1
|
Sadeghi M, Mestivier D, Sobhani I. Contribution of pks+ Escherichia coli ( E. coli) to Colon Carcinogenesis. Microorganisms 2024; 12:1111. [PMID: 38930493 PMCID: PMC11205849 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12061111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) stands as a significant global health concern, ranking second in mortality and third in frequency among cancers worldwide. While only a small fraction of CRC cases can be attributed to inherited genetic mutations, the majority arise sporadically due to somatic mutations. Emerging evidence reveals gut microbiota dysbiosis to be a contributing factor, wherein polyketide synthase-positive Escherichia coli (pks+ E. coli) plays a pivotal role in CRC pathogenesis. pks+ bacteria produce colibactin, a genotoxic protein that causes deleterious effects on DNA within host colonocytes. In this review, we examine the role of the gut microbiota in colon carcinogenesis, elucidating how colibactin-producer bacteria induce DNA damage, promote genomic instability, disrupt the gut epithelial barrier, induce mucosal inflammation, modulate host immune responses, and influence cell cycle dynamics. Collectively, these actions foster a microenvironment conducive to tumor initiation and progression. Understanding the mechanisms underlying pks+ bacteria-mediated CRC development may pave the way for mass screening, early detection of tumors, and therapeutic strategies such as microbiota modulation, bacteria-targeted therapy, checkpoint inhibition of colibactin production and immunomodulatory pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Sadeghi
- EA7375–EC2M3: Early, Detection of Colonic Cancer by Using Microbial & Molecular Markers, Paris East Créteil University (UPEC), 94010 Créteil, France;
| | - Denis Mestivier
- EA7375–EC2M3: Early, Detection of Colonic Cancer by Using Microbial & Molecular Markers, Paris East Créteil University (UPEC), 94010 Créteil, France;
| | - Iradj Sobhani
- EA7375–EC2M3: Early, Detection of Colonic Cancer by Using Microbial & Molecular Markers, Paris East Créteil University (UPEC), 94010 Créteil, France;
- Department of Gastroenterology, Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Henri Mondor Hospital, 94010 Créteil, France
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Jaroni D, Litt PK, Bule P, Rumbaugh K. Effectiveness of Bacteriophages against Biofilm-Forming Shiga-Toxigenic Escherichia coli In Vitro and on Food-Contact Surfaces. Foods 2023; 12:2787. [PMID: 37509879 PMCID: PMC10378794 DOI: 10.3390/foods12142787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Formation of biofilms on food-contact surfaces by Shiga-toxigenic Escherichia coli (STEC) can pose a significant challenge to the food industry, making conventional control methods insufficient. Targeted use of bacteriophages to disrupt these biofilms could reduce this problem. Previously isolated and characterized bacteriophages (n = 52) were evaluated against STEC biofilms in vitro and on food-contact surfaces. (2) Methods: Phage treatments (9 logs PFU/mL) in phosphate-buffered saline were used individually or as cocktails. Biofilms of STEC (O157, O26, O45, O103, O111, O121, and O145) were formed in 96-well micro-titer plates (7 logs CFU/mL; 24 h) or on stainless steel (SS) and high-density polyethylene (HDPE) coupons (9 logs CFU/cm2; 7 h), followed by phage treatment. Biofilm disruption was measured in vitro at 0, 3, and 6 h as a change in optical density (A595). Coupons were treated with STEC serotype-specific phage-cocktails or a 21-phage cocktail (3 phages/serotype) for 0, 3, 6, and 16 h, and surviving STEC populations were enumerated. (3) Results: Of the 52 phages, 77% showed STEC biofilm disruption in vitro. Serotype-specific phage treatments reduced pathogen population within the biofilms by 1.9-4.1 and 2.3-5.6 logs CFU/cm2, while the 21-phage cocktail reduced it by 4.0 and 4.8 logs CFU/cm2 on SS and HDPE, respectively. (4) Conclusions: Bacteriophages can be used to reduce STEC and their biofilms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Divya Jaroni
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, and Food and Agricultural Products Center, Oklahoma State University, N. Monroe Street, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Pushpinder Kaur Litt
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, and Food and Agricultural Products Center, Oklahoma State University, N. Monroe Street, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Punya Bule
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, and Food and Agricultural Products Center, Oklahoma State University, N. Monroe Street, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Kaylee Rumbaugh
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, and Food and Agricultural Products Center, Oklahoma State University, N. Monroe Street, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kudva IT, Biernbaum EN, Cassmann ED, Palmer MV. Bovine Rectoanal Junction In Vitro Organ Culture Model System to Study Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli Adherence. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1289. [PMID: 37317263 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11051289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies evaluating the interactions between Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O157:H7 (O157) and the bovine recto-anal junction (RAJ) have been limited to either in vitro analyses of bacteria, cells, or nucleic acids at the RAJ, providing limited information. Alternatively, expensive in vivo studies in animals have been conducted. Therefore, our objective was to develop a comprehensive in vitro organ culture system of the RAJ (RAJ-IVOC) that accurately represents all cell types present in the RAJ. This system would enable studies that yield results similar to those observed in vivo. Pieces of RAJ tissue, obtained from unrelated cattle necropsies, were assembled and subjected to various tests in order to determine the optimal conditions for assaying bacterial adherence in a viable IVOC. O157 strain EDL933 and E. coli K12 with known adherence differences were used to standardize the RAJ-IVOC adherence assay. Tissue integrity was assessed using cell viability, structural cell markers, and histopathology, while the adherence of bacteria was evaluated via microscopy and culture methods. DNA fingerprinting verified the recovered bacteria against the inoculum. When the RAJ-IVOC was assembled in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium, maintained at a temperature of 39 °C with 5% CO2 and gentle shaking for a duration of 3-4 h, it successfully preserved tissue integrity and reproduced the expected adherence phenotype of the bacteria being tested. The RAJ-IVOC model system provides a convenient method to pre-screen multiple bacteria-RAJ interactions prior to in vivo experiments, thereby reducing animal usage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Indira T Kudva
- Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA 50010, USA
| | - Erika N Biernbaum
- Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA 50010, USA
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA
| | - Eric D Cassmann
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA 50010, USA
| | - Mitchell V Palmer
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA 50010, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kudva IT, Trachsel J, Biernbaum EN, Casey T. Novel reusable animal model for comparative evaluation of in vivo growth and protein-expression of Escherichia coli O157 strains in the bovine rumen. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0268645. [PMID: 35617366 PMCID: PMC9135228 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0268645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, we had demonstrated that Escherichia coli O157:H7 (O157) strain 86–24 expresses proteins involved in survival rather than virulence in vitro in rumen fluid from dairy cattle limit fed a maintenance diet. Here, we verified if this observation would be true for different O157 strains grown in vitro in rumen fluid from, and in vivo in the rumen of, animals on contrasting maintenance (high fiber) and lactation (high energy-protein) diets usually limit fed to dairy cattle. For the in vivo studies, an economical, novel, reusable and non-terminal rumen-fistulated animal model permitting simultaneous evaluation of multiple bacterial strains in the bovine rumen was developed. All experiments were conducted in duplicate using different animals to account for host-related variations. The O157 strains included, 86–24, EDL933 and the super shed SS-17. E. coli NalR (#5735), derived from a bovine intestinal commensal E. coli, was included as a control. As expected, diet influenced ruminal pH and volatile fatty acid (VFA) composition. The pH ranged from 6.2–7.0 and total VFA concentrations from 109–141 μM/ml, in animals fed the maintenance diet. In comparison, animals fed the lactation diet had a ruminal pH ranging between 5.18–6.0, and total VFA of 125–219 μM/ml. Strain dependent differences in O157 recovery from the rumen fluid of cattle fed either diet was observed, both in vitro and in vivo, with O157 strains 86–24 and EDL933 demonstrating similar survival patterns. Analysis of the O157 proteomes expressed in the rumen fluid/rumen verified previous observations of adaptive responses. Any difference in the adaptive response was mainly influenced by the animal’s diet and growth conditions (in vitro and in vivo) and not the O157 strain. These new insights into the O157 responses could help formulate modalities to control O157 across strains in cattle at all stages of husbandry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Indira T. Kudva
- Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, Iowa
- * E-mail:
| | - Julian Trachsel
- Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, Iowa
| | - Erika N. Biernbaum
- Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, Iowa
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), ARS Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge, Tennessee
| | - Thomas Casey
- Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, Iowa
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Prevalence and Whole-Genome Sequence-Based Analysis of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli Isolates from the Recto-Anal Junction of Slaughter-Age Irish Sheep. Appl Environ Microbiol 2021; 87:e0138421. [PMID: 34644161 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01384-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) organisms are a diverse group of pathogenic bacteria capable of causing serious human illness, and serogroups O157 and O26 are frequently implicated in human disease. Ruminant hosts are the primary STEC reservoir, and small ruminants are important contributors to STEC transmission. This study investigated the prevalence, serotypes, and shedding dynamics of STEC, including the supershedding of serogroups O157 and O26, in Irish sheep. Recto-anal mucosal swab samples (n = 840) were collected over 24 months from two ovine slaughtering facilities. Samples were plated on selective agars and were quantitatively and qualitatively assessed via real-time PCR (RT-PCR) for Shiga toxin prevalence and serogroup. A subset of STEC isolates (n = 199) were selected for whole-genome sequencing and analyzed in silico. In total, 704/840 (83.8%) swab samples were Shiga toxin positive following RT-PCR screening, and 363/704 (51.6%) animals were subsequently culture positive for STEC. Five animals were shedding STEC O157, and three of these were identified as supershedders. No STEC O26 was isolated. Post hoc statistical analysis showed that younger animals are more likely to harbor STEC and that STEC carriage is most prevalent during the summer months. Following sequencing, 178/199 genomes were confirmed as STEC. Thirty-five different serotypes were identified, 15 of which were not yet reported for sheep. Serotype O91:H14 was the most frequently reported. Eight Shiga toxin gene variants were reported, two stx1 and six stx2, and three novel Shiga-toxin subunit combinations were observed. Variant stx1c was the most prevalent, while many strains also harbored stx2b. IMPORTANCE Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) bacteria are foodborne, zoonotic pathogens of significant public health concern. All STEC organisms harbor stx, a critical virulence determinant, but it is not expressed in most serotypes. Sheep shed the pathogen via fecal excretion and are increasingly recognized as important contributors to the dissemination of STEC. In this study, we have found that there is high prevalence of STEC circulating within sheep and that prevalence is related to animal age and seasonality. Further, sheep harbor a variety of non-O157 STEC, whose prevalence and contribution to human disease have been underinvestigated for many years. A variety of Stx variants were also observed, some of which are of high clinical importance.
Collapse
|
6
|
Evaluation of Cattle for Naturally Colonized Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli Requires Combinatorial Strategies. Int J Microbiol 2021; 2021:6673202. [PMID: 33868404 PMCID: PMC8032530 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6673202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) serogroups O157, O26, O103, O111, O121, O145, and O45 are designated as food adulterants by the U.S. Department of Agriculture-Food Safety and Inspection Service. Cattle are the primary reservoir of these human pathogens. In this study, 59 Angus crossbred heifers were tested specifically for these seven STEC serogroups using a combination of standard culture, serological, PCR, and cell cytotoxicity methods to determine if comparable results would be obtained. At the time of fecal sampling, the animals were approximately 2 years old and weighed 1000–1200 lbs. The diet comprised of 37% ground alfalfa hay, 25% ground Sudan hay, and 38% ground corn supplemented with trace minerals and rumensin with ad libitum access to water. Non-O157 STEC were isolated from 25% (15/59) of the animals tested using a combination of EC broth, CHROMagar STECTM, and Rainbow Agar O157. Interestingly, the O157 serogroup was not isolated from any of the animals. Non-O157 STEC isolates were confirmed to be one of the six adulterant serogroups by serology and/or colony PCR in 10/15 animals with the predominant viable, serogroup being O103. PCR using DNA extracted from feces verified most of the colony PCR results but also identified additional virulence and O-antigen genes from samples with no correlating culture results. Shiga toxin- (Stx-) related cytopathic effects on Vero cells with fecal extracts from 55/59 animals could only be associated with the Stx gene profiles obtained by fecal DNA PCR and not culture results. The differences between culture versus fecal DNA PCR and cytotoxicity assay results suggest that the latter two assays reflect the presence of nonviable STEC or infection with STEC not belonging to the seven adulterant serogroups. This study further supports the use of combinatorial culture, serology, and PCR methods to isolate viable STEC that pose a greater food safety threat.
Collapse
|
7
|
McCarthy SC, Burgess CM, Fanning S, Duffy G. An Overview of Shiga-Toxin Producing Escherichia coli Carriage and Prevalence in the Ovine Meat Production Chain. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2021; 18:147-168. [PMID: 33395551 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2020.2861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Shiga-toxin producing Escherichia coli (STEC) are zoonotic foodborne pathogens that are capable of causing serious human illness. Ovine ruminants are recognized as an important source of STEC and a notable contributor to contamination within the food industry. This review examined the prevalence of STEC in the ovine food production chain from farm-to-fork, reporting carriage in sheep herds, during abattoir processing, and in raw and ready-to-eat meats and meat products. Factors affecting the prevalence of STEC, including seasonality and animal age, were also examined. A relative prevalence can be obtained by calculating the mean prevalence observed over multiple surveys, weighted by sample number. A relative mean prevalence was obtained for STEC O157 and all STEC serogroups at multiple points along the ovine production chain by using suitable published surveys. A relative mean prevalence (and range) for STEC O157 was calculated: for feces 4.4% (0.2-28.1%), fleece 7.6% (0.8-12.8%), carcass 2.1% (0.2-9.8%), and raw ovine meat 1.9% (0.2-6.3%). For all STEC independent of serotype, a relative mean prevalence was calculated: for feces 33.3% (0.9-90.0%), carcass 58.7% (2.0-81.6%), and raw ovine meat 15.4% (2.7-35.5%). The prevalence of STEC in ovine fleece was reported in only one earlier survey, which recorded a prevalence of 86.2%. Animal age was reported to affect shedding in many surveys, with younger animals typically reported as having a higher prevalence of the pathogen. The prevalence of STEC decreases significantly along the ovine production chain after the application of postharvest interventions. Ovine products pose a small risk of potential STEC contamination to the food supply chain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siobhán C McCarthy
- Food Safety Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin, Ireland.,UCD-Centre for Food Safety, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Catherine M Burgess
- Food Safety Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Séamus Fanning
- UCD-Centre for Food Safety, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Geraldine Duffy
- Food Safety Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Vachon MS, Khalid M, Tarr GAM, Hedberg C, Brown JA. Farm animal contact is associated with progression to Hemolytic uremic syndrome in patients with Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli - Indiana, 2012-2018. One Health 2020; 11:100175. [PMID: 33392374 PMCID: PMC7772627 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2020.100175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) is a life-threatening complication of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) infection. The relationship between STEC exposure and severity of clinical outcomes is not well documented. We examined whether direct contact with farm animals increased the likelihood of HUS among Indiana residents diagnosed with STEC. Methods Exposure data for laboratory-confirmed STEC cases among Indiana residents during 2012–2018 were retrieved. Logistic regression and mediation analysis were performed to determine the extent to which a history of direct contact with farm animals was associated with post-diarrheal HUS independent of age and mediated by stx2 gene presence. Results A total of 784 STEC cases were retrieved. Of these, 46 (6%) developed HUS. Complete exposure data were available for 600 (77%) cases. A total of 24 (52%) HUS patients reported direct contact with farm animals, while 114 (21%) STEC patients who did not develop HUS reported this exposure. Among all STEC cases, HUS was associated with direct farm animal contact after adjusting for age (OR = 3.40, 95% CI: 1.81, 6.40). Detection of stx2 genes mediated 12% of the association between farm animal contact and HUS. Conclusions Direct farm animal contact was a risk factor for development of HUS among laboratory-confirmed STEC cases, independent of stx2 presence. Direct farm animal contact should be considered a potential predictor of progression to HUS when patients present for care and the mechanism for its effect on virulence investigated. Independent of stx2 presence, contact with farm animals is a risk factor for the development of HUS. Stx2 gene detection mediated 12.2% of the association between farm animal contact and HUS. Exposure source may impact virulence of STEC and thus the severity of clinical outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Madhura S Vachon
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, 420 Delaware St. SE, Minneapolis, MN, USA, 55455
| | - Myda Khalid
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology and Kidney Diseases, Riley Hospital for Children 575 Riley Hospital Dr., Indianapolis, IN, USA, 46202
| | - Gillian A M Tarr
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, 420 Delaware St. SE, Minneapolis, MN, USA, 55455
| | - Craig Hedberg
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, 420 Delaware St. SE, Minneapolis, MN, USA, 55455
| | - Jennifer A Brown
- Epidemiology Resource Center, Indiana State Department of Health, 2 N. Meridian St. Indianapolis, IN, USA, 46204
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Reynolds C, Checkley S, Chui L, Otto S, Neumann NF. Evaluating the risks associated with Shiga-toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) in private well waters in Canada. Can J Microbiol 2020; 66:337-350. [PMID: 32069070 DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2019-0329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Shiga-toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) represent a major concern for waterborne disease outbreaks associated with consumption of contaminated groundwater. Over 4 million people rely on private groundwater systems as their primary drinking water source in Canada; many of these systems do not meet current standards for water quality. This manuscript provides a scoping overview of studies examining STEC prevalence and occurrence in groundwater, and it includes a synopsis of the environmental variables affecting survival, transport, persistence, and overall occurrence of these important pathogenic microbes in private groundwater wells used for drinking purposes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Colin Reynolds
- Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G7, Canada
| | - Sylvia Checkley
- Department of Ecosystem Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary
| | - Linda Chui
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta
| | - Simon Otto
- Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G7, Canada
| | - Norman F Neumann
- Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G7, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Macori G, McCarthy SC, Burgess CM, Fanning S, Duffy G. A quantitative real time PCR assay to detect and enumerate Escherichia coli O157 and O26 serogroups in sheep recto-anal swabs. J Microbiol Methods 2019; 165:105703. [PMID: 31454506 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2019.105703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A quantitative PCR method is described for the detection and quantification of E. coli O157 and O26 in sheep recto-anal junction swabs. The method incorporated a short enrichment step (5 h) and the use of a developed standard calibration curve relating the real time PCR cycle threshold (Ct) values to the initial concentration of pathogen in the sheep sample.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Siobhán C McCarthy
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin 15, Ireland; UCD-Centre for Food Safety, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy & Sports Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin D04 N2E5, Ireland
| | | | - Séamus Fanning
- UCD-Centre for Food Safety, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy & Sports Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin D04 N2E5, Ireland
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Molecular detection of Shiga toxin-producing and antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli isolates from buffaloes in southwest of Iran. Trop Anim Health Prod 2019; 51:1725-1736. [PMID: 30915604 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-019-01869-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Three hundred fifteen bacteriological samples were obtained from feces and both external and visceral cavity surfaces of carcasses of 105 healthy buffalo slaughtered in southwest of Iran. Confirmed Escherichia coli isolates were examined for antimicrobial resistance phenotypically and were screened for stx1, stx2, and eae genes and their subtypes and assessment of antimicrobial resistance genes by regular PCR and RFLP techniques. One hundred forty-five E. coli were isolated from feces (96 isolates) and external (37) and internal (12) surfaces of carcasses. Results showed that the prevalence of STEC, EPEC, and EHEC pathotypes was 2.8%, 0.7%, and 0.7% respectively. Among 6 (4.13%) positive isolates for examined genes, 4 (2.8%) isolates were positive for stx1, 3 (2.1%) for stx2, and 2 (1.4%) for eae gene. The detected genes were classified into stx1a (4 isolates), stx2a, stx2b, stx2c, eae-β, and unknown subtypes. The most prevalent antibiotic resistance gene was sulII (11.03%). The tetB, qnrB, floR, blaTEM, blaSHV, and aadA genes were found to a lesser extent, and all isolates were negative for blaCTX-15, blaOXA, aac(3)-I, tetA, cat1, qnrA, sulI, dhfrI, and dhfrV genes. Twelve combination patterns of antibiotic-resistant genes were observed. Maximum phenotypically resistance rate was against doxycycline (91.83%), and the minimum was against ceftazidime and florfenicol (2.75%). E. coli isolates from feces and carcasses of slaughtered buffalo can be considered a mild reservoir for stx and eae genes. However, healthy buffaloes could be considered a potential reservoir of multiple antibiotic resistance genes in E. coli isolates.
Collapse
|
12
|
Virulent gene profile and antibiotic susceptibility pattern of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) from cattle and camels in Maiduguri, North-Eastern Nigeria. Trop Anim Health Prod 2018; 50:1327-1341. [DOI: 10.1007/s11250-018-1565-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
|
13
|
Molecular Characterization of Escherichia coli from Pork Meat by Whole Cell Protein Finger Printing. JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.22207/jpam.11.4.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
|
14
|
Litt PK, Jaroni D. Isolation and Physiomorphological Characterization of Escherichia coli O157:H7-Infecting Bacteriophages Recovered from Beef Cattle Operations. Int J Microbiol 2017; 2017:7013236. [PMID: 29123549 PMCID: PMC5662819 DOI: 10.1155/2017/7013236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteriophages, recovered from beef cattle environment and specifically targeting Escherichia coli O157:H7, were examined for their physiological and morphological characteristics. Degree of bacterial lysis and host range of isolated bacteriophages was determined against 55 isolates of E. coli O157:H7. Morphology of phages was examined under transmission electron microscope. Phage growth parameters, particularly rate of adsorption, rise period, latent period, and burst size were also determined. The stability of isolated phages was tested at acidic and alkaline pH, at high temperatures, and in cold storage. A total of 7 phages were isolated which showed lytic activity against 50 out of 55 isolates of E. coli O157:H7. Based on the morphology, phages were classified into Myoviridae or Siphoviridae family. Phages had a rise period between 19 and 40 min, a short latent period between 12 and 30 min, and a large burst size (89-631 virions per infected cell), indicating high lytic activity. Phages remained stable for 24 h at a wide pH (1-11) and temperature range (40-60°C) and for 90 d in cold storage. Characterization of bacteriophages, with a diverse host range of E. coli O157:H7, could aid in the development of effective biocontrol strategies for this pathogen in the food industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pushpinder Kaur Litt
- Department of Animal Science and Food and Agricultural Products Center, Oklahoma State University, 148 FAPC, Monroe St., Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Divya Jaroni
- Department of Animal Science and Food and Agricultural Products Center, Oklahoma State University, 148 FAPC, Monroe St., Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Oberst RD, Hays MP, Bohra LK, Phebus RK, Sargeant JM. Detection of Escherichia Coli O157:H7 in Cattle Feces Using a Polymerase Chain Reaction—Based Fluorogenic 5′ Nuclease (TaqMan®) Detection Assay after Secondary Enrichment. J Vet Diagn Invest 2016; 15:543-52. [PMID: 14667017 DOI: 10.1177/104063870301500606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, methods for recovering and identifying Escherichia coli O157:H7 from cattle feces are inconsistent and hindered by their inability to specifically and rapidly detect small numbers of organisms from this complex and highly variable matrix. A standard approach for isolating and characterizing E. coli O157:H7 from cattle feces was compared with a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based 5′ nuclease assay specific for E. coli O157:H7 that included a secondary enrichment step. The PCR-based method proved a better indicator of the presence of the organism than the culture procedure. Retests indicated that the inclusion of a secondary enrichment step and the subsequent analysis by the 5′ nuclease assay were reproducible and specific. Escherichia coli O157:H7 could be detected in fecal samples that were otherwise negative after a primary enrichment step, immunomagnetic separation, and plating onto sorbitol MacConkey agar plates containing cefixime and tellurite (CT-SMAC). In samples that were initially identified as culture positive but PCR negative, retesting of the culture isolates on CT-SMAC indicated that the sorbitol fermentation interpretations could frequently not be repeated in retests, whereas retesting using the 5′ nuclease assay on the original samples demonstrated a high level of agreement with the initial PCR conclusions. These results indicate the necessity of confirmatory evaluation of isolates culturally recovered by standard cultural methods that involve the interpretation of CT-SMAC. The high level of disagreement between initial culture results and retests, and the high level of agreement between initial PCR results and retests, indicates the advantages of a gene-based detection system for identifying E. coli O157:H7 in cattle feces. Screening large numbers of fecal samples for E. coli O157:H7 would appear to be feasible by integrating the use of enrichment media in serial rounds of incubation with a PCR-based fluorogenic detection procedure in high throughput detection systems that had automated liquid-handling capabilities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard D Oberst
- Food Animal Health and Management Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Biswas S, Pandey PK, Farver TB. Assessing the impacts of temperature and storage on Escherichia coli, Salmonella, and L. monocytogenes decay in dairy manure. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2016; 39:901-13. [PMID: 26922419 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-016-1569-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Elevated levels of animal waste-borne pathogen in ambient water is a serious human health issue. Mitigating influx of pathogens from animal waste such as dairy manure to soil and water requires improving our existing knowledge of pathogen reductions in dairy manure treatment methods. This study was conducted to enhance the understanding of human pathogen decay in liquid dairy manure in anaerobic (AN) and limited aerobic (LA) storage conditions. The decay of three pathogens (Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., and Listeria monocytogenes) was assessed in bench-scale batch reactors fed with liquid slurry. A series of temperatures (30, 35, 42, and 50 °C) conditions were tested to determine the impacts of temperature on Escherichia coli, Salmonella, and L. monocytogenes decay in AN and LA conditions. Results showed prolonged survival of E. coli compared to Salmonella and L. monocytogenes in both LA and AN environments. Variations in survival among pathogens with temperature and environmental conditions (i.e., LA and AN) indicated the necessity of developing improved dairy manure waste treatment methods for controlling animal waste-borne pathogens. The results of this study will help in improving the current understanding of human pathogen decay in dairy manure for making informed decisions of animal manure treatment by stakeholders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sagor Biswas
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine Extension, University of California-Davis, Davis, 95616, California, USA
| | - Pramod K Pandey
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine Extension, University of California-Davis, Davis, 95616, California, USA. .,University of California Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources, UC Cooperative Extension, Davis, 95616, California, USA.
| | - Thomas B Farver
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine Extension, University of California-Davis, Davis, 95616, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Jajarmi M, Ghanbarpour R, Sharifi H, Golchin M. Distribution Pattern of EcoR Phylogenetic Groups Among Shiga Toxin-Producing and Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli Isolated From Healthy Goats. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENTERIC PATHOGENS 2015. [DOI: 10.17795/ijep27971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
|
18
|
Sheep as an important source of E. coli O157/O157:H7 in Turkey. Vet Microbiol 2014; 172:590-5. [PMID: 25042529 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2014.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Revised: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Escherichia coli O157:H7 is a globally important foodborne pathogen and has been mainly associated with cattle as the reservoir. However, accumulating data shows the importance of sheep as an E. coli O157:H7 vehicle. The presence of E. coli O157/O157:H7 in recto-anal mucosal swap and carcass sponge samples of 100 sheep brought to the slaughterhouse in Kirikkale were analyzed over a year. Molecular characteristics (stx1, stx2, eaeA, hly, lpfA1-3, espA, eae-α1, eae-α2, eae-β, eae-β1, eae-β2, eae-γ1, eae-γ2/θ, stx1c, stx1d, stx2c, stx2d, stx2e, stx2f, stx2g, blaampC, tet(A), tet(B), tet(C), tet(D), tet(E), tet(G), sul1, sul2, floR, cmlA, strA, strB and aadA) of 79 isolates were determined and minimum inhibitory concentrations of 20 different antibiotics were investigated. E. coli O157/O157:H7 was found in 18% of sheep included in the study and was more prevalent in yearlings than lambs and mature sheep, and male than female sheep, though none of the categories (season, sex or age range) had significant effect on prevalence. Furthermore, Shiga-toxigenic E. coli (STEC) O157:H7 was determined in 2% and 8% of sheep feces and carcasses, respectively. Additionally, lpfA1-3 and eae-γ1 were detected in all isolates. None of the isolates showed resistance against investigated antibiotics, even though 4 sorbitol fermenting E. coli O157 isolates were positive for tet(A), sul1 and aadA. This is the first study in Turkey that reveals the potential public health risk due to the contamination of sheep carcasses with potentially highly pathogenic STEC O157:H7 strains.
Collapse
|
19
|
Molecular detection of nine clinically important non-O157 Escherichia coli serogroups from raw sheep meat in Chaharmahal-va-Bakhtiari province, Iran. Meat Sci 2014; 97:428-32. [PMID: 24769098 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2014.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2013] [Revised: 02/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
STEC isolates and also stx-negative Escherichia coli isolates from sheep meat from the Chaharmahal-va-Bakhtiari province, Iran were analyzed for nine clinically important non-O157 serotypes by PCR. A total of 90 E. coli isolates were tested. Stx-positive and eae-positive E. coli isolates did not belong to the nine most clinically relevant non-O157 STECs. Of the 80 non-STEC isolates, two belonged to the O103 and two belonged to the O128 groups. Stx-negative E. coli O103 and O128 strains isolated have potential in acquiring stx genes and continuing into the digestive system of consumers. Further studies are needed to analyze virulence characteristics of these E. coli strains to determine their potential role in causing disease in humans. For the sake of public health, it is important to monitor and investigate non-O157 diarrheagenic E. coli strains in meat in order to control and prevent them.
Collapse
|
20
|
Birth of a Pathogen. Food Saf (Tokyo) 2014. [DOI: 10.1128/9781555816186.ch6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
|
21
|
Isolation of Escherichia coli 0157:H7 strain from fecal samples of zoo animal. ScientificWorldJournal 2013; 2013:843968. [PMID: 24489514 PMCID: PMC3893011 DOI: 10.1155/2013/843968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 09/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The isolation and characterization of Escherichia coli O157:H7 strains from 22 out of 174 fecal samples from petting zoo animals representing twenty-two different species (camel, lion, goats, zebra, bear, baboon monkey, Siberian monkey, deer, elk, llama, pony, horses, fox, kangaroo, wolf, porcupine, chickens, tiger, ostrich, hyena, dogs, and wildcats) were investigated. One petting Al-Zawraa zoological society of Baghdad was investigated for E. coli O157:H7 over a 16-month period that spanned two summer and two autumn seasons. Variation in the occurrence of E. coli O157:H7-positive petting zoo animals was observed, with animals being culture positive only in the summer months but not in the spring, autumn, or winter. E. coli O157:H7 isolates were distinguished by agglutination with E. coli O157:H7 latex reagent (Oxoid), identified among the isolates, which showed that multiple E. coli strains were isolated from one petting zoo animal, in which a single animal simultaneously shed multiple E. coli strains; E. coli O157:H7 was isolated only by selective enrichment culture of 2 g of petting zoo animal feces. In contrast, strains other than O157:H7 were cultured from feces of petting zoo animals without enrichment.
Collapse
|
22
|
Occurrence of potentially human-pathogenic Escherichia coli O103 in Norwegian sheep. Appl Environ Microbiol 2013; 79:7502-9. [PMID: 24077709 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01825-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The investigation of an outbreak of hemorrhagic-uremic syndrome in Norway in 2006 indicated that the outbreak strain Escherichia coli O103:H25 could originate from sheep. A national survey of the Norwegian sheep population was performed, with the aim of identifying and describing a possible reservoir of potentially human-pathogenic E. coli O103, in particular of the H types 2 and 25. The investigation of fecal samples from 585 sheep flocks resulted in 1,222 E. coli O103 isolates that were analyzed for the presence of eae and stx genes, while a subset of 369 isolates was further examined for flagellar antigens (H typing), stx subtypes, bfpA, astA, and molecular typing by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). The total ovine E. coli O103 serogroup was genetically diverse by numbers of H types, virulotypes, and PFGE banding patterns identified, although a tendency of clustering toward serotypes was seen. The flocks positive for potentially human-pathogenic E. coli O103 were geographically widely distributed, and no association could be found with county or geographical region. The survey showed that eae-negative, stx-negative E. coli O103, probably nonpathogenic to humans, is very common in sheep, with 27.5% of flocks positive. Moreover, the study documented a low prevalence (0.7%) of potentially human-pathogenic Shiga toxin-producing E. coli O103:H2, while STEC O103:H25 was not detected. However, 3.1% and 5.8% of the flocks were positive for enteropathogenic E. coli O103 belonging to H types 2 and 25, respectively. These isolates are of concern as potential human pathogens by themselves but more importantly as possible precursors for human-pathogenic STEC.
Collapse
|
23
|
Farrokh C, Jordan K, Auvray F, Glass K, Oppegaard H, Raynaud S, Thevenot D, Condron R, De Reu K, Govaris A, Heggum K, Heyndrickx M, Hummerjohann J, Lindsay D, Miszczycha S, Moussiegt S, Verstraete K, Cerf O. Review of Shiga-toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) and their significance in dairy production. Int J Food Microbiol 2013; 162:190-212. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2012.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Revised: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 08/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|
24
|
Chou TC, Chiu HC, Kuo CJ, Wu CM, Syu WJ, Chiu WT, Chen CS. Enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 Shiga-like toxin 1 is required for full pathogenicity and activation of the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway in Caenorhabditis elegans. Cell Microbiol 2012; 15:82-97. [PMID: 22985085 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2012] [Revised: 09/07/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) causes life-threatening infections in humans as a consequence of the production of Shiga-like toxins. Lack of a good animal model system currently hinders in vivo study of EHEC virulence by systematic genetic methods. Here we applied the genetically tractable animal, Caenorhabditis elegans, as a surrogate host to study the virulence of EHEC as well as the host immunity to this human pathogen. Our results show that E. coli O157:H7, a serotype of EHEC, infects and kills C. elegans. Bacterial colonization and induction of the characteristic attaching and effacing (A/E) lesions in the intact intestinal epithelium of C. elegans by E. coli O157:H7 were concomitantly demonstrated in vivo. Genetic analysis indicated that the Shiga-like toxin 1 (Stx1) of E. coli O157:H7 is a virulence factor in C. elegans and is required for full toxicity. Moreover, the C. elegans p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, an evolutionarily conserved innate immune and stress response signalling pathway, is activated in the regulation of host susceptibility to EHEC infection in a Stx1-dependent manner. Our results validate the EHEC-C. elegans interaction as suitable for future comprehensive genetic screens for both novel bacterial and host factors involved in the pathogenesis of EHEC infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T-C Chou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Vande Walle K, Vanrompay D, Cox E. Bovine innate and adaptive immune responses against Escherichia coli O157:H7 and vaccination strategies to reduce faecal shedding in ruminants. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2012; 152:109-20. [PMID: 23084625 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2012.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Enterohaemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) O157:H7 is a zoonotic pathogen of worldwide importance causing foodborne infections with possibly life-threatening consequences in humans, such as haemorrhagic colitis and in a small percentage of zoonotic cases, haemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS). Ruminants are an important reservoir of EHEC and human infections are most frequently associated with direct or indirect contact with ruminant faeces. A thorough understanding of the host-bacterium interaction in ruminants could lead to the development of novel interventions strategies, including innovative vaccines. This review aims to present the current knowledge regarding innate and adaptive immune responses in EHEC colonized ruminants. In addition, results on vaccination strategies in ruminants aiming at reduction of EHEC shedding are reviewed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kris Vande Walle
- Laboratory of Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9860 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Schilling AK, Hotzel H, Methner U, Sprague LD, Schmoock G, El-Adawy H, Ehricht R, Wöhr AC, Erhard M, Geue L. Zoonotic agents in small ruminants kept on city farms in southern Germany. Appl Environ Microbiol 2012; 78:3785-93. [PMID: 22447607 PMCID: PMC3346384 DOI: 10.1128/aem.07802-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2011] [Accepted: 03/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Sheep and goats are popular examples of livestock kept on city farms. In these settings, close contacts between humans and animals frequently occur. Although it is widely accepted that small ruminants can carry numerous zoonotic agents, it is unknown which of these agents actually occur in sheep and goats on city farms in Germany. We sampled feces and nasal liquid of 48 animals (28 goats, 20 sheep) distributed in 7 city farms and on one activity playground in southern Germany. We found that 100% of the sampled sheep and 89.3% of the goats carried Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC). The presence of Staphylococcus spp. in 75% of both sheep and goats could be demonstrated. Campylobacter spp. were detected in 25% and 14.3% of the sheep and goats, respectively. Neither Salmonella spp. nor Coxiella burnetii was found. On the basis of these data, we propose a reasonable hygiene scheme to prevent transmission of zoonotic agents during city farm visits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Katarina Schilling
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Munich, Germany
| | - Helmut Hotzel
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Jena, Germany
| | - Ulrich Methner
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Jena, Germany
| | - Lisa D. Sprague
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Jena, Germany
| | - Gernot Schmoock
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Jena, Germany
| | - Hosny El-Adawy
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Jena, Germany
| | | | - Anna-Caroline Wöhr
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Erhard
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Munich, Germany
| | - Lutz Geue
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Epidemiology, Wusterhausen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Identification of virulence factors by multiplex PCR in Escherichia coli isolated from calves in Minas Gerais, Brazil. Trop Anim Health Prod 2012; 44:1783-90. [DOI: 10.1007/s11250-012-0139-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
28
|
Rahimi E, Kazemeini HR, Salajegheh M. Escherichia coli O157:H7/NM prevalence in raw beef, camel, sheep, goat, and water buffalo meat in Fars and Khuzestan provinces, Iran. VETERINARY RESEARCH FORUM : AN INTERNATIONAL QUARTERLY JOURNAL 2012; 3:15-7. [PMID: 25653740 PMCID: PMC4312813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2011] [Revised: 12/04/2011] [Accepted: 03/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) of the O157:H7 serotype is a worldwide zoonotic pathogen responsible for the majority of severe cases of human EHEC disease. The aim of the present study was to investigate the prevalence of E. coli O157: H7/NM in raw meat samples from two provinces of Iran. During a period from March 2010 to March 2011. Two hundred and ninety five raw meat samples were collected from beef (n= 85), camel, (n= 50), sheep (n= 62), goat (n= 60), and water buffalo (n=38). Fourteen (4.7%) of the 295 samples were positive for E. coli O157. The highest prevalence of E. coli O157 was found in beef samples (8.2%), followed by water buffalo (5.3%), sheep (4.8%), camel (2.0%), and goat (1.7%). Of fourteen E. coli O157 isolates, only one was determined to be serotype O157: H7 while 13 were determined as serotype O157: NM. Of the 14 E. coli O157:H7/NM isolates, one, four, two, and one strains were positive for stx1, stx2, eaeA and ehlyA genes, respectively. The prevalence of this organism varied between seasons with the highest prevalence of E. coli O157 occurring in summer (9.3%). The results of this study showed that beef and water buffalo meat are a significant source for human EHEC E. coli O157:H7/NM infection in Iran. The data reported in this study provides some useful baseline in formation for future research such as molecular or epidemiologic works.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ebrahim Rahimi
- Department of Food Hygiene, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran; ,Correspondence: Ebrahim Rahimi, DVM, PhD, Department of Food Hygiene, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran ,E-mail:
| | - Hamid Reza Kazemeini
- Young Researchers Club, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran;
| | - Mohammad Salajegheh
- Graduated of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Kilonzo C, Atwill ER, Mandrell R, Garrick M, Villanueva V, Hoar BR. Prevalence and molecular characterization of Escherichia coli O157:H7 by multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis in three sheep farming operations in California. J Food Prot 2011; 74:1413-21. [PMID: 21902909 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-10-529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A year-long study was conducted to determine the fecal prevalence of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in three sheep ranches. Strain diversity and persistence were compared with multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Ranch C, a feedlot, consisted of young sheep raised predominantly on a high-grain diet. The other two sites consisted of sheep raised on native pasture and a combination of native and irrigated pasture. Forty fecal samples were collected every month from each ranch. Samples were examined for E. coli O157:H7 by immunomagnetic separation and culture of the magnetic beads onto selective media. Detection of virulence markers in positive isolates was determined by PCR. E. coli O157:H7 was isolated from 100 (22.7%) of 440 fecal samples collected from ranch C. On ranch B, 9 (1.9%) of the 480 fecal samples were positive for the pathogen, while none of the samples from ranch A were positive. On ranch C, the odds of detecting E. coli O157:H7 was 3.2 times greater during the warmer months compared with the cooler months of the year. There was no association between days spent in the feedlot and fecal prevalence of the pathogen (P = 0.62). Most multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis types were isolated only once from ranch C (14 of 23), but several strains were isolated over 4 to 6 months, often in many intervening negative months. This study revealed that the prevalence of E. coli O157:H7 can be high in some sheep ranches in California, especially in feedlots where young sheep are fed predominantly high-grain rations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Kilonzo
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Ma J, Ibekwe AM, Yi X, Wang H, Yamazaki A, Crowley DE, Yang CH. Persistence of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and its mutants in soils. PLoS One 2011; 6:e23191. [PMID: 21826238 PMCID: PMC3149627 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0023191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2011] [Accepted: 07/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The persistence of Shiga toxin-producing E. coli O157:H7 in the environment poses a serious threat to public health. However, the role of Shiga toxins and other virulence factors in the survival of E. coli O157:H7 is poorly defined. The aim of this study was to determine if the virulence factors, stx₁, stx₂, stx₁₋₂, and eae in E. coli O157:H7 EDL933 play any significant role in the growth of this pathogen in rich media and in soils. Isogenic deletion mutants that were missing one of four virulence factors, stx₁, stx₂, stx₁₋₂, and eae in E. coli O157:H7 EDL933 were constructed, and their growth in rich media and survival in soils with distinct texture and chemistry were characterized. The survival data were successfully analyzed using Double Weibull model, and the modeling parameters of the mutant strains were not significantly different from those of the wild type. The calculated T(d) (time needed to reach the detection limit, 100 CFU/g soil) for loamy sand, sandy loam, and silty clay was 32, 80, and 110 days, respectively. It was also found that T(d) was positively correlated with soil structure (e.g. clay content), and soil chemistry (e.g. total nitrogen, total carbon, and water extractable organic carbon). The results of this study showed that the possession of Shiga toxins and intimin in E. coli O157:H7 might not play any important role in its survival in soils. The double deletion mutant of E. coli O157:H7 (stx₁⁻stx₂⁻) may be a good substitute to use for the investigation of transport, fate, and survival of E. coli O157:H7 in the environment where the use of pathogenic strains are prohibited by law since the mutants showed the same characteristics in both culture media and environmental samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jincai Ma
- United States Salinity Laboratory, Agriculture Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Riverside, California, United States of America
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, United States of America
| | - A. Mark Ibekwe
- United States Salinity Laboratory, Agriculture Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Riverside, California, United States of America
| | - Xuan Yi
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Haizhen Wang
- United States Salinity Laboratory, Agriculture Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Riverside, California, United States of America
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, United States of America
- Institute of Soil and Water Resources and Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Subtropical Soil and Plant Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Akihiro Yamazaki
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - David E. Crowley
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, United States of America
| | - Ching-Hong Yang
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
GOVARIS ALEXANDROS, ANGELIDIS APOSTOLOSS, KATSOULIS KONSTANTINOS, POURNARAS SPYROS. OCCURRENCE, VIRULENCE GENES AND ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE OF ESCHERICHIA COLI O157 IN BOVINE, CAPRINE, OVINE AND PORCINE CARCASSES IN GREECE. J Food Saf 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4565.2010.00292.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
32
|
Ferens WA, Hovde CJ. Escherichia coli O157:H7: animal reservoir and sources of human infection. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2010; 8:465-87. [PMID: 21117940 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2010.0673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 357] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This review surveys the literature on carriage and transmission of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) O157:H7 in the context of virulence factors and sampling/culture technique. EHEC of the O157:H7 serotype are worldwide zoonotic pathogens responsible for the majority of severe cases of human EHEC disease. EHEC O157:H7 strains are carried primarily by healthy cattle and other ruminants, but most of the bovine strains are not transmitted to people, and do not exhibit virulence factors associated with human disease. Prevalence of EHEC O157:H7 is probably underestimated. Carriage of EHEC O157:H7 by individual animals is typically short-lived, but pen and farm prevalence of specific isolates may extend for months or years and some carriers, designated as supershedders, may harbor high intestinal numbers of the pathogen for extended periods. The prevalence of EHEC O157:H7 in cattle peaks in the summer and is higher in postweaned calves and heifers than in younger and older animals. Virulent strains of EHEC O157:H7 are rarely harbored by pigs or chickens, but are found in turkeys. The bacteria rarely occur in wildlife with the exception of deer and are only sporadically carried by domestic animals and synanthropic rodents and birds. EHEC O157:H7 occur in amphibian, fish, and invertebrate carriers, and can colonize plant surfaces and tissues via attachment mechanisms different from those mediating intestinal attachment. Strains of EHEC O157:H7 exhibit high genetic variability but typically a small number of genetic types predominate in groups of cattle and a farm environment. Transmission to people occurs primarily via ingestion of inadequately processed contaminated food or water and less frequently through contact with manure, animals, or infected people.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Witold A Ferens
- Department of Microbiology, Molecular Biology, and Biochemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844-3052, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Sánchez S, Martínez R, García A, Benítez J, Blanco J, Blanco J, Blanco M, Dahbi G, López C, Mora A, Alonso J, Rey J. Variation in the prevalence of non-O157 Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in four sheep flocks during a 12-month longitudinal study. Small Rumin Res 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2010.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
34
|
Vande Walle K, Yekta MA, Verdonck F, De Zutter L, Cox E. Rectal inoculation of sheep with E. coli O157:H7 results in persistent infection in the absence of a protective immune response. Vet Microbiol 2010; 147:376-82. [PMID: 20675082 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2010.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2010] [Revised: 06/07/2010] [Accepted: 06/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Escherichia coli (E. coli) O157:H7 can cause haemorrhagic colitis and the haemolytic uremic syndrome in humans. Ruminants are the main reservoir for this bacterium: they can harbour the bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract without showing clinical symptoms. The reason for this persistence is still unclear, although it has been suggested that E. coli O157:H7 can suppress the immune system. To investigate the effects on the immune system of ruminants, an infection model is needed that mimics a long-term infection as it can occur in both sheep and cattle. As the terminal rectum has recently been identified as a primary colonisation site in cattle, we developed a rectal inoculation model for sheep and used this model to study immune responses against selected virulence factors of E. coli O157:H7 (intimin, EspA and EspB). Sheep were infected and re-infected when E. coli O157:H7 excretion was no longer detectable. The animals did not develop serum or local antibody responses but showed a cellular response against EspA and intimin respectively 9 and 16 days after infection. This response was also present 5 days after re-infection, albeit lower, and did not prevent animals from being re-infected. These results demonstrate that E. coli O157:H7 can be persistently present in the large intestine of sheep without inducing a clear protective immune response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kris Vande Walle
- Laboratory of Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Goncuoglu M, Bilir Ormanci FS, Ayaz ND, Erol I. Antibiotic resistance of Escherichia coli O157:H7 isolated from cattle and sheep. ANN MICROBIOL 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s13213-010-0074-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
|
36
|
Tahamtan Y, Hayati M, Mehdi Namavari M. Contamination of Sheep Carcasses With Verocytotoxin Producing Escherchia coli During Slaughtering. Transbound Emerg Dis 2010; 57:25-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1865-1682.2010.01128.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
37
|
Solecki O, MacRae M, Strachan N, Lindstedt BA, Ogden I. E. coliO157 from Sheep in Northeast Scotland: Prevalence, Concentration Shed, and Molecular Characterization by Multilocus Variable Tandem Repeat Analysis. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2009; 6:849-54. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2008.0216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Solecki
- Applied Food Microbiology Group, School of Medicine, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Marion MacRae
- Applied Food Microbiology Group, School of Medicine, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Norval Strachan
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Bjørn-Arne Lindstedt
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Division for Infectious Bacteria Diseases Control, Oslo, Norway
| | - Iain Ogden
- Applied Food Microbiology Group, School of Medicine, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Absence of Escherichia coli phylogenetic group B2 strains in humans and domesticated animals from Jeonnam Province, Republic of Korea. Appl Environ Microbiol 2009; 75:5659-66. [PMID: 19592524 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00443-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiplex PCR analyses of DNAs from genotypically unique Escherichia coli strains isolated from the feces of 138 humans and 376 domesticated animals from Jeonnam Province, South Korea, performed using primers specific for the chuA and yjaA genes and an unknown DNA fragment, TSPE4.C2, indicated that none of the strains belonged to E. coli phylogenetic group B2. In contrast, phylogenetic group B2 strains were detected in about 17% (8 of 48) of isolates from feces of 24 wild geese and in 3% (3 of 96) of isolates obtained from the Yeongsan River in Jeonnam Province, South Korea. The distribution of E. coli strains in phylogenetic groups A, B1, and D varied depending on the host examined, and there was no apparent seasonal variation in the distribution of strains in phylogenetic groups among the Yeongsan River isolates. The distribution of four virulence genes (eaeA, hlyA, stx(1), and stx(2)) in isolates was also examined by using multiplex PCR. Virulence genes were detected in about 5% (38 of 707) of the total group of unique strains examined, with 24, 13, 13, and 9 strains containing hlyA, eaeA, stx(2), and stx(1), respectively. The virulence genes were most frequently present in phylogenetic group B1 strains isolated from beef cattle. Taken together, results of these studies indicate that E. coli strains in phylogenetic group B2 were rarely found in humans and domesticated animals in Jeonnam Province, South Korea, and that the majority of strains containing virulence genes belonged to phylogenetic group B1 and were isolated from beef cattle. Results of this study also suggest that the relationship between the presence and types of virulence genes and phylogenetic groupings may differ among geographically distinct E. coli populations.
Collapse
|
39
|
Vettorato MP, de Castro AFP, Cergole-Novella MC, Camargo FLL, Irino K, Guth BEC. Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli and atypical enteropathogenic Escherichia coli strains isolated from healthy sheep of different populations in São Paulo, Brazil. Lett Appl Microbiol 2009; 49:53-9. [PMID: 19413771 DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2009.02617.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Sheep are important carriers of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) in several countries. However, there are a few reports about ovine STEC in American continent. METHODS AND RESULTS About 86 E. coli strains previously isolated from 172 healthy sheep from different farms were studied. PCR was used for detection of stx(1), stx(2), eae, ehxA and saa genes and for the identification of intimin subtypes. Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP)-PCR was performed to investigate the variants of stx(1) and stx(2), and the flagellar antigen (fliC) genes in nonmotile isolates. Five isolates were eae(+) and stx(-), and belonged to serotypes O128:H2/beta-intimin (2), O145:H2/gamma, O153:H7/beta and O178:H7/epsilon. Eighty-one STEC isolates were recovered, and the stx genotypes identified were stx(1c)stx(2d-O118) (46.9%), stx(1c) (27.2%), stx(2d-O118) (23.4%), and stx(1c)stx(2dOX3a) (2.5%). Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) revealed 27 profiles among 53 STEC and atypical enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) isolates. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated that healthy sheep in São Paulo, Brazil, can be carriers of potential human pathogenic STEC and atypical EPEC. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY As some of the STEC serotypes presently found have been involved with haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS) in other countries, the important role of sheep as sources of STEC infection in our settings should not be disregarded.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M P Vettorato
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas-II, Universidade de São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Paula C, Marin J. Multidrug-resistant Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in dogs with diarrhea. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2009. [DOI: 10.1590/s0102-09352009000200032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
|
41
|
Longitudinal study of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli shedding in sheep feces: persistence of specific clones in sheep flocks. Appl Environ Microbiol 2009; 75:1769-73. [PMID: 19168649 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02043-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To provide information on the persistence and maintenance of colonization with Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) in sheep, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis analysis of STEC isolates (n = 145) belonging to serogroups O5, O91, and O146 from 39 healthy animals was performed in a 12-month longitudinal study carried out with four sheep flocks. At the flock level as well as the individual-animal level, the same clones were obtained on sampling occasions separated by as much as 11 months.
Collapse
|
42
|
Orden JA, Cortés C, Horcajo P, De la Fuente R, Blanco JE, Mora A, López C, Blanco J, Contreras A, Sánchez A, Corrales JC, Domínguez-Bernal G. A longitudinal study of verotoxin-producing Escherichia coli in two dairy goat herds. Vet Microbiol 2008; 132:428-34. [PMID: 18603384 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2008.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2008] [Revised: 05/20/2008] [Accepted: 05/26/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A longitudinal study was conducted on two dairy farms to investigate the pattern of shedding of verotoxin-producing Escherichia coli (VTEC) in goats. Faecal samples were taken from 20 goat kids once weekly during the first 4 weeks of life and then once every month for the next 5 months of life, and from 18 replacement animals and 15 adults once every month for 12 months. The proportion of samples containing VTEC was higher for replacement animals and adults (85.7% and 78.7%, respectively) than for goat kids (25.4%). About 90% of the VTEC colonies isolated from healthy goats belonged to five serogroups (O33, O76, O126, O146 and O166) but the most frequent serogroups of these isolates, except one, were different in the two herds studied. E. coli O157:H7 was found in three goat kids on only one occasion. None of the VTEC isolates, except the three E. coli O157:H7 isolates, was eae-positive. The patterns of shedding of VTEC in goat kids were variable, but, in contrast, most of the replacement animals and adults were persistent VTEC shedders. Our results show that isolates of VTEC O33, O76, O126, O146 and O166 are adapted for colonising the intestine of goats but that, in contrast, infection with VTEC O157:H7 in goats seems to be transient.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J A Orden
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Urdahl AM, Strachan NJC, Wasteson Y, Macrae M, Ogden ID. Diversity of Escherichia coli O157 in a longitudinal farm study using multiple-locus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis. J Appl Microbiol 2008; 105:1344-53. [PMID: 18631199 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2008.03856.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To perform a longitudinal study of the diversity of Escherichia coli O157 from a ruminant pasture/stream environment using multiple-locus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis (MLVA). METHODS AND RESULTS Samples of faecal droppings from grazing ruminants and from an adjacent stream were tested longitudinally for E. coli O157 by enrichment and immunomagnetic separation (IMS). Using MLVA, 24 different profiles were identified from a total of 231 E. coli O157 isolates, of which 80 were included in a similarity analysis. Four main clusters with several subclusters were observed. Although there was close contact between sheep and cattle during the study period, E. coli O157 was surprisingly not detected from cattle faeces. CONCLUSIONS The cluster analysis indicated both unrelated and closely related E. coli O157 strains. The choice of loci to target in MLVA is important for the subtyping result, as loci with high diversities are essential for discriminating between closely related isolates. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY There is a lack of data available on the use of MLVA to describe E. coli O157 diversity and changes over time in the animal reservoirs and the environment. Such data are needed in order to further develop MLVA as a typing method.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A M Urdahl
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Oslo, Norway.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Murphy M, Minihan D, Buckley JF, O'Mahony M, Whyte P, Fanning S. Multiple-locus variable number of tandem repeat analysis (MLVA) of Irish verocytotoxigenic Escherichia coli O157 from feedlot cattle: uncovering strain dissemination routes. BMC Vet Res 2008; 4:2. [PMID: 18218128 PMCID: PMC2246123 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-4-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2007] [Accepted: 01/24/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The identification of the routes of dissemination of Escherichia coli (E. coli) O157 through a cohort of cattle is a critical step to control this pathogen at farm level. The aim of this study was to identify potential routes of dissemination of E. coli O157 using Multiple-Locus Variable number of tandem repeat Analysis (MLVA). RESULTS Thirty-eight environmental and sixteen cattle faecal isolates, which were detected in four adjacent pens over a four-month period were sub-typed. MLVA could separate these isolates into broadly defined clusters consisting of twelve MLVA types. Strain diversity was observed within pens, individual cattle and the environment. CONCLUSION Application of MLVA is a broadly useful and convenient tool when applied to uncover the dissemination of E. coli O157 in the environment and in supporting improved on-farm management of this important pathogen. These data identified diverse strain types based on amplification of VNTR markers in each case.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mary Murphy
- Veterinary Food Safety Laboratory, Cork County Council, Inniscarra, Cork, Ireland.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Genetic diversity among Escherichia coli O157:H7 isolates and identification of genes linked to human infections. Infect Immun 2007; 76:845-56. [PMID: 18070900 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00956-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
An Escherichia coli oligonucleotide microarray based on three sequenced genomes was validated for comparative genomic microarray hybridization and used to study the diversity of E. coli O157 isolates from human infections and food and animal sources. Among 26 test strains, 24 (including both Shiga toxin [Stx]-positive and -negative strains) were found to be related to the two sequenced E. coli O157:H7 strains, EDL933 and Sakai. However, these strains showed much greater genetic diversity than those reported previously, and most of them could not be categorized as either lineage I or II. Some genes were found more often in isolates from human than from nonhuman sources; e.g., ECs1202 and ECs2976, associated with stx2AB and stx1AB, were in all isolates from human sources but in only 40% of those from nonhuman sources. Some (but not all) lineage I-specific or -dominant genes were also more frequently associated with isolates from human. The results suggested that it might be more effective to concentrate our efforts on finding markers that are directly related to infection rather than those specific to certain lineages. In addition, two Stx-negative O157 cattle isolates (one confirmed to be H7) were significantly different from other Stx-positive and -negative E. coli O157:H7 strains and were more similar to MG1655 in their gene content. This work demonstrates that not all E. coli O157:H7 strains belong to the same clonal group, and those that were similar to E. coli K-12 might be less virulent.
Collapse
|
46
|
Solecki O, MacRae M, Ogden I, Strachan N. Can the high levels of human verocytotoxigenic Escherichia coli O157 infection in rural areas of NE Scotland be explained by consumption of contaminated meat? J Appl Microbiol 2007; 103:2616-21. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2007.03518.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
47
|
Kalchayanand N, Arthur TM, Bosilevac JM, Brichta-Harhay DM, Guerini MN, Shackelford SD, Wheeler TL, Koohmaraie M. Microbiological characterization of lamb carcasses at commercial processing plants in the United States. J Food Prot 2007; 70:1811-9. [PMID: 17803136 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-70.8.1811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Although the United States produces 203 million lb (ca. 92.1 kg) of domestic lamb and mutton each year, thorough studies of the microbiological safety during lamb processing are lacking. To address this missing information, a total of 2,548 sponge samples from pelts, preevisceration carcasses, and postintervention carcasses were collected from multiple large commercial lamb processing plants to determine aerobic plate counts, the prevalences of Escherichia coli O157:H7, non-O157 Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC), and Salmonella. The averages of the aerobic plate counts from pelts, the preevisceration carcasses, and the postintervention carcasses were 6.3, 4.4, and 2.4 log CFU/100 cm2, respectively. The prevalences of E. coli O157:H7 from the pelts, the preevisceration carcasses, and the postintervention carcasses were 12.8, 1.6, and 2.9%, respectively. The average Salmonella prevalences were 14.4, 4.3, and 1.8% for pelts, preevisceration carcasses, and postintervention carcasses, respectively. The most frequently identified Salmonella serotype was Heidelberg. The prevalences of non-O157 STEC from pelts, preevisceration carcasses, and postintervention carcasses averaged 86.2, 78.6, and 81.6%, respectively. A total of 488 non-O157 S0TEC strains were isolated from postintervention carcasses. Sixty-nine different serotypes of non-O157 STEC were identified. The most frequently detected serotypes were O91:H14 (40.8%), followed by O5:H19 (18.4%). A small number of STEC serotypes associated with severe human illness were isolated from postintervention carcasses. These were serotypes O76:H19, O128:H2 (0.8%), O146:H8 (2.1%), ) O146:H21, O163:H19, and O174:H8 (1.3%). The results of this study establish a baseline for microbiological quality and prevalences of Salmonella, E. coli O157:H7, and STEC in U.S. lamb processing plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Norasak Kalchayanand
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, Nebraska 68933-0166, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Bettelheim KA. The non-O157 shiga-toxigenic (verocytotoxigenic) Escherichia coli; under-rated pathogens. Crit Rev Microbiol 2007; 33:67-87. [PMID: 17453930 DOI: 10.1080/10408410601172172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Following a brief review of the ecology of Escherichia coli in general, the role of Shiga-Toxigenic (Verocytotoxigenic) E. coli (STEC) as pathogens is addressed. While STEC belonging to the serogroup O157 have been extensively studied and shown to be involved in many cases and outbreaks of human disease, the importance of STEC belonging to other serogroups has not been recognized as much. This review addresses the problems associated with these pathogens, demonstrating that increasing the awareness of them is a major part of the problem. This review then demonstrates how widespread isolations especially from food animals and human disease have been, discussing in particular STEC belonging to serogroups O8, O26, O103, O111, O113 and O128. The animal host-specificity of these STEC is also reviewed. In conclusion some methods of improving isolation of these pathogens is addressed.
Collapse
|
49
|
Feder I, Gray JT, Pearce RA, Fratamico PM, Bush E, Porto-Fett A, Wallace FM, Fedorka-Cray PJ, Luchansky JB. Testing of swine feces obtained through the National Animal Health Monitoring System's Swine 2000 study for the presence of Escherichia coli O157:H7. J Food Prot 2007; 70:1489-92. [PMID: 17612081 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-70.6.1489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Fecal samples collected from healthy pigs from 13 of the top 17 swine-producing states were tested for Escherichia coli O157:H7 as part of the National Animal Health Monitoring System Swine 2000 study. Serogroup O157 strains were isolated from 106 of 2,526 fecal samples. None of the isolates were positive by PCR for the fliCh7 (H7 flagellin) gene or for the hly933 (hemolysin) gene; however, one isolate was positive for the stxl gene (Shiga toxin 1), an additional four isolates were positive for the stx2 gene (Shiga toxin 2), and three isolates possessed the eae gene (intimin).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Feder
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center, 600 E. Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, Pennsylvania 19038, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Espié E, Grimont F, Vaillant V, Montet MP, Carle I, Bavai C, de Valk H, Vernozy-Rozand C. O148 Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli outbreak: microbiological investigation as a useful complement to epidemiological investigation. Clin Microbiol Infect 2006; 12:992-8. [PMID: 16961636 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2006.01468.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
An outbreak of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) O148 infection occurred among wedding attendees in France in June 2002. A retrospective cohort study was performed and ten cases were identified, including two adults with haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS). The analytical study revealed that > 80% of affected individuals had eaten lightly roasted mutton and poultry pâté, but only the consumption of pâté tended to be associated with illness (relative risk 3.4; 95% CI 0.8-14.4). Left-overs (cooked mutton and raw offal) and processed foods (pâté) from the same batches as served at the party were sampled. Human, food and environmental samples were examined for the Shiga toxin (stx) gene and virulence traits by PCR. Stx-positive samples were cultured for STEC. HUS cases were tested for serum antibodies against 26 major STEC serogroups. An STEC O26 strain (stx1, eae, ehxA) was isolated from one case with diarrhoea, and an STEC O148 strain (stx2c) from one case of HUS. Serum antibodies against O26 were not detected in either of these patients; antibodies against O148 were not tested. Three STEC strains were isolated from the mutton and the offal (stx2c, O148), and two from the pâté (stx2c, O-X and O-Y). The isolates from the mutton were indistinguishable from the human stx2c isolate, whereas the pâté isolates differed. Although four different STEC strains were identified in patients and foods, the results of molecular subtyping, in conjunction with analysis of food consumption patterns, strongly suggested that this outbreak was caused by mutton contaminated with STEC O148.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Espié
- Institut de Veille Sanitaire, Département des Maladies Infectieuses, Saint Maurice, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|