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Rabuszko L, Chessell C, Llewellyn C, Richardson D. Factors and presenting symptoms associated with intestinal spirochaetosis in men who have sex with men: A systematic review. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2024; 38:680-686. [PMID: 38031524 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.19689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
The transmission dynamics and presenting symptoms of intestinal spirochaetosis (Brachyspira pilosicoli, Brachyspira aalborgi) are poorly understood but is seen more frequently in men who have sex with men (MSM) where sexual transmission may occur. We aimed to systemically review the literature to define the factors and presenting symptoms associated with intestinal spirochaetosis in MSM. We systematically searched three bibliographical databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE and Scopus) for manuscripts written in English up to November 2022. The primary author conducted an initial screen and three authors conducted independent reviews to determine the final eligible manuscripts. We only included manuscripts where there were specific data on factors and presenting symptoms associated with intestinal spirochaetosis in MSM. Fifteen manuscripts published between 1981 and 2022 met the inclusion criteria that included 188 MSM. Sexually transmitted intestinal spirochaetosis in MSM was associated with-living with HIV (including having a low CD4 count <200 mm3), having a concomitant sexually transmitted infection, a history of a sexually transmitted infection, co-infection with intestinal parasites; and sexual behaviour including oro-anal sexual contact, oro-genital contact, fisting, condom-less anal sex, receptive anal sex, multiple non-regular sexual partners and increased number of lifetime sexual partners. The presenting symptoms of MSM with intestinal spirochaetosis were diarrhoea, abdominal pain, constitutional symptoms and proctitis, including rectal pain, rectal bleeding rectal discharge, flatulence and tenesmus. We have highlighted some biological and behavioural factors and presenting symptoms associated with intestinal spirochaetosis in MSM which provide insight for clinicians, guidelines and future public health control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Rabuszko
- Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, UK
| | - Callum Chessell
- Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, UK
| | - Carrie Llewellyn
- Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, UK
| | - Daniel Richardson
- Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, UK
- Department of Sexual Health and HIV, University Hospitals Sussex NHS Foundation Trust, Brighton, UK
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Comparison of the composition and metabolic potential of the reindeer’s rumen microbiome in the Yamal-Nenets and Nenets autonomous district of the Russian Arctic. ACTA BIOMEDICA SCIENTIFICA 2022. [DOI: 10.29413/abs.2022-7.3.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The adaptive ability of reindeer to the harsh conditions of the Russian Arctic is not determined solely by the genome of the macroorganism and, of course, includes an extensive genetic and metabolic repertoire of the microbiome.The aim. To compare the taxonomic and predicted metabolic profiles of the rumen microbiome of adult reindeer living in the natural pastures of the Yamalo-Nenets and Nenets Autonomous districts of the Russian Federation.Materials and methods. Expeditions to the Yamal-Nenets and Nenets Autonomous districts of the Russian Arctic in 2017 were carried out to take samples of the rumen. The contents of the rumen were taken from clinically healthy reindeer individuals (at least 3 times repetition). To analyze the animal scar microbiota and determine metabolic profiles, 16S rRNA NGS sequencing was performed on a MiSeq device (Illumina, USA). Bioinformatic data analysis was performed using QIIME2 software ver. 2020.8. The noise sequences were filtered by DADA2. Silva 138 reference database was used for taxonomy analysis. Reconstruction and prediction of the functional content of the metagenome was carried out using the software complex PICRUSt2 (v. 2.3.0).Results. During NGS sequencing, a total of 223 768 sequences of the 16S rRNA gene of the reindeer scarring microbiome were studied. Significant (p ≤ 0.05) differences between the groups in 10 bacterial phyla and superphyla were revealed: Actinobacteriota, Spirochaetes, Chloroflexi, Verrucomicrobia, Bdellovibrionota, Synergistetes, Fusobacteriota, Myxococcota, Cyanobacteria, Campilobacterota. The results of the reconstruction and prediction of the functional content of the metagenome using the PICRUSt2 bioinformatic analysis made it possible to identify 328 potential metabolic pathways. Differences between the groups were revealed in 16 predicted metabolic pathways, among which the pathways of chlorophyllide and amino acid biosynthesis dominated.
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Cheema A, Jejelowo O, Syed M, Ramsakal A, Greene JN. Intestinal Spirochetes in Cancer Patients. INFECTIOUS DISEASES IN CLINICAL PRACTICE 2020. [DOI: 10.1097/ipc.0000000000000846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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The Spirochete Brachyspira pilosicoli, Enteric Pathogen of Animals and Humans. Clin Microbiol Rev 2017; 31:31/1/e00087-17. [PMID: 29187397 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00087-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Brachyspira pilosicoli is a slow-growing anaerobic spirochete that colonizes the large intestine. Colonization occurs commonly in pigs and adult chickens, causing colitis/typhlitis, diarrhea, poor growth rates, and reduced production. Colonization of humans also is common in some populations (individuals living in village and peri-urban settings in developing countries, recent immigrants from developing countries, homosexual males, and HIV-positive patients), but the spirochete rarely is investigated as a potential human enteric pathogen. In part this is due to its slow growth and specialized growth requirements, meaning that it is not detectable in human fecal samples using routine diagnostic methods. Nevertheless, it has been identified histologically attached to the colon and rectum in patients with conditions such as chronic diarrhea, rectal bleeding, and/or nonspecific abdominal discomfort, and one survey of Australian Aboriginal children showed that colonization was significantly associated with failure to thrive. B. pilosicoli has been detected in the bloodstream of elderly patients or individuals with chronic conditions such as alcoholism and malignancies. This review describes the spirochete and associated diseases. It aims to encourage clinicians and clinical microbiologists to consider B. pilosicoli in their differential diagnoses and to develop and use appropriate diagnostic protocols to identify the spirochete in clinical specimens.
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Gan J, Bryant C, Arul D, Parmar C. Intestinal spirochaetosis mimicking acute appendicitis with review of the literature. BMJ Case Rep 2017; 2017:bcr-2017-221574. [PMID: 29103010 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2017-221574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Human intestinal spirochaetosis is a well-established micro-organism existing in the colon. It is less commonly seen in the appendix, and rarely presents as acute appendicitis. We present a case of a man presenting with symptoms consistent with acute appendicitis. The literature on spirochaetosis presenting as acute appendicitis is also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Gan
- Department of Surgery, Whittington Hospital, London, UK
| | | | - Dhili Arul
- Department of Surgery, Whittington Hospital, London, UK
| | - Chetan Parmar
- Department of Surgery, Whittington Hospital, London, UK
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Wanchanthuek P, Bellgard MI, La T, Ryan K, Moolhuijzen P, Chapman B, Black M, Schibeci D, Hunter A, Barrero R, Phillips ND, Hampson DJ. The complete genome sequence of the pathogenic intestinal spirochete Brachyspira pilosicoli and comparison with other Brachyspira genomes. PLoS One 2010; 5:e11455. [PMID: 20625514 PMCID: PMC2897892 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2010] [Accepted: 06/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The anaerobic spirochete Brachyspira pilosicoli colonizes the large intestine of various species of birds and mammals, including humans. It causes "intestinal spirochetosis", a condition characterized by mild colitis, diarrhea and reduced growth. This study aimed to sequence and analyse the bacterial genome to investigate the genetic basis of its specialized ecology and virulence. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS The genome of B. pilosicoli 95/1000 was sequenced, assembled and compared with that of the pathogenic Brachyspira hyodysenteriae and a near-complete sequence of Brachyspira murdochii. The B. pilosicoli genome was circular, composed of 2,586,443 bp with a 27.9 mol% G+C content, and encoded 2,338 genes. The three Brachyspira species shared 1,087 genes and showed evidence of extensive genome rearrangements. Despite minor differences in predicted protein functional groups, the species had many similar features including core metabolic pathways. Genes distinguishing B. pilosicoli from B. hyodysenteriae included those for a previously undescribed bacteriophage that may be useful for genetic manipulation, for a glycine reductase complex allowing use of glycine whilst protecting from oxidative stress, and for aconitase and related enzymes in the incomplete TCA cycle, allowing glutamate synthesis and function of the cycle during oxidative stress. B. pilosicoli had substantially fewer methyl-accepting chemotaxis genes than B. hyodysenteriae and hence these species are likely to have different chemotactic responses that may help to explain their different host range and colonization sites. B. pilosicoli lacked the gene for a new putative hemolysin identified in B. hyodysenteriae WA1. Both B. pilosicoli and B. murdochii lacked the rfbBADC gene cluster found on the B. hyodysenteriae plasmid, and hence were predicted to have different lipooligosaccharide structures. Overall, B. pilosicoli 95/1000 had a variety of genes potentially contributing to virulence. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The availability of the complete genome sequence of B. pilosicoli 95/1000 will facilitate functional genomics studies aimed at elucidating host-pathogen interactions and virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phatthanaphong Wanchanthuek
- Centre for Comparative Genomics, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Faculty of Informatics, Mahasarakham University, Mahasarakham, Thailand
| | - Matthew I. Bellgard
- Centre for Comparative Genomics, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Tom La
- Animal Research Institute, School of Veterinary and Biomedical Science, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Karon Ryan
- Centre for Comparative Genomics, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Paula Moolhuijzen
- Centre for Comparative Genomics, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Brett Chapman
- Centre for Comparative Genomics, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Michael Black
- Centre for Comparative Genomics, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - David Schibeci
- Centre for Comparative Genomics, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Adam Hunter
- Centre for Comparative Genomics, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Roberto Barrero
- Centre for Comparative Genomics, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Nyree D. Phillips
- Animal Research Institute, School of Veterinary and Biomedical Science, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - David J. Hampson
- Animal Research Institute, School of Veterinary and Biomedical Science, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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Tsinganou E, Gebbers JO. Human intestinal spirochetosis--a review. GERMAN MEDICAL SCIENCE : GMS E-JOURNAL 2010; 8:Doc01. [PMID: 20200654 PMCID: PMC2830567 DOI: 10.3205/000090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2009] [Revised: 12/13/2009] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Human intestinal spirochetosis (IS) is a condition defined histologically by the presence of spirochetal microorganisms attached to the apical cell membrane of the colorectal epithelium. Intestinal spirochetes comprise a heterogeneous group of bacteria. In humans, Brachyspira aalborgi and Brachyspira pilosicoli predominate. Prevalence rates of IS are low where living standards are high, in contrast to poorly developed areas where IS is common. Homosexuals and HIV-infected individuals are at high risk of being colonized. Clinical significance in individual cases has remained unclear up to now. A review of the literature assumes that invasion of spirochetes beyond the surface epithelium may be associated with gastrointestinal symptoms which respond to antibiotic treatment (metronidazole), whereas individuals lacking this feature may be mostly asymptomatic. Of unknown reason, homosexual and HIV-positive men as well as children are more likely to be symptomatic irrespective of invasion. Rare cases of spirochetemia and multiple organ failure have been reported in critically ill patients with IS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efstathia Tsinganou
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Luzerner Kantonsspital, Luzern, Switzerland
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Naresh R, Song Y, Hampson DJ. The intestinal spirochete Brachyspira pilosicoli attaches to cultured Caco-2 cells and induces pathological changes. PLoS One 2009; 4:e8352. [PMID: 20020053 PMCID: PMC2791440 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0008352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2009] [Accepted: 11/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brachyspira pilosicoli is an anaerobic spirochete that has received relatively little study, partly due to its specialized culture requirements and slow growth. This bacterium colonizes the large intestine of various species, including humans; typically, a dense layer of spirochete cells may be found intimately attached by one cell end to the surface of colonic enterocytes. Colonized individuals may develop colitis, but the mechanisms involved are not understood. The current study aimed to develop an in vitro model to investigate this process. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Four strains of B. pilosicoli were incubated at a high multiplicity of infection with monolayers of a human colonic adenocarcinoma cell line (Caco-2 cells). One strain isolated from a pig (95/1000) and one from a human (WesB) attached to the monolayers. Colonization increased with time, with the Caco-2 cell junctions being the initial targets of attachment. By electron microscopy, individual spirochete cells could be seen to have one cell end invaginated into the Caco-2 cell membranes, with the rest of the spirochete draped over the Caco-2 cell surface. After 6 h incubation, the monolayer was covered with a layer of spirochetes. Colonized monolayers demonstrated a time-dependent series of changes: staining with labelled phalloidin identified accumulation of actin at the cell junctions; ZO-1 staining revealed a loss of Caco-2 tight junction integrity; and Hoechst staining showed condensation and fragmentation of nuclear material consistent with apoptosis. Using quantitative reverse transcription PCR, the colonized monolayers demonstrated a significant up-regulation of interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) and IL-8 expression. B. pilosicoli sonicates caused significant up-regulation of IL-1beta, TNF-alpha, and IL-6, but culture supernatants and non-pathogenic Brachyspira innocens did not alter cytokine expression. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The changes induced in the Caco-2 cells provide evidence that B. pilosicoli has pathogenic potential, and give insights into the likely in vivo pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ram Naresh
- Animal Research Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Australia
| | - Yong Song
- Animal Research Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Australia
| | - David J. Hampson
- Animal Research Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Australia
- * E-mail:
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Mikosza ASJ, Hampson DJ. Human intestinal spirochetosis:Brachyspira aalborgiand/orBrachyspira pilosicoli? Anim Health Res Rev 2007. [DOI: 10.1079/ahrr200117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
AbstractIntestinal spirochetosis in humans (HIS) is a condition defined by the presence of a layer of spirochetes attached by one cell end to the colorectal epithelium. The pathologic significance of HIS is uncertain, but it has been linked to chronic diarrhea and other abdominal complaints. Two anaerobic intestinal spirochete species have been associated with HIS, namelyBrachyspira pilosicoliandBrachyspira aalborgi.Brachyspira pilosicoli, which colonizes many animal species, is common (~30%) in the feces of people from developing countries, including Australian Aborigines, and in HIV+ patients and male homosexuals in Western societies. It is also commonly seen attached to the rectal mucosa of homosexual males. In other groups in Western societies both the presence of B.pilosicoliin feces and histologic HIS are uncommon (~1.5%).Brachyspira aalborgiis an extremely slow growing and fastidious spirochete, which previously had been isolated from an HIS patient in Denmark. Recent studies using polymerase chain reaction amplification of DNA from intestinal biopsies from a series of cases of HIS in the general Western population demonstrated thatB. aalborgi, rather thanB. pilosicoli, was the main spirochete species involved in these patients. This review outlines recent developments in the study of HIS and the two spirochete species, and identifies priorities for future research.
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Abe Y, Hirane A, Yoshizawa A, Nakajima H, Adachi Y. The specific antibody to Brachyspira aalborgi in serum obtained from a patient with intestinal spirochetosis. J Vet Med Sci 2006; 68:1089-91. [PMID: 17085888 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.68.1089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Serum obtained from a patient histopathologically diagnosed as intestinal spirochetosis was investigated serodiagnostically by agglutination test. B. aalborgi which is a human intestinal spirochete reacted strongly with the human serum, while B. pilosicoli which has potential pathogenicity to humans reacted with the serum, but as strongly and its titer was different than the other three species. On the other hand, intestinal spirochetes (Matsumoto isolates) were isolated from the biopsy samples of the patient. The morphological, biochemical, and genetic characteristics of the isolates were very similar to those of B. aalborgi. Furthermore, the protein profiles of the Matsumoto isolates were also similar to those of B. aalborgi but were different than those of B. pilosicoli and B. hyodysenteriae. The reaction profiles of the Matsumoto isolates in immunoblotting were relatively similar to those of B. aalborgi except for a 74 kDa band but were different from those of B. pilosicoli and B. hyodysenteriae. Therefore, we identified the Matsumoto isolates as B. aalborgi and diagnosed the patient with a B. aalborgi infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko Abe
- Animal Health Laboratory, School of Agriculture, Ibaraki University, Japan
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King NR, Fidda N, Gourley G. Colorectal spirochetosis in a child with rectal bleeding: case report and literature review. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2005; 41:673-5. [PMID: 16254530 DOI: 10.1097/01.mpg.0000172881.47301.7a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Neil Ryan King
- Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA.
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van Mook WNKA, Koek GH, van der Ven AJAM, Ceelen TL, Bos RP. Human intestinal spirochaetosis: any clinical significance? Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2004; 16:83-7. [PMID: 15095857 DOI: 10.1097/00042737-200401000-00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Spirochaetes are well known causative agents of diarrhoea in veterinary medicine. In human medicine the relationship between presence of spirochaetes in the colon on the one hand, and its clinical significance on the other, is far less clear. In the majority of cases the colonization of the colon with these micro-organisms seems to represent a commensal relationship with the host, and is almost always a coincidental finding with no association with the clinical symptoms of the patient whatsoever. Very infrequently the organism may become invasive. In this article the literature on human intestinal spirochaetosis is reviewed, and key points for daily clinical practice are emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walther N K A van Mook
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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Marthinsen L, Willén R, Carlén B, Lindberg E, Värendh G. Intestinal spirochetosis in eight pediatric patients from Southern Sweden. APMIS 2002; 110:571-9. [PMID: 12390416 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0463.2002.11007809.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal spirochetes in humans have been recognized for more than a century, but it is still a matter of debate whether they are just commensal organisms or whether they cause colorectal disease. Most descriptions to date are of adult patients, while reports in the pediatric literature have been scarce. In a retrospective study we found eight children with intestinal spirochetosis. The findings, clinical as well as pathological, with light- and electron microscopy, are presented. In all patients, a 3 microm-thick layer of spirochetes was visualised on the luminal aspect of the epithelial cells covering the enterocytes and part of the gland openings. In five of the eight cases an inflammatory cell reaction was seen by light microscopy and in one patient a picture suggesting intracytoplasmatically located spirochetes was seen by electron microscopy. Despite partial or complete destruction of microvilli, spirochetes were still able to adhere to the enterocyte membranes. In three children there was a clear correlation between treatment and relief of symptoms. In four there was partial improvement and in one child no change in bowel-related symptoms. We believe that intestinal spirochetes may cause colorectal disease in children. Possible pathogenic mechanisms are discussed.
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Jensen TK, Boye M, Ahrens P, Korsager B, Teglbjaerg PS, Lindboe CF, Møller K. Diagnostic examination of human intestinal spirochetosis by fluorescent in situ hybridization for Brachyspira aalborgi, Brachyspira pilosicoli, and other species of the genus Brachyspira (Serpulina). J Clin Microbiol 2001; 39:4111-8. [PMID: 11682538 PMCID: PMC88495 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.39.11.4111-4118.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Human intestinal spirochetosis, characterized by end-on attachment of densely packed spirochetes to the epithelial surface of the large intestines as a fringe has been associated with the weakly beta-hemolytic spirochetes Brachyspira aalborgi and Brachyspira (Serpulina) pilosicoli. In this study, fluorescent in situ hybridization with oligonucleotide probes targeting 16S or 23S rRNA of B. aalborgi, B. pilosicoli, and the genus Brachyspira was applied to 40 sections of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded intestinal biopsy specimens from 23 Danish and 15 Norwegian patients with histologic evidence of intestinal spirochetosis. Five biopsy specimens from patients without intestinal spirochetosis and three samples from pigs with experimental B. pilosicoli colitis were examined as well. In addition, the 16S ribosomal DNAs of two clinical isolates of B. aalborgi were sequenced, and a PCR procedure was developed for the identification of B. aalborgi in cultures. The genotypic characteristics of the two clinical isolates showed very high (99.5%) similarity with two existing isolates, the type strain of B. aalborgi and a Swedish isolate. Hybridization with the Brachyspira genus-specific probe revealed a brightly fluorescing fringe of spirochetes on the epithelia of 39 biopsy specimens, whereas 1 biopsy specimen was hybridization negative. The spirochetes in biopsy specimens from 13 Danish and 8 Norwegian patients (55.3%) were identified as B. aalborgi. The spirochetes in the biopsy specimens from the other 17 patients hybridized only with the Brachyspira probe, possibly demonstrating the involvement of as-yet-uncharacterized Brachyspira spirochetes in human intestinal spirochetosis.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Animals
- Biopsy
- Brachyspira/classification
- Brachyspira/genetics
- Brachyspira/isolation & purification
- Culture Media
- DNA, Bacterial/analysis
- DNA, Bacterial/genetics
- DNA, Ribosomal/analysis
- DNA, Ribosomal/genetics
- Female
- Genes, rRNA
- Humans
- In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence
- Intestinal Diseases/diagnosis
- Intestinal Diseases/microbiology
- Intestines/microbiology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Oligonucleotide Probes
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics
- RNA, Ribosomal, 23S/genetics
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Spirochaetales Infections/diagnosis
- Spirochaetales Infections/microbiology
- Swine
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Affiliation(s)
- T K Jensen
- Danish Veterinary Laboratory, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Heine RG, Ward PB, Mikosza AS, Bennett-Wood V, Robins-Browne RM, Hampson DJ. Brachyspira aalborgi infection in four Australian children. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2001; 16:872-5. [PMID: 11555100 DOI: 10.1046/j.1440-1746.2001.t01-1-02543.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AIM The clinical presentation of four children and adolescents (two males and two females with a mean age of 12.4 years; range 9-16 years) with colorectal spirochetosis is discussed. RESULTS Symptoms included persistent diarrhea (n = 2), rectal bleeding (n = 1) and abdominal pain (n = 2). In all patients, colorectal spirochetosis was an unanticipated finding on colonic histology, and the presence of spirochetes was confirmed by the use of electron microscopy. Spirochetes were identified as Brachyspira aalborgi by using PCR amplification of the bacterial 16S rRNA and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide oxidase sequences in all four patients. No other enteric pathogens were found. CONCLUSIONS Although all patients appeared to respond to antibiotic treatment, the clinical significance of B. aalborgi as a human pathogen requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R G Heine
- Department of Gastroenterology and Clinical Nutrition, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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Shah RN, Stosor V, Badve S. Pathologic quiz case. Colon biopsy in a patient with diarrhea--Possible etiologic agent. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2001; 125:699-700. [PMID: 11300951 DOI: 10.5858/2001-125-0699-pqccbi] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R N Shah
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, IL, USA
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Trott DJ, Oxberry SL, Hampson DJ. Evidence for Serpulina hyodysenteriae being recombinant, with an epidemic population structure. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 1997; 143 ( Pt 10):3357-3365. [PMID: 9353937 DOI: 10.1099/00221287-143-10-3357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The population structure of Serpulina hyodysenteriae was investigated using multilocus enzyme electrophoresis. A total of 231 isolates were divided into 50 electrophoretic types (ETs), with a mean genetic diversity of 0.29 for the number of ETs and 0.23 for the number of isolates. Subsets of isolates from two Australian states (71 isolates from Victoria and 68 isolates from Queensland) exhibited as much genetic variation as the entire collection. The calculated index of association (IA) for the number of ETs (0.29 +/- 0.17) was not significantly different from zero, and hence provided evidence for the occurrence of significant genetic recombination accounting for the observed variation between strains. In contrast, the IA for the number of isolates (3.93 +/- 0.03) was significantly different from zero, with seven of the 50 ETs (ETs 4, 6, 13, 14, 20, 33 and 35) containing 51% of all the isolates. Even when multiple isolates from the same farm were removed from the analysis, the IA value for the number of isolates remained significantly greater than zero (IA 9.87 +/- 0.04), indicating that it was not biased by their inclusion. The results suggest that S. hyodysenteriae has an epidemic population structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren J Trott
- Division of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
| | - Sophy L Oxberry
- Division of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
| | - David J Hampson
- Division of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
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19
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Leser TD, Møller K, Jensen TK, Jorsal SE. Specific detection of Serpulina hyodysenteriae and potentially pathogenic weakly beta-haemolytic porcine intestinal spirochetes by polymerase chain reaction targeting 23S rDNA. Mol Cell Probes 1997; 11:363-72. [PMID: 9375296 DOI: 10.1006/mcpr.1997.0129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A 2470-bp section of the 23S ribosomal DNA from Serpulina hyodysenteriae and five biochemically different groups of weakly beta-haemolytic porcine intestinal Serpulina strains was sequenced. The similarity between the sequenced strains was high (96.85% to 99.84%). A phylogenetic tree was estimated by the maximum likelihood method. The sequenced strains formed three groups. Serpulina hyodysenteriae and biochemical group II ('S. intermedius') formed a cluster, but 20 nucleotide positions were different between the two, suggesting that biochemical group II is a separate species. Another cluster consisted of the closely related biochemical group IIIa ('S. murdochii') and IIIb/c (S. innocens) (99.84% similarity), while biochemical group IV (S. pilosicoli) constituted a separate group with a relatively low similarity (96.85% to 97.01%) to the other groups. Three primer pairs were designed for specific PCR detection of the clinically important S. hyodysenteriae and biochemical group II and IV. PCR amplification was accomplished with DNA extracted from bacterial colonies by a simple boiling procedure, and with DNA extracted directly from porcine stool samples using a bead beating extraction procedure. The level of detection for the direct extraction and amplification method was 5 x 10(5) cells added g-1 normal faeces.
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Affiliation(s)
- T D Leser
- Danish Veterinary Laboratory, Copenhagen V, Denmark
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20
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Rayment SJ, Livesley MA, Barrett SP. Sub-specific differentiation of intestinal spirochaete isolates by macrorestriction fragment profiling. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 1997; 143 ( Pt 9):2923-2929. [PMID: 9308176 DOI: 10.1099/00221287-143-9-2923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Macrorestriction fragment profile analysis by PFGE was used to distinguish intestinal spirochaetes, some of which were isolated from cases of swine dysentery and intestinal spirochaetosis in humans, pigs, mice, chickens and dogs. Macrorestriction fragment profiles using SmaI and SacII restriction enzymes were produced and used in statistical analysis. This permitted the division of the isolates into two major clusters. One cluster contained isolates which were identified as Serpulina pilosicoli and the second cluster contained isolates identified as Serpulina hyodysenteriae by immunoblotting with species-specific mAbs. Both species contained sub-specific groups, although these rarely correlated with the source of the isolates. We conclude that PFGE is capable of sub-specific differentiation of intestinal spirochaetes, but that the current species contain a large variety of genotypes among which cross-species transmission may be feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Rayment
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK
| | - M Anne Livesley
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK
| | - Stephen P Barrett
- Department of Medical Microbiology, St Mary's Hospital Medical School, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK
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21
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Muniappa N, Duhamel GE, Mathiesen MR, Bargar TW. Light microscopic and ultrastructural changes in the ceca of chicks inoculated with human and canine Serpulina pilosicoli. Vet Pathol 1996; 33:542-50. [PMID: 8885181 DOI: 10.1177/030098589603300509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Light microscopic and ultrastructural changes were observed in chicks challenged with North American Serpulina pilosicoli, a weakly beta-hemolytic intestinal spirochete (WBHIS) associated with human and canine intestinal spirochetosis. Chicks in control groups received trypticase soy broth or canine Serpulina innocens. The birds were necropsied at weekly intervals, and the ceca were processed for bacteriologic and pathologic examinations. No WBHIS were isolated from the ceca of chicks in the control groups, but WBHIS with genotypes similar to the parent isolates were isolated from the ceca of chicks inoculated with human and canine S. pilosicoli. Gross examination revealed no significant changes in the ceca of chicks at any time post-inoculation. Light microscopic examination revealed no spirochetal attachment in the ceca of chicks in control groups. In contrast, focal to diffuse thickening of the brush border of the surface epithelium along with dilation of the crypt lumina and mild focal lamina propria heterophil infiltration were present in the ceca of chicks inoculated with human and canine S. pilosicoli. Scanning electron microscopic examination revealed focal to confluent spirochetal attachment mainly in the furrow region at the periphery of the crypt units. Transmission electron microscopic examination revealed spirochetes attached to the brush border of the cecal epithelium, causing effacement of the microvilli and disruption of the terminal web microfilaments. The cecal epithelium of chicks inoculated with the canine S. pilosicoli also had caplike elevations of the apical membrane at the point of attachment of the spirochetes together with large numbers of vesicles in the cytoplasm immediately beneath the terminal web and evidence of spirochetal invasion beyond the mucosal barrier. The changes observed suggested that the mechanism of attachment of human and canine S. pilosicoli to the cecal epithelium of chicks was analogous to but different from that described previously for other attaching and effacing gastroenteric bacterical pathogens of human beings and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Muniappa
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, USA
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22
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Abstract
Swine dysentery (SD) is an economically important disease. It is caused by the spirochete Serpulina hyodysenteriae. In order to minimize the economic damage of SD, several methods to control this disease are recommended. Whereas hygienic measures and use of antimicrobials are actually practised for prevention, detection and exclusion of carriers of S. hyodysenteriae and vaccination against the disease still needs further attention. The last two methods require reliable and sensitive diagnostic tests and understanding of the pathogenesis of and immune development against SD. At present the detection of all individual carriers of S. hyodysenteriae is not yet assured, since the tests for screening individual animals are not satisfactorily evaluated as far as sensitivity and/or specificity are concerned. Studies on the pathogenesis of SD have been performed to develop a vaccine. Besides hemolysin/cytotoxin production, no other virulence factors have been identified with certainty for S. hyodysenteriae. Recently however, further indications for a role of motility in the pathogenesis of SD have been obtained. In this manuscript we summarize the most relevant recent findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A ter Huurne
- Department of Bacteriology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Utrecht, Netherlands
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23
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Trott DJ, McLaren AJ, Hampson DJ. Pathogenicity of human and porcine intestinal spirochetes in one-day-old specific-pathogen-free chicks: an animal model of intestinal spirochetosis. Infect Immun 1995; 63:3705-10. [PMID: 7642310 PMCID: PMC173514 DOI: 10.1128/iai.63.9.3705-3710.1995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
One-day-old chicks were infected orally with two strains of weakly hemolytic spirochetes isolated from a human and a pig with intestinal spirochetosis. These spirochetosis both colonized birds, attached end-on to their cecal enterocytes, induced watery diarrhea, and significantly depressed growth rates. Cultures of Serpulina innocens failed to colonize the chicks.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Trott
- School of Veterinary Studies, Murdoch University, Australia
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24
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Lee BJ, Hampson DJ. A monoclonal antibody reacting with the cell envelope of spirochaetes isolated from cases of intestinal spirochaetosis in pigs and humans. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1995; 131:179-84. [PMID: 7557328 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1995.tb07774.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
A monoclonal antibody (mAb) designed BJL/AC1 was prepared against the cell envelope of an intestinal spirochaete (strain 3295) that was isolated from a pig with intestinal spirochaetosis. The mAb reacted with a band of approximately 29 kDa in cell envelope preparations from 13 porcine and 11 human spirochaetes isolated from cases of intestinal spirochaetosis, but did not react with preparations made from a range of other intestinal spirochaetes. Immunogold labelling demonstrated that the reactive epitope was located on the cell envelope of the strains causing intestinal spirochaetosis. The mAb was used in an indirect immunofluorescence test to detect spirochaetes in the faeces of pigs with experimentally induced intestinal spirochaetosis. The mAb should prove to be a useful reagent for detection and identification of spirochaetes that are specifically associated with intestinal spirochaetosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Lee
- School of Veterinary Studies, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia
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25
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Duhamel GE, Muniappa N, Mathiesen MR, Johnson JL, Toth J, Elder RO, Doster AR. Certain canine weakly beta-hemolytic intestinal spirochetes are phenotypically and genotypically related to spirochetes associated with human and porcine intestinal spirochetosis. J Clin Microbiol 1995; 33:2212-5. [PMID: 7559984 PMCID: PMC228371 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.33.8.2212-2215.1995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Four canine weakly beta-hemolytic intestinal spirochetes associated with intestinal spirochetosis (IS-associated WBHIS) were compared with IS-associated human and porcine WBHIS and the type species for Serpulina hyodysenteriae and S. innocens by using phenotypic and genotypic parameters. The IS-associated canine, human, and porcine WBHIS belonged to a phyletic group distinct from but related to previously described Serpulina type species.
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Affiliation(s)
- G E Duhamel
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln 68583-0905, USA
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26
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Fellström C, Pettersson B, Uhlén M, Gunnarsson A, Johansson KE. Phylogeny of Serpulina based on sequence analyses of the 16S rRNA gene and comparison with a scheme involving biochemical classification. Res Vet Sci 1995; 59:5-9. [PMID: 8525085 DOI: 10.1016/0034-5288(95)90022-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Twenty-one putative Serpulina strains, representing six proposed biochemical groups, were selected for phylogenetic studies based on 16S rRNA sequencing. The biochemical groups were distinguished by the degree of beta-haemolysis, indole production, hippurate hydrolysis and alpha-galactosidase-, and beta-glucosidase activity. The 16S rRNA sequences of the U2 to U5 region, including three evolutionarily variable regions, from representatives of each biochemical group were determined by automated solid phase DNA sequencing after in vitro amplification by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The sequences generated were 532 nucleotides in length. Sequence alignments showed that all the strains were closely related, with six informative positions in the region sequenced. A dendrogram was constructed from these data and compared with the tentative biochemical classification. The results support the proposed biochemical classification and indicate that at least five genetic variants of the genus Serpulina can be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Fellström
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Uppsala
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27
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Abstract
A combined evaluation of the phenotypical properties of five Serpulina type or reference strains and 163 Swedish isolates of spirochaetes from pigs and two from birds was made. The porcine isolates were collected from herds with a history of dysentery or severe diarrhoea and from herds chosen at random. On the basis of beta-haemolysis, indole production, hippurate hydrolysis, and alpha-galactosidase, alpha-glucosidase and beta-glucosidase activity, the isolates could be divided into four main groups, I to IV, with three subgroups in group III. Group I included the type strain for Serpulina hyodysenteriae (B78). Group II was differentiated from group I only by weak beta-haemolysis. Group III included the type strain for Serpulina innocens (B256). Group IV included the pathogenic, weakly haemolytic strain P43. Group IV-spirochaetes were characterised by their ability to hydrolyse hippurate and by their lack of beta-glucosidase activity. Group I and II-spirochaetes were isolated only from dysenteric or diarrhoeic pigs. There was a statistical relationship between pigs with diarrhoea and the isolation of group IV spirochaetes but no relationship with group III spirochaetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Fellström
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala
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28
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Fournié-Amazouz E, Baranton G, Carlier JP, Chambreuil G, Cohadon F, Collin P, Gougeon Jolivet A, Hermès I, Lemarie C, Saint Girons I. Isolations of intestinal spirochaetes from the blood of human patients. J Hosp Infect 1995; 30:160-2. [PMID: 7673691 DOI: 10.1016/0195-6701(95)90159-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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29
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Swayne DE, Eaton KA, Stoutenburg J, Trott DJ, Hampson DJ, Jensen NS. Identification of a new intestinal spirochete with pathogenicity for chickens. Infect Immun 1995; 63:430-6. [PMID: 7822007 PMCID: PMC173013 DOI: 10.1128/iai.63.2.430-436.1995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Two intestinal spirochete isolates obtained from chickens with diarrhea were examined by electron microscopy, biochemical tests, rRNA gene restriction pattern analysis, and multilocus enzyme electrophoresis. One isolate (strain 91-1207/C1) was pathogenicity tested in vivo in chickens. The chicken spirochetes were morphologically indistinguishable from Serpulina innocens and Serpulina hyodysenteriae and phenotypically similar to S. innocens. However, the chicken spirochetes could be distinguished from S. innocens, S. hyodysenteriae, and other swine intestinal spirochetes by rRNA gene restriction pattern analysis and multilocus enzyme electrophoresis. In pathogenicity tests in 1-day-old chicks and 14-month-old hens, chicken spirochete 91-1207/C1 produced pale-yellow, watery cecal contents and mild lymphocytic typhlitis. These findings support the conclusion that avian intestinal spirochetes can be pathogenic to commercial poultry and that the microorganisms are different from intestinal spirochetes that infect pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- D E Swayne
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Ohio State University, Columbus 43210-1093
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30
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Raccurt C, Caroff B, Cotellon P, Neron P. Premier cas de spirochétose intestinale à type de syndrome cholériforme en Guyane française. Med Mal Infect 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/s0399-077x(05)80753-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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31
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Park NY, Chung CY, McLaren AJ, Atyeo RF, Hampson DJ. Polymerase chain reaction for identification of human and porcine spirochaetes recovered from cases of intestinal spirochaetosis. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1995; 125:225-9. [PMID: 7875570 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1995.tb07362.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of 16S rDNA was developed to identify spirochaetes recovered from cases of intestinal spirochaetosis in humans and pigs; these bacteria belong to a distinct genetic group of spirochaetes, with the proposed name 'Anguillina coli'. The PCR incorporated a universal eubacterial 16S rDNA sequencing primer (1492r), and a 21-base forward primer designed to include a nucleotide sequence specific for 'A. coli'. The PCR was used to correctly identify DNA extracted from 43 isolates of 'A. coli' from humans and pigs, whilst no product was produced from Escherichia coli, or from other intestinal spirochaetes, including 38 isolates of Serpulina spp., and one each of Treponema succinifaciens and Brachyspira aalborgi. The amplification provided a rapid and simple means of identifying DNA from isolates of 'A. coli', and could be used on boiled whole 'A. coli' cells, with a detection limit equivalent to 2.5 x 10(2) cells. The reaction was used to detect and identify these spirochaetes from selective agar plates inoculated with stool specimens from infected pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Y Park
- School of Veterinary Studies, Murdoch University, Australia
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32
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33
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Neef NA, Lysons RJ, Trott DJ, Hampson DJ, Jones PW, Morgan JH. Pathogenicity of porcine intestinal spirochetes in gnotobiotic pigs. Infect Immun 1994; 62:2395-403. [PMID: 8188364 PMCID: PMC186524 DOI: 10.1128/iai.62.6.2395-2403.1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Twelve intestinal spirochete strains of porcine origin were characterized on the basis of their phenotypic properties, by multilocus enzyme electrophoresis, and by pathogenicity testing in gnotobiotic pigs. The spirochetes used included two strains of Serpulina hyodysenteriae (B204 and P18A), two strains of Serpulina innocens (B256 and 4/71), one strain from the proposed new genus and species "Anguillina coli" (P43/6/78), and seven non-S. hyodysenteriae strains recently isolated from United Kingdom pig herds with a history of nonspecific diarrhea and typhlocolitis. By multilocus enzyme electrophoresis, five of these were identified as S. innocens, one was identified as an unspecified Serpulina sp., and one was identified as "A. coli." S. hyodysenteriae B204 and P18A, "A. coli" P43/6/78 and 2/7, and three (22/7, P280/1, and 14/5) of the five S. innocens field isolates induced mucoid feces and typhlocolitis in gnotobiotic pigs. None of the other spirochetes produced clinical signs or large intestinal pathology in this model. The "A. coli" strains induced a more watery diarrhea, with lesions present more proximally in the large intestine, than did the other pathogenic spirochetes. S. innocens 22/7 was also tested for pathogenicity in hysterotomy-derived pigs that had previously been artificially colonized with a spirochete-free intestinal flora and shown to be susceptible to swine dysentery. Despite effective colonization, strain 22/7 did not produce any disease, nor was there any exacerbation of large intestinal pathology or clinical signs when pigs with an experimentally induced existing colitis caused by Yersinia pseudotuberculosis were superinfected with strain 22/7. Certain non-S. hyodysenteriae spirochetes are therefore capable of inducing disease in gnotobiotic pigs, but their role as primary or opportunistic pathogens in conventional pigs remains equivocal.
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Affiliation(s)
- N A Neef
- Institute for Animal Health, Compton, Near Newbury, Berkshire, United Kingdom
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34
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Hookey JV, Barrett SP, Reed CS, Barber P. Phylogeny of human intestinal spirochaetes inferred from 16S rDNA sequence comparisons. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1994; 117:345-9. [PMID: 8200510 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1994.tb06790.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The sequence of 1383 nucleotides of the DNA encoding 16S rDNA was determined for strains of human intestinal spirochaetes, comprising an unnamed isolate and "Brachyspira aalborgi" NCTC 11492. A phylogenetic tree was inferred from aligned sequence comparisons between the intestinal spirochaetes, representatives of the Spirochaetales and Escherichia coli. The type strain of Brachyspira aalborgi, though related to the Serpulina spp. at approx. 96.5% sequence similarity was distinct and separated from the unnamed human intestinal isolate, HIS Oman, N26. The latter formed a separated and novel lineage that bisected the Spirochaetales.
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Affiliation(s)
- J V Hookey
- Leptospira Reference Laboratory, FAO/WHO Collaborating Centre, County Hospital, Hereford, UK
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