8 MRSA isolates and 8 MSSA isolates of ST5 were characterized with respect to multilocus sequence type; agr, spa, and capsule typing; in vitro doubling time; toxin and adhesin gene profiles; and adherence to HAECs. Adherence was significantly lower in the MRSA ST5 group than in the ST8 groups. Infections with MRSA and MSSA isolates ST8 and ST5 were compared. No change in virulence related to the presence of SCCmec was observed, since ST8 but not ST5 caused a significantly lower mortality in its presence. Despite their similar genetic backgrounds, individual clonal MRSA and MSSA isolates were heterogeneous in adherence and virulence. No one of these specific virulence factors determined in vitro was related to mouse mortality. In conclusion, in a bacteremic model, mortality was dependent on the ST and was differentially modulated by SCCmec; within an ST, clonality was not associated with a homogenous outcome.
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Foodborne antimicrobial resistance as a biological hazard - Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Biological Hazards. EFSA J 2008. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2008.765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Epidemiology of invasive methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus clones collected in France in 2006 and 2007. J Clin Microbiol 2008; 46:3454-8. [PMID: 18667599 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01050-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We conducted a prospective multicenter study of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates, including the first five consecutive clinical isolates, collected between September 2006 and February 2007 in 23 hospitals located throughout France (Fig. 1). The 111 isolates were tested for their antibiotic susceptibility patterns and were extensively characterized by screening for drug resistance and agr alleles, multilocus sequence typing (ST), staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) typing, spa typing, and PCR profiling of 21 toxin genes. Clones were designated by their ST followed by their SCCmec type (I to VI). The Lyon clone ST8-IV or ST8-IV(variant) (n = 77; 69.4%) was widely distributed. Four minor clones were also detected, namely, the "classical" Pediatric clone ST5-IV (n = 9; 8.1%), the "new" Pediatric clone ST5-VI (n = 8; 7.2%), the clone Geraldine ST5-I(truncated) (n = 7; 6.3%), and the European clone ST80-IV (n = 4; 3.6%). The six other isolates were related to five rare clones. Relative to that of other European countries, the situation in France is marked by the predominance of a specific major clone and the worrying emergence of minor clones with enhanced virulence and new antibiotic susceptibility profiles.
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Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in hospitals in Tbilisi, the Republic of Georgia, are variants of the Brazilian clone. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2008; 27:757-60. [PMID: 18481123 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-008-0500-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2007] [Accepted: 02/18/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to characterise methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates from the Republic of Georgia, part of the former Soviet Union. Thirty-two non-duplicate MRSA isolates were collected in the period from May 2006 to February 2007. The patient data were analysed and the isolates were characterised by staphylococcal protein A (spa) typing, staphylococcal chromosome cassette mec (SCCmec) typing, multilocus sequence typing (MLST), pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and the detection of Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL) genes. Only two closely related spa types were found; 29 isolates were of spa type 459 and three were t030. The spa types belonged to sequence type (ST) 239, clonal complex (CC) 8. All isolates were multiresistant, PVL-negative and harboured SCCmec type IIIA. Based on the molecular findings and PFGE, the isolates most closely resembled the pandemic Brazilian clone (ST239-IIIA).
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Durupt F, Mayor L, Bes M, Reverdy ME, Vandenesch F, Thomas L, Etienne J. Prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus toxins and nasal carriage in furuncles and impetigo. Br J Dermatol 2007; 157:1161-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2007.08197.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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de Miranda OP, Silva-Carvalho MC, Ribeiro A, Portela F, Cordeiro RP, Caetano N, Vidal CFL, Figueiredo AMS. Emergence in Brazil of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates carrying SCCmecIV that are related genetically to the USA800 clone. Clin Microbiol Infect 2007; 13:1165-72. [PMID: 17956574 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2007.01830.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
An increasing incidence of nosocomial infections caused by non-multiresistant methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (nMMRSA) has been reported worldwide. The present study genotyped nMMRSA isolates obtained from hospitals in two cities in Brazil. The hospital isolates displayed pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) patterns that were similar to those of the USA100 (ST5-SCCmecII) and USA 800 (ST5-SCCmecIV) strains, which are related to the New York/Japan and paediatric clones, respectively. Carriage of SCCmecIV and the classification by multilocus sequence typing (MLST) of a representative of this PFGE pattern in clonal complex 5 (CC5) confirmed the genetic relationship of the Brazilian isolates with USA800. The USA800-related Brazilian isolates were responsible for severe nosocomial infections in compromised adults and elderly patients in Brazil. A higher growth rate, an ability to form biofilm on inert polystyrene surfaces and the presence of the egc locus may have contributed, at least in part, to the fitness of these organisms as global nosocomial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- O P de Miranda
- Instituto de Microbiologia Prof. Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Donnio PY, Février F, Bifani P, Dehem M, Kervégant C, Wilhelm N, Gautier-Lerestif AL, Lafforgue N, Cormier M, Le Coustumier A. Molecular and epidemiological evidence for spread of multiresistant methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus strains in hospitals. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2007; 51:4342-50. [PMID: 17709473 PMCID: PMC2167970 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01414-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The excision of the staphylococcal chromosomal cassette mec (SCCmec) from methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains results in methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) strains. In order to determine the proportion and diversity of multidrug-resistant MSSA (MR-MSSA) strains derived from MRSA strains, 247 mecA-negative isolates recovered in 60 French hospitals between 2002 and 2004 were characterized. The spa types of all strains were determined, and a subset of the strains (n = 30) was further genotyped by multilocus sequence typing. The IDI-MRSA assay was used to test the isolates for the presence of the SCCmec element, which was detected in 68% of all isolates analyzed. Molecular analysis of the samples suggested that 92% of the MR-MSSA isolates were derived from MRSA clones of diverse genetic backgrounds, of which the clone of sequence type 8 and SCCmec type IV(A) accounted for most of the samples. High variations in incidence data and differences in the molecular characteristics of the isolates from one hospital to another indicate that the emergence of MR-MSSA resulted from independent SCCmec excisions from epidemic MRSA isolates, as well as the diffusion of methicillin-susceptible strains after the loss of SCCmec. MR-MSSA could constitute a useful model for the study of the respective genetic and environmental factors involved in the dissemination of S. aureus in hospitals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Yves Donnio
- Département de Bactériologie-Virologie et Hygiène Hospitalière, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, 35033 Rennes, France.
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Holtfreter S, Grumann D, Schmudde M, Nguyen HTT, Eichler P, Strommenger B, Kopron K, Kolata J, Giedrys-Kalemba S, Steinmetz I, Witte W, Bröker BM. Clonal distribution of superantigen genes in clinical Staphylococcus aureus isolates. J Clin Microbiol 2007; 45:2669-80. [PMID: 17537946 PMCID: PMC1951235 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00204-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is both a successful human commensal and a major pathogen. The elucidation of the molecular determinants of virulence, in particular assessment of the contributions of the genetic background versus those of mobile genetic elements (MGEs), has proved difficult in this variable species. To address this, we simultaneously determined the genetic backgrounds (spa typing) and the distributions of all 19 known superantigens and the exfoliative toxins A and D (multiplex PCR) as markers for MGEs. Methicillin- sensitive S. aureus strains from Pomerania, 107 nasal and 88 blood culture isolates, were investigated. All superantigen-encoding MGEs were linked more or less tightly to the genetic background. Thus, each S. aureus clonal complex was characterized by a typical repertoire of superantigen and exfoliative toxin genes. However, within each S. aureus clonal complex and even within the same spa type, virulence gene profiles varied remarkably. Therefore, virulence genes of nasal and blood culture isolates were separately compared in each clonal complex. The results indicated a role in infection for the MGE harboring the exfoliative toxin D gene. In contrast, there was no association of superantigen genes with bloodstream invasion. In summary, we show here that the simultaneous assessment of virulence gene profiles and the genetic background increases the discriminatory power of genetic investigations into the mechanisms of S. aureus pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Holtfreter
- Institut für Immunologie, Universität Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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Mayor L, Ortellado J, Menacho C, Lird G, Courtier C, Gardon C, Meugnier H, Bes M, Vandenesch F, Etienne J. Molecular characterization of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates collected in Asunción, Paraguay. J Clin Microbiol 2007; 45:2298-300. [PMID: 17522274 PMCID: PMC1933013 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00040-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We characterized 34 methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated in Paraguay in 2005. The strains belonged to two clones. The major clone (sequence type 5 [ST5] or ST221, spa type t149, staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec [SCCmec] type I) was similar to the Cordobes/Chilean clone spreading through South America, and the minor clone (ST239 or ST889, spa type t037, SCCmec type IIIA) was related to the Brazilian clone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lys Mayor
- Microbiology Department, Central Laboratory, Hospital de Clinicas, Asunción, Paraguay, Université Lyon 1, Centre National de Référence des Staphylocoques, Faculté Laennec, F-69008 Lyon, France
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Yamamoto T, Okubo T, Takano T, Higuchi W. [Current topics concerning emerging and re-emerging bacterial infections]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 96:584-95. [PMID: 17419432 DOI: 10.2169/naika.96.584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Verdier I, Durand G, Bes M, Taylor KL, Lina G, Vandenesch F, Fattom AI, Etienne J. Identification of the capsular polysaccharides in Staphylococcus aureus clinical isolates by PCR and agglutination tests. J Clin Microbiol 2007; 45:725-9. [PMID: 17202275 PMCID: PMC1829147 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01572-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a major cause of nosocomial and community-acquired infections. The predominance of two capsular polysaccharides, types 5 and 8, on the surface of clinical isolates led to the development of a conjugate vaccine (StaphVAX) based on capsular polysaccharides types 5 and 8 conjugated to a carrier protein. We have studied the capsular phenotypes and genotypes of 195 isolates representative of all clinical syndromes that encompassed both hospital and community-acquired infections. These isolates were mainly detected in France between January 2001 and December 2004. In this population, most of clinical isolates (87%) expressed either capsular polysaccharide type 5 (42%) or 8 (45%), whereas 13% were nontypeable by the serotyping method with antibodies specific to capsular polysaccharide type 5 or 8. These 26 nontypeable strains were further serotyped and were demonstrated to express the cell wall surface antigen 336, a polyribitol phosphate N-acetylglucosamine, which resembles cell wall teichoic acid. Among methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains, we found a predominance of serotype 5 for 64% of strains, whereas MSSA isolates were predominantly capsular serotype 8 (60%). All S. aureus clinical isolates included in the present study have been investigated by PCR method, demonstrating that all isolates carried either the cap5 or the cap8 locus.
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