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Zhang Y, Miyamoto Y, Ihara S, Yang JZ, Zuill DE, Angsantikul P, Zhang Q, Gao W, Zhang L, Eckmann L. Composite thermoresponsive hydrogel with auranofin-loaded nanoparticles for topical treatment of vaginal trichomonad infection. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2019; 2:1900157. [PMID: 32377561 PMCID: PMC7202563 DOI: 10.1002/adtp.201900157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Trichomonas vaginalis is responsible for the most common non-viral sexually-transmitted disease worldwide. Standard treatment is with oral nitro-heterocyclic compounds, metronidazole or tinidazole, but resistance to these drugs is emerging and adverse effects can be problematic. Topical treatment offers potential benefits for increasing local drug concentrations and efficacy, while reducing systemic drug exposure, but no topical strategies are currently approved for trichomoniasis. The anti-rheumatic drug, auranofin (AF), was recently discovered to have significant trichomonacidal activity, but has a long plasma half-life and significant adverse effects. Here, we used this drug as a model to develop a novel topical formulation composed of AF-loaded nanoparticles (NP) embedded in a thermoresponsive hydrogel for intravaginal administration. The AF-NP composite gel showed sustained drug release for at least 12 h, and underwent sol-gel transition with increased viscoelasticity within a minute. Intravaginal administration in mice showed excellent NP retention for >6 h and markedly increased local AF levels, but reduced plasma and liver levels compared to oral treatment with a much higher dose. Furthermore, intravaginal AF-NP gel greatly outperformed oral AF in eliminating vaginal trichomonad infection in mice, while causing no systemic or local toxicity. These results show the potential of the AF-NP hydrogel formulation for effective topical therapy of vaginal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhang
- Department of NanoEngineering and Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Yukiko Miyamoto
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Sozaburo Ihara
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Justin Z Yang
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Douglas E Zuill
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Pavimol Angsantikul
- Department of NanoEngineering and Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Qiangzhe Zhang
- Department of NanoEngineering and Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Weiwei Gao
- Department of NanoEngineering and Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Liangfang Zhang
- Department of NanoEngineering and Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Lars Eckmann
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
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Alling C, Rae DO, Ma X, Neumann L, Lollis LG, Steele E, Yelvington J, Naikare HK, Walden HS, Crews J, Boughton R. Systemic humoral immunity in beef bulls following therapeutic vaccination against Tritrichomonas foetus. Vet Parasitol 2018; 255:69-73. [PMID: 29773139 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2018.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The utility of therapeutic vaccination of bulls against Tritrichomonas foetus has been advocated in previous studies, but anecdotal reports suggest this practice does not clear infections and may additionally confound diagnostic testing by reducing parasite burdens below detectable limits. The objective of this study was to characterize the systemic humoral immune response to therapeutic vaccination in T. foetus-infected bulls over a period of four months using an indirect ELISA and to compare the dynamics of this response to culture and PCR results to establish the existence of a relationship (or lack thereof) between immunization and infection status. A study population of 4- to 6-year-old T. foetus-infected beef bulls (n = 20) was divided equally into a treatment group and a control group. The treatment group received two doses of commercially prepared whole cell killed vaccine 2 weeks apart while the control group received injections of vaccine diluent. Blood samples were collected at each injection and at 4 subsequent dates every 4 weeks thereafter (i.e. 0, 2, 6, 10, 14, and 18 wks) to measure IgG1 and IgG2 antibody subisotype response via an indirect ELISA. Preputial smegma samples were collected at the four monthly intervals following vaccination for diagnosis of infection via InPouch™ culture, Modified Diamond's Medium (MDM) culture, and PCR. Humoral response for both IgG isotypes from week 2 through week 18 were significantly increased in vaccinates compared to controls. No significant decrease in infection prevalence was detected in the treatment group for any of the diagnostic methods used. The apparent lack of pathogen clearance during a stimulated immune response suggests that therapeutic vaccination may not be a useful T. foetus management practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Alling
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, PO Box 100136, 2015 SW 16th Ave, Gainesville, FL, 32610, United States.
| | - D Owen Rae
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, PO Box 100136, 2015 SW 16th Ave, Gainesville, FL, 32610, United States.
| | - Xiaojie Ma
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, PO Box 100136, 2015 SW 16th Ave, Gainesville, FL, 32610, United States
| | - Laura Neumann
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, PO Box 100136, 2015 SW 16th Ave, Gainesville, FL, 32610, United States
| | - L Gene Lollis
- MacArthur Agro-Ecology Research Center, 350 Buck Island Ranch Rd, Lake Placid, FL, 33862, United States
| | - Elizabeth Steele
- Steele Equine Veterinary Services, 7713 State Road 64 E, Zolfo Springs, FL, 33890, United States
| | - John Yelvington
- Ridge Large Animal Services, 7713 State Road 64 E, Zolfo Springs, FL, 33890, United States
| | - Hemant K Naikare
- Tifton Veterinary Diagnostic & Investigational Laboratory, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, College of Veterinary Medicine, 43 Brighton Road, Tifton, GA, 31793, United States
| | - Heather Stockdale Walden
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, PO Box 110880, 1945 SW 16th Ave, Gainesville, FL, 32611, United States
| | - John Crews
- Division of Animal Industry, Florida Bureau of Animal Disease Control, 500 3rd St NW, Winter Haven, FL, 33881, United States
| | - Raoul Boughton
- Department of Wildlife, Ecology, and Conservation, University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Range Cattle Research and Education Center, 3401 Experiment Station, Ona, FL, 33865, United States.
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Gould EN, Corbeil LB, Kania SA, Tolbert MK. Evaluation of surface antigen TF1.17 in feline Tritrichomonas foetus isolates. Vet Parasitol 2017; 244:144-153. [PMID: 28917306 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2017.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Tritrichomonas foetus (T. foetus) is a flagellated protozoa that infects the distal ileum and proximal colon of domestic cats, as well as the urogenital tract of cattle. Feline trichomonosis is recognized as a prevalent cause of chronic diarrhea in cats worldwide. The suspected route of transmission is fecal-oral, with cats in densely crowded environments at highest risk for infection. Thus, the recommended strategy for minimizing spread of infection is to identify and isolate T. foetus-positive cats from the general population. Rapid identification of infected cats can be challenging due to the inability to accurately and quickly detect the organism in samples at point of care facilities. Thus, identification of targets for use in development of a novel diagnostic test, as well as a vaccine or therapy for T. foetus infection is a significant area of research. Despite a difference in organ tropism between T. foetus genotypes, evidence exists for conserved virulence factors between feline and bovine T. foetus. The bovine T. foetus surface antigen, TF1.17, is an adhesin that is conserved across isolates. Vaccination with the purified antigen results in amelioration of cytopathogenicity and more rapid clearance of infection in cattle. We previously showed that three feline isolates of T. foetus were positive for TF1.17 antigen so we further hypothesized that TF1.17 is conserved across feline T. foetus isolates and that this antigen would represent an attractive target for development of a novel diagnostic test or therapy for feline trichomonosis. In these studies, we used monoclonal antibodies previously generated against 1.15 and 1.17 epitopes of the bovine T. foetus TF1.17 antigen, to evaluate for the presence and role of TF1.17 in the cytopathogenicity of feline T. foetus. A previously validated in vitro co-culture approach was used to model feline T. foetus infection. Immunoblotting, immunofluorescence assays, and flow cytometric analysis confirmed the presence and surface localization of antigen TF1.17 across all feline T. foetus isolates tested. Antigen TF1.17 was notably absent in the presumably nonpathogenic intestinal trichomonad, Pentatrichomonas hominis, a parasite that can be confused microscopically with T. foetus. Similar to bovine trichomoniasis, TF1.17 was found to promote T. foetus adhesion to the intestinal epithelium. These results support further characterization and development of the TF1.17 antigen as a possible target for the diagnosis and prevention of feline T. foetus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- E N Gould
- The University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine, Departments of Small Animal Clinical Sciences and Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - L B Corbeil
- The University of San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, Department of Pathology, United States
| | - S A Kania
- The University of San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, Department of Pathology, United States; Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, The University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - M K Tolbert
- The University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine, Departments of Small Animal Clinical Sciences and Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, Knoxville, TN, United States.
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Singh RS, Walia AK, Kanwar JR. Protozoa lectins and their role in host–pathogen interactions. Biotechnol Adv 2016; 34:1018-1029. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2016.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Michi AN, Favetto PH, Kastelic J, Cobo ER. A review of sexually transmitted bovine trichomoniasis and campylobacteriosis affecting cattle reproductive health. Theriogenology 2015; 85:781-791. [PMID: 26679515 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2015.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The objective is to discuss sexually transmitted diseases caused by Tritrichomonas foetus (T foetus) and Campylobacter fetus (C fetus) subsp. venerealis, with a focus on prevalence, pathogenesis, and diagnosis in cows and bulls. Diagnosis and control are problematic because these diseases cause severe reproductive losses in cows, but in bulls are clinically asymptomatic, which allows the disease to flourish, especially in the absence of legislated control programs. We review research regarding prophylactic systemic immunization of bulls and cows with antigens of T foetus and C fetus venerealis and their efficacy in preventing or clearing preexisting infections in the genital tract. Current diagnostic methods of C fetus venerealis and T foetus (microbial culture and PCR) should be improved. Review of the latest advances in bovine trichomoniasis and campylobacteriosis should promote knowledge and provide an impetus to pursue further efforts to control bovine sexually transmitted diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aubrey N Michi
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Pedro H Favetto
- Private Veterinarian (Dairy Veterinary Services), Escalon, California, USA
| | - John Kastelic
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Eduardo R Cobo
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
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Hodgins DC, Chattha K, Vlasova A, Parreño V, Corbeil LB, Renukaradhya GJ, Saif LJ. Mucosal Veterinary Vaccines. Mucosal Immunol 2015. [PMCID: PMC7149859 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-415847-4.00068-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Bastida-Corcuera FD, Singh BN, Gray GC, Stamper PD, Davuluri M, Schlangen K, Corbeil RR, Corbeil LB. Antibodies to Trichomonas vaginalis surface glycolipid. Sex Transm Infect 2013; 89:467-72. [PMID: 23785040 DOI: 10.1136/sextrans-2012-051013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human trichomoniasis is the most common non-viral sexually transmitted disease, yet immune responses are not well studied. METHODS Since the Trichomonas vaginalis lipophosphoglycan (TvLPG) is an important virulence factor, a bank of eight monoclonal antibodies was generated to define the antigen in clinical isolates. The TvLPG-specific antibody response of women who were culture positive (n=33) or negative (n=33) for T vaginalis infection was determined by isotype-specific ELISA. RESULTS The bank of monoclonal antibodies reacted with conserved surface TvLPG epitopes in 27 isolates from pregnant women at their first prenatal visit. Conserved TvLPG epitopes were shown to be surface exposed by immunofluorescence. Sera collected from the same patients at the same time were assayed for specific antibodies. Serum and vaginal secretions from 33 T vaginalis-positive women had statistically higher IgG anti-TvLPG levels than age-matched and race-matched negative controls in the same clinical study (p<0.01). Vaginal IgA anti-TvLPG levels of the women with trichomoniasis were almost significantly higher than controls (p=0.055). Infected women with normal pregnancies had significantly higher vaginal IgG anti-TvLPG values than infected women with adverse outcomes of pregnancy. CONCLUSIONS These antibody responses show that infected women can respond to the conserved TvLPG antigen. Since antibodies to trichomonad surface LPG protect in a bovine model of trichomoniasis, the role of these antibodies in the human disease should be investigated.
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Immunity to infections in the lower genital tract of bulls. J Reprod Immunol 2011; 89:55-61. [PMID: 21474188 DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2011.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2010] [Revised: 02/12/2011] [Accepted: 02/15/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The mucosa of the bovine prepuce has unique immunological characteristics critical to defense against sexually transmitted diseases. Tritrichomonas foetus and Campylobacter fetus subspecies venerealis persistently colonize the lower genital tract of bulls but usually do not cause either major clinical signs or inflammation. These microbes may be sexually transmitted to female cattle to cause reproductive failure. Although the male genital immune responses to T. foetus and C. fetus subspecies venerealis are inefficient in clearing infection, systemic immunization with T. foetus and C. fetus subspecies venerealis antigens does prevent or eliminate these infections with induction of IgG antibodies in genital secretions and serum.
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Cobo ER, Corbeil LB, Gershwin LJ, BonDurant RH. Preputial cellular and antibody responses of bulls vaccinated and/or challenged with Tritrichomonas foetus. Vaccine 2009; 28:361-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2009] [Revised: 10/01/2009] [Accepted: 10/12/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Corbeil LB, Campero CM, Van Hoosear K, BonDurant RH. Detection of trichomonad species in the reproductive tracts of breeding and virgin bulls. Vet Parasitol 2008; 154:226-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2008.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2007] [Revised: 03/05/2008] [Accepted: 03/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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BonDurant RH. Selected diseases and conditions associated with bovine conceptus loss in the first trimester. Theriogenology 2007; 68:461-73. [PMID: 17548105 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2007.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The outcomes of insults to the bovine conceptus depend on the predilection of the insulting agent for the gravid reproductive tract, the virulence of the insult, and the developmental maturity/immune competence of the conceptus at the time of the insult. Agents that are lethal at one time during gestation may be harmless at another, or may have completely different effects (some not so harmless) at different gestational ages. This review discusses some of the known physical-mechanical, physiological, and infectious causes of first trimester bovine conceptus losses, including three infectious agents that have been the subject of recent studies for their potential to transmit disease via embryo transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- R H BonDurant
- Department of Population Health & Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Abstract
Immunoprophyloxis for bovine trichomoniosis has been a priority because of the high prevalence o f the disease, the considerable economic loss due to the infection and the lack of approved chemotherapeutic agents. The commercial availability of first-generation vaccines provides hope not only for even more effective immunization regimens far this disease, but also for other protozoal infections and for sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) caused by a wide variety of infectious agents. At present, efficacious vaccines for protozoal diseases and for STDs are rare. Since information gained on immunization against Tritrichomonas foetus may have broad significance for control of these two classes of infection,it is important to explore the biological basis of protection against this protozoal infection of the reproductive tract In this paper, Lynette Corbeil reviews data on host-parasite relationships in bovine trichomoniasis as a basis for developing vaccine strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- L B Corbeil
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, 200 West Arbor Drive, San Diego, CA 921038416, USA
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Corbeil LB, Campero CM, Rhyan JC, BonDurant RH. Vaccines against sexually transmitted diseases. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2003; 1:118. [PMID: 14651753 PMCID: PMC305334 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7827-1-118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2003] [Accepted: 12/02/2003] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lynette B Corbeil
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego Medical Center, 200 West Arbor Drive, San Diego, CA, 92103-8416, USA
| | - Carlos M Campero
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Jack C Rhyan
- National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, CO 80504, USA
| | - Robert H BonDurant
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Abstract
Protective immune responses in the genital tract are robust, as shown by convalescent and vaccine-induced immunity. Systemic immunity is crucial for systemic infections that result in reproductive failure (such as brucellosis, leptospirosis, and the systemic forms of C. fetus and H. somnus infection). Although IgA responses can protect against sexually transmitted or venereal infections, systemically induced IgG antibody responses also protect. IgA responses can be induced by immunization of the genital tract, where inductive sites develop after antigenic stimulation. The common mucosal immune system can also be used to induce a genital IgA response, as shown by intranasal vaccination. Lastly, it is necessary to determine which antigens of each infectious agent are protective and which types of immune responses protect best.
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Affiliation(s)
- L B Corbeil
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, California, USA.
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16
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Rhyan JC, Wilson KL, Wagner B, Anderson ML, BonDurant RH, Burgess DE, Mutwiri GK, Corbeil LB. Demonstration of Tritrichomonas foetus in the external genitalia and of specific antibodies in preputial secretions of naturally infected bulls. Vet Pathol 1999; 36:406-11. [PMID: 10490208 DOI: 10.1354/vp.36-5-406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Portions of penis and prepuce were collected from 24 bulls with current or recent Tritrichomonas foetus infection. Epididymides were collected from seven of the bulls, and seminal vesicles and prostate were collected from four. Following immunohistochemical staining with two monoclonal antibodies (34.7C4.4 and TF1.15) prepared against T. foetus surface antigens, trichomonads were identified in sections from 15 of the bulls. Organisms were most often located in penile crypts in the midshaft and caudal regions and less often in preputial crypts. Trichomonads were not observed in sections from other genitalia or in subepithelial tissue. T. foetus antigen, however, was present in the cytoplasm of some epithelial cells and the cytoplasm of some mononuclear cells in subepithelial lymphoid aggregates and follicles. Preputial smegma was collected from 16 T. foetus-infected bulls and from 16 control bulls with negative T. foetus cultures. Preputial antibody levels to TF1.17, a surface antigen of T. foetus, were determined by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Preputial secretions from infected bulls contained specific antibody of each isotype and subisotype tested. IgG1 responses were the greatest, IgM and IgA responses were approximately equal, and IgG2 responses were low. Each isotype and subisotype response in infected bulls was significantly greater than that in the controls. These results confirm previous speculation concerning anatomical sites of infection and suggest that parasite antigen can be taken up and processed locally, resulting in deposition of specific IgG1, IgG2, IgA, and IgM antibodies in the preputial cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Rhyan
- Pathobiology Laboratory, National Veterinary Services Laboratories, US Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, USA
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Abstract
Tritrichomonas foetus is a parasite of particular veterinary importance causing bovine tritrichomonosis, a sexually transmitted disease leading to infertility and abortion. The present review summarizes the current knowledge on potential mechanisms of pathogenicity of T. foetus, the immunology of host-parasite interaction in bovine tritrichomonosis, and the experimental model systems of this parasitic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Felleisen
- Institute of Parasitology, University of Bern, Switzerland
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18
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Corbeil LB. Immunization and diagnosis in bovine reproductive tract infections. ADVANCES IN VETERINARY MEDICINE 1999; 41:217-39. [PMID: 9890019 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-3519(99)80018-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- L B Corbeil
- Department of Pathology, University of California-San Diego 92103-8416, USA
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19
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Corbeil LB, Anderson ML, Corbeil RR, Eddow JM, BonDurant RH. Female reproductive tract immunity in bovine trichomoniasis. Am J Reprod Immunol 1998; 39:189-98. [PMID: 9526608 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.1998.tb00353.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM Mechanisms of protective immunity in the female reproductive tract are poorly understood. For sexually transmitted diseases, bovine trichomoniasis is a useful model because it resembles human trichomoniasis to some extent, and antibodies play an important role in protection against these extracellular parasites. Protective efficacy was compared in animals with genital responses of predominantly immunoglobulin G (IgG) or predominantly IgA antibodies to a purified surface antigen of Tritrichomonas foetus. METHOD OF STUDY Immunization of mice by various routes with immunoaffinity-purified T. foetus surface antigen (TF1.17) or killed cells was used to define the best routes and antigen combinations to give predominantly IgG or IgA antibodies to TF1.17 antigens in genital secretions. Cattle were then immunized either subcutaneously (SC) two times with TF1.17 antigen and once SC with killed T. foetus or twice SC with TF1.17 antigen and once intravaginally with killed T. foetus. All immunizations were in Quil A adjuvant. Controls were not immunized. Animals were challenged intravaginally with 10(6) T. foetus 3 weeks after the third immunization. Vaginal mucus was collected weekly for culture and antibody assays. Serum was collected weekly, and uterine secretions were collected at 10 weeks post-challenge. Tissues were fixed at 10 weeks also. RESULTS Murine studies showed systemic priming with vaginal boosting gave the highest genital IgA responses. In cattle, systemic immunization (group S) induced high IgG1 antibody levels in vaginal secretions. Systemic priming with vaginal boosting (group S/V) primed for an anamnestic vaginal IgA response after challenge with T. foetus. Cattle with predominantly IgG or predominantly IgA responses in vaginal secretions either did not become infected or cleared infection faster than controls. Uterine IgA responses at 10 weeks were highest in the vaginally boosted group, but other responses were not different from the controls at this time point. Microscopic examination of genital tissues showed subepithelial infiltration of mononuclear cells in all groups. Lymphoid aggregates or nodules were detected in vaginal sections in cattle of groups S/V and C as well as in uterine sections of all animals in all three groups. CONCLUSIONS Both IgG and IgA antibodies to T. foetus superficial antigen were associated with protection. The timing of the response was related to the time of clearance. Lymphoid organization in the vagina and uterine tissues suggested development of mucosal inductive sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- L B Corbeil
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego Medical Center, California 92103-8416, USA
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BonDurant RH. Pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management of trichomoniasis in cattle. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 1997; 13:345-61. [PMID: 9216054 DOI: 10.1016/s0749-0720(15)30346-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Trichomoniasis is a disease of the pregnancy, but apparently not of either the cow or the bull, except in the case of postcoital pyometra. Its self-limiting nature in the cow and chronic nature in the bull mean that a positive diagnosis for the herd can more easily be obtained from bulls than from cows. Incubation of preputial scrapings or washings (or pyometritic fluid, if available) in a selective growth medium such as the InPouch system is the diagnostic method of choice. The diagnosis is based on identification of the morphology and characteristic rolling motility of the trichomonad. "High tech" molecular approaches may eventually offer greater diagnostic sensitivity than can culture methods, but currently they are no more accurate. In addition, serologic screening of the female herd (but interestingly, not the bulls) may become possible and may allow the practitioner to at least determine whether exposure has occurred in an unvaccinated herd. Control in an infected herd involves no pharmacologic treatment but rather culling of infected bulls, retention of younger, culture-negative bulls, and segregation of the female herd by reproductive status.
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Affiliation(s)
- R H BonDurant
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, USA
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Bondurant RH, van Hoosear KA, Corbeil LB, Bernoco D. Serological response to in vitro-shed antigen(s) of Tritrichomonas foetus in cattle. CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY IMMUNOLOGY 1996; 3:432-7. [PMID: 8807209 PMCID: PMC170363 DOI: 10.1128/cdli.3.4.432-437.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
We developed a serological assay for detection of (l) an erythrocyte-adhering molecule(s) shed by the bovine venereal pathogen Tritrichomonas foetus and (II) serum antibodies to this antigen(s) in exposed cattle. Sera from exposed and unexposed cattle were tested for their ability to induce complement-mediated lysis of bovine erythrocytes that had been previously incubated overnight at room temperature in pH-adjusted supernatants of T. foetus culture media. Eight of 180 serum specimens from six groups of presumably unexposed cows or heifers showed a positive (> or = 1:2) hemolytic titer (specificity = 95.6%). Thirteen of 14 females in two experimentally infected groups showed a positive hemolytic titer following infection (sensitivity = 94%). In experimentally infected heifers, there was little correlation (r2 = 0.33) between serum hemolytic titers with respect to shed antigen and titers obtained in serum enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays in which whole T. foetus served as the antigen. Serum hemolytic titers rose 3 to 4 weeks sooner than did previously described vaginal mucus immunoglobulin G1 or immunoglobulin A titers with respect to whole-cell antigen or TF1.17 subunit antigen, respectively. Among 14 chronically infected bulls, only 6 (43%) showed a positive hemolytic titer. This study is the first, to our knowledge, to show a specific serological response in the host to an in vitro-shed antigen(s) of T. foetus and suggests a useful diagnostic test for potentially exposed herds.
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Affiliation(s)
- R H Bondurant
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis 95616, USA.
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Ikeda JS, BonDurant RH, Corbeil LB. Bovine vaginal antibody responses to immunoaffinity-purified surface antigen of Tritrichomonas foetus. J Clin Microbiol 1995; 33:1158-63. [PMID: 7615722 PMCID: PMC228123 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.33.5.1158-1163.1995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine trichomoniasis is a prevalent sexually transmitted disease of cattle caused by the protozoan Tritrichomonas foetus. Currently, diagnosis is most often made by culture. In order to provide a faster immunodiagnostic approach, a specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was investigated. A protective surface antigen (TF1.17 antigen) of T. foetus was immunoaffinity purified and used in an ELISA to detect antibodies in vaginal mucus from heifers inoculated with T. foetus. In preliminary studies, antibodies of the immunoglobulin A (IgA) isotype were detected in mucus from all experimentally infected heifers which were tested at 6 weeks postinoculation, whereas IgG1 and IgG2 were not. In addition, IgA responses detected in postinoculation samples were all greater than those detected in preinoculation samples, unlike those detected by a whole-cell antigen ELISA. For these two reasons, IgA antibodies appeared to be useful diagnostically. Further investigation of IgA antibodies used vaginal mucus collected weekly from heifers inoculated intravaginally with 10(2), 10(4), or 10(6) T. foetus organisms. Heifers with positive cultures for T. foetus had similar IgA responses to TF1.17 antigen over the 10 weeks of infection regardless of the initial inoculum dose. This indicates that if the dose is sufficient to establish infection, the magnitude and duration of the immune response are no longer dependent on dose. All of the infected animals receiving all dosages responded with high absorbance values in the IgA anti-TF1.17 antigen ELISA by 6 weeks postinoculation, and all absorbance values remained high at 10 weeks. To determine the duration of the IgA response, four other heifers inoculated with 7 x 10(6) T. foetus organisms were studied through 24 weeks postinoculation. IgA antibody responses to TF1.17 antigen were still high at 24 weeks, even though some heifers cleared the infection several weeks earlier. These results indicate that experimentally infected heifers produced detectable long-lasting IgA responses to TF1.17 antigen in vaginal mucus, which may be useful in a herd test for the diagnosis of bovine trichomoniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Ikeda
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego Medical Center 92103-8416, USA
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Anderson ML, Barr BC, Conrad PA. Protozoal causes of reproductive failure in domestic ruminants. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 1994; 10:439-61. [PMID: 7728629 DOI: 10.1016/s0749-0720(15)30531-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Protozoan parasites are a significant cause of abortion and infertility in domestic ruminants. Toxoplasma gondii, a widespread cause of abortion in sheep and goats, and Sarcocystis spp., which cause a common, frequently asymptomatic infection of domestic ruminants, both have a two-host life cycle. Carnivorous definitive hosts spread the infection through their feces and domestic ruminants are intermediate hosts. A similar, recently recognized protozoa, Neospora sp., has emerged as an important cause of reproductive disease, especially as an abortifacient in dairy cattle. Neospora is presumed to also have a two-host life cycle, although the definitive host(s) has not been identified. The venereally transmitted Tritrichomonas foetus is an important cause of pregnancy loss in naturally bred cattle throughout the world. In the absence of effective methods for vaccination or treatment, control of these parasites is based on management procedures to reduce infection and transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Anderson
- California Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Davis
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