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Hata DJ, Powell EA, Starolis MW, Realegeno SE. What the pox? Review of poxviruses affecting humans. J Clin Virol 2024; 174:105719. [PMID: 39146599 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2024.105719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2024] [Revised: 07/31/2024] [Accepted: 08/04/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
The re-emergence of human mpox with the multi-country outbreak and a recent report of borealpox (previously Alaskapox) resulting in one death has heightened awareness of the significance of the Poxviridae family and their zoonotic potential. This review examines various poxviruses affecting humans, with discussion of less commonly encountered Poxviridae members, including pathogenesis, epidemiology, and diagnostic methods. Poxvirus treatment is beyond the intended scope of this review and will not be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Jane Hata
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mayo Clinic Florida, 4500 San Pablo Rd., Jacksonville, FL 32224 USA.
| | - Eleanor A Powell
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 234 Goodman St., Cincinnati, OH 45219, USA
| | | | - Susan E Realegeno
- Quest Diagnostics, 33608 Ortega Highway. San Juan Capistrano, CA 92675 USA
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2
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Németh C, Boros Á, Mészáros E, Gyömörei C, Albert E, Pankovics P, Reuter G. Human orf virus (family Poxviridae) infection following a lamb bite in Hungary. Arch Virol 2024; 169:59. [PMID: 38430421 PMCID: PMC10908620 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-024-06002-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
Human orf disease (called ecthyma contagiosum or contagious/infectious pustular dermatitis in animals) was confirmed on the fingers of both hands of a 24-year-old female, after feeding diseased lambs with a nursing bottle in April 2023. In addition to skin symptoms, she had low-grade fever (37.6°C) and swollen lymph nodes in both axilla. The presence of orf virus (genus Parapoxvirus, family Poxviridae) was confirmed, and this strain, Baja/2023/HUN (OR372161-OR372163), was found to have > 98% nucleotide sequence identity to sheep-origin orf viruses in four tested genome regions (ORF011/B2L, ORF019, ORF020/VIR, and ORF056). This is the first report of a human case of infection with the neglected zoonotic orf virus in Hungary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csongor Németh
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Oncodermatology, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Ákos Boros
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, H-7624, Pécs, Hungary
| | | | - Csaba Gyömörei
- Department of Pathology, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Ervin Albert
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Pankovics
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, H-7624, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Gábor Reuter
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, H-7624, Pécs, Hungary.
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Davies H, Dastjerdi A, Everest D, Floyd T, Collins R, McFadzean H, Reuter G, Reichel R. Incidental finding of a human-like tusavirus in a lamb with lip lesions and fatal pneumonia. J Gen Virol 2024; 105:001968. [PMID: 38441565 PMCID: PMC10999738 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Tusaviruses in the genus Protoparvovirus of family Parvoviridae were first identified in a diarrhoeic Tunisian child in 2014. Thereafter, high prevalence of a genetically similar virus was demonstrated in faeces from caprine and ovine species in Hungary. Here, we describe an investigation into the cause of scabby lip lesions in a 6 month-old lamb, submitted from a farm experiencing weight loss and scouring in lambs in England. Transmission electron microscopy visualised small circular particles of 18 and 22 nm in diameter in lip lesions identified as tusavirus and flumine parvovirus by Next Generation Sequencing. Liver, kidney, lung, small intestine content and faeces were also strongly positive for the tusavirus DNA as well as 10 % of faecal samples of the flock collected 2 months after the initial lip sampling. NS1 and VP1 amino acid sequences of this tusavirus displayed 99.5 and 92.89 % identity to those of a human tusavirus, respectively. These amino acid identities were at 95.5 and 89.68 % when compared to those of a goat tusavirus. Phylogenetic analysis of the NS1 and VP1 also grouped the virus in the genus Protoparvovirus and close to tusaviruses detected in human, ovine and caprine species. Wider surveillance of the virus indicated a broader geographical distribution for the virus in England. Histology of the lip tissue revealed localised areas of epidermal hyperplasia and hyperkeratosis affecting haired skin, with mild leucocyte infiltration of the subjacent dermis, but no changes to implicate virus involvement. Flumine parvovirus was concluded to be an environment contaminant. Broader studies in prevalence of these virus in UK sheep flocks and human population, animal models and experimental infections could provide insights into the pathogenesis of these novel viruses and their zoonotic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Davies
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA)- Weybridge, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Akbar Dastjerdi
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA)- Weybridge, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - David Everest
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA)- Weybridge, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Tobias Floyd
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA)- Weybridge, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Rachael Collins
- APHA-Starcross, Staplake mount, Starcross, Exeter, Devon, EX6 8PE, UK
| | - Harriet McFadzean
- APHA-Starcross, Staplake mount, Starcross, Exeter, Devon, EX6 8PE, UK
| | - Gábor Reuter
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Rudolf Reichel
- APHA-Thirsk, Wests House, Station Road, Thirsk North, Yorkshire, YO7 1PZ, UK
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Colombino E, Lelli D, Canziani S, Quaranta G, Guidetti C, Leopardi S, Robetto S, De Benedictis P, Orusa R, Mauthe von Degerfeld M, Capucchio MT. Main causes of death of free-ranging bats in Turin province (North-Western Italy): gross and histological findings and emergent virus surveillance. BMC Vet Res 2023; 19:200. [PMID: 37821925 PMCID: PMC10566203 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-023-03776-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bats are recognized as reservoir species for multiple viruses. However, little is known on bats' health and mortality. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the main causes of death of bats from Turin province (North-western Italy) and to describe gross and histopathological lesions potentially associated with the presence of selected bat viruses. RESULTS A total of 71 bats belonging to 9 different species of the families Vespertilionidae and Molossidae were necropsied and samples of the main organs were submitted to histopathological examination. Also, aliquots of the small intestine, liver, spleen, lung, and brain were collected and submitted to biomolecular investigation for the identification of Coronaviridae, Poxviridae, Reoviridae (Mammalian orthoreovirus species), Rhabdoviridae (Vaprio ledantevirus and Lyssavirus species) and Kobuvirus. The majority of bats died from traumatic lesions due to unknown trauma or predation (n = 40/71, 56.3%), followed by emaciation (n = 13/71,18.3%). The main observed gross lesions were patagium and skin lesions (n = 23/71, 32.4%), forelimbs fractures (n = 15/71, 21.1%) and gastric distension (n = 10/71,14.1%). Histologically, the main lesions consisted of lymphoplasmacytic pneumonia (n = 24/71, 33.8%), skin/patagium dermatitis (n = 23/71, 32.4%), liver steatosis and hepatitis (n = 12, 16.9%), and white pulp depletion in the spleen (n = 7/71, 9.8%). Regarding emergent bat viruses, only poxvirus (n = 2, 2.8%) and orthoreovirus (n = 12/71, 16.9%) were detected in a low percentage of bats. CONCLUSIONS Trauma is the main lesion observed in bats collected in Turin province (North-western Italy) associated with forelimb fractures and the detected viral positivity rate seems to suggest that they did not represent a threat for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Colombino
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Centro Animali Non Convenzionali (C.A.N.C), University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Davide Lelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e Dell'Emilia Romagna, Brescia, Italy
- Molecular Medicine PhD Program, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Sabrina Canziani
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e Dell'Emilia Romagna, Brescia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Quaranta
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Centro Animali Non Convenzionali (C.A.N.C), University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Cristina Guidetti
- Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, National Reference Centre for Wild Animal Diseases (CeRMAS), Aosta, Italy
| | - Stefania Leopardi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, FAO and National Reference Centre for Rabies, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Serena Robetto
- Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, National Reference Centre for Wild Animal Diseases (CeRMAS), Aosta, Italy
| | - Paola De Benedictis
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, FAO and National Reference Centre for Rabies, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Riccardo Orusa
- Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, National Reference Centre for Wild Animal Diseases (CeRMAS), Aosta, Italy
| | - Mitzy Mauthe von Degerfeld
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Centro Animali Non Convenzionali (C.A.N.C), University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Capucchio
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Centro Animali Non Convenzionali (C.A.N.C), University of Turin, Turin, Italy.
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Silva DJF, Moreira JMAR, Ribeiro M, Maruyama FH, Morgado TO, Nakazato L, Dutra V, Souza MA, Colodel EM. Brazilian porcupinepox virus infection in a free-ranging neotropical porcupine in Mato Grosso, Brazil. J Vet Diagn Invest 2023; 35:304-306. [PMID: 36929829 PMCID: PMC10185992 DOI: 10.1177/10406387231161340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the novel Brazilian porcupinepox virus (BPoPV) can infect wild porcupines, its lethality and zoonotic potential are not well-established. In May 2021, a free-ranging neotropical porcupine (Coendou longicaudatus boliviensis) rescued from the natural savanna in the Brazilian Cerrado, Mato Grosso State, was presented with a lethal poxviral infection. Clinical signs and PCR detection of BPoPV supported the diagnosis. Poxviral lesions included erythema, exfoliative dermatitis, and erosions involving mainly the face, hindlimb, and vulva. Histologically, the lesions consisted of proliferative and necrotic dermatitis, intraepidermal and follicular pustules, and intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies in keratinocytes. Phylogenetic analysis revealed BPoPV strains closely related to other rodent-infecting poxviruses. This poxviral infection resulted in the death of a specimen of C. l. boliviensis; the effect on species conservation, and the potential of spillover into humans and other vertebrates remain unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J. F. Silva
- Veterinary Pathology Laboratory, Veterinary Hospital–Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Brazil
| | - Janaina M. A. R. Moreira
- Veterinary Pathology Laboratory, Veterinary Hospital–Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Brazil
| | - Marlon Ribeiro
- Veterinary Pathology Laboratory, Veterinary Hospital–Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Brazil
| | - Fernanda H. Maruyama
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Veterinary Hospital–Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Brazil
| | - Thaís O. Morgado
- Center for Wildlife Medicine and Research, Veterinary Hospital–Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Brazil
| | - Luciano Nakazato
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Veterinary Hospital–Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Brazil
| | - Valeria Dutra
- Veterinary Microbiology Diagnostic Laboratory, Veterinary Hospital–Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Brazil
| | - Marcos A. Souza
- Veterinary Pathology Laboratory, Veterinary Hospital–Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Brazil
| | - Edson M. Colodel
- Veterinary Pathology Laboratory, Veterinary Hospital–Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Brazil
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First Report of Swinepox in a Wild Boar in Italy: Pathologic and Molecular Findings. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12030472. [PMID: 36986394 PMCID: PMC10056785 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12030472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Swinepox virus (SWPV) is responsible for sporadic acute poxvirus infections in swine worldwide, causing a pathognomonic eruptive proliferative dermatitis. Beside direct and congenital transmission, the pig louse Haematopinus suis acts as a mechanical vector and favors virus infection through skin lesions. Infections are generally described in domestic pigs, while only a few cases have been reported in wild boars, in Austria and Germany. In September 2022, SWPV infection was suspected at post-mortem examination of a wild boar piglet with characteristic lesions in Liguria, Northwest Italy. The piglet was heavily parasitized by swine lice (H. suis). SWPV was then confirmed by histological and molecular analyses. Possible viral co-infections were also investigated (African swine fever virus, classical swine fever virus, parvovirus, circovirus, Aujeszky’s disease virus and hepatitis E virus). This article describes gross and histopathologic features of SWPV infection, differential diagnosis, and potential vector-borne transmission to domestic pigs, presenting a brief review of the literature on the topic. SWPV infection is reported in wild boars in Italy for the first time. The finding of SWPV in a wild boar in an area with a very limited pig population may suggest the existence of a “wildlife cycle” in the area. Further investigations are needed to understand the real risk of transmission of SWPV to domestic pigs as well as the role of other arthropod vectors.
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Weidinger P, Kolodziejek J, Khafaga T, Loney T, Howarth B, Sher Shah M, Abou Tayoun A, Alsheikh-Ali A, Camp JV, Nowotny N. Potentially Zoonotic Viruses in Wild Rodents, United Arab Emirates, 2019—A Pilot Study. Viruses 2023; 15:v15030695. [PMID: 36992404 PMCID: PMC10054371 DOI: 10.3390/v15030695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The majority of emerging viral infectious diseases in humans originate from wildlife reservoirs, such as rodents and bats. We investigated a possible reservoir, namely wild gerbils and mice trapped in a desert reserve within the emirate of Dubai, United Arab Emirates (UAE). In total, 52 gerbils and 1 jird (Gerbillinae), 10 house mice (Mus musculus), and 1 Arabian spiny mouse (Acomys dimidiatus) were sampled. Oro-pharyngeal swabs, fecal samples, attached ticks, and organ samples (where available) were screened by (RT-q)PCR for the following viruses: Middle East respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever orthonairovirus, Alkhumra hemorrhagic fever virus, hantaviruses, Lymphocytic choriomeningitis mammarenavirus, Rustrela virus, poxviruses, flaviviruses, and herpesviruses. All of the samples were negative for all investigated viruses, except for herpesviruses: 19 gerbils (35.8%) and 7 house mice (70.0%) were positive. The resulting sequences were only partly identical to sequences in GenBank. Phylogenetic analysis revealed three novel betaherpesviruses and four novel gammaherpesviruses. Interestingly, species identification of the positive gerbils resulted in eight individuals clustering in a separate clade, most closely related to Dipodillus campestris, the North African gerbil, indicating either the expansion of the geographic range of this species, or the existence of a closely related, yet undiscovered species in the UAE. In conclusion, we could not find evidence of persistence or shedding of potentially zoonotic viruses in the investigated rodent cohorts of limited sample size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Weidinger
- Viral Zoonoses, Emerging and Vector-Borne Infections Group, Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jolanta Kolodziejek
- Viral Zoonoses, Emerging and Vector-Borne Infections Group, Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Tamer Khafaga
- Dubai Desert Conservation Reserve, Emirates Group, Dubai P.O. Box 686, United Arab Emirates
| | - Tom Loney
- College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai P.O. Box 505055, United Arab Emirates
| | - Brigitte Howarth
- American University in Dubai, Al Sufouh 2, Dubai P.O. Box 28282, United Arab Emirates
| | - Moayyed Sher Shah
- Dubai Desert Conservation Reserve, Emirates Group, Dubai P.O. Box 686, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ahmad Abou Tayoun
- Al Jalila Genomics Center of Excellence, Al Jalila Children’s Specialty Hospital, Dubai 7662, United Arab Emirates
- Center for Genomic Discovery, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai P.O. Box 505055, United Arab Emirates
| | - Alawi Alsheikh-Ali
- College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai P.O. Box 505055, United Arab Emirates
- Dubai Health Authority, Dubai P.O. Box 4545, United Arab Emirates
| | - Jeremy V. Camp
- Center for Virology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Norbert Nowotny
- Viral Zoonoses, Emerging and Vector-Borne Infections Group, Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
- College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai P.O. Box 505055, United Arab Emirates
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +43-1-25077-2704
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Hong KH, Kim GJ, Roh KH, Lee H, Park OK, Kim TS, Kim JS, Lee J, Seong MW, Kim SY, Park JS, Park Y, Huh HJ, Ryoo N, Kim HS, Sung H, Yoo CK. Guidelines for the Laboratory Diagnosis of Monkeypox in Korea. Ann Lab Med 2023; 43:137-144. [PMID: 36281507 PMCID: PMC9618902 DOI: 10.3343/alm.2023.43.2.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
While the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic is ongoing, monkeypox has been rapidly spreading in non-endemic countries since May 2022. Accurate and rapid laboratory tests are essential for identifying and controlling monkeypox. Korean Society for Laboratory Medicine and the Korea Disease Prevention and Control Agency have proposed guidelines for diagnosing monkeypox in clinical laboratories in Korea. These guidelines cover the type of tests, selection of specimens, collection of specimens, diagnostic methods, interpretation of test results, and biosafety. Molecular tests are recommended as confirmatory tests. Skin lesion specimens are recommended for testing in the symptomatic stage, and the collection of both blood and oropharyngeal swabs is recommended in the presymptomatic or prodromal stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki Ho Hong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Gab Jung Kim
- Bureau of Infectious Disease Diagnosis Control, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Osong, Korea
| | - Kyoung Ho Roh
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Health Insurance Service Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, Korea
| | - Hyukmin Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ok Kyu Park
- Bureau of Infectious Disease Diagnosis Control, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Osong, Korea
| | - Taek Soo Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae-Seok Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Jaehyeon Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Jeonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Moon-Woo Seong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - So Yeon Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae-Sun Park
- Bureau of Infectious Disease Diagnosis Control, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Osong, Korea
| | - Younhee Park
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hee Jae Huh
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Genetics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Namhee Ryoo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Hyun Soo Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Heungsup Sung
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Asan Medical Center and University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Cheon Kwon Yoo
- Bureau of Infectious Disease Diagnosis Control, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Osong, Korea
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9
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Current and Perspective Sensing Methods for Monkeypox Virus. Bioengineering (Basel) 2022; 9:bioengineering9100571. [PMID: 36290539 PMCID: PMC9598380 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering9100571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The outbreak of the monkeypox virus (MPXV) in non-endemic countries is an emerging global health threat and may have an economic impact if proactive actions are not taken. As shown by the COVID-19 pandemic, rapid, accurate, and cost-effective virus detection techniques play a pivotal role in disease diagnosis and control. Considering the sudden multicountry MPXV outbreak, a critical evaluation of the MPXV detection approaches would be a timely addition to the endeavors in progress for MPXV control and prevention. Herein, we evaluate the current MPXV detection methods, discuss their pros and cons, and provide recommended solutions to the problems. We review the traditional and emerging nucleic acid detection approaches, immunodiagnostics, whole-particle detection, and imaging-based MPXV detection techniques. The insights provided in this article will help researchers to develop novel techniques for the diagnosis of MPXV.
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Priyamvada L, Kallemeijn WW, Faronato M, Wilkins K, Goldsmith CS, Cotter CA, Ojeda S, Solari R, Moss B, Tate EW, Satheshkumar PS. Inhibition of vaccinia virus L1 N-myristoylation by the host N-myristoyltransferase inhibitor IMP-1088 generates non-infectious virions defective in cell entry. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010662. [PMID: 36215331 PMCID: PMC9584500 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We have recently shown that the replication of rhinovirus, poliovirus and foot-and-mouth disease virus requires the co-translational N-myristoylation of viral proteins by human host cell N-myristoyltransferases (NMTs), and is inhibited by treatment with IMP-1088, an ultrapotent small molecule NMT inhibitor. Here, we examine the importance of N-myristoylation during vaccinia virus (VACV) infection in primate cells and demonstrate the anti-poxviral effects of IMP-1088. N-myristoylated proteins from VACV and the host were metabolically labelled with myristic acid alkyne during infection using quantitative chemical proteomics. We identified VACV proteins A16, G9 and L1 to be N-myristoylated. Treatment with NMT inhibitor IMP-1088 potently abrogated VACV infection, while VACV gene expression, DNA replication, morphogenesis and EV formation remained unaffected. Importantly, we observed that loss of N-myristoylation resulted in greatly reduced infectivity of assembled mature virus particles, characterized by significantly reduced host cell entry and a decline in membrane fusion activity of progeny virus. While the N-myristoylation of VACV entry proteins L1, A16 and G9 was inhibited by IMP-1088, mutational and genetic studies demonstrated that the N-myristoylation of L1 was the most critical for VACV entry. Given the significant genetic identity between VACV, monkeypox virus and variola virus L1 homologs, our data provides a basis for further investigating the role of N-myristoylation in poxviral infections as well as the potential of selective NMT inhibitors like IMP-1088 as broad-spectrum poxvirus inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lalita Priyamvada
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Wouter W. Kallemeijn
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Monica Faronato
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kimberly Wilkins
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Cynthia S. Goldsmith
- Infectious Diseases Pathology Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Catherine A. Cotter
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Suany Ojeda
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Clinipace, Morrisville, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Roberto Solari
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College of Science, Technology & Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Bernard Moss
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Edward W. Tate
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (EWT); (PSS)
| | - Panayampalli Subbian Satheshkumar
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail: (EWT); (PSS)
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11
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Diagnosis and successful treatment of Brazillian porcupine poxvirus infection in a free-ranging hairy dwarf porcupine (Coendu spinosus). Braz J Microbiol 2022; 53:2321-2327. [PMID: 35906453 PMCID: PMC9679114 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-022-00804-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Brazilian porcupine poxvirus (BPoPV) is a new poxvirus recently described in porcupines (Coendou prehensilis) from Brazil. Herein, we described a free-ranging adult male Coendou (Sphiggurus) spinosus rescued after being found lethargic on the ground in a rural area. The animal presented crusty, edematous, and suppurative skin lesions on the face, tail, and perineum, and yellowish ocular secretion. The diagnosis was performed by histopathology, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), PCR, and sequencing. Microscopically, proliferative and necrotizing dermatitis, subacute, multifocal with ballooning degeneration, and eosinophilic intracytoplasmic viral inclusion bodies were observed. TEM confirmed large brick-shaped virions inside the keratinocyte cytoplasm, measuring about 200-280 × 120-180 nm. Partial fragment of intracellular mature virion membrane protein gene and putative metalloproteinase gene was successfully amplified and sequenced, and the strain herein denoted IAL/21 V-102 was classified as BPoPV, showing 99.4% of nucleotide identity to the reference strain UFU/USP001. Enrofloxacin 10% (10 mg/kg) was administered every 24 h through intramuscular injection for 10 days, dipyrone/metamizole (25 mg/kg) every 24 h orally (PO) for 3 days, 0.5 ml (mL) of thymomodulin every 24 h PO for 30 days, and each 48 h for another 15 days. The lesions were cleaned and debrided every 15 days. Seventy-five days after the beginning of the treatment, the cutaneous lesions regressed, the animal gained weight, and was clinically stable. After treatment, the skin biopsy showed only mild epidermal acanthosis, intra-cellular edema, and mild lymphoplasmacytic perivascular dermatitis. No viral particles were observed by TEM and no poxviral DNA was amplified by PCR. This study documents the first case of confirmed and treated BPoPV infection in a hairy dwarf porcupine. The implemented therapeutic plan eliminated the infection and improved the general state of the animal.
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12
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Camp JV, Desvars-Larrive A, Nowotny N, Walzer C. Monitoring Urban Zoonotic Virus Activity: Are City Rats a Promising Surveillance Tool for Emerging Viruses? Viruses 2022; 14:v14071516. [PMID: 35891496 PMCID: PMC9316102 DOI: 10.3390/v14071516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Urban environments represent unique ecosystems where dense human populations may come into contact with wildlife species, some of which are established or potential reservoirs for zoonotic pathogens that cause human diseases. Finding practical ways to monitor the presence and/or abundance of zoonotic pathogens is important to estimate the risk of spillover to humans in cities. As brown rats (Rattus norvegicus) are ubiquitous in urban habitats, and are hosts of several zoonotic viruses, we conducted longitudinal sampling of brown rats in Vienna, Austria, a large population center in Central Europe. We investigated rat tissues for the presence of several zoonotic viruses, including flaviviruses, hantaviruses, coronaviruses, poxviruses, hepatitis E virus, encephalomyocarditis virus, and influenza A virus. Although we found no evidence of active infections (all were negative for viral nucleic acids) among 96 rats captured between 2016 and 2018, our study supports the findings of others, suggesting that monitoring urban rats may be an efficient way to estimate the activity of zoonotic viruses in urban environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy V. Camp
- Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria;
- Center for Virology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Correspondence:
| | - Amélie Desvars-Larrive
- Institute of Food Safety, Food Technology and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria;
- Complexity Science Hub Vienna, 1080 Vienna, Austria
- VetFarm, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Norbert Nowotny
- Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria;
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai P.O. Box 505055, United Arab Emirates
| | - Chris Walzer
- Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria;
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Global Conservation Program, Bronx, NY 10460, USA
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13
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Kadekaru S, Shimoda H, Kuwabara K, Une Y. Spontaneous multiple cutaneous mixed tumors in Japanese giant salamander Andrias japonicus. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2021; 146:157-164. [PMID: 34672265 DOI: 10.3354/dao03627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We examined 7 cutaneous mixed tumors in 2 wild-captured Japanese giant salamanders Andrias japonicus. The tumors were either already present and/or increased in size, or newly occurred during capativity. We sampled the 7 tumors from these animals and 3 verrucose protrusions from 3 unaffected animals, as controls, and examined them pathologically and virologically. The tumors (5 mm to 4 cm in size) were papillary protrusions or pendulated on the skin surface. The cut surface of the tumors was white, lobulated, partially hard, and contained mucus. All tumors presented similar histological characteristics of a hyaline structure and exhibited biphasic proliferation, with neoplastic epithelial cells partially composing the pseudo-ductal structure and staining positive for cytokeratin AE1/AE3. Vimentin 3B4-positive blast-like mesenchymal cells proliferated to fill the gaps in the epithelial components. Transition from unique mucous gland to neoplastic tissue was observed. The hyaline structure was stained blue by AZAN stain, Alcian blue-periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) double stain, and toluidine blue (TB) stain of pH 7.0, but was unstained by TB with pH values of 4.1 and 2.5. The mucus in the neoplastic tissue and in the mucous gland in verrucose protrusions was stained blue by Alcian blue-PAS double stain; TB staining at pH 7.0, 4.1, and 2.5 revealed metachromasy. No virus was detected in the tumors. The 7 tumors were diagnosed as cutaneous mixed tumors, and it was confirmed that the neoplastic cells originated from the mucous gland in the dermis. The biological behavior and pathological development of tumors should be elucidated because the tumors have the potential to negatively affect A. japonicus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sho Kadekaru
- The Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of Science, Imabari 794-8555, Japan
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14
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Hirano S, Soga Y, Kuno Y, Doai S, Tokutake S, Shibahara T, Indo T. Molecular phylogenetic analysis of bovine papular stomatitis viruses detected in Saga, Japan. J Vet Med Sci 2021; 83:1489-1494. [PMID: 34334509 PMCID: PMC8498829 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.20-0624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we performed a molecular phylogenetic analysis of six bovine papular stomatitis virus (BPSV) field strains detected from Japanese beef calves kept on a farm in Saga prefecture, a southwest part of Japan, from 2017 to 2020. The phylogenetic analysis based on a partial B2L gene (554-nt) showed that these field strains were divided into two lineages, a lineage (A-lineage) constructed by a Saga strain and strains obtained from various regions of Japan and the world, and other lineage (B-lineage) constructed by five Saga strains and strains obtained from France, USA and Iwate prefecture (a north part of Japan). Furthermore, a Saga field strain named BPSV_SAGAbv2 and strains obtained from USA and Iwate prefecture belonged to a sub-lineage blanched from B-lineage. This is the first report elucidating molecular epidemiological characters of field BPSVs obtained from Saga prefecture. The existence of the multiple lineages was thought to be related to a history of calf introduction from various regions of Japan into Saga prefecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Hirano
- Saga Prefectural Central Livestock Hygiene Service Center
| | - Yasufumi Soga
- Saga Prefectural Central Livestock Hygiene Service Center
| | - Yuri Kuno
- Saga Prefectural Central Livestock Hygiene Service Center.,National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization
| | - Satomi Doai
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization.,Tochigi Prefecture Kenou Livestock Hygiene Service Center
| | - Shinya Tokutake
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization.,Nagano Prefectural Matsumoto Livestock Hygiene Service Center
| | - Tomoyuki Shibahara
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization.,Department of Veterinary Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Science, Osaka Prefecture University
| | - Tadahiro Indo
- Saga Prefectural Central Livestock Hygiene Service Center
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15
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Piewbang C, Wardhani SW, Chaiyasak S, Yostawonkul J, Kasantikul T, Techangamsuwan S. Japanese encephalitis virus infection in meerkats (Suricata suricatta). Zoonoses Public Health 2021; 69:55-60. [PMID: 34254456 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) infection has been recognized as a serious disease in humans. Wildlife animal infections due to JEV have not been well described. This study identified JEV infection in two deceased meerkats in Thailand, with clinical signs of neurological disease. Histopathology of brains revealed severe lymphoplasmacytic necrotizing meningoencephalitis, while similar inflammation was observed in the lung and liver. Partial JEV sequences were identified from the formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded-derived brain sections of two meerkats and were found to be genetically similar to a JEV strain detected in China but not from a local strain. Using immunohistochemistry, the virus was identified in neurons and glial cells, and also found in bronchial glands, Kupffer's cells in liver, lymphocytes in the spleen and pancreatic acini, which suggests extraneural infection. Transmission electron microscopy confirmed the presence of spheroid viral particles in the lungs. These findings may suggest that infection of extraneural organs in meerkats is similar to that described in JEV-infected humans. In conclusion, this study identified the first JEV infection in meerkats as an interesting case study. The JEV should be considered as an important differential diagnosis in meerkats with encephalitis. Further surveillance on JEV infection in meerkats and other wildlife species in a large cohort is needed in the future study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chutchai Piewbang
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Animal Virome and Diagnostic Development Research Group, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sabrina Wahyu Wardhani
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Animal Virome and Diagnostic Development Research Group, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Jakarwan Yostawonkul
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathumthani, Thailand
| | - Tanit Kasantikul
- Department of Preclinic and Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand.,Clemson Veterinary Diagnostic Center, Clemson University, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Somporn Techangamsuwan
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Animal Virome and Diagnostic Development Research Group, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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16
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Hora AS, Taniwaki SA, Martins NB, Pinto NNR, Schlemper AE, Santos ALQ, Szabó MPJ, Brandão PE. Genomic Analysis of Novel Poxvirus Brazilian Porcupinepox Virus, Brazil, 2019. Emerg Infect Dis 2021; 27:1177-1180. [PMID: 33754985 PMCID: PMC8007330 DOI: 10.3201/eid2704.203818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We obtained the complete sequence of a novel poxvirus, tentatively named Brazilian porcupinepox virus, from a wild porcupine (Coendou prehensilis) in Brazil that had skin and internal lesions characteristic of poxvirus infection. The impact of this lethal poxvirus on the survival of this species and its potential zoonotic importance remain to be investigated.
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17
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The virome of German bats: comparing virus discovery approaches. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7430. [PMID: 33795699 PMCID: PMC8016945 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86435-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Bats are known to be reservoirs of several highly pathogenic viruses. Hence, the interest in bat virus discovery has been increasing rapidly over the last decade. So far, most studies have focused on a single type of virus detection method, either PCR, virus isolation or virome sequencing. Here we present a comprehensive approach in virus discovery, using all three discovery methods on samples from the same bats. By family-specific PCR screening we found sequences of paramyxoviruses, adenoviruses, herpesviruses and one coronavirus. By cell culture we isolated a novel bat adenovirus and bat orthoreovirus. Virome sequencing revealed viral sequences of ten different virus families and orders: three bat nairoviruses, three phenuiviruses, one orbivirus, one rotavirus, one orthoreovirus, one mononegavirus, five parvoviruses, seven picornaviruses, three retroviruses, one totivirus and two thymoviruses were discovered. Of all viruses identified by family-specific PCR in the original samples, none was found by metagenomic sequencing. Vice versa, none of the viruses found by the metagenomic virome approach was detected by family-specific PCRs targeting the same family. The discrepancy of detected viruses by different detection approaches suggests that a combined approach using different detection methods is necessary for virus discovery studies.
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18
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Israeli Rousettus aegyptiacus Pox Virus (IsrRAPXV) Infection in Juvenile Egyptian Fruit Bat ( Rousettus aegyptiacus): Clinical Findings and Molecular Detection. Viruses 2021; 13:v13030407. [PMID: 33806696 PMCID: PMC8001970 DOI: 10.3390/v13030407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
During 2019, five carcasses of juvenile Egyptian fruit bats (Rousettus aegyptiacus) were submitted to the Kimron Veterinary Institute. These bats exhibited typical poxvirus like lesion plaques of different sizes on the skin, abdomen and the ventral side of the wings. Clinical and histopathological findings suggested a poxvirus infection. Infectious virus was isolated from skin swabs, skin tissue and tongue of the dead bats and was further confirmed to be a Poxvirus by molecular diagnosis using PCR with pan-chordopoxviruses primers. All the dead bats were found positive for two Poxvirus genes encoding a metalloproteinase and DNA dependent DNA polymerase. In this study, a novel real time quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay was established to further confirmed the presence of specific poxvirus viral DNA in all pathologically tested tissues. Moreover, according to sequence analysis, the virus was found to be highly similar to the recently discovered Israeli Rousettus aegyptiacus Pox Virus (IsrRAPXV).
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19
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Discovery of a phylogenetically distinct poxvirus in diseased Crocodilurus amazonicus (family Teiidae). Arch Virol 2021; 166:1183-1191. [PMID: 33580379 PMCID: PMC7952365 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-021-04975-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
A novel poxvirus was discovered in Crocodilurus amazonicus (Teiidae) presenting with a debilitating skin disease. The generated first genome sequence of a reptilian poxvirus revealed the closest phylogenetic relationship to avipoxviruses, highlighting potential virus exchanges between avian and reptilian species.
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20
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Munday JS, Hardcastle MR, Hunter S, Harvey CJ. Papillomas and probable in situ carcinoma in association with a novel papillomavirus in a red-billed gull (Chroicocephalus novaehollandiae scopulinus). Arch Virol 2021; 166:1157-1161. [PMID: 33550506 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-021-04967-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Numerous raised plaques were observed on the feet of a red-billed gull (Chroicocephalus novaehollandiae scopulinus) that had been found dead. The plaques consisted of thickened epidermis with cell changes indicative of papillomavirus (PV) infection prominent within affected areas. Evidence suggesting progression to neoplasia was visible in one lesion. A DNA sequence that was most similar, but only 68.3% identical, to duck PV type 3 was amplified from the papillomas, suggesting a novel PV type. Lesions containing PV DNA have only previously been reported in three avian species. This is the first evidence that PVs could cause neoplasia in birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- John S Munday
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
| | | | - Stuart Hunter
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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21
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Luciani L, Inchauste L, Ferraris O, Charrel R, Nougairède A, Piorkowski G, Peyrefitte C, Bertagnoli S, de Lamballerie X, Priet S. A novel and sensitive real-time PCR system for universal detection of poxviruses. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1798. [PMID: 33469067 PMCID: PMC7815923 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81376-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Success in smallpox eradication was enabled by the absence of non-human reservoir for smallpox virus. However, other poxviruses with a wider host spectrum can infect humans and represent a potential health threat to humans, highlighted by a progressively increasing number of infections by (re)emerging poxviruses, requiring new improved diagnostic and epidemiological tools. We describe here a real-time PCR assay targeting a highly conserved region of the poxvirus genome, thus allowing a pan-Poxvirus detection (Chordopoxvirinae and Entomopoxvirinae). This system is specific (99.8% for vertebrate samples and 99.7% for arthropods samples), sensitive (100% for vertebrate samples and 86.3% for arthropods samples) and presents low limit of detection (< 1000 DNA copies/reaction). In addition, this system could be also valuable for virus discovery and epidemiological projects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léa Luciani
- Unité des Virus Émergents (UVE: Aix-Marseille Univ-IRD 190-Inserm 1207), Marseille, France.
| | - Lucia Inchauste
- Unité des Virus Émergents (UVE: Aix-Marseille Univ-IRD 190-Inserm 1207), Marseille, France
| | - Olivier Ferraris
- Unité des Virus Émergents (UVE: Aix-Marseille Univ-IRD 190-Inserm 1207), Marseille, France.,Centre National de Référence-Laboratoire Expert Orthopoxvirus, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale Des Armées (IRBA), 91220, Brétigny-sur-Orge, France
| | - Rémi Charrel
- Unité des Virus Émergents (UVE: Aix-Marseille Univ-IRD 190-Inserm 1207), Marseille, France
| | - Antoine Nougairède
- Unité des Virus Émergents (UVE: Aix-Marseille Univ-IRD 190-Inserm 1207), Marseille, France
| | - Géraldine Piorkowski
- Unité des Virus Émergents (UVE: Aix-Marseille Univ-IRD 190-Inserm 1207), Marseille, France
| | - Christophe Peyrefitte
- Unité des Virus Émergents (UVE: Aix-Marseille Univ-IRD 190-Inserm 1207), Marseille, France.,Centre National de Référence-Laboratoire Expert Orthopoxvirus, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale Des Armées (IRBA), 91220, Brétigny-sur-Orge, France
| | | | - Xavier de Lamballerie
- Unité des Virus Émergents (UVE: Aix-Marseille Univ-IRD 190-Inserm 1207), Marseille, France
| | - Stéphane Priet
- Unité des Virus Émergents (UVE: Aix-Marseille Univ-IRD 190-Inserm 1207), Marseille, France
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22
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Hazlewood JE, Dumenil T, Le TT, Slonchak A, Kazakoff SH, Patch AM, Gray LA, Howley PM, Liu L, Hayball JD, Yan K, Rawle DJ, Prow NA, Suhrbier A. Injection site vaccinology of a recombinant vaccinia-based vector reveals diverse innate immune signatures. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009215. [PMID: 33439897 PMCID: PMC7837487 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Poxvirus systems have been extensively used as vaccine vectors. Herein a RNA-Seq analysis of intramuscular injection sites provided detailed insights into host innate immune responses, as well as expression of vector and recombinant immunogen genes, after vaccination with a new multiplication defective, vaccinia-based vector, Sementis Copenhagen Vector. Chikungunya and Zika virus immunogen mRNA and protein expression was associated with necrosing skeletal muscle cells surrounded by mixed cellular infiltrates. The multiple adjuvant signatures at 12 hours post-vaccination were dominated by TLR3, 4 and 9, STING, MAVS, PKR and the inflammasome. Th1 cytokine signatures were dominated by IFNγ, TNF and IL1β, and chemokine signatures by CCL5 and CXCL12. Multiple signatures associated with dendritic cell stimulation were evident. By day seven, vaccine transcripts were absent, and cell death, neutrophil, macrophage and inflammation annotations had abated. No compelling arthritis signatures were identified. Such injection site vaccinology approaches should inform refinements in poxvirus-based vector design. Poxvirus vector systems have been widely developed for vaccine applications. Despite considerable progress, so far only one recombinant poxvirus vectored vaccine has to date been licensed for human use, with ongoing efforts seeking to enhance immunogenicity whilst minimizing reactogenicity. The latter two characteristics are often determined by early post-vaccination events at the injection site. We therefore undertook an injection site vaccinology approach to analyzing gene expression at the vaccination site after intramuscular inoculation with a recombinant, multiplication defective, vaccinia-based vaccine. This provided detailed insights into inter alia expression of vector-encoded immunoregulatory genes, as well as host innate and adaptive immune responses. We propose that such injection site vaccinology can inform rational vaccine vector design, and we discuss how the information and approach elucidated herein might be used to improve immunogenicity and limit reactogenicity of poxvirus-based vaccine vector systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessamine E. Hazlewood
- Inflammation Biology Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Troy Dumenil
- Inflammation Biology Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Thuy T. Le
- Inflammation Biology Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Andrii Slonchak
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
| | - Stephen H. Kazakoff
- Clinical Genomics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Ann-Marie Patch
- Clinical Genomics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Lesley-Ann Gray
- Australian Genome Research Facility Ltd., Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Liang Liu
- Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, University of South Australia Cancer Research Institute, Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - John D. Hayball
- Sementis Ltd., Hackney, Australia
- Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, University of South Australia Cancer Research Institute, Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Kexin Yan
- Inflammation Biology Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Daniel J. Rawle
- Inflammation Biology Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Natalie A. Prow
- Inflammation Biology Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
- Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, University of South Australia Cancer Research Institute, Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Andreas Suhrbier
- Inflammation Biology Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
- Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, Brisbane, Australia
- * E-mail:
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23
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Seguel M, George RC, Maboni G, Sanchez S, Page-Karjian A, Wirth E, McFee W, Gottdenker NL. Pathologic findings and causes of death in bottlenose dolphins Tursiops truncatus stranded along the Georgia coast, USA (2007-2013). DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2020; 141:25-38. [PMID: 32940248 DOI: 10.3354/dao03509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Between 2007 and 2013, before the 2013 cetacean morbillivirus outbreak, 26 fresh bottlenose dolphin carcasses were necropsied on the coast of Georgia, USA. Here, we present the pathological and microbiological findings associated with their most likely causes of death. The primary cause of death was determined in 25 individuals and included systemic bacterial infection (n = 7), verminous and bacterial bronchopneumonia (n = 5), drowning/entanglement (n = 5), disseminated histoplasmosis (n = 1), intestinal intussusception (n = 1), vegetative endocarditis (n = 1), meningitis (n = 1), necrotizing dermatitis (n = 1), disseminated angiomatosis (n = 1), emaciation (n = 1) and stingray spine trauma (n = 1). Histiocytic and eosinophilic bronchopneumonia associated with Halocerchus sp. infection was observed in 69% of the animals (18/26) and eosinophilic gastritis due to Anisakidae nematodes was found in 36% of the examined stomachs (8/22). Moderate to severe eosinophilic pancreatitis with fibrosis was observed in 4 animals infected with Brachycladiidae trematodes. Proliferative and ulcerative lymphoplasmacytic dermatitis was found in 5 animals and was considered to contribute to deteriorated health status in 2 calves. Pulmonary and lymph node angiomatosis were observed in 15 and 10 animals, respectively. In at least 2 animals, the concentration of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the blubber exceeded 1500 µg g-1 of lipid. Bottlenose dolphins stranded on the Georgia coast have a wide range of inflammatory lesions associated with a variety of helminth, bacterial, and fungal pathogens. Some resident animals have also been exposed to high levels of PCB contamination, which could reduce host immunocompetence. Higher exposure to these or other pathogens could result in further decline in the health of resident and migrant dolphin populations in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Seguel
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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24
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Staton GJ, Crosby-Durrani H, Roberts G, Duncan JS, Seechurn N, Blowey R, Evans NJ. Novel ulcerative leg lesions in yearling lambs: Clinical features, microbiology and histopathology. Vet Microbiol 2020; 247:108790. [PMID: 32768234 PMCID: PMC7429982 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
An outbreak of an infectious dermatological disorder of unknown aetiology in a flock of yearling lambs was investigated. Lesions occurred on the distal limb between the coronary band and carpel joint as a circular ulcerative dermatitis. Treponema spp., Dichelobacter nodosus, Staphylococcus aureus, Dermatophilus congolensis and poxvirus screens were negative. Fusobacterium necrophorum and Streptococcus dysgalactiae were detected in the majority of lesions examined. An aetiology involving bacterial infection with F. necrophorum and S. dysgalactiae was implicated.
Here we report an outbreak of an atypical, ulcerative dermatitis in North Country mule lambs, located in South Gloucestershire, UK. The lesions, which appeared to be contagious, occured between the coronary band and the carpal joint as a focal, well demarcated, circular, ulcerative dermatitis. Histopathological examination of the lesion biopsies revealed areas of ulceration, epidermal hyperplasia, suppurative dermatitis and granulation tissue. Clumped keratohyalin granules and intracellular keratinocyte oedema (ballooning degeneration) were evident within lesion biopsies, consistent with an underlying viral aetiology. A PCR-based microbiological investigation failed to detect bovine digital dermatitis-associated treponeme phylogroups, Dichelobacter nodosus, Staphylococcus aureus, Dermatophilus congolensis or Chordopoxvirinae virus DNA. However, 3 of the 10 (30 %) and 6 of 10 (60 %) lesion samples were positive for Fusobacterium necrophorum and Streptococcus dysgalactiae DNA, respectively. Contralateral limb swabs were negative by all standard PCR assays. To better define the involvement of F. necrophorum in the aetiology of these lesions, a qPCR targeting the rpoB gene was employed and confirmed the presence of F. necrophorum DNA in both the control and lesions swab samples, although the mean F. necrophorum genome copy number detected in the lesion swab samples was ∼19-fold higher than detected in the contralateral control swab samples (245 versus 4752 genome copies/μl, respectively; P < 0.001). Although we have not been able to conclusively define an aetiological agent, the presence of both F. necrophorum and S. dysgalactiae in the majority of lesions assayed supports their role in the aetiopathogenesis of these lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- G J Staton
- Department of Infection Biology & Microbiomes, Institute of Infection, Veterinary & Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston, CH64 7TE, United Kingdom.
| | - H Crosby-Durrani
- Department of Infection Biology & Microbiomes, Institute of Infection, Veterinary & Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston, CH64 7TE, United Kingdom
| | - G Roberts
- George Farm Vets, High Street, Malmesbury, Wiltshire, SN16 9AU, United Kingdom
| | - J S Duncan
- Department of Livestock & One Health, Institute of Infection, Veterinary & Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston, CH64 7TE, United Kingdom
| | - N Seechurn
- School of Veterinary Science, Institute of Infection, Veterinary & Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston, CH64 7TE, United Kingdom
| | - R Blowey
- Minsterworth, Gloucester, GL2 8JG, United Kingdom
| | - N J Evans
- Department of Infection Biology & Microbiomes, Institute of Infection, Veterinary & Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston, CH64 7TE, United Kingdom
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David D, Davidson I, Berkowitz A, Karniely S, Edery N, Bumbarov V, Laskar O, Elazari-Volcani R. A novel poxvirus isolated from an Egyptian fruit bat in Israel. Vet Med Sci 2020; 6:587-590. [PMID: 32100464 PMCID: PMC7397903 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
An Egyptian fruit bat (Rousettus aegyptiacus) from the Zoological Gardens, at Tel Aviv, Israel, showed pox‐like clinical signs including vesicular and nodular skin lesions on the wings. Cell culture isolation, histopathology, electron microscopy and molecular analysis, revealed the presence of a novel bat poxvirus. Future research is needed to determine whether this virus can affect human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan David
- Kimron Veterinary Institute, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | | | | | | | - Nir Edery
- Kimron Veterinary Institute, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | | | - Orly Laskar
- Department of Infectious Diseases, IIBR, Ness Ziona, Israel
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26
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Ehmann R, Brandes K, Antwerpen M, Walter M, V Schlippenbach K, Stegmaier E, Essbauer S, Bugert J, Teifke JP, Meyer H. Molecular and genomic characterization of a novel equine molluscum contagiosum-like virus. J Gen Virol 2020; 102. [PMID: 31922947 PMCID: PMC8515872 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cases of pox-like lesions in horses and donkeys have been associated with poxviruses belonging to different genera of the family Poxviridae. These include the orthopoxviruses vaccinia virus (VACV), horsepoxvirus (HPXV) and cowpoxvirus (CPXV), as well as a potentially novel parapoxvirus and molluscum contagiosum virus (MOCV). However, with the exception of VACV, HPXV and CPXV, the genomic characterization of the causative agents remains largely elusive with only single short genome fragments available. Here we present the first full-length genome sequence of an equine molluscum contagiosum-like virus (EMCLV) directly determined from skin biopsies of a horse with generalized papular dermatitis. Histopathological analysis of the lesions revealed severe epidermal hyperplasia with numerous eosinophilic inclusion bodies within keratinocytes. Virions were detected in the lesions in embedded tissue by transmission electron microscopy. The genome sequence determined by next- and third-generation sequencing comprises 166 843 nt with inverted terminal repeats (ITRs) of 3473 nt. Overall, 20 of the predicted 159 ORFs have no equivalents in other poxviruses. Intriguingly, two of these ORFs were identified to encode homologues of mammalian proteins involved in immune signalling pathways, namely secreted and transmembrane protein 1 (SECTM1) and insulin growth factor-like family receptor 1 (IGFLR1), that were not described in any virus family so far. Phylogenetic analysis with all relevant representatives of the Poxviridae suggests that EMCLV should be nominated as a new species within the genus Molluscipoxvirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosina Ehmann
- Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, Munich, Germany
| | - K Brandes
- Animal Pathology Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
| | - M Antwerpen
- Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, Munich, Germany
| | - M Walter
- Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, Munich, Germany
| | | | | | - S Essbauer
- Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, Munich, Germany
| | - J Bugert
- Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, Munich, Germany
| | - J P Teifke
- Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
| | - H Meyer
- Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, Munich, Germany
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27
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Rodrigues TCS, Subramaniam K, Varsani A, McFadden G, Schaefer AM, Bossart GD, Romero CH, Waltzek TB. Genome characterization of cetaceanpox virus from a managed Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops aduncus). Virus Res 2020; 278:197861. [PMID: 31923559 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.197861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cetaceanpox viruses (CePVs) are associated with a cutaneous disease in cetaceans often referred to as "tattoo" lesions. To date, only partial genomic data are available for CePVs, and thus, they remain unclassified members of the subfamily Chordopoxvirinae within the family Poxviridae. Herein, we describe the first complete CePV genome sequenced from the tattoo lesion of a managed Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops aduncus), using next-generation sequencing. The T. aduncus CePV genome (CePV-TA) was determined to encode 120 proteins, including eight genes unique to the CePV-TA and five genes predicted to function as immune-evasion genes. The results of CePV-TA genetic analyses supported the creation of a new chordopoxvirus genus for CePVs. The complete sequencing of a CePV represents an important first step in unraveling the evolutionary relationship and taxonomy of CePVs, and significantly increases our understanding of the genomic characteristics of these chordopoxviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaís C S Rodrigues
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, 2187 Mowry Road, 32611 Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Kuttichantran Subramaniam
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, 2187 Mowry Road, 32611 Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Arvind Varsani
- The Biodesign Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics, Center for Evolution and Medicine and School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, 85287 Tempe, Arizona, USA; Structural Biology Research Unit, Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Western Cape 7701, South Africa
| | - Grant McFadden
- Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines, and Virotherapy (CIVV), The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, 85287 Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Adam M Schaefer
- Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute at Florida Atlantic University, 5600 US 1, North, 34946 Fort Pierce, Florida, USA
| | - Gregory D Bossart
- Georgia Aquarium, 225 Baker Street, 30313 Atlanta, Georgia, USA; University of Miami, PO Box 016960 (R-46), 33101 Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Carlos H Romero
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, 2187 Mowry Road, 32611 Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Thomas B Waltzek
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, 2187 Mowry Road, 32611 Gainesville, Florida, USA.
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28
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Micheloud JF, Aguirre LS, Sandoval GV, Avellaneda-Cáceres A, Diodati J, Peralta A. Detection and first molecular characterization of bovine papular stomatitis virus in dairy calves in Argentina. Trop Anim Health Prod 2019; 52:453-459. [PMID: 31359355 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-019-02006-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Bovine papular stomatitis virus (BPSV) is a parapoxvirus associated with papular and erosive lesions on the muzzle, lips, and oral mucosa of cattle. BPSV infection occurs worldwide; however, it has still not been unequivocally diagnosed. The present report describes an outbreak of BPSV infection affecting dairy calves in northwestern Argentina and provides the first molecular characterization of this virus in the country. The disease was detected in a dairy farm, affecting 33 calves between 2 and 20 days of age. The signs included reddish papules, ulcers, and scabby proliferative lesions on muzzle, lips, and oral mucosa. The affected calves resisted to being fed due to severe local pain. Two necropsies were performed; papulas and ulcers were observed in ruminal and omasal mucosa. Histologically, the affected areas of the skin showed acanthosis, spongiosis, and parakeratotic hyperkeratosis with adjacent focally extensive ulcers and multifocal inflammatory infiltrate in the epidermis. Eosinophilic inclusion bodies were detected in the cytoplasm of epithelial cells. DNA extracted from scab samples was analyzed by PCR using pan-parapoxvirus primers for the B2L gene. The sequence analysis revealed 99%, 85%, and 84% similarity with BPSV, Pseudocowpox virus, and Orf virus, respectively. A phylogenetic tree constructed using the B2L sequence showed that the virus clustered with BPSV isolates. Although clinical cases compatible with BSPV infection have been frequently described in Argentina, the present report is the first to identify the agent associated with cattle disease in the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan F Micheloud
- Grupo de Trabajo de Patología, Epidemiología e Investigación Diagnóstica. Área de Sanidad Animal-IIACS, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Cerrillos, Salta, Argentina. .,Cátedra Práctica Hospitalaria de Grandes Animales, Universidad Católica de Salta, Salta, Argentina.
| | - Laura S Aguirre
- Cátedra Práctica Hospitalaria de Grandes Animales, Universidad Católica de Salta, Salta, Argentina
| | - Gabriela V Sandoval
- Cátedra Práctica Hospitalaria de Grandes Animales, Universidad Católica de Salta, Salta, Argentina
| | | | - Julian Diodati
- Laboratorio Integral de Microscopía, CICVyA, INTA, Hurlingham, Argentina
| | - Andrea Peralta
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular (IABIMO), INTA, Consejo Nacional de investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Hurlingham, Argentina
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29
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Abstract
Poxvirus (PXV) infections are a common cause of cutaneous signs. In France, certain forms of poxvirus are frequent and benign (molluscum contagiosum), while others are rare but potentially serious (cowpox virus [CPXV]). Whereas only smallpox and molluscum contagiosum viruses have a human reservoir and are transmitted between humans, most poxvirus infections are zoonoses having only animal reservoirs. Only a small number of poxviruses are responsible for infection in humans, but the increasing number of new pets, some of which are exotic, coupled with the rapid rise in international travel are creating a greater risk of transmission of zoonotic PXV to new vectors and of spread of these diseases to new regions throughout the world. In France, molluscum contagiosum, orf and milkers' nodule give rise to numerous consultations and are well known to dermatologists. However, dermatologists must also be able to identify other parapoxviruses of similar presentation to orf; thus, CPXV and monkeypox are considered potentially emergent viruses with a high risk of epidemic and spread due to increasing international transport and the loss of the maximum protection against smallpox. Finally, despite its declared eradication, smallpox is currently being monitored because of the potential risk of reintroduction, whether accidentally or deliberately through bioterrorism.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Bohelay
- Service de dermatologie, Hôpital Avicenne, AP-HP, 125, rue de Stalingrad, 93009 Bobigny, France
| | - T-A Duong
- Service de dermatologie, Hôpital Henri-Mondor, AP-HP, 51, avenue du Maréchal-de-Lattre-de-Tassigny, 94010 Créteil, France.
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30
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Lanave G, Dowgier G, Decaro N, Albanese F, Brogi E, Parisi A, Losurdo M, Lavazza A, Martella V, Buonavoglia C, Elia G. Novel Orthopoxvirus and Lethal Disease in Cat, Italy. Emerg Infect Dis 2019; 24:1665-1673. [PMID: 30124195 PMCID: PMC6106440 DOI: 10.3201/eid2409.171283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We report detection and full-genome characterization of a novel orthopoxvirus (OPXV) responsible for a fatal infection in a cat. The virus induced skin lesions histologically characterized by leukocyte infiltration and eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusions. Different PCR approaches were unable to assign the virus to a defined OPXV species. Large amounts of typical brick-shaped virions, morphologically related to OPXV, were observed by electron microscopy. This OPXV strain (Italy_09/17) was isolated on cell cultures and embryonated eggs. Phylogenetic analysis of 9 concatenated genes showed that this virus was distantly related to cowpox virus, more closely related to to ectromelia virus, and belonged to the same cluster of an OPXV recently isolated from captive macaques in Italy. Extensive epidemiologic surveillance in cats and rodents will assess whether cats are incidental hosts and rodents are the main reservoir of the virus. The zoonotic potential of this novel virus also deserves further investigation.
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31
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Hodo CL, Mauldin MR, Light JE, Wilkins K, Tang S, Nakazawa Y, Emerson GL, Ritter JM, Mansell JL, Hamer SA. Novel Poxvirus in Proliferative Lesions of Wild Rodents in East Central Texas, USA. Emerg Infect Dis 2019; 24:1069-1072. [PMID: 29774837 PMCID: PMC6004845 DOI: 10.3201/eid2406.172057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Northern pygmy mice from 2 localities in East Central Texas, USA, had proliferative epidermal lesions on the tail and feet. Electron microscopy of lesion tissue revealed poxvirus. Phylogenetic analyses indicated the virus differed 35% from its closest relatives, the Chordopoxvirinae. Future research is needed to determine whether this virus could affect human health.
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32
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Coinfection of a lingual lesion with bovine papular stomatitis virus and bovine papillomavirus. Arch Virol 2019; 164:1441-1444. [PMID: 30847608 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-019-04199-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
To date, there have been no reports of coinfection with bovine papular stomatitis virus (BPSV) and bovine papillomavirus (BPV) in the same lesion. In the present study, one lingual papilloma-like sample was collected at an abattoir from the tongue of a 31-month-old Japanese black cow. Coinfection with BPSV and BPV was confirmed by histopathology, immunohistochemistry, PCR and RT-PCR. The evidence for coinfection with BPSV and BPV in the same lesion and an association of BPV with lingual papillomatosis will contribute to future epidemiological studies of these two viruses.
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33
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Molecular identification of Betacoronavirus in bats from Sardinia (Italy): first detection and phylogeny. Virus Genes 2018; 55:60-67. [PMID: 30426315 PMCID: PMC7089328 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-018-1614-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Bats may be natural reservoirs for a large variety of emerging viruses, including mammalian coronaviruses (CoV). The recent emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in humans, with evidence that these viruses may have their ancestry in bats, highlights the importance of virus surveillance in bat populations. Here, we report the identification and molecular characterization of a bat β-Coronavirus, detected during a viral survey carried out on different bat species in the island of Sardinia (Italy). Cutaneous, oral swabs, and faecal samples were collected from 46 bats, belonging to 15 different species, and tested for viral presence. Coronavirus RNA was detected in faecal samples from three different species: the greater horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus ferrumequinum), the brown long-eared bat (Plecotus auritus), and the European free-tailed bat (Tadarida teniotis). Phylogenetic analyses based on RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) sequences assigned the detected CoV to clade 2b within betacoronaviruses, clustering with SARS-like bat CoVs previously reported. These findings point to the need for continued surveillance of bat CoV circulating in Sardinian bats, and extend the current knowledge on CoV ecology with novel sequences detected in bat species not previously described as β-Coronavirus hosts.
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34
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Sayler KA, Subramaniam K, Jacob JM, Loeb JC, Craft WF, Farina LL, Stacy NI, Moussatche N, Cook L, Lednicky JA, Wisely SM, Waltzek TB. Characterization of mule deerpox virus in Florida white-tailed deer fawns expands the known host and geographic range of this emerging pathogen. Arch Virol 2018; 164:51-61. [PMID: 30238163 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-018-3991-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Infections caused by mule deerpox virus (MDPV) have been sporadically reported in North American cervids. White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) fawns from a farm located in South Central Florida presented with ulcerative and crusting lesions on the coronary band as well as the mucocutaneous tissues of the head. Evaluation of the crusted skin lesions was undertaken using microscopic pathology and molecular techniques. A crusted skin sample was processed for virus isolation in four mammalian cell lines. The resulting isolate was characterized by negative staining electron microscopy and deep sequencing. Histopathologic evaluation of the skin lesions from the fawns revealed a hyperplastic and proliferative epidermis with ballooning degeneration of epidermal and follicular keratinocytes with intracytoplasmic eosinophilic inclusions. Electron microscopy of cell culture supernatant demonstrated numerous large brick-shaped particles typical of most poxviruses. Polymerase chain reaction assays followed by Sanger sequencing revealed a poxvirus gene sequence nearly identical to that of previous strains of MDPV. The full genome was recovered by deep sequencing and genetic analyses supported the Florida white-tailed deer isolate (MDPV-F) as a strain of MDPV. Herein, we report the first genome sequence of MDPV from a farmed white-tailed deer fawn in the South Central Florida, expanding the number of locations and geographic range in which MDPV has been identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A Sayler
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Kuttichantran Subramaniam
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Bldg 1379, Mowry Road, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Jessica M Jacob
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Bldg 1379, Mowry Road, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Julia C Loeb
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - William F Craft
- Department of Comparative, Diagnostic and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Lisa L Farina
- Department of Comparative, Diagnostic and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Nicole I Stacy
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Nissin Moussatche
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Laurie Cook
- BDRL Whitetail Paradise Farm, Okeechobee, FL, USA
| | - John A Lednicky
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Samantha M Wisely
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Thomas B Waltzek
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Bldg 1379, Mowry Road, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.
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35
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Wibbelt G, Tausch SH, Dabrowski PW, Kershaw O, Nitsche A, Schrick L. Berlin Squirrelpox Virus, a New Poxvirus in Red Squirrels, Berlin, Germany. Emerg Infect Dis 2018; 23:1726-1729. [PMID: 28930029 PMCID: PMC5621524 DOI: 10.3201/eid2310.171008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Near Berlin, Germany, several juvenile red squirrels (Sciurus vulgaris) were found with moist, crusty skin lesions. Histology, electron microscopy, and cell culture isolation revealed an orthopoxvirus-like infection. Subsequent PCR and genome analysis identified a new poxvirus (Berlin squirrelpox virus) that could not be assigned to any known poxvirus genera.
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36
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Gao J, Gigante C, Khmaladze E, Liu P, Tang S, Wilkins K, Zhao K, Davidson W, Nakazawa Y, Maghlakelidze G, Geleishvili M, Kokhreidze M, Carroll DS, Emerson G, Li Y. Genome Sequences of Akhmeta Virus, an Early Divergent Old World Orthopoxvirus. Viruses 2018; 10:v10050252. [PMID: 29757202 PMCID: PMC5977245 DOI: 10.3390/v10050252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Annotated whole genome sequences of three isolates of the Akhmeta virus (AKMV), a novel species of orthopoxvirus (OPXV), isolated from the Akhmeta and Vani regions of the country Georgia, are presented and discussed. The AKMV genome is similar in genomic content and structure to that of the cowpox virus (CPXV), but a lower sequence identity was found between AKMV and Old World OPXVs than between other known species of Old World OPXVs. Phylogenetic analysis showed that AKMV diverged prior to other Old World OPXV. AKMV isolates formed a monophyletic clade in the OPXV phylogeny, yet the sequence variability between AKMV isolates was higher than between the monkeypox virus strains in the Congo basin and West Africa. An AKMV isolate from Vani contained approximately six kb sequence in the left terminal region that shared a higher similarity with CPXV than with other AKMV isolates, whereas the rest of the genome was most similar to AKMV, suggesting recombination between AKMV and CPXV in a region containing several host range and virulence genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxin Gao
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers of Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
| | - Crystal Gigante
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers of Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
| | - Ekaterine Khmaladze
- Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology, National Center for Disease Control and Public Health of Georgia, 9 M. Asatiani Street, Tbilisi 0177, Georgia.
| | - Pengbo Liu
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers of Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
| | - Shiyuyun Tang
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers of Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
| | - Kimberly Wilkins
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers of Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
| | - Kun Zhao
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers of Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
| | - Whitni Davidson
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers of Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
| | - Yoshinori Nakazawa
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers of Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
| | - Giorgi Maghlakelidze
- Division of Global Health Protection (DGHP), Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
| | - Marika Geleishvili
- Division of Global Health Protection (DGHP), Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
| | - Maka Kokhreidze
- Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture of Georgia (LMA), Animal Disease Diagnostic Department, 49 Vaso Godziashvilis Street, Tbilisi 0159, Georgia.
| | - Darin S Carroll
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers of Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
| | - Ginny Emerson
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers of Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
| | - Yu Li
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers of Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
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37
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Sarker S, Isberg SR, Milic NL, Lock P, Helbig KJ. Molecular characterization of the first saltwater crocodilepox virus genome sequences from the world's largest living member of the Crocodylia. Sci Rep 2018; 8:5623. [PMID: 29618766 PMCID: PMC5884845 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-23955-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Crocodilepox virus is a large dsDNA virus belonging to the genus Crocodylidpoxvirus, which infects a wide range of host species in the order Crocodylia worldwide. Here, we present genome sequences for a novel saltwater crocodilepox virus, with two subtypes (SwCRV-1 and -2), isolated from the Australian saltwater crocodile. Affected belly skins of juvenile saltwater crocodiles were used to sequence complete viral genomes, and perform electron microscopic analysis that visualized immature and mature virions. Analysis of the SwCRV genomes showed a high degree of sequence similarity to CRV (84.53% and 83.70%, respectively), with the novel SwCRV-1 and -2 complete genome sequences missing 5 and 6 genes respectively when compared to CRV, but containing 45 and 44 predicted unique genes. Similar to CRV, SwCRV also lacks the genes involved in virulence and host range, however, considering the presence of numerous hypothetical and or unique genes in the SwCRV genomes, it is completely reasonable that the genes encoding these functions are present but not recognized. Phylogenetic analysis suggested a monophyletic relationship between SwCRV and CRV, however, SwCRV is quite distinct from other chordopoxvirus genomes. These are the first SwCRV complete genome sequences isolated from saltwater crocodile skin lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subir Sarker
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia.
| | - Sally R Isberg
- Centre for Crocodile Research, Noonamah, NT, Australia.,School of Psychological and Clinical Sciences, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT, Australia
| | - Natalie L Milic
- School of Psychological and Clinical Sciences, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT, Australia
| | - Peter Lock
- La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Karla J Helbig
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
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38
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Usme-Ciro JA, Paredes A, Walteros DM, Tolosa-Pérez EN, Laiton-Donato K, Pinzón MDC, Petersen BW, Gallardo-Romero NF, Li Y, Wilkins K, Davidson W, Gao J, Patel N, Nakazawa Y, Reynolds MG, Satheshkumar PS, Emerson GL, Páez-Martínez A. Detection and Molecular Characterization of Zoonotic Poxviruses Circulating in the Amazon Region of Colombia, 2014. Emerg Infect Dis 2018; 23:649-653. [PMID: 28322708 PMCID: PMC5367405 DOI: 10.3201/eid2304.161041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
During 2014, cutaneous lesions were reported in dairy cattle and farmworkers in the Amazon Region of western Colombia. Samples from 6 patients were analyzed by serologic and PCR testing, and results demonstrated the presence of vaccinia virus and pseudocowpox virus. These findings highlight the need for increased poxvirus surveillance in Colombia.
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39
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Airas N, Hautaniemi M, Syrjä P, Knuuttila A, Putkuri N, Coulter L, McInnes CJ, Vapalahti O, Huovilainen A, Kinnunen PM. Infection with Possible Novel Parapoxvirus in Horse, Finland, 2013. Emerg Infect Dis 2018; 22:1242-5. [PMID: 27315302 PMCID: PMC4918186 DOI: 10.3201/eid2207.151636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A horse in Finland exhibited generalized granulomatous inflammation and severe proliferative dermatitis. After euthanization, we detected poxvirus DNA from a skin lesion sample. The virus sequence grouped with parapoxviruses, closely resembling a novel poxvirus detected in humans in the United States after horse contact. Our findings indicate horses may be a reservoir for zoonotic parapoxvirus.
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40
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Sarker S, Roberts HK, Tidd N, Ault S, Ladmore G, Peters A, Forwood JK, Helbig K, Raidal SR. Molecular and microscopic characterization of a novel Eastern grey kangaroopox virus genome directly from a clinical sample. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16472. [PMID: 29184134 PMCID: PMC5705601 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16775-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Poxviruses are large DNA viruses with varying zoonotic potential, and are recognised in a broad range of wildlife. Although poxviruses have been detected in kangaroos, their genetic relationships to poxviruses in other animals and humans is not well understood. Here, we present a novel genome sequence of a marsupial poxvirus, the Eastern grey kangaroopox virus (EKPV-NSW), isolated from a wild eastern grey kangaroo. In the present study, histopathologically confirmed epidermal pox lesions were used to recover the full-length viral genome and perform electron microscopic analysis, with both immature virions and intracellular mature virions detected. Subsequent analysis of the EKPV-NSW genome demonstrated the highest degree of sequence similarity with EKPV-SC strain (91.51%), followed by WKPV-WA (87.93%), and MOCV1 (44.05%). The novel EKPV-NSW complete genome encompasses most of the chordopoxviruses protein coding genes (138) that are required for genome replication and expression, with only three essential protein coding genes being absent. The novel EKPV-NSW is missing 28 predicted genes compared to the recently isolated EKPV-SC, and carries 21 additional unique genes, encoding unknown proteins. Phylogenetic and recombination analyses showed EKPV-NSW to be the distinct available candidate genome of chordopoxviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subir Sarker
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia.
| | - Hayley K Roberts
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Naomie Tidd
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia
| | - Shayne Ault
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia
- Lake Road Veterinary Clinic, 327 Lake Albert Road, Kooringal, NSW 2650, Australia
| | - Georgia Ladmore
- Lake Road Veterinary Clinic, 327 Lake Albert Road, Kooringal, NSW 2650, Australia
| | - Andrew Peters
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia
| | - Jade K Forwood
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia
| | - Karla Helbig
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Shane R Raidal
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia
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41
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Simpson V, Everest DJ, Dastjerdi A, Davies H, Hargreaves J. Unusual presentation of myxomatosis. Vet Rec 2017; 181:350-351. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.j4450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vic Simpson
- Wildlife Veterinary Investigation Centre; Chacewater Truro Cornwall TR4 8BP
| | | | | | | | - Judith Hargreaves
- Abbey Veterinary Services; 89 Queen Street, Newton Abbot Devon TQ12 2BG
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42
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Moore RL, Isberg SR, Shilton CM, Milic NL. Impact of poxvirus lesions on saltwater crocodile (Crocodylus porosus) skins. Vet Microbiol 2017; 211:29-35. [PMID: 29102118 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous poxvirus infections are common in several crocodilian species and are of importance in crocodile farming due to their potential impact on the tanned hide. To confirm poxvirus infection and understand the impact on saltwater crocodile (Crocodylus porosus) skin, fourteen animals from different age groups (five hatchlings, five yearlings and four grow-outs) were selected based on a criterion of ten poxvirus-like lesions per animal. One lesion on each animal was extruded for genetic analysis and transmission electron microscopy. Both methods confirmed poxvirus so the remainder of lesions were re-examined every six weeks over a 24 week study period. Each lesion went through four distinct phases: early active, active, expulsion and healing. To understand how these lesions impact on the final skin product, one crocodile from each age group was euthanised and the lesions examined. Using standard skin grading techniques (light-table), the early phase (early active - expulsion) lesions were all translucent and would lead to downgrading of the skin or, at worst, rendering them unsaleable. At the later stages of healing, the translucency reduces. Histological examination of the phases confirm that the basement membrane is not breached by the infection further indicating that poxvirus lesions, given enough time, will eventually have no detrimental effect on skin quality. This is obviously dependent upon no more lesions developing in the interim.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhiannon L Moore
- School of Psychology and Clinical Sciences Charles Darwin University, NT 0909, Australia
| | - Sally R Isberg
- School of Psychology and Clinical Sciences Charles Darwin University, NT 0909, Australia; Centre for Crocodile Research, PO Box 329, Noonamah, NT 0837, Australia
| | - Cathy M Shilton
- Berrimah Veterinary Laboratory, Berrimah Farm, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Natalie L Milic
- School of Psychology and Clinical Sciences Charles Darwin University, NT 0909, Australia.
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43
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Smithson C, Meyer H, Gigante CM, Gao J, Zhao H, Batra D, Damon I, Upton C, Li Y. Two novel poxviruses with unusual genome rearrangements: NY_014 and Murmansk. Virus Genes 2017; 53:883-897. [PMID: 28762208 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-017-1501-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The genome sequence and annotation of two novel poxviruses, NY_014 and Murmansk, are presented. Despite being isolated on different continents and from different hosts, the viruses are relatively similar, albeit distinct species. The closest known relative of the novel viruses is Yoka poxvirus. Five novel genes were found in these genomes, two of which were MHC class I homologs. Although the core of these genomes was well conserved, the terminal regions showed significant variability with large deletions and surprising evidence of recombination with orthopoxviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad Smithson
- Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, V8W 3P6, Canada
| | - Hermann Meyer
- Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, Munich, Germany
| | - Crystal M Gigante
- The National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jinxin Gao
- The National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Hui Zhao
- The National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Dhwani Batra
- The National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Inger Damon
- The National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Chris Upton
- Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, V8W 3P6, Canada.
| | - Yu Li
- The National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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44
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Diagnosis and phylogenetic analysis of a multifocal cutaneous orf virus with mixed bacterial infection outbreak in goats in Fujian province, China. Arch Virol 2017. [PMID: 28623407 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-017-3424-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Outbreaks of orf virus on goat farms are common in China. In this study, we investigated a severe multifocal cutaneous orf virus outbreak with a correlative mixed bacterial infection which persisted for up to 6 months, and which had a high morbidity (93.7%) and mortality (15%) among kids in a herd of crossbreed goats in Fujian province in China. The disease was diagnosed as an orf virus (ORFV XD strain) infection associating with Streptococcus pluranimalium and Staphylococcus, identified using standard virological and bacteriological techniques. Multiple sequence alignments and phylogenetic analyses of the whole ORFV 011 (B2L), 059 (F1L), 032 and 080 genes revealed that the even though the virus phylogeny was clustered in branches of conventional orf virus strains, it nonetheless evidenced high variation within this subset. Furthermore, the sequences from the ORFV 080 gene allowed us to distinguish between the different strains at a higher resolution and these observations afforded us a comparative view of the ORFV 080 gene. This is the first report describing an outbreak of severe multifocal cutaneous orf virus with associated bacterial infection in China.
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45
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Gelaye E, Mach L, Kolodziejek J, Grabherr R, Loitsch A, Achenbach JE, Nowotny N, Diallo A, Lamien CE. A novel HRM assay for the simultaneous detection and differentiation of eight poxviruses of medical and veterinary importance. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42892. [PMID: 28216667 PMCID: PMC5316968 DOI: 10.1038/srep42892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Poxviruses belonging to the Orthopoxvirus, Capripoxvirus and Parapoxvirus genera share common host species and create a challenge for diagnosis. Here, we developed a novel multiplex PCR method for the simultaneous detection and differentiation of eight poxviruses, belonging to three genera: cowpox virus (CPXV) and camelpox virus (CMLV) [genus Orthopoxvirus]; goatpox virus (GTPV), sheeppox virus (SPPV) and lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) [genus Capripoxvirus]; orf virus (ORFV), pseudocowpox virus (PCPV) and bovine papular stomatitis virus (BPSV) [genus Parapoxvirus]. The assay is based on high-resolution melting curve analysis (HRMCA) of PCR amplicons produced using genus specific primer pairs and dsDNA binding dye. Differences in fragment size and GC content were used as discriminating power. The assay generated three well separated melting regions for each genus and provided additional intra-genus genotyping allowing the differentiation of the eight poxviruses based on amplicon melting temperature. Out of 271 poxviral DNA samples tested: seven CPXV, 25 CMLV, 42 GTPV, 20 SPPV, 120 LSDV, 33 ORFV, 20 PCPV and two BPSV were detected; two samples presented co-infection with CMLV and PCPV. The assay provides a rapid, sensitive, specific and cost-effective method for the detection of pox diseases in a broad range of animal species and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esayas Gelaye
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Wagramer Strasse 5, P.O. Box 100, A-1400 Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
- Research and Development Department, National Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 19, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia
| | - Lukas Mach
- Institute of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jolanta Kolodziejek
- Viral Zoonoses, Emerging and Vector-Borne Infections Group, Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1, A-1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Reingard Grabherr
- Institute of Applied Microbiology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 11, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Angelika Loitsch
- Institute for Veterinary Disease Control, Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety, Robert Koch-Gasse 17, A-2340 Mödling, Austria
| | - Jenna E. Achenbach
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Wagramer Strasse 5, P.O. Box 100, A-1400 Vienna, Austria
| | - Norbert Nowotny
- Viral Zoonoses, Emerging and Vector-Borne Infections Group, Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1, A-1210 Vienna, Austria
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai Healthcare City, P.O. Box 505055, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Adama Diallo
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Wagramer Strasse 5, P.O. Box 100, A-1400 Vienna, Austria
| | - Charles Euloge Lamien
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Wagramer Strasse 5, P.O. Box 100, A-1400 Vienna, Austria
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46
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Hsu CH, Rokni GR, Aghazadeh N, Brinster N, Li Y, Muehlenbachs A, Goldsmith CS, Zhao H, Petersen B, McCollum AM, Reynolds MG. Unique Presentation of Orf Virus Infection in a Thermal-Burn Patient After Receiving an Autologous Skin Graft. J Infect Dis 2016; 214:1171-4. [PMID: 27456708 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiw307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe a burn patient who developed skin lesions on her skin-graft harvest and skin-graft recipient (burn) sites. Orf virus infection was confirmed by a combination of diagnostic assays, including molecular tests, immunohistochemical analysis, pathologic analysis, and electron microscopy. DNA sequence analysis grouped this orf virus isolate among isolates from India. Although no definitive source of infection was determined from this case, this is the first reported case of orf virus infection in a skin graft harvest. Skin graft recipients with exposures to animals may be at risk for this viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher H Hsu
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch Epidemic Intelligence Service, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Nessa Aghazadeh
- Razi Dermatology Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nooshin Brinster
- Department of Dermatology, New York University Medical Center, New York
| | - Yu Li
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch
| | - Atis Muehlenbachs
- Infectious Diseases Pathology Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
| | - Cynthia S Goldsmith
- Infectious Diseases Pathology Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
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47
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Brugman VA, Hernández-Triana LM, Prosser SWJ, Weland C, Westcott DG, Fooks AR, Johnson N. Molecular species identification, host preference and detection of myxoma virus in the Anopheles maculipennis complex (Diptera: Culicidae) in southern England, UK. Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:421. [PMID: 26271277 PMCID: PMC4536751 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-1034-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Determining the host feeding patterns of mosquitoes by identifying the origin of their blood-meals is an important part of understanding the role of vector species in current and future disease transmission cycles. Collecting large numbers of blood-fed mosquitoes from the field is difficult, therefore it is important to maximise the information obtained from each specimen. This study aimed to use mosquito genome sequence to identify the species within Anopheles maculipennis sensu lato (An. maculipennis s.l.), identify the vertebrate hosts of field-caught blood-fed An. maculipennis s.l. , and to test for the presence of myxoma virus (Poxviridae, genus Leporipoxvirus) in specimens found to have fed on the European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus). METHODS Blood-fed An. maculipennis s.l. were collected from resting sites at Elmley Nature Reserve, Kent, between June and September 2013. Hosts that An. maculipennis s.l. had fed on were determined by a PCR-sequencing approach based on the partial amplification of the mitochondrial cytochrome C oxidase subunit I gene. Mosquitoes were then identified to species by sequencing a region of the internal transcribed spacer-2. DNA extracts from all mosquitoes identified as having fed on rabbits were subsequently screened using PCR for the presence of myxoma virus. RESULTS A total of 94 blood-fed Anopheles maculipennis s.l. were collected, of which 43 (46%) provided positive blood-meal identification results. Thirty-six of these specimens were identified as Anopheles atroparvus, which had fed on rabbit (n = 33, 92%) and cattle (n = 3, 8%). Seven mosquitoes were identified as Anopheles messeae, which had fed on cattle (n = 6, 86%) and dog (n = 1, 14%). Of the 33 An. atroparvus that contained rabbit blood, nine (27%) were positive for myxoma virus. CONCLUSIONS Results demonstrate that a single DNA extract from a blood-fed mosquito can be successfully used for molecular identification of members of the An. maculipennis complex, blood-meal identification, and for the targeted detection of a myxoma virus. This study shows that An. atroparvus has a strong feeding preference for both healthy and myxoma-infected rabbits, providing evidence that this species may play a significant role in the transmission of myxomatosis among wild rabbit populations in the United Kingdom (UK).
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor A Brugman
- Vector-borne viral diseases programme, The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Woking, GU24 0NF, UK.,Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK.,Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK
| | | | - Sean W J Prosser
- Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Chris Weland
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - David G Westcott
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Anthony R Fooks
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK.,Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7BE, UK
| | - Nicholas Johnson
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK.
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48
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Lakis NS, Li Y, Abraham JL, Upton C, Blair DC, Smith S, Zhao H, Damon IK. Novel Poxvirus Infection in an Immune Suppressed Patient. Clin Infect Dis 2015; 61:1543-8. [PMID: 26243783 DOI: 10.1093/cid/civ643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human and animal poxvirus infections are being reported with increasing frequency. We describe a challenging case history and treatment of a previously unknown poxvirus rash illness in a renal transplant patient. METHODS A combination of classical microbiology techniques, including viral culture and electron microscopy, were used to provide initial clinical diagnosis. Subsequent standard polymerase chain reaction assays available in 2001 were noncontributory. Next generation sequencing was used to provide definitive diagnosis. RESULTS Retrospectively, next generation sequencing methods were used to ultimately provide the definitive diagnosis of a novel poxvirus infection initially identified by electron microscopy. The closest relative of this poxvirus, identified in North America, is a poxvirus collected from a mosquito pool from Central Africa in 1972. CONCLUSIONS This diagnostic quandary was ultimately solved using next generation DNA sequencing. This article describes the use of classical and next generation diagnostic strategies to identify etiologic agents of emerging infectious diseases and once again demonstrates the susceptibility of immunossupressed patients to novel pathogens. The virus identified is closely related to Yoka virus; these viruses appear to have independently diverged from a common ancestor of all known orthopoxviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelli S Lakis
- Department of Pathology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York
| | - Yu Li
- Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jerrold L Abraham
- Department of Pathology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York
| | - Chris Upton
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Donald C Blair
- Department of Medicine, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York
| | - Scott Smith
- Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Hui Zhao
- Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Inger K Damon
- Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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49
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Friederichs S, Krebs S, Blum H, Lang H, Büttner M. Parapoxvirus (PPV) of red deer reveals subclinical infection and confirms a unique species. J Gen Virol 2015; 96:1446-1462. [DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.000080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Stefan Krebs
- Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis (LAFUGA), Gene Centre, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Helmut Blum
- Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis (LAFUGA), Gene Centre, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Heike Lang
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Mathias Büttner
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Oberschleißheim, Germany
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Vora NM, Li Y, Geleishvili M, Emerson GL, Khmaladze E, Maghlakelidze G, Navdarashvili A, Zakhashvili K, Kokhreidze M, Endeladze M, Mokverashvili G, Satheshkumar PS, Gallardo-Romero N, Goldsmith CS, Metcalfe MG, Damon I, Maes EF, Reynolds MG, Morgan J, Carroll DS. Human infection with a zoonotic orthopoxvirus in the country of Georgia. N Engl J Med 2015; 372:1223-30. [PMID: 25806914 PMCID: PMC4692157 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa1407647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
During 2013, cutaneous lesions developed in two men in the country of Georgia after they were exposed to ill cows. The men had never received vaccination against smallpox. Tests of lesion material with the use of a quantitative real-time polymerase-chain-reaction assay for non-variola virus orthopoxviruses were positive, and DNA sequence analysis implicated a novel orthopoxvirus species. During the ensuing epidemiologic investigation, no additional human cases were identified. However, serologic evidence of exposure to an orthopoxvirus was detected in cows in the patients' herd and in captured rodents and shrews. A third case of human infection that occurred in 2010 was diagnosed retrospectively during testing of archived specimens that were originally submitted for tests to detect anthrax. Orthopoxvirus infection should be considered in persons in whom cutaneous lesions develop after contact with animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil M Vora
- From the Epidemic Intelligence Service (N.M.V.), Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology (N.M.V., Y.L., G.L.E., P.S.S., N.G.-R., C.S.G., M.G.M., I.D., M.G.R., D.S.C.), and the Division of Global Health Protection (N.M.V., M.G., E.F.M., J.M.), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta; CDC Georgia Country Office (M.G., J.M.), National Center for Disease Control and Public Health (E.K., A.N., K.Z.), Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture (G. Maghlakelidze, M.K.), and Infectious Diseases, AIDS, and Clinical Immunology Research Center (M.E.), Tbilisi, and National Food Agency, Tianeti (G. Mokverashvili) - all in Georgia
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