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Zhang C, Liang B, Xiong Z, Liang Z, Cai H, Zhong H, Xie Y, Xie Y, Liu X, Xie S, Lan F, Zhou Z. Distribution of Biocide Resistance Genes and Association with Clonal Complex Genotypes in Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from School-Age Children in Guangzhou. Infect Drug Resist 2022; 15:7165-7175. [PMID: 36514798 PMCID: PMC9741823 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s387528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Chlorhexidine and mupirocin are often prescribed to children in affected communities to prevent colonization and transmission of Staphylococcus aureus, but this has led to an increasing rate of biocide resistance. In this study, we aimed to determine the distribution of biocide resistance genes among S. aureus isolates from school-age children in Guangzhou, investigate chlorhexidine gluconate and mupirocin susceptibility and clonal complex (CC) genotypes in strains carrying biocide-resistance genes, and further explore the role of biofilms in this resistance. Patients and Methods Antibiotic resistance and multilocus sequence genotyping were performed on 722 S. aureus isolates from previous study. The distribution of nine biocide genes (qacA/B, mupA, mepA, sepA, norA, lmrS, smr, mupB, qacG) was determined by PCR. Isolates carrying qacA/B or mupA genes were further tested for susceptibility to chlorhexidine gluconate (CHG) and mupirocin and biofilm formation abilities. Results The most prevalent of the nine biocide resistance genes were mepA (95.57%), followed by norA (78.81%), lmrS (77.01%), and sepA (58.17%). The qacG gene was not detected. Distribution of sepA was significantly decreased in CC30 and CC45 genotypes, and presence of sepA was associated with resistance to antibiotics such as CLI, ERY, TCY, SXT, CIP, and LVX. In addition, 64 (94.1%, n=68) qacA/B+ isolates showed CHG resistance, 12 (100.0%, n=12) mupA+ isolates were mupirocin resistant, and 4 (80%, n=5) and 5 (100%, n=5) qacA/B+mupA+ isolates were CHG and mupirocin resistant, respectively. Of these 85 isolates, 98.8% (n=84) had different degrees of biofilm-forming abilities, which were positively associated with CHG and mupirocin resistance. Conclusion The distribution of biocide resistance genes was associated with special CCs. The qacA/B and mupA genes are highly associated with resistance to CHG and mupirocin, and biofilm formation was found to contribute to this biocide resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhang
- Clinical Laboratory, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China,Clinical Laboratory, Longgang District Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bingshao Liang
- Clinical Laboratory, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhile Xiong
- Clinical Laboratory, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China,Clinical Laboratory, Longgang District Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhuwei Liang
- Clinical Laboratory, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China,Clinical Laboratory, Longgang District Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hao Cai
- Clinical Laboratory, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huamin Zhong
- Clinical Laboratory, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yongqiang Xie
- Clinical Laboratory, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuanwei Xie
- Clinical Laboratory, Longgang District Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaochun Liu
- Clinical Laboratory, Longgang District Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shiying Xie
- Clinical Laboratory, Longgang District Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fangjun Lan
- Clinical Laboratory, Longgang District Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhenwen Zhou
- Clinical Laboratory, Longgang District Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China,Correspondence: Zhenwen Zhou, Clinical Laboratory, Longgang District Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86 13925097897, Email
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Abstract
Extremely preterm infants are particularly vulnerable to systemic infections secondary to their immature immune defenses, prolonged hospitalizations, delays in enteral feeding, early antibiotic exposure, and need for life-sustaining invasive interventions. There have been several evidence-based practices for infection prevention in this population, such as human milk feedings, utilization of "bundle checklists" and decolonization of pathogenic organisms. Other practices, such as the use of probiotics, human milk-derived fortifiers, and antifungal prophylaxis are more controversial and require further investigation regarding the risks and benefits of such interventions. This chapter examines the susceptibility of the preterm newborn infant to invasive infections and describes several strategies for infection prevention, along with the associated limitations of such practices. It also addresses the various gaps in our understanding of preventing infections in this population, and the need for additional large multi-center randomized controlled trials. Additionally, the role of the SARs-CoV-2 global pandemic and associated strategies for infection prevention in the NICU are discussed.
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Kang HM, Park KC, Park J, Park SH, Lee DG, Kim JH. Mupirocin and Chlorhexidine Genotypic Resistance Found in Staphylococcus aureus Isolated From Young Infants Below 90 Days Old: A Genetic Basis for Eradication Failure. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2021; 40:49-54. [PMID: 32925545 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000002882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the genetic characteristics associated with eradication failure of Staphylococcus aureus in infants below 90 days old. METHODS S. aureus isolated from clinical specimen cultures (blood, surgical tissue, or drainage, pus, etc.) and routine screening cultures in the neonatal intensive care unit (nasal and axillary skin swab) from patients below 90 days old were collected prospectively for 1 year, from August 2017 to July 2018. The isolates underwent typing and screening for genes associated with chlorhexidine (qacA/B), quaternary ammonium (smr), and mupirocin resistance (iles mutation, mupA, mupB), as well as Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL) toxin. RESULTS During the study period, 40 nonduplicate isolates were included for analyses, of which 70.0% were methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). Mupirocin resistance was found in 25% of the total isolates; 17.4% of the colonizers; and 35.3% of the pathogens (P = 0.196). Chlorhexidine resistance gene was found in 3 MRSA isolates colonized in the nares of preterm infants. All isolates harbored the disinfectant quaternary ammonium compound (QAC) resistance gene. PVL toxin gene was found in 57.5%, and the presence of PVL gene among colonizers and pathogens was similar (69.6% vs. 41.2%, P = 0.072). CONCLUSIONS Mupirocin, chlorhexidine, and QAC-resistant MRSAs harboring the PVL toxin gene were found in the nasal carriages of preterm infants. In this highly vulnerable patient population, one-fourth of the isolates harbored mupirocin-resistant genes, and all were resistant to QAC disinfectants. These strains are associated with persistence in both carriage and environmental reservoirs within the hospitals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Mi Kang
- From the Division of Infectious Diseases, Departments of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ki Cheol Park
- Clinical Research Institute, Daejeon St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Joonhong Park
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sun Hee Park
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
- Vaccine Bio Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong-Gun Lee
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
- Vaccine Bio Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
- Catholic Hematology Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong-Hyun Kim
- From the Division of Infectious Diseases, Departments of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
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Hammond EN, Brys N, Kates A, Musuuza JS, Haleem A, Bentz ML, Safdar N. Nasal povidone-iodine implementation for preventing surgical site infections: Perspectives of surgical nurses. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0242217. [PMID: 33211722 PMCID: PMC7676708 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0242217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Preoperative nasal decolonization of surgical patients with nasal povidone-iodine (PI) has potential to eliminate pathogenic organisms responsible for surgical site infections. However, data on implementation of PI for quality improvement in clinical practice is limited. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the implementation feasibility, fidelity and acceptability of intranasal PI solution application by surgical nurses using the Integrated Promoting Action on Research Implementation in Health Services (i-PARIHS) conceptual framework. MATERIALS AND METHODS Using the i-PARIHS framework to frame questions and guide interview content areas, we conducted 15 semi-structured interviews of pre- and post-operative care nurses in two facilities. We analyzed the data using deductive content analysis to evaluate nurses' experience and perceptions on preoperative intranasal PI solution decolonization implementation. Open coding was used to analyze the data to ensure all relevant information was captured. RESULTS Each facility adopted a different quality improvement implementation strategy. The mode of facilitation, training, and educational materials provided to the nurses varied by facility. Barriers identified included lack of effective communication, insufficient information and lack of systematic implementation protocol. Action taken to mitigate some of the barriers included a collaboration between the study team and nurses to develop a systematic written protocol. The training assisted nurses to systematically follow the implementation protocol smoothly to ensure PI administration compliance, and to meet the goal of the facilities. Nurses' observations and feedback showed that PI did not cause any adverse effects on patients. CONCLUSIONS We found that PI implementation was feasible and acceptable by nurses and could be extended to other facilities. However further studies are required to ensure standardization of PI application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric N. Hammond
- Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States of America
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - Nicole Brys
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - Ashley Kates
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States of America
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - Jackson S. Musuuza
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States of America
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - Ambar Haleem
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - Michael L. Bentz
- Departments of Surgery (Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery) and Urology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - Nasia Safdar
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States of America
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Hakimi Alni R, Tavasoli F, Barati A, Shahrokhi Badarbani S, Salimi Z, Babaeekhou L. Synergistic activity of melittin with mupirocin: A study against methicillin-resistant S. Aureus (MRSA) and methicillin-susceptible S. Aureus (MSSA) isolates. Saudi J Biol Sci 2020; 27:2580-2585. [PMID: 32994714 PMCID: PMC7499389 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) biofilms are involved in various nosocomial infections, being in the limelight of academic research. The current study aimed to determine the antimicrobial effects of melittin on planktonic and biofilm forms of S. aureus. Following the identification of MRSA and SCCmec types (using PCR method), Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC), Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC), and fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICi), for melittin and mupirocin were determined by broth microdilution assay. Melittin anti-biofilm activity was determined, using a microtiter-plate test (MtP) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) methods. The quorum sensing inhibitory activity of ½ MIC melittin was examined using a quantitative real-time RT-PCR method, and melittin cytotoxicity on Vero cells was examined by tetrazolium-based colorimetric (MTT) test. The Results of our study showed that Geometric means of MIC values of the melittin and mupirocin were 4.4 and 14.22 μg/ml respectively. The geometric mean of the FICi for both melittin-mupirocin was 0.75. No S. aureus biofilm was formed and hld gene (as a biofilm regulator) expression down-regulated. It seems that melittin can be useful in the treatment of S. aureus infections (especially MRSA) by reducing the hld expression. Furthermore, synergistic growth-inhibitory effects of mupirocin with melittin could be considered as a promising approach in the treatment of MRSA isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Hakimi Alni
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Tavasoli
- Department of Biology, Islamshahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Islamshahr, Iran
| | - Amirhomayoon Barati
- Department of Biology, Islamshahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Islamshahr, Iran
| | | | - Zahra Salimi
- Department of Biology, Islamshahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Islamshahr, Iran
| | - Laleh Babaeekhou
- Department of Biology, Islamshahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Islamshahr, Iran
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Glerup R, Svensson M, Jensen JD, Christensen JH. Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia Risk in Hemodialysis Patients Using the Buttonhole Cannulation Technique: A Prospective Multicenter Study. Kidney Med 2019; 1:263-270. [PMID: 32734206 PMCID: PMC7380414 DOI: 10.1016/j.xkme.2019.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE & OBJECTIVE Arteriovenous fistulas are the preferred access type for hemodialysis. The buttonhole needling technique has become an alternative to stepladder or area puncture. However, an increased risk for infection has been described. The present study examined the risk for infectious complications with different needling techniques. STUDY DESIGN Prospective multicenter observational cohort study with 5 years of follow-up. SETTING & PARTICIPANTS In-center hemodialysis patients from 5 hemodialysis units in Denmark, dialyzed on a native arteriovenous fistula. 286 patients were included; 144 cannulated with the buttonhole technique. EXPOSURE The buttonhole cannulation technique was compared to the stepladder or area puncture technique. OUTCOMES Primary end points: event rates of access-related Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia and the HR for first access-related S aureus bacteremia. Secondary end points: local infections and access-related S aureus bacteremia-related metastatic infections and mortality. ANALYTICAL APPROACH Time-to-event analysis using Cox proportional hazards regression to estimate the HR of access-related S aureus bacteremia in buttonhole cannulation compared to stepladder/area puncture. Poisson regression was used for incidence rate ratio calculations. RESULTS S aureus caused 48 access-related bacteremias; 43 (90%) in the buttonhole group compared with 5 (10%) in the stepladder/area group. The HR for first access-related S aureus bacteremia was significantly higher for buttonhole cannulation compared to stepladder/area needling (unadjusted, 6.8 [95% CI, 2.4-19.1]; adjusted, 8.4 [95% CI, 2.9-24.2]). The incidence rate ratio for access-related S aureus bacteremia was 6.8 (95% CI, 2.9-16.1), and the incidence rate ratio of local cannulation-site infection without access-related S aureus bacteremia was 3.8 (95% CI, 1.3-15.4) for buttonhole cannulation compared to stepladder/area needling. LIMITATIONS Nonrandomized observational design, prevalent hemodialysis patients. CONCLUSIONS Access-related S aureus bacteremia rates were very high for buttonhole cannulation compared to stepladder/area needling, questioning the use of buttonhole cannulation in routine clinical practice. A restrictive approach to buttonhole use is recommended, with buttonhole cannulation only being used as a second alternative to area technique when stepladder cannulation is not feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rie Glerup
- Department of Nephrology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - My Svensson
- Department of Renal Medicine, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jens D. Jensen
- Department of Renal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jeppe H. Christensen
- Department of Nephrology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
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Evaluation of telavancin susceptibility in isolates of Staphylococcus aureus with reduced susceptibility to vancomycin. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2019; 38:2323-2330. [DOI: 10.1007/s10096-019-03683-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Wangai FK, Masika MM, Maritim MC, Seaton RA. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in East Africa: red alert or red herring? BMC Infect Dis 2019; 19:596. [PMID: 31288757 PMCID: PMC6617662 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-4245-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is associated with significant morbidity and mortality and has resultant important economic and societal costs underscoring the need for accurate surveillance. In recent years, prevalence rates reported in East Africa have been inconsistent, sparking controversy and raising concern. METHODS We described antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of Staphylococcus aureus isolates cultured from patients within the Internal Medicine department of the largest public healthcare facility in East and Central Africa- the Kenyatta National Hospital (KNH) in Nairobi, Kenya. Routine antimicrobial susceptibility data from non-duplicate Staphylococcus aureus isolates cultured between the years 2014-2016 from the medical wards in KNH were reviewed. RESULTS Antimicrobial susceptibility data from a total of 187 Staphylococcus aureus isolates revealed an overall MRSA prevalence of 53.4%. Isolates remained highly susceptible to linezolid, tigecycline, teicoplanin and vancomycin. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of MRSA was found to be much higher than that reported in private tertiary facilities in the same region. Careful interrogation of antimicrobial susceptibility results is important to uproot any red herrings and reserve genuine cause for alarm, as this has a critical bearing on health and economic outcomes for a population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick K Wangai
- Unit of Clinical Infectious Diseases, Department of Clinical Medicine and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences-University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 19676, Nairobi, 00202, Kenya.
| | - Moses M Masika
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences-University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 19676, Nairobi, 00202, Kenya
| | - Marybeth C Maritim
- Unit of Clinical Infectious Diseases, Department of Clinical Medicine and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences-University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 19676, Nairobi, 00202, Kenya
| | - R Andrew Seaton
- Consultant in Infectious Diseases and General Medicine, Antimicrobial Management Team Lead NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde Health Board, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, 1345 Govan Road, Glasgow, G51 4TF, United Kingdom
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Mahmoudi S, Mamishi S, Mohammadi M, Banar M, Ashtiani MTH, Mahzari M, Bahador A, Pourakbari B. Phenotypic and genotypic determinants of mupirocin resistance among Staphylococcus aureus isolates recovered from clinical samples of children: an Iranian hospital-based study. Infect Drug Resist 2019; 12:137-143. [PMID: 30655680 PMCID: PMC6322560 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s185610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Backgrounds The aim of this study was to evaluate both phenotypic and genotypic determinants of mupirocin resistance among methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and methicillin susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) strains recovered from different clinical samples of children who were admitted to the Children’s Medical Center (CMC) Hospital, Tehran, Iran. Materials and methods A total of 120 clinical isolates of S. aureus were collected from the microbiology laboratory of CMC Hospital. Antimicrobial susceptibility of the isolates to different antimicrobial agents was determined by disk diffusion method. The methicillin resistance phenotype (MRSA) was identified using a 30 µg cefoxitin disk. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of mupirocin was determined by broth microdilution method. Strains with mupirocin MIC between 8 and 256 µg/mL were considered as low-level mupirocin resistant (LLMR), and strains with an MIC≥512 µg/mL were considered as high-level mupirocin resistant (HLMR). The presence of genes encoding HLMR (ie, mupA and mupB genes) was evaluated by PCR method. Results Four out of 120 isolates (3%) had mupirocin MIC≥512 µg/mL and were HLMR; however, no LLMR isolate was detected. Fifty-two isolates (43%) were MRSA, and there were no differences in the distribution of mupirocin resistance among MRSA and MSSA isolates (P>0.05). The PCR method identified mupA gene in two out of four HLMR isolates, and mupB gene was not detected in any HLMR isolates. Conclusion Because of discrepancies between the phenotypic and genotypic patterns of mupirocin resistance and due to the avoidance of false-negative results, it is better to determine the mupirocin resistance by both antibiotic susceptibility tests and PCR method. Considering the increasing need of mupirocin for the control of S. aureus infections, continuous checking of its susceptibility status is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shima Mahmoudi
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,
| | - Setareh Mamishi
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, .,Department of Infectious Disease, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Mohammadi
- Department of Infectious Disease, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Banar
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,
| | | | - Masoumeh Mahzari
- Department of Infectious Disease, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Bahador
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Babak Pourakbari
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,
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Khoshnood S, Heidary M, Asadi A, Soleimani S, Motahar M, Savari M, Saki M, Abdi M. A review on mechanism of action, resistance, synergism, and clinical implications of mupirocin against Staphylococcus aureus. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 109:1809-1818. [PMID: 30551435 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.10.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mupirocin (MUP), bactroban, or pseudomonic acid is a natural crotonic acid derivative drug extracted from Pseudomonas fluorescens which is produced by modular polyketide synthases. This antibiotic has a unique chemical structure and mechanism of action. It is a mixture of A-D pseudomonic acids and inhibits protein synthesis through binding to bacterial isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase. MUP is often prescribed to prevent skin and soft tissue infections caused by S. aureus isolates and where the MRSA isolates are epidemic, MUP may be used as a choice drug for nasal decolonization. It is also used for prevention of recurring infections and control the outbreaks. The emergence of MUP resistance has been increasing particularly among methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates in many parts of the world and such resistance is often related with MUP widespread uses. Although both low-level and high-level MUP resistance were reported among MRSA isolates, the rate of resistance is different in various geographic areas. In this review, we will report the global prevalence of MUP resistance, discuss synergism and mechanism of action of MUP, and provide new insights into the clinical use of this antibiotic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Khoshnood
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Student Research Committee, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mohsen Heidary
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Arezoo Asadi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saleh Soleimani
- Department of Biology, Payame Noor University, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Moloudsadat Motahar
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Student Research Committee, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Savari
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Morteza Saki
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Student Research Committee, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mahtab Abdi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Student Research Committee, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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Six-Year Retrospective Review of Hospital Data on Antimicrobial Resistance Profile of Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Skin Infections from a Single Institution in Greece. Antibiotics (Basel) 2017; 6:antibiotics6040039. [PMID: 29261121 PMCID: PMC5745482 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics6040039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To determine the prevalence of resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) isolated from Skin and soft tissue infections (SSTI) to various antibiotics. Material and Methods: All culture-positive results for S. aureus from swabs taken from patients presenting at one Greek hospital with a skin infection between the years 2010–2015 were examined retrospectively. Bacterial cultures, identification of S. aureus and antimicrobial susceptibility testing were performed using the disk diffusion method according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines and European Committee on Antimicrobial testing (EUCAST) breakpoints. EUCAST breakpoints were applied if no CLSI were available. Results: Of 2069 S. aureus isolates identified, 1845 (88%) were resistant to one or more antibiotics. The highest resistance was observed for benzylpenicillin (71.9%), followed by erythromycin (34.3%). Resistant strains to cefoxitin defined as MRSA (methicillin-resistant S. aureus) represented 21% of total isolates. Interestingly, resistance to fusidic acid was 22.9% and to mupirocin as high as 12.7%. Low rates were observed for minocycline, rifampicin and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (SXT). Resistance to antibiotics remained relatively stable throughout the six-year period, with the exception of cefoxitin, fusidic acid and SXT. A high percentage of MRSA strains were resistant to erythromycin (60%), fusidic acid (46%), clindamycin (38%) and tetracycline (35.5%). Conclusions: Special attention is required in prescribing appropriate antibiotic therapeutic regimens, particularly for MRSA. These data on the susceptibility of S. aureus may be useful for guiding antibiotic treatment.
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Joachim A, Moyo SJ, Nkinda L, Majigo M, Mmbaga E, Mbembati N, Aboud S, Lyamuya EF. Prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus carriage on admission among patients attending regional hospitals in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. BMC Res Notes 2017; 10:417. [PMID: 28830510 PMCID: PMC5568238 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-017-2668-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a major pathogen responsible for hospital and community acquired infection. Colonization with MRSA is associated with a high risk of developing infection. This study aimed to determine the rate of MRSA carriage on admission and the associated risk factors among patients attending regional hospitals, in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Results A total of 258 patients were included in this study. Nasal swabs were collected on admission to the hospital and after 48 h of hospital stay for detection of MRSA. Of 258 patients enrolled, 89 (34.5%) were colonized with S. aureus and out them 22 (24.7%) were carriers of MRSA, giving an overall MRSA nasal carriage rate of 8.5% (22/258). One patient acquired MRSA while admitted in the hospital. Most of the S. aureus isolates 85 (95.5%) were resistant to penicillin. Resistance to gentamycin, ciprofloxacin, kanamycin, linezolid and mupirocin were 14.6, 11.2, 11.2, 3.4 and 1.1%, respectively. The prevalence of inducible clindamycin resistance, constitutive clindamycin resistance, MS phenotype (resistance to erythromycin alone), and multidrug resistance was 21.3, 3.4, 12.4, and 16.9%, respectively. We observed a statistically significant association between MRSA and multiple drugs resistance among S. aureus isolates (p = 0.001). Of the risk factors investigated none were statistically significant associated with MRSA. Conclusion There is a high prevalence of MRSA among patients on admission at the two municipal hospitals in Dar es Salaam. The high prevalence of MRSA and the increased rates of resistance to commonly used antimicrobials among MRSA isolates call for attention to the importance of including the screening of MRSA in our hospitals setting in order to prevent further spread of MRSA strains to other patients and to the communities. Control and prevention strategies should be emphasized including decolonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agricola Joachim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania.
| | - Sabrina J Moyo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania.,Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Lillian Nkinda
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Mtebe Majigo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Elia Mmbaga
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Naboth Mbembati
- Department of Surgery, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Said Aboud
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Eligius F Lyamuya
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania
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Trevino SE, Pence MA, Marschall J, Kollef MH, Babcock HM, Burnham CAD. Rapid MRSA PCR on respiratory specimens from ventilated patients with suspected pneumonia: a tool to facilitate antimicrobial stewardship. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2016; 36:879-885. [PMID: 28004323 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-016-2876-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is an important cause of pneumonia in ventilated patients. Our objective was to evaluate the GeneXpert MRSA/SA SSTI Assay (Xpert MRSA/SA) (Cepheid, Sunnyvale, CA) for use in lower respiratory tract (LRT) specimens for rapid MRSA detection and to determine the potentially saved antibiotic-days if a culture-based identification method was replaced by this assay. Remnant LRT samples from ventilated patients submitted to the microbiology laboratory for routine culture were tested using conventional culture and Xpert MRSA/SA. One hundred of 310 LRT specimens met the inclusion criteria. Ten samples were positive for MRSA by Xpert MRSA/SA, while six were positive by routine culture methods. Xpert MRSA/SA correctly identified 5/6 positive and 89/94 negative MRSA specimens, for a sensitivity of 83.3%, specificity of 94.7%, positive predictive value of 45.6%, and negative predictive value of 98.9%. The assay also correctly detected 3/3 positive and 90/97 negative methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) specimens, for a sensitivity of 100%, specificity of 92.8%, positive predictive value of 30%, and negative predictive value of 100%. A total of 748 vancomycin and 305 linezolid antibiotic-days were associated with the enrolled specimens. Vancomycin and linezolid utilization could decrease by 68.4% and 83%, respectively, if discontinued 1 day after negative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) results. The Xpert MRSA/SA SSTI rapid MRSA PCR assay performed well in respiratory samples from ventilated patients with suspected pneumonia and has the potential to facilitate stewardship efforts such as reducing empiric vancomycin and linezolid therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Trevino
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - M A Pence
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Division of Laboratory and Genomic Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave., Campus Box 8118, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - J Marschall
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - M H Kollef
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - H M Babcock
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - C-A D Burnham
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Division of Laboratory and Genomic Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave., Campus Box 8118, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
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Hughes J, Stabler R, Gaunt M, Karadag T, Desai N, Betley J, Ioannou A, Aryee A, Hearn P, Marbach H, Patel A, Otter JA, Edgeworth JD, Tosas Auguet O. Clonal variation in high- and low-level phenotypic and genotypic mupirocin resistance of MRSA isolates in south-east London. J Antimicrob Chemother 2015; 70:3191-9. [PMID: 26316381 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkv248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Both low-level mupirocin resistance (LMR) and high-level mupirocin resistance (HMR) have been identified. The aim of this study was to determine the epidemiology of LMR and HMR in MRSA isolates at five hospitals that have used mupirocin for targeted decolonization as part of successful institutional control programmes. METHODS All MRSA identified in three microbiology laboratories serving five central and south-east London hospitals and surrounding communities between November 2011 and February 2012 were included. HMR and LMR were determined by disc diffusion testing. WGS was used to derive multilocus sequence types (MLSTs) and the presence of HMR and LMR resistance determinants. RESULTS Prevalence of either HMR or LMR amongst first healthcare episode isolates from 795 identified patients was 9.69% (95% CI 7.72-11.96); LMR was 6.29% (95% CI 4.70-8.21) and HMR was 3.40% (95% CI 2.25-4.90). Mupirocin resistance was not significantly different in isolates identified from inpatients at each microbiology laboratory, but was more common in genotypically defined 'hospital' rather than 'community' isolates (OR 3.17, 95% CI 1.36-9.30, P = 0.002). LMR was associated with inpatient stay, previous history of MRSA and age ≥65 years; HMR was associated with age ≥65 years and residential postcode outside London. LMR and HMR varied by clone, with both being low in the dominant UK MRSA clone ST22 compared with ST8, ST36 and ST239/241 for LMR and with ST8 and ST36 for HMR. V588F mutation and mupA carriage had high specificity (>97%) and area under the curve (>83%) to discriminate phenotypic mupirocin resistance, but uncertainty around the sensitivity point estimate was large (95% CI 52.50%-94.44%). Mutations in or near the mupA gene were found in eight isolates that carried mupA but were not HMR. CONCLUSIONS Mupirocin resistance was identified in <10% of patients and varied significantly by clone, implying that changes in clonal epidemiology may have an important role in determining the prevalence of resistance in conjunction with selection due to mupirocin use.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Hughes
- Centre for Clinical Infection and Diagnostics Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, King's College London and Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Richard Stabler
- Department of Pathogen Molecular Biology, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Michael Gaunt
- Department of Pathogen Molecular Biology, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Tacim Karadag
- Department of Microbiology, Lewisham and Greenwich NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Nergish Desai
- Department of Microbiology, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Jason Betley
- Illumina Cambridge Limited, Chesterford Research Park, Little Chesterford, Essex, UK
| | - Avgousta Ioannou
- Illumina Cambridge Limited, Chesterford Research Park, Little Chesterford, Essex, UK
| | - Anna Aryee
- Centre for Clinical Infection and Diagnostics Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, King's College London and Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Pasco Hearn
- Centre for Clinical Infection and Diagnostics Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, King's College London and Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Helene Marbach
- Centre for Clinical Infection and Diagnostics Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, King's College London and Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Amita Patel
- Centre for Clinical Infection and Diagnostics Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, King's College London and Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Jonathan A Otter
- Centre for Clinical Infection and Diagnostics Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, King's College London and Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Jonathan D Edgeworth
- Centre for Clinical Infection and Diagnostics Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, King's College London and Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Olga Tosas Auguet
- Centre for Clinical Infection and Diagnostics Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, King's College London and Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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Antonov NK, Garzon MC, Morel KD, Whittier S, Planet PJ, Lauren CT. High prevalence of mupirocin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus isolates from a pediatric population. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2015; 59:3350-6. [PMID: 25824213 PMCID: PMC4432188 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00079-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Topical mupirocin is used widely to treat skin and soft tissue infections and to eradicate nasal carriage of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Few studies to date have characterized the rates of S. aureus mupirocin resistance in pediatric populations. We retrospectively studied 358 unique S. aureus isolates obtained from 249 children seen in a predominantly outpatient setting by the Division of Pediatric Dermatology at a major academic center in New York City between 1 May 2012 and 17 September 2013. Mupirocin resistance rates and the associated risk factors were determined using a logistic regression analysis. In our patient population, 19.3% of patients had mupirocin-resistant S. aureus isolates at the time of their first culture, and 22.1% of patients with S. aureus infection had a mupirocin-resistant isolate at some time during the study period. Overall, 31.3% of all S. aureus isolates collected during the study period were resistant to mupirocin. Prior mupirocin use was strongly correlated (odds ratio [OR] = 26.5; P = <0.001) with mupirocin resistance. Additional risk factors for mupirocin resistance included methicillin resistance, atopic dermatitis (AD), epidermolysis bullosa (EB), immunosuppression, and residence in northern Manhattan and the Bronx. Resistance to mupirocin is widespread in children with dermatologic complaints in the New York City area, and given the strong association with mupirocin exposure, it is likely that mupirocin use contributes to the increased resistance. Routine mupirocin testing may be important for MRSA decolonization strategies or the treatment of minor skin infections in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina K. Antonov
- College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Maria C. Garzon
- Department of Dermatology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Kimberly D. Morel
- Department of Dermatology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Susan Whittier
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Paul J. Planet
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
- Sackler Institute for Comparative Genomics, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York, USA
| | - Christine T. Lauren
- Department of Dermatology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
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Dorrani M, Kaul M, Parhi A, LaVoie EJ, Pilch DS, Michniak-Kohn B. TXA497 as a topical antibacterial agent: Comparative antistaphylococcal, skin deposition, and skin permeation studies with mupirocin. Int J Pharm 2014; 476:199-204. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Revised: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Chaturvedi P, Singh AK, Singh AK, Shukla S, Agarwal L. Prevalence of Mupirocin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Isolates Among Patients Admitted to a Tertiary Care Hospital. NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2014; 6:403-7. [PMID: 25210674 PMCID: PMC4158649 DOI: 10.4103/1947-2714.139293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background: For the treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections and decolonization of MRSA carriers, the use of mupirocin a topical antibiotic is increasing day by day. Aim: The present study was carried out to determine the prevalence rate of high-level and low-level mupirocin resistant MRSA isolates among patients admitted to a tertiary care hospital. Materials and Methods: This is a prospective study carried out on MRSA isolated from the various clinical specimens from outpatient and inpatient departments during period of one year. A total of 82 MRSA isolates were recovered from 6468 different clinical specimens. Mupirocin resistant MRSA was detected by two different methods: Epsilometer test (E-test) and agar dilution method. D-shaped zone test (D-zone test) was also performed for determination of inducible clindamycin resistance in MRSA isolates. Results: Out of 82 non-duplicate MRSA isolates mupirocin resistance were found in 15 (18.3%) isolates by both E-test and agar dilution method. Of these 15 mupirocin resistant, 8 (53.3%) isolates were high-level resistant (MuH) and 7 (46.7%) isolates were low-level resistant (MuL). Four isolates were D-zone test positive showing simultaneous inducible clindamycin resistance among mupirocin resistant MRSA isolates. Conclusion: Higher prevalence of both high-level and low-level of mupirocin resistant MRSA was observed in patient from the population. It is advisable to perform routine test to detect MRSA colonization among health care workers and nasal decolonization to prevent spread of MRSA infections among hospitalized patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parul Chaturvedi
- Department of Microbiology, Mayo Institute of Medical Sciences, Barabanki, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Amit Kumar Singh
- Department of Microbiology, Mayo Institute of Medical Sciences, Barabanki, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Amit Kumar Singh
- Department of Microbiology, Major SD Singh Medical College and Hospital, Farrukhabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Snehanshu Shukla
- Department of Microbiology, Mayo Institute of Medical Sciences, Barabanki, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Loveleena Agarwal
- Department of Microbiology, Mayo Institute of Medical Sciences, Barabanki, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Hetem D, Bonten M. Clinical relevance of mupirocin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. J Hosp Infect 2013; 85:249-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2013.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Accepted: 09/01/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Matanovic K, Pérez-Roth E, Pintarić S, Šeol Martinec B. Molecular characterization of high-level mupirocin resistance in Staphylococcus pseudintermedius. J Clin Microbiol 2013; 51:1005-7. [PMID: 23269741 PMCID: PMC3592079 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.02904-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Accepted: 12/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The genetic analysis of high-level mupirocin resistance (Hi-Mup(r)) in a Staphylococcus pseudintermedius isolate from a dog is presented. The Hi-Mup(r) ileS2 gene flanked by a novel rearrangement of directly repeated insertion sequence IS257 elements was located, together with the aminoglycoside resistance aacA-aphD determinant, on a conjugative plasmid related to the pSK41/pGO1 family plasmids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krešimir Matanovic
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases with Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.
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Mupirocin and chlorhexidine resistance in Staphylococcus aureus in patients with community-onset skin and soft tissue infections. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2012; 57:559-68. [PMID: 23147738 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01633-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Decolonization measures, including mupirocin and chlorhexidine, are often prescribed to prevent Staphylococcus aureus skin and soft tissue infections (SSTI). The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of high-level mupirocin and chlorhexidine resistance in S. aureus strains recovered from patients with SSTI before and after mupirocin and chlorhexidine administration and to determine whether carriage of a mupirocin- or chlorhexidine-resistant strain at baseline precluded S. aureus eradication. We recruited 1,089 patients with community-onset SSTI with or without S. aureus colonization. In addition to routine care, 483 patients were enrolled in a decolonization trial: 408 received intranasal mupirocin (with or without antimicrobial baths), and 258 performed chlorhexidine body washes. Patients were followed for up to 12 months with repeat colonization cultures. All S. aureus isolates were tested for high-level mupirocin and chlorhexidine resistance. At baseline, 23/1,089 (2.1%) patients carried a mupirocin-resistant S. aureus strain and 10/1,089 (0.9%) patients carried chlorhexidine-resistant S. aureus. Of 4 patients prescribed mupirocin, who carried a mupirocin-resistant S. aureus strain at baseline, 100% remained colonized at 1 month compared to 44% of the 324 patients without mupirocin resistance at baseline (P = 0.041). Of 2 patients prescribed chlorhexidine, who carried a chlorhexidine-resistant S. aureus strain at baseline, 50% remained colonized at 1 month compared to 48% of the 209 patients without chlorhexidine resistance at baseline (P = 1.0). The overall prevalence of mupirocin and chlorhexidine resistance is low in S. aureus isolates recovered from outpatients, but eradication efforts were less successful in patients carrying a mupirocin-resistant S. aureus strain at baseline.
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Fritz SA, Camins BC, Eisenstein KA, Fritz JM, Epplin EK, Burnham CA, Dukes J, Storch GA. Effectiveness of measures to eradicate Staphylococcus aureus carriage in patients with community-associated skin and soft-tissue infections: a randomized trial. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2012; 32:872-80. [PMID: 21828967 DOI: 10.1086/661285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite a paucity of evidence, decolonization measures are prescribed for outpatients with recurrent Staphylococcus aureus skin and soft-tissue infection (SSTI). OBJECTIVE Compare the effectiveness of 4 regimens for eradicating S. aureus carriage. DESIGN Open-label, randomized controlled trial. Colonization status and recurrent SSTI were ascertained at 1 and 4 months. SETTING Barnes-Jewish and St. Louis Children's Hospitals, St. Louis, Missouri, 2007-2009. PARTICIPANTS Three hundred patients with community-onset SSTI and S. aureus colonization in the nares, axilla, or inguinal folds. INTERVENTIONS Participants were randomized to receive no therapeutic intervention (control subjects) or one of three 5-day regimens: 2% mupirocin ointment applied to the nares twice daily, intranasal mupirocin plus daily 4% chlorhexidine body washes, or intranasal mupirocin plus daily dilute bleach water baths. RESULTS Among 244 participants with 1-month colonization data, modified intention-to-treat analysis revealed S. aureus eradication in 38% of participants in the education only (control) group, 56% of those in the mupirocin group (P = .03 vs controls), 55% of those in the mupirocin and chlorhexidine group (P = .05), and 63% off those in the mupirocin and bleach group (P = .006). Of 229 participants with 4-month colonization data, eradication rates were 48% in the control group, 56% in the mupirocin only group (P = .40 vs controls), 54% in the mupirocin and chlorhexidine group (P = .51), and 71% in the mupirocin and bleach group (P = .02). At 1 and 4 months, recurrent SSTIs were reported by 20% and 36% of participants, respectively. CONCLUSIONS An inexpensive regimen of dilute bleach baths, intranasal mupirocin, and hygiene education effectively eradicated S. aureus over a 4-month period. High rates of recurrent SSTI suggest that factors other than endogenous colonization are important determinants of infection. Trial registration. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT00513799.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie A Fritz
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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Paul VD, Rajagopalan SS, Sundarrajan S, George SE, Asrani JY, Pillai R, Chikkamadaiah R, Durgaiah M, Sriram B, Padmanabhan S. A novel bacteriophage Tail-Associated Muralytic Enzyme (TAME) from Phage K and its development into a potent antistaphylococcal protein. BMC Microbiol 2011; 11:226. [PMID: 21985151 PMCID: PMC3207973 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-11-226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2011] [Accepted: 10/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Staphylococcus aureus is a major cause of nosocomial and community-acquired infections. However, the rapid emergence of antibiotic resistance limits the choice of therapeutic options for treating infections caused by this organism. Muralytic enzymes from bacteriophages have recently gained attention for their potential as antibacterial agents against antibiotic-resistant gram-positive organisms. Phage K is a polyvalent virulent phage of the Myoviridae family that is active against many Staphylococcus species. RESULTS We identified a phage K gene, designated orf56, as encoding the phage tail-associated muralytic enzyme (TAME). The gene product (ORF56) contains a C-terminal domain corresponding to cysteine, histidine-dependent amidohydrolase/peptidase (CHAP), which demonstrated muralytic activity on a staphylococcal cell wall substrate and was lethal to S. aureus cells. We constructed N-terminal truncated forms of ORF56 and arrived at a 16-kDa protein (Lys16) that retained antistaphylococcal activity. We then generated a chimeric gene construct encoding Lys16 and a staphylococcal cell wall-binding SH3b domain. This chimeric protein (P128) showed potent antistaphylococcal activity on global clinical isolates of S. aureus including methicillin-resistant strains. In addition, P128 was effective in decolonizing rat nares of S. aureus USA300 in an experimental model. CONCLUSIONS We identified a phage K gene that encodes a protein associated with the phage tail structure. The muralytic activity of the phage K TAME was localized to the C-terminal CHAP domain. This potent antistaphylococcal TAME was combined with an efficient Staphylococcus-specific cell-wall targeting domain SH3b, resulting in the chimeric protein P128. This protein shows bactericidal activity against globally prevalent antibiotic resistant clinical isolates of S. aureus and against the genus Staphylococcus in general. In vivo, P128 was efficacious against methicillin-resistant S. aureus in a rat nasal colonization model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Daniel Paul
- Gangagen Biotechnologies Pvt Ltd., No. 12, 5th Cross, Raghavendra Layout, Tumkur Road, Yeshwantpur, Bangalore 560 022, India
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto,1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON-M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Sanjeev Saravanan Rajagopalan
- Gangagen Biotechnologies Pvt Ltd., No. 12, 5th Cross, Raghavendra Layout, Tumkur Road, Yeshwantpur, Bangalore 560 022, India
| | - Sudarson Sundarrajan
- Gangagen Biotechnologies Pvt Ltd., No. 12, 5th Cross, Raghavendra Layout, Tumkur Road, Yeshwantpur, Bangalore 560 022, India
| | - Shilpa E George
- Gangagen Biotechnologies Pvt Ltd., No. 12, 5th Cross, Raghavendra Layout, Tumkur Road, Yeshwantpur, Bangalore 560 022, India
| | - Jiya Y Asrani
- Gangagen Biotechnologies Pvt Ltd., No. 12, 5th Cross, Raghavendra Layout, Tumkur Road, Yeshwantpur, Bangalore 560 022, India
| | - Renjith Pillai
- Gangagen Biotechnologies Pvt Ltd., No. 12, 5th Cross, Raghavendra Layout, Tumkur Road, Yeshwantpur, Bangalore 560 022, India
- Lab Technologist, Pulmonary research, 559, Heritage Medical Research Center Dept of Medicine,112 St and 87 Ave, Edmonton, Alberta-T6G2S2, Canada
| | - Ravisha Chikkamadaiah
- Gangagen Biotechnologies Pvt Ltd., No. 12, 5th Cross, Raghavendra Layout, Tumkur Road, Yeshwantpur, Bangalore 560 022, India
| | - Murali Durgaiah
- Gangagen Biotechnologies Pvt Ltd., No. 12, 5th Cross, Raghavendra Layout, Tumkur Road, Yeshwantpur, Bangalore 560 022, India
| | - Bharathi Sriram
- Gangagen Biotechnologies Pvt Ltd., No. 12, 5th Cross, Raghavendra Layout, Tumkur Road, Yeshwantpur, Bangalore 560 022, India
| | - Sriram Padmanabhan
- Gangagen Biotechnologies Pvt Ltd., No. 12, 5th Cross, Raghavendra Layout, Tumkur Road, Yeshwantpur, Bangalore 560 022, India
- Lupin Limited, Biotechnology R & D, Gat #1156, Ghotawade Village, Mulshi Taluka, Pune-411042, India
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Kavanagh K, Abusalem S. Mounting evidence supports universal surveillance for MRSA in preoperative patients. J Am Coll Surg 2011; 213:335-6. [PMID: 21787990 DOI: 10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2011.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2011] [Revised: 05/01/2011] [Accepted: 05/01/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Mupirocin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus causing recurrent skin and soft tissue infections in children. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2011; 55:2431-3. [PMID: 21282426 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01587-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus resistance to mupirocin is often caused by acquisition of a novel isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase encoded on the plasmid gene mupA. We tested S. aureus isolates from children at Texas Children's Hospital with recurrent skin and soft tissue infections for mupirocin resistance and mupA. Of 136 isolates, 20 were resistant to mupirocin (14.7%). Fifteen isolates (11%) carried mupA, and the gene was more common in methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (21.4%) than methicillin-resistant S. aureus (8.3%; P=0.03). Seven of 20 mupirocin-resistant isolates displayed clindamycin resistance.
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