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Williams MC, Dominguez SR, Prinzi A, Lee K, Parker SK. Reliability of mecA in Predicting Phenotypic Susceptibilities of Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci and Staphylococcus aureus. Open Forum Infect Dis 2020; 7:ofaa553. [PMID: 33409329 PMCID: PMC7759207 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofaa553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The mecA gene is commonly used to identify resistance in Staphylococcus aureus, but historically is not used for coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS). Analysis of 412 staphylococcal blood cultures (2014–2018) revealed that the absence of mecA had high concordance (100%) with oxacillin susceptibility for S. aureus and CoNS alike.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manon C Williams
- Section of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Colorado and the University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Samuel R Dominguez
- Section of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Colorado and the University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA.,Department of Infection Control and Epidemiology, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Andrea Prinzi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA.,Clinical Science, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Kayla Lee
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Sarah K Parker
- Section of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Colorado and the University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA.,Department of Infection Control and Epidemiology, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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2
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Mi R, Patidar R, Farenhorst A, Cai Z, Sepehri S, Khafipour E, Kumar A. Detection of fecal bacteria and antibiotic resistance genes in drinking water collected from three First Nations communities in Manitoba, Canada. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2020; 366:5454741. [PMID: 30980671 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnz067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This study analyzed the microbiological quality of drinking and source water from three First Nations communities in Manitoba, Canada that vary with respect to the source, storage and distribution of drinking water. Community A relies on an aquifer and Community B on a lake as source water to their water treatment plants. Community C does not have a water treatment plant and uses well water. Quantification of free residual chlorine and fecal bacterial (E. coli and coliforms), as well as detection of antibiotic resistance genes (sul, ampC, tet(A), mecA, vanA, blaSHV, blaTEM, blaCTX-M, blaOXA-1, blaCYM-2, blaKPC, blaOXA-48, blaNDM, blaVIM, blaGES and blaIMP) was carried out. While water treatment plants were found to be working properly, as post-treatment water did not contain E. coli or coliforms, once water entered the distribution system, a decline in the chlorine concentration with a concomitant increase in bacterial counts was observed. In particular, water samples from cisterns not only contained high number of E. coli and coliforms, but were also found to contain antibiotic resistance genes. This work shows that proper maintenance of the distribution and storage systems in First Nations communities is essential in order to provide access to clean and safe drinking water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruidong Mi
- Department of Soil Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Rakesh Patidar
- Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Annemieke Farenhorst
- Department of Soil Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Zhangbin Cai
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Shadi Sepehri
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Ehsan Khafipour
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N2, Canada.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Ayush Kumar
- Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N2, Canada
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3
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Amirsoleimani A, Brion GM, Diene SM, François P, Richard EM. Prevalence and characterization of Staphylococcus aureus in wastewater treatment plants by whole genomic sequencing. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 158:193-202. [PMID: 31035196 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Infections with Staphylococcus aureus are being spread through contact with the community environment, but the role of wastewater treatment plants in the transmission routes is not defined. This study investigated the prevalence, types, genetic elements, and potential for transmission of S. aureus by these engineered systems. Synchronized sampling events at two wastewater treatment plants were conducted with isolates of S. aureus obtained by a selective enrichment method using acriflavine that suppressed Staphylococcus epidermidis growth. DNA was extracted from a subset of the S. aureus isolates, checked by PCR to assure the absence of S. epidermidis, and sequenced to determine the multilocus sequence type, spa type, and carriage of the methicillin resistance and Panton-Valentine leukocidin genetic elements. Sequences were analyzed for single nucleotide polymorphism differences in pairwise comparison of isolates. There were two dominant S. aureus clonal complexes identified in the isolates, one commonly identified as hospital-related (CC5) and one community-related (CC8). Both types of isolates were found at both treatment facilities, even though only one facility had significant hospital sewage inputs. The presence of S. aureus persisted through treatment, with some isolates recovered from the final processes showing genetic diversity. The presence of the Panton-Valentine leukocidin genetic element was greater than the 1-5% expected from global reports. Our results suggest that treatment provides an opportunity for genetic shift, while the persistence and release of evolved strains of S. aureus may provide an environmentally relevant pathway to new hosts in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atena Amirsoleimani
- Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Kentucky, USA
| | - Gail M Brion
- Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Kentucky, USA.
| | - Seydina M Diene
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Microbes Evolution Phylogeny and Infections, Aix-Marseille University, France
| | - Patrice François
- Genomic Research Laboratory, Service of Infectious Diseases, Geneva University Hospital, Switzerland
| | - Erin M Richard
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Kentucky, USA
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4
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Freeman CN, Scriver L, Neudorf KD, Truelstrup Hansen L, Jamieson RC, Yost CK. Antimicrobial resistance gene surveillance in the receiving waters of an upgraded wastewater treatment plant. Facets (Ott) 2018. [DOI: 10.1139/facets-2017-0085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) have been identified as hotspots for antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) and thus represent a critical point where patterns in ARG abundances can be monitored prior to their release into the environment. The aim of the current study was to measure the impact of the release of the final treated effluent (FE) on the abundance of ARGs in the receiving water of a recently upgraded WWTP in the Canadian prairies. Sample nutrient content (phosphorous and nitrogen species) was measured as a proxy for WWTP functional performance, and quantitative PCR (qPCR) was used to measure the abundance of eight ARGs, the intI1 gene associated with class I integrons, and the 16S rRNA gene. The genes ermB, sul1, intI1, blaCTX-M, qnrS, and tetO all had higher abundances downstream of the WWTP, consistent with the genes with highest abundance in the FE. These findings are consistent with the increasing evidence suggesting that human activity affects the abundances of ARGs in the environment. Although the degree of risk associated with releasing ARGs into the environment is still unclear, understanding the environmental dimension of this threat will help develop informed management policies to reduce the spread of antibiotic resistance and protect public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire N. Freeman
- Department of Biology, University of Regina, Regina, SK S4S 0A2, Canada
| | - Lena Scriver
- Department of Biology, University of Regina, Regina, SK S4S 0A2, Canada
| | - Kara D. Neudorf
- Department of Process Engineering and Applied Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Lisbeth Truelstrup Hansen
- Department of Process Engineering and Applied Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Rob C. Jamieson
- Department of Civil and Resource Engineering, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
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5
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Larrañaga O, Brown-Jaque M, Quirós P, Gómez-Gómez C, Blanch AR, Rodríguez-Rubio L, Muniesa M. Phage particles harboring antibiotic resistance genes in fresh-cut vegetables and agricultural soil. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2018; 115:133-141. [PMID: 29567433 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Bacteriophages are ubiquitously distributed prokaryotic viruses that are more abundant than bacteria. As a consequence of their life cycle, phages can kidnap part of their host's genetic material, including antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), which released phage particles transfer in a process called transduction. The spread of ARGs among pathogenic bacteria currently constitutes a serious global health problem. In this study, fresh vegetables (lettuce, spinach and cucumber), and cropland soil were screened by qPCR for ten ARGs (blaTEM, blaCTX-M-1 group, blaCTX-M-9 group, blaOXA-48, blaVIM, mecA, sul1, qnrA, qnrS and armA) in their viral DNA fraction. The presence of ARGs in the phage DNA was analyzed before and after propagation experiments in an Escherichia coli host strain to evaluate the ability of the phage particles to infect a host. ARGs were found in the phage DNA fraction of all matrices, although with heterogeneous values. ARG prevalence was significantly higher in lettuce and soil, and the most common overall were β-lactamases. After propagation experiments, an increase in ARG densities in phage particles was observed in samples of all four matrices, confirming that part of the isolated phage particles were infectious. This study reveals the abundance of free, replicative ARG-containing phage particles in vegetable matrices and cropland soil. The particles are proposed as vehicles for resistance transfer in these environments, where they can persist for a long time, with the possibility of generating new resistant bacterial strains. Ingestion of these mobile genetic elements may also favor the emergence of new resistances, a risk not previously considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olatz Larrañaga
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, University of Barcelona, Diagonal 643, Annex, Floor 0, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maryury Brown-Jaque
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, University of Barcelona, Diagonal 643, Annex, Floor 0, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pablo Quirós
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, University of Barcelona, Diagonal 643, Annex, Floor 0, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Clara Gómez-Gómez
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, University of Barcelona, Diagonal 643, Annex, Floor 0, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anicet R Blanch
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, University of Barcelona, Diagonal 643, Annex, Floor 0, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lorena Rodríguez-Rubio
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, University of Barcelona, Diagonal 643, Annex, Floor 0, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maite Muniesa
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, University of Barcelona, Diagonal 643, Annex, Floor 0, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain.
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6
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Seyedmonir E, Yilmaz F, Icgen B. Methicillin-Resistant Bacteria Inhabiting Surface Waters Monitored by mecA-Targeted Oligonucleotide Probes. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2016; 97:261-271. [PMID: 27156085 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-016-1815-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Part of a 20-60 kb staphylococcal chromosome cassette called mecA encodes low-affinity penicillin-binding protein PBP2a and causes methicillin resistance. Among all methicillin-resistant bacteria, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus is a major pathogen and main concern worldwide. Although the origin of the mecA is not very well-defined, mecA homologues are also ubiquitous in methicillin-resistant non-staphylococcal bacteria. Due to the dissemination of methicillin resistance through the transmission of mecA gene among staphylococcal and non-staphylococcal bacteria inhabiting surface waters, there is a need to monitor mecA gene in these waters for public health safety. Therefore, this study aimed at monitoring mecA harboring bacteria inhabiting surface waters by using fluorescently labelled mecA-targeted oligonucleotide probes. Under the hybridization conditions of 55 % formamide and 0.020 M NaCl at 46°C, the oligonucleotide probe used in the study showed high hybridization stringency to the mecA gene targeted. The strong linear relationships observed between the signal intensity and the target gene were used to assess the population dynamics of mecA harboring isolates over a 2-year-period. The results indicated that mecA-targeted oligonucleotide probes can be effectively used for in situ monitoring of methicillin resistant isolates inhabiting surface waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elnaz Seyedmonir
- Department of Biochemistry, Middle East Technical University, 06800, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Fadime Yilmaz
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Middle East Technical University, 06800, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Bulent Icgen
- Department of Biochemistry, Middle East Technical University, 06800, Ankara, Turkey.
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Middle East Technical University, 06800, Ankara, Turkey.
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7
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Detection of Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Source and Drinking Water Samples from a First Nations Community in Canada. Appl Environ Microbiol 2016; 82:4767-4775. [PMID: 27235436 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00798-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Access to safe drinking water is now recognized as a human right by the United Nations. In developed countries like Canada, access to clean water is generally not a matter of concern. However, one in every five First Nations reserves is under a drinking water advisory, often due to unacceptable microbiological quality. In this study, we analyzed source and potable water from a First Nations community for the presence of coliform bacteria as well as various antibiotic resistance genes. Samples, including those from drinking water sources, were found to be positive for various antibiotic resistance genes, namely, ampC, tet(A), mecA, β-lactamase genes (SHV-type, TEM-type, CTX-M-type, OXA-1, and CMY-2-type), and carbapenemase genes (KPC, IMP, VIM, NDM, GES, and OXA-48 genes). Not surprisingly, substantial numbers of total coliforms, including Escherichia coli, were recovered from these samples, and this result was also confirmed using Illumina sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. These findings deserve further attention, as the presence of coliforms and antibiotic resistance genes potentially puts the health of the community members at risk. IMPORTANCE In this study, we highlight the poor microbiological quality of drinking water in a First Nations community in Canada. We examined the coliform load as well as the presence of antibiotic resistance genes in these samples. This study examined the presence of antibiotic-resistant genes in drinking water samples from a First Nations Community in Canada. We believe that our findings are of considerable significance, since the issue of poor water quality in First Nations communities in Canada is often ignored, and our findings will help shed some light on this important issue.
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8
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Seyedmonir E, Yilmaz F, Icgen B. mecA Gene Dissemination Among Staphylococcal and Non-staphylococcal Isolates Shed in Surface Waters. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2015; 95:131-8. [PMID: 25733448 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-015-1510-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Aquatic ecosystems represent important vehicles for the dissemination of antibiotic resistant bacteria and antibiotic resistance genes. Of particular interest are methicillin-resistant staphylococci (MRS) harboring mecA gene that confers their resistance to β-lactams. Therefore, in this study, water samples collected from different locations of a river impacted by surrounding facilities and domestic effluents were analyzed to learn more about the occurrence of MRS and mecA gene. Out of 290, 12 surface water isolates displayed resistance to both cefoxitin and oxacillin antibiotics. Resistant staphylococcal and non-staphylococcal isolates, identified by 16S rRNA sequencing, were found to harbor mecA gene. The phylogenetic tree of partial mecA sequences obtained from staphylococcal and non-staphylococcal isolates showed sequence similarity values of 8 %-100 %. Surface water bodies receive contaminated waters via runoff, effluents from industrial, agricultural, and municipal discharges. Therefore, surface waters are not only hot spots for mecA harboring staphylococcal isolates but also non-staphylococcal isolates and require special scientific consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elnaz Seyedmonir
- Department of Biochemistry, Middle East Technical University, 06800, Ankara, Turkey
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9
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Hsu CY, Hsu BM, Ji WT, Chen JS, Hsu TK, Ji DD, Tseng SF, Chiu YC, Kao PM, Huang YL. Antibiotic resistance pattern and gene expression of non-typhoid Salmonella in riversheds. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:7843-7850. [PMID: 25563835 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-4033-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In this study, antibiotic resistance and major phenol and genotypes of non-typhoid Salmonella spp. from riversheds in Taiwan were examined. In 236 water samples tested, 54 (22.9%) contained Salmonella spp. Fifteen Salmonella serovars were identified from the Salmonella isolates, and some common serovars are associated with infections of human and livestock, including Albany (27.8%), Newport (14.8%), Bareilly (13.0%), Derby (11.1%), and Typhimurium (7.4%). Various environmental factors may also affect the presence and proportion of different serovars in the receiving waters. In contrast, serovars with narrower range of hosts, e.g., Dublin, were rarely detected. The Salmonella isolates were subjected to eight antibiotics for drug resistance, and 51.9% of the samples were resistant to at least one tested antibiotics. Tetracycline and sulfadiazine were the two most ineffective antibiotics against the Salmonella isolates, and the results were indicative of long-term antibiotics abuse as fodder supplements in animal husbandry. The more commonly detected serovars such as Albany, Derby, and Typhimurium were also more likely to be resistant to multiple antibiotics. Finally, a significant correlation was observed between resistance to chloramphenicol and the resistance gene cmlA, suggesting that the resistance genotypes could persist in the environment even long after prohibition of the drug use. The high prevalence of antibiotic-resistant Salmonella spp. infers elevated infection risks that must be further examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Yu Hsu
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Tungs' Taichung Metro Harbor Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
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10
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Velasco V, Sherwood JS, Rojas-García PP, Logue CM. Multiplex real-time PCR for detection of Staphylococcus aureus, mecA and Panton-Valentine Leukocidin (PVL) genes from selective enrichments from animals and retail meat. PLoS One 2014; 9:e97617. [PMID: 24849624 PMCID: PMC4029734 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare a real-time PCR assay, with a conventional culture/PCR method, to detect S. aureus, mecA and Panton-Valentine Leukocidin (PVL) genes in animals and retail meat, using a two-step selective enrichment protocol. A total of 234 samples were examined (77 animal nasal swabs, 112 retail raw meat, and 45 deli meat). The multiplex real-time PCR targeted the genes: nuc (identification of S. aureus), mecA (associated with methicillin resistance) and PVL (virulence factor), and the primary and secondary enrichment samples were assessed. The conventional culture/PCR method included the two-step selective enrichment, selective plating, biochemical testing, and multiplex PCR for confirmation. The conventional culture/PCR method recovered 95/234 positive S. aureus samples. Application of real-time PCR on samples following primary and secondary enrichment detected S. aureus in 111/234 and 120/234 samples respectively. For detection of S. aureus, the kappa statistic was 0.68–0.88 (from substantial to almost perfect agreement) and 0.29–0.77 (from fair to substantial agreement) for primary and secondary enrichments, using real-time PCR. For detection of mecA gene, the kappa statistic was 0–0.49 (from no agreement beyond that expected by chance to moderate agreement) for primary and secondary enrichment samples. Two pork samples were mecA gene positive by all methods. The real-time PCR assay detected the mecA gene in samples that were negative for S. aureus, but positive for Staphylococcus spp. The PVL gene was not detected in any sample by the conventional culture/PCR method or the real-time PCR assay. Among S. aureus isolated by conventional culture/PCR method, the sequence type ST398, and multi-drug resistant strains were found in animals and raw meat samples. The real-time PCR assay may be recommended as a rapid method for detection of S. aureus and the mecA gene, with further confirmation of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) using the standard culture method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Velasco
- Department of Veterinary and Microbiological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, United States of America
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Concepción, Chillán, Chile
| | - Julie S. Sherwood
- Department of Veterinary and Microbiological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, United States of America
| | - Pedro P. Rojas-García
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Endocrinology, Veterinary Sciences, University of Concepción, Chillán, Chile
| | - Catherine M. Logue
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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11
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Vaz-Moreira I, Nunes OC, Manaia CM. Bacterial diversity and antibiotic resistance in water habitats: searching the links with the human microbiome. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2014; 38:761-78. [PMID: 24484530 DOI: 10.1111/1574-6976.12062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Revised: 12/31/2013] [Accepted: 01/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Water is one of the most important bacterial habitats on Earth. As such, water represents also a major way of dissemination of bacteria between different environmental compartments. Human activities led to the creation of the so-called urban water cycle, comprising different sectors (waste, surface, drinking water), among which bacteria can hypothetically be exchanged. Therefore, bacteria can be mobilized between unclean water habitats (e.g. wastewater) and clean or pristine water environments (e.g. disinfected and spring drinking water) and eventually reach humans. In addition, bacteria can also transfer mobile genetic elements between different water types, other environments (e.g. soil) and humans. These processes may involve antibiotic resistant bacteria and antibiotic resistance genes. In this review, the hypothesis that some bacteria may share different water compartments and be also hosted by humans is discussed based on the comparison of the bacterial diversity in different types of water and with the human-associated microbiome. The role of such bacteria as potential disseminators of antibiotic resistance and the inference that currently only a small fraction of the clinically relevant antibiotic resistome may be known is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivone Vaz-Moreira
- CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa/Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino Almeida, Porto, Portugal
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12
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Hirvonen JJ, Kaukoranta SS. GenomEra MRSA/SA, a fully automated homogeneous PCR assay for rapid detection ofStaphylococcus aureusand the marker of methicillin resistance in various sample matrixes. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2014; 13:655-65. [DOI: 10.1586/14737159.2013.820542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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13
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Pletinckx LJ, Dewulf J, De Bleecker Y, Rasschaert G, Goddeeris BM, De Man I. Evaluation of different chromogenic media for the detection of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus CC398 in broilers. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2013; 32:1023-6. [PMID: 23443473 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-013-1844-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2012] [Accepted: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (LA-MRSA) has emerged in a wide variety of animal species, including poultry. The objective of this study was to evaluate three different chromogenic media for MRSA clonal complex (CC) 398 detection in broilers. On three Belgian poultry farms, 50 broiler chickens were sampled per farm from both nose shell and cloaca. All swab specimens were enriched and inoculated the following day on three chromogenic media: chromID MRSA (bioMérieux), Brilliance MRSA 2 Agar (Oxoid) and MRSASelect (Bio-Rad). ChromID had the highest isolation rates, yet, Brilliance MRSA 2 Agar demonstrated the highest relative sensitivity, while MRSASelect and Brilliance MRSA 2 Agar showed the highest relative specificity. A subset of MRSA isolates was confirmed to be CC398 by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting sau1-hsdS1. In conclusion, Brilliance MRSA 2 Agar outperformed MRSASelect and chromID MRSA for the detection of MRSA in broilers.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J Pletinckx
- Department HIVB, Catholic University College South-West-Flanders KATHO, Wilgenstraat 32, 8800 Roeselare, Belgium.
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14
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Hirvonen JJ, Lode P, Nevalainen M, Rantakokko-Jalava K, Kaukoranta SS. One-step sample preparation of positive blood cultures for the direct detection of methicillin-sensitive and -resistant Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci within one hour using the automated GenomEra CDX™ PCR system. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2012; 31:2835-42. [DOI: 10.1007/s10096-012-1637-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2012] [Accepted: 04/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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15
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Lupo A, Coyne S, Berendonk TU. Origin and evolution of antibiotic resistance: the common mechanisms of emergence and spread in water bodies. Front Microbiol 2012; 3:18. [PMID: 22303296 PMCID: PMC3266646 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2012.00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2011] [Accepted: 01/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The environment, and especially freshwater, constitutes a reactor where the evolution and the rise of new resistances occur. In water bodies such as waste water effluents, lakes, and rivers or streams, bacteria from different sources, e.g., urban, industrial, and agricultural waste, probably selected by intensive antibiotic usage, are collected and mixed with environmental species. This may cause two effects on the development of antibiotic resistances: first, the contamination of water by antibiotics or other pollutants lead to the rise of resistances due to selection processes, for instance, of strains over-expressing broad range defensive mechanisms, such as efflux pumps. Second, since environmental species are provided with intrinsic antibiotic resistance mechanisms, the mixture with allochthonous species is likely to cause genetic exchange. In this context, the role of phages and integrons for the spread of resistance mechanisms appears significant. Allochthonous species could acquire new resistances from environmental donors and introduce the newly acquired resistance mechanisms into the clinics. This is illustrated by clinically relevant resistance mechanisms, such as the fluoroquinolones resistance genes qnr. Freshwater appears to play an important role in the emergence and in the spread of antibiotic resistances, highlighting the necessity for strategies of water quality improvement. We assume that further knowledge is needed to better understand the role of the environment as reservoir of antibiotic resistances and to elucidate the link between environmental pollution by anthropogenic pressures and emergence of antibiotic resistances. Only an integrated vision of these two aspects can provide elements to assess the risk of spread of antibiotic resistances via water bodies and suggest, in this context, solutions for this urgent health issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnese Lupo
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Department of Hydrosciences, Technical University Dresden Dresden, Germany
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Manaia CM, Vaz-Moreira I, Nunes OC. Antibiotic Resistance in Waste Water and Surface Water and Human Health Implications. THE HANDBOOK OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/698_2011_118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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