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Alling C, Rae DO, Ma X, Neumann L, Lollis LG, Steele E, Yelvington J, Naikare HK, Walden HS, Crews J, Boughton R. Systemic humoral immunity in beef bulls following therapeutic vaccination against Tritrichomonas foetus. Vet Parasitol 2018; 255:69-73. [PMID: 29773139 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2018.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The utility of therapeutic vaccination of bulls against Tritrichomonas foetus has been advocated in previous studies, but anecdotal reports suggest this practice does not clear infections and may additionally confound diagnostic testing by reducing parasite burdens below detectable limits. The objective of this study was to characterize the systemic humoral immune response to therapeutic vaccination in T. foetus-infected bulls over a period of four months using an indirect ELISA and to compare the dynamics of this response to culture and PCR results to establish the existence of a relationship (or lack thereof) between immunization and infection status. A study population of 4- to 6-year-old T. foetus-infected beef bulls (n = 20) was divided equally into a treatment group and a control group. The treatment group received two doses of commercially prepared whole cell killed vaccine 2 weeks apart while the control group received injections of vaccine diluent. Blood samples were collected at each injection and at 4 subsequent dates every 4 weeks thereafter (i.e. 0, 2, 6, 10, 14, and 18 wks) to measure IgG1 and IgG2 antibody subisotype response via an indirect ELISA. Preputial smegma samples were collected at the four monthly intervals following vaccination for diagnosis of infection via InPouch™ culture, Modified Diamond's Medium (MDM) culture, and PCR. Humoral response for both IgG isotypes from week 2 through week 18 were significantly increased in vaccinates compared to controls. No significant decrease in infection prevalence was detected in the treatment group for any of the diagnostic methods used. The apparent lack of pathogen clearance during a stimulated immune response suggests that therapeutic vaccination may not be a useful T. foetus management practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Alling
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, PO Box 100136, 2015 SW 16th Ave, Gainesville, FL, 32610, United States.
| | - D Owen Rae
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, PO Box 100136, 2015 SW 16th Ave, Gainesville, FL, 32610, United States.
| | - Xiaojie Ma
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, PO Box 100136, 2015 SW 16th Ave, Gainesville, FL, 32610, United States
| | - Laura Neumann
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, PO Box 100136, 2015 SW 16th Ave, Gainesville, FL, 32610, United States
| | - L Gene Lollis
- MacArthur Agro-Ecology Research Center, 350 Buck Island Ranch Rd, Lake Placid, FL, 33862, United States
| | - Elizabeth Steele
- Steele Equine Veterinary Services, 7713 State Road 64 E, Zolfo Springs, FL, 33890, United States
| | - John Yelvington
- Ridge Large Animal Services, 7713 State Road 64 E, Zolfo Springs, FL, 33890, United States
| | - Hemant K Naikare
- Tifton Veterinary Diagnostic & Investigational Laboratory, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, College of Veterinary Medicine, 43 Brighton Road, Tifton, GA, 31793, United States
| | - Heather Stockdale Walden
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, PO Box 110880, 1945 SW 16th Ave, Gainesville, FL, 32611, United States
| | - John Crews
- Division of Animal Industry, Florida Bureau of Animal Disease Control, 500 3rd St NW, Winter Haven, FL, 33881, United States
| | - Raoul Boughton
- Department of Wildlife, Ecology, and Conservation, University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Range Cattle Research and Education Center, 3401 Experiment Station, Ona, FL, 33865, United States.
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Gould EN, Corbeil LB, Kania SA, Tolbert MK. Evaluation of surface antigen TF1.17 in feline Tritrichomonas foetus isolates. Vet Parasitol 2017; 244:144-153. [PMID: 28917306 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2017.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Tritrichomonas foetus (T. foetus) is a flagellated protozoa that infects the distal ileum and proximal colon of domestic cats, as well as the urogenital tract of cattle. Feline trichomonosis is recognized as a prevalent cause of chronic diarrhea in cats worldwide. The suspected route of transmission is fecal-oral, with cats in densely crowded environments at highest risk for infection. Thus, the recommended strategy for minimizing spread of infection is to identify and isolate T. foetus-positive cats from the general population. Rapid identification of infected cats can be challenging due to the inability to accurately and quickly detect the organism in samples at point of care facilities. Thus, identification of targets for use in development of a novel diagnostic test, as well as a vaccine or therapy for T. foetus infection is a significant area of research. Despite a difference in organ tropism between T. foetus genotypes, evidence exists for conserved virulence factors between feline and bovine T. foetus. The bovine T. foetus surface antigen, TF1.17, is an adhesin that is conserved across isolates. Vaccination with the purified antigen results in amelioration of cytopathogenicity and more rapid clearance of infection in cattle. We previously showed that three feline isolates of T. foetus were positive for TF1.17 antigen so we further hypothesized that TF1.17 is conserved across feline T. foetus isolates and that this antigen would represent an attractive target for development of a novel diagnostic test or therapy for feline trichomonosis. In these studies, we used monoclonal antibodies previously generated against 1.15 and 1.17 epitopes of the bovine T. foetus TF1.17 antigen, to evaluate for the presence and role of TF1.17 in the cytopathogenicity of feline T. foetus. A previously validated in vitro co-culture approach was used to model feline T. foetus infection. Immunoblotting, immunofluorescence assays, and flow cytometric analysis confirmed the presence and surface localization of antigen TF1.17 across all feline T. foetus isolates tested. Antigen TF1.17 was notably absent in the presumably nonpathogenic intestinal trichomonad, Pentatrichomonas hominis, a parasite that can be confused microscopically with T. foetus. Similar to bovine trichomoniasis, TF1.17 was found to promote T. foetus adhesion to the intestinal epithelium. These results support further characterization and development of the TF1.17 antigen as a possible target for the diagnosis and prevention of feline T. foetus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- E N Gould
- The University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine, Departments of Small Animal Clinical Sciences and Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - L B Corbeil
- The University of San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, Department of Pathology, United States
| | - S A Kania
- The University of San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, Department of Pathology, United States; Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, The University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - M K Tolbert
- The University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine, Departments of Small Animal Clinical Sciences and Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, Knoxville, TN, United States.
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Palomares R, Hurley D, Crum L, Rollin E, Collop T, Williard A, Felton J, Parrish J, Corbeil L. Serum, uterine, and vaginal mucosal IgG antibody responses against Tritrichomonas foetus after administration of a commercial killed whole T foetus vaccine in beef cows. Theriogenology 2017; 87:235-241. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2016.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Revised: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Michi AN, Favetto PH, Kastelic J, Cobo ER. A review of sexually transmitted bovine trichomoniasis and campylobacteriosis affecting cattle reproductive health. Theriogenology 2015; 85:781-791. [PMID: 26679515 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2015.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The objective is to discuss sexually transmitted diseases caused by Tritrichomonas foetus (T foetus) and Campylobacter fetus (C fetus) subsp. venerealis, with a focus on prevalence, pathogenesis, and diagnosis in cows and bulls. Diagnosis and control are problematic because these diseases cause severe reproductive losses in cows, but in bulls are clinically asymptomatic, which allows the disease to flourish, especially in the absence of legislated control programs. We review research regarding prophylactic systemic immunization of bulls and cows with antigens of T foetus and C fetus venerealis and their efficacy in preventing or clearing preexisting infections in the genital tract. Current diagnostic methods of C fetus venerealis and T foetus (microbial culture and PCR) should be improved. Review of the latest advances in bovine trichomoniasis and campylobacteriosis should promote knowledge and provide an impetus to pursue further efforts to control bovine sexually transmitted diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aubrey N Michi
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Pedro H Favetto
- Private Veterinarian (Dairy Veterinary Services), Escalon, California, USA
| | - John Kastelic
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Eduardo R Cobo
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
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Hodgins DC, Chattha K, Vlasova A, Parreño V, Corbeil LB, Renukaradhya GJ, Saif LJ. Mucosal Veterinary Vaccines. Mucosal Immunol 2015. [PMCID: PMC7149859 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-415847-4.00068-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Immunity to infections in the lower genital tract of bulls. J Reprod Immunol 2011; 89:55-61. [PMID: 21474188 DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2011.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2010] [Revised: 02/12/2011] [Accepted: 02/15/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The mucosa of the bovine prepuce has unique immunological characteristics critical to defense against sexually transmitted diseases. Tritrichomonas foetus and Campylobacter fetus subspecies venerealis persistently colonize the lower genital tract of bulls but usually do not cause either major clinical signs or inflammation. These microbes may be sexually transmitted to female cattle to cause reproductive failure. Although the male genital immune responses to T. foetus and C. fetus subspecies venerealis are inefficient in clearing infection, systemic immunization with T. foetus and C. fetus subspecies venerealis antigens does prevent or eliminate these infections with induction of IgG antibodies in genital secretions and serum.
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Cobo ER, Corbeil LB, Gershwin LJ, BonDurant RH. Preputial cellular and antibody responses of bulls vaccinated and/or challenged with Tritrichomonas foetus. Vaccine 2009; 28:361-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2009] [Revised: 10/01/2009] [Accepted: 10/12/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Soto P, Echevarría HM, Monteavaro CE, Catena MDC. Experimentally induced intravaginal Tritrichomonas foetus infection in a mouse model. PESQUISA VETERINÁRIA BRASILEIRA 2005. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-736x2005000400007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The interest to develop research on the host-parasite relationship in bovine tritrichomonosis has accomplished the use of experimental models alternative to cattle. The BALB/c mouse became the most appropriate species susceptible to vaginal Tritrichomonas foetus infection requiring previous estrogenization. For the need of an experimental model without persistent estrogenization and with normal estrous cycles, the establishment and persistence of vaginal infection on BALB/c mouse with different concentrations of T. foetus in two experimental groups was evaluated. Group A was treated with 5mg of b-estradiol 3-benzoate to synchronize the estrous, 48 hours before the T. foetus vaginal inoculation, and Group B was inoculated in natural estrus. At 5-7 days after treatment, estrogenic effect decreased allowing all animals to cycle regularly during the experiment. From the first week post-infection, samples of vaginal mucus were taken from all animals during 34 weeks, in order to evaluate the course of infection and the stage of the estrus cycle. Group A showed 93.6% of infected animals, and Group B showed 38%. Different doses of T. foetus were assayed to establish the vaginal infection, with a persistence of 34 weeks. Although different behavior was observed in each subgroup belonging to either Group A or Group B, there were no significant differences among the infecting doses used. The b-estradiol 3-benzoate treatment had a favorable effect on the establishment of the infection (P<0.0001), but it did not influence its persistence (P=0.1097). According to the results, an experimental mouse model is presented, appropriate for further studies on mechanisms of pathogenicity, immune response, protective evaluation of immunogen and therapeutic effect of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Soto
- Universidad Nacional del Centro (, Argentina
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Jemilohun PF, Garnett T, Burgess DE. Isolation, Partial Purification, and Immunogenicity of Flagella from Tritrichomonas foetus. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2005; 52:245-9. [PMID: 15927001 DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.2005.00033.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Tritrichomonas foetus, the agent of bovine trichomoniasis, is a flagellate protozoan responsible for substantial economic losses to the dairy and calf industries worldwide. As yet, there is no approved treatment nor is there a sensitive diagnostic method. All these problems suggest that immunization is the best control strategy. In view of this, we isolated and partially purified flagella of the parasite by vortex homogenization followed by low-speed differential centrifugation. The resulting enriched flagellar preparation termed "crude flagellar prep" was purified further by sucrose and percoll gradients. Microscopic analysis showed that the flagellar membrane was intact. Analysis by sodium dodecyl-sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed three prominent protein bands of 42, 49, and >250 kDa, and several minor bands. Immunoblotting of flagellar and whole-cell extracts revealed many flagellar antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip F Jemilohun
- Department of Biology, University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff, Pine Bluff, AK 71601, USA.
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Abstract
Immunoprophyloxis for bovine trichomoniosis has been a priority because of the high prevalence o f the disease, the considerable economic loss due to the infection and the lack of approved chemotherapeutic agents. The commercial availability of first-generation vaccines provides hope not only for even more effective immunization regimens far this disease, but also for other protozoal infections and for sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) caused by a wide variety of infectious agents. At present, efficacious vaccines for protozoal diseases and for STDs are rare. Since information gained on immunization against Tritrichomonas foetus may have broad significance for control of these two classes of infection,it is important to explore the biological basis of protection against this protozoal infection of the reproductive tract In this paper, Lynette Corbeil reviews data on host-parasite relationships in bovine trichomoniasis as a basis for developing vaccine strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- L B Corbeil
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, 200 West Arbor Drive, San Diego, CA 921038416, USA
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Corbeil LB, Campero CM, Rhyan JC, BonDurant RH. Vaccines against sexually transmitted diseases. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2003; 1:118. [PMID: 14651753 PMCID: PMC305334 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7827-1-118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2003] [Accepted: 12/02/2003] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lynette B Corbeil
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego Medical Center, 200 West Arbor Drive, San Diego, CA, 92103-8416, USA
| | - Carlos M Campero
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Jack C Rhyan
- National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, CO 80504, USA
| | - Robert H BonDurant
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Abstract
Protective immune responses in the genital tract are robust, as shown by convalescent and vaccine-induced immunity. Systemic immunity is crucial for systemic infections that result in reproductive failure (such as brucellosis, leptospirosis, and the systemic forms of C. fetus and H. somnus infection). Although IgA responses can protect against sexually transmitted or venereal infections, systemically induced IgG antibody responses also protect. IgA responses can be induced by immunization of the genital tract, where inductive sites develop after antigenic stimulation. The common mucosal immune system can also be used to induce a genital IgA response, as shown by intranasal vaccination. Lastly, it is necessary to determine which antigens of each infectious agent are protective and which types of immune responses protect best.
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Affiliation(s)
- L B Corbeil
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, California, USA.
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Abstract
Tritrichomonas foetus is a parasite of particular veterinary importance causing bovine tritrichomonosis, a sexually transmitted disease leading to infertility and abortion. The present review summarizes the current knowledge on potential mechanisms of pathogenicity of T. foetus, the immunology of host-parasite interaction in bovine tritrichomonosis, and the experimental model systems of this parasitic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Felleisen
- Institute of Parasitology, University of Bern, Switzerland
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Corbeil LB. Immunization and diagnosis in bovine reproductive tract infections. ADVANCES IN VETERINARY MEDICINE 1999; 41:217-39. [PMID: 9890019 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-3519(99)80018-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- L B Corbeil
- Department of Pathology, University of California-San Diego 92103-8416, USA
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BonDurant RH. Pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management of trichomoniasis in cattle. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 1997; 13:345-61. [PMID: 9216054 DOI: 10.1016/s0749-0720(15)30346-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Trichomoniasis is a disease of the pregnancy, but apparently not of either the cow or the bull, except in the case of postcoital pyometra. Its self-limiting nature in the cow and chronic nature in the bull mean that a positive diagnosis for the herd can more easily be obtained from bulls than from cows. Incubation of preputial scrapings or washings (or pyometritic fluid, if available) in a selective growth medium such as the InPouch system is the diagnostic method of choice. The diagnosis is based on identification of the morphology and characteristic rolling motility of the trichomonad. "High tech" molecular approaches may eventually offer greater diagnostic sensitivity than can culture methods, but currently they are no more accurate. In addition, serologic screening of the female herd (but interestingly, not the bulls) may become possible and may allow the practitioner to at least determine whether exposure has occurred in an unvaccinated herd. Control in an infected herd involves no pharmacologic treatment but rather culling of infected bulls, retention of younger, culture-negative bulls, and segregation of the female herd by reproductive status.
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Affiliation(s)
- R H BonDurant
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, USA
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Bondurant RH, van Hoosear KA, Corbeil LB, Bernoco D. Serological response to in vitro-shed antigen(s) of Tritrichomonas foetus in cattle. CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY IMMUNOLOGY 1996; 3:432-7. [PMID: 8807209 PMCID: PMC170363 DOI: 10.1128/cdli.3.4.432-437.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
We developed a serological assay for detection of (l) an erythrocyte-adhering molecule(s) shed by the bovine venereal pathogen Tritrichomonas foetus and (II) serum antibodies to this antigen(s) in exposed cattle. Sera from exposed and unexposed cattle were tested for their ability to induce complement-mediated lysis of bovine erythrocytes that had been previously incubated overnight at room temperature in pH-adjusted supernatants of T. foetus culture media. Eight of 180 serum specimens from six groups of presumably unexposed cows or heifers showed a positive (> or = 1:2) hemolytic titer (specificity = 95.6%). Thirteen of 14 females in two experimentally infected groups showed a positive hemolytic titer following infection (sensitivity = 94%). In experimentally infected heifers, there was little correlation (r2 = 0.33) between serum hemolytic titers with respect to shed antigen and titers obtained in serum enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays in which whole T. foetus served as the antigen. Serum hemolytic titers rose 3 to 4 weeks sooner than did previously described vaginal mucus immunoglobulin G1 or immunoglobulin A titers with respect to whole-cell antigen or TF1.17 subunit antigen, respectively. Among 14 chronically infected bulls, only 6 (43%) showed a positive hemolytic titer. This study is the first, to our knowledge, to show a specific serological response in the host to an in vitro-shed antigen(s) of T. foetus and suggests a useful diagnostic test for potentially exposed herds.
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Affiliation(s)
- R H Bondurant
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis 95616, USA.
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