1
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Madi N, Cato ET, Abu Sayeed M, Creasy-Marrazzo A, Cuénod A, Islam K, Khabir MIU, Bhuiyan MTR, Begum YA, Freeman E, Vustepalli A, Brinkley L, Kamat M, Bailey LS, Basso KB, Qadri F, Khan AI, Shapiro BJ, Nelson EJ. Phage predation, disease severity, and pathogen genetic diversity in cholera patients. Science 2024; 384:eadj3166. [PMID: 38669570 DOI: 10.1126/science.adj3166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Despite an increasingly detailed picture of the molecular mechanisms of bacteriophage (phage)-bacterial interactions, we lack an understanding of how these interactions evolve and impact disease within patients. In this work, we report a year-long, nationwide study of diarrheal disease patients in Bangladesh. Among cholera patients, we quantified Vibrio cholerae (prey) and its virulent phages (predators) using metagenomics and quantitative polymerase chain reaction while accounting for antibiotic exposure using quantitative mass spectrometry. Virulent phage (ICP1) and antibiotics suppressed V. cholerae to varying degrees and were inversely associated with severe dehydration depending on resistance mechanisms. In the absence of antiphage defenses, predation was "effective," with a high predator:prey ratio that correlated with increased genetic diversity among the prey. In the presence of antiphage defenses, predation was "ineffective," with a lower predator:prey ratio that correlated with increased genetic diversity among the predators. Phage-bacteria coevolution within patients should therefore be considered in the deployment of phage-based therapies and diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naïma Madi
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- McGill Genome Centre, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Emilee T Cato
- Departments of Pediatrics and Environmental and Global Health, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Md Abu Sayeed
- Departments of Pediatrics and Environmental and Global Health, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Ashton Creasy-Marrazzo
- Departments of Pediatrics and Environmental and Global Health, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Aline Cuénod
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- McGill Genome Centre, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Kamrul Islam
- Infectious Diseases Division (IDD) & Nutrition and Clinical Services Division (NCSD), International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md Imam Ul Khabir
- Infectious Diseases Division (IDD) & Nutrition and Clinical Services Division (NCSD), International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md Taufiqur R Bhuiyan
- Infectious Diseases Division (IDD) & Nutrition and Clinical Services Division (NCSD), International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Yasmin A Begum
- Infectious Diseases Division (IDD) & Nutrition and Clinical Services Division (NCSD), International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Emma Freeman
- Departments of Pediatrics and Environmental and Global Health, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Anirudh Vustepalli
- Departments of Pediatrics and Environmental and Global Health, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Lindsey Brinkley
- Departments of Pediatrics and Environmental and Global Health, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Manasi Kamat
- Infectious Diseases Division (IDD) & Nutrition and Clinical Services Division (NCSD), International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Laura S Bailey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Kari B Basso
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Firdausi Qadri
- Infectious Diseases Division (IDD) & Nutrition and Clinical Services Division (NCSD), International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Ashraful I Khan
- Infectious Diseases Division (IDD) & Nutrition and Clinical Services Division (NCSD), International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - B Jesse Shapiro
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- McGill Genome Centre, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- McGill Centre for Microbiome Research, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Eric J Nelson
- Departments of Pediatrics and Environmental and Global Health, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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2
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Madi N, Cato ET, Sayeed MA, Creasy-Marrazzo A, Cuénod A, Islam K, Khabir MIUL, Bhuiyan MTR, Begum YA, Freeman E, Vustepalli A, Brinkley L, Kamat M, Bailey LS, Basso KB, Qadri F, Khan AI, Shapiro BJ, Nelson EJ. Phage predation, disease severity and pathogen genetic diversity in cholera patients. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.06.14.544933. [PMID: 37398242 PMCID: PMC10312676 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.14.544933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Despite an increasingly detailed picture of the molecular mechanisms of phage-bacterial interactions, we lack an understanding of how these interactions evolve and impact disease within patients. Here we report a year-long, nation-wide study of diarrheal disease patients in Bangladesh. Among cholera patients, we quantified Vibrio cholerae (prey) and its virulent phages (predators) using metagenomics and quantitative PCR, while accounting for antibiotic exposure using quantitative mass spectrometry. Virulent phage (ICP1) and antibiotics suppressed V. cholerae to varying degrees and were inversely associated with severe dehydration depending on resistance mechanisms. In the absence of anti-phage defenses, predation was 'effective,' with a high predator:prey ratio that correlated with increased genetic diversity among the prey. In the presence of anti-phage defenses, predation was 'ineffective,' with a lower predator:prey ratio that correlated with increased genetic diversity among the predators. Phage-bacteria coevolution within patients should therefore be considered in the deployment of phage-based therapies and diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naïma Madi
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- McGill Genome Centre, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Emilee T. Cato
- Departments of Pediatrics and Environmental and Global Health, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Md. Abu Sayeed
- Departments of Pediatrics and Environmental and Global Health, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Ashton Creasy-Marrazzo
- Departments of Pediatrics and Environmental and Global Health, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Aline Cuénod
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- McGill Genome Centre, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Kamrul Islam
- Infectious Diseases Division (IDD) & Nutrition and Clinical Services Division (NCSD), International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Imam UL. Khabir
- Infectious Diseases Division (IDD) & Nutrition and Clinical Services Division (NCSD), International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Taufiqur R. Bhuiyan
- Infectious Diseases Division (IDD) & Nutrition and Clinical Services Division (NCSD), International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Yasmin A. Begum
- Infectious Diseases Division (IDD) & Nutrition and Clinical Services Division (NCSD), International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Emma Freeman
- Departments of Pediatrics and Environmental and Global Health, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Anirudh Vustepalli
- Departments of Pediatrics and Environmental and Global Health, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Lindsey Brinkley
- Departments of Pediatrics and Environmental and Global Health, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Manasi Kamat
- Infectious Diseases Division (IDD) & Nutrition and Clinical Services Division (NCSD), International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Laura S. Bailey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Kari B. Basso
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Firdausi Qadri
- Infectious Diseases Division (IDD) & Nutrition and Clinical Services Division (NCSD), International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Ashraful I. Khan
- Infectious Diseases Division (IDD) & Nutrition and Clinical Services Division (NCSD), International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - B. Jesse Shapiro
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- McGill Genome Centre, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- McGill Centre for Microbiome Research, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Eric J. Nelson
- Departments of Pediatrics and Environmental and Global Health, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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3
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Liu C, Wang Y, Azizian K, Omidi N, Kaviar VH, Kouhsari E, Maleki A. Antimicrobial resistance in Vibrio cholerae O1/O139 clinical isolates: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2022; 20:1217-1231. [PMID: 35790112 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2022.2098114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Vibrio cholerae O1/O139 is responsible for cholera epidemics; that remains a huge public health menace across the globe. Furthermore, an increasing resistance rate among V. cholerae strains has been reported around the world. Therefore, the objective of this meta-analysis was to evaluate the weighted pooled resistance (WPR) rates in clinical V. cholerae O1/O139 isolates based on different years, areas, antimicrobial susceptibility testing, and resistance rates. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS : We searched the studies in PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and Web of Science (until January 2020). Statistical analyses were conducted using STATA software (ver. 14.0). RESULTS : A total of 139 studies investigating 24062 V. cholerae O1/O139 isolates were analyzed. The majority of the studies originated in Asia (n=102). The WPR rates were as follows: azithromycin 1%, erythromycin 36%, ciprofloxacin 3%, cotrimoxazole 79%, doxycycline 7%, tetracycline 20%. There was increased resistance to cotrimoxazole, ciprofloxacin, and tetracycline during the 1980 to 2020 years. CONCLUSIONS : Temporal changes in antibiotic resistance rate found in this study demonstrated the critical continuous surveillance of antibiotic resistance. Also, ciprofloxacin, azithromycin, gentamicin, cephalexin, imipenem, ofloxacin, and norfloxacin were found to be the best antibiotics against V. cholera, with the highest and the lowest effectiveness resistance rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoying Liu
- Zhumadian Academy of Industry Innovation and Development, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian 463000, China
| | - Ye Wang
- School of Biological and Food Processing Engineering, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian 463000, China
| | - Khalil Azizian
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Nazanin Omidi
- Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Vahab Hassan Kaviar
- Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Ebrahim Kouhsari
- Laboratory Sciences Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran.,Department of Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Paramedicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Iran
| | - Abbas Maleki
- Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
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4
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Ramamurthy T, Pragasam AK, Taylor-Brown A, Will RC, Vasudevan K, Das B, Srivastava SK, Chowdhury G, Mukhopadhyay AK, Dutta S, Veeraraghavan B, Thomson NR, Sharma NC, Nair GB, Takeda Y, Ghosh A, Dougan G, Mutreja A. Vibrio cholerae O139 genomes provide a clue to why it may have failed to usher in the eighth cholera pandemic. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3864. [PMID: 35790755 PMCID: PMC9256687 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31391-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractCholera is a life-threatening infectious disease that remains an important public health issue in several low and middle-income countries. In 1992, a newly identified O139 Vibrio cholerae temporarily displaced the O1 serogroup. No study has been able to answer why the potential eighth cholera pandemic (8CP) causing V. cholerae O139 emerged so successfully and then died out. We conducted a genomic study, including 330 O139 isolates, covering emergence of the serogroup in 1992 through to 2015. We noted two key genomic evolutionary changes that may have been responsible for the disappearance of genetically distinct but temporally overlapping waves (A-C) of O139. Firstly, as the waves progressed, a switch from a homogenous toxin genotype in wave-A to heterogeneous genotypes. Secondly, a gradual loss of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) with the progression of waves. We hypothesize that these two changes contributed to the eventual epidemiological decline of O139.
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5
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Zuberi Z, Sillo AJ. Antibiotic Resistance Conferred by Class 1 Integron in Vibrio Cholerae Strains: A Meta-analysis. East Afr Health Res J 2022; 6:119-126. [PMID: 36751685 PMCID: PMC9887504 DOI: 10.24248/eahrj.v6i2.690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Class 1 integron is the most ubiquitous platform among antibiotic resistance bacterial populations, including Vibrio cholerae strains. This meta-analysis aimed to determine the antibiotic resistance conferred by class 1 integron conserved segments (CS); 3'-qacEΔ1 and sul1, and 5'-int1 in V. cholerae strains. Methods An intensive literature search of electronic databases for relevant studies from their starting dates up to April 2019 was conducted by two independent investigators. The electronic databases included; PubMed, Ovid Medline and Google Scholar databases. Only studies that determined antibiotic resistance conferred by class 1 integron in V. cholerae strains isolated from clinical and/or environmental samples using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) assay were included in this study. Results The random-effects model was selected and performed for all the studies included in this meta-analysis. Fourteen studies consisting of both qacEΔ1 and sul1, and int1 in the class 1 integron of V. cholerae strains were included. The proportions of class 1 integron 3'-CS and 5'-CS were 70.4 % (95%CI: 37.5-94.4) and 52 % (95% CI: 6.3-95.7) respectively. Conclusions The proportions of class 1 integron in V. cholerae strains significantly contributed to the antibiotic resistances, which are comparable to other gram-negative bacteria clinical isolates. Moreover, the 3'-CS qacEΔ1 and sul1 are highly involved in the antibiotic resistance in comparison to 5'-CS int1. Generally, the study findings provide a general view on antibiotic resistance conferred by class 1 integron in Vibrio cholerae strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zavuga Zuberi
- Department of Science and Laboratory Technology, Dar es Salaam Institute of Technology, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania,Correspondence to Zavuga Zuberi ()
| | - Albert Joseph Sillo
- School of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, Arusha, Tanzania
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6
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Thong KL, Tham KBL, Ngoi ST, Tan SC, Wan Yussof WN, Ahmad Hanapi R, Mohamad N, Teh CSJ. Molecular characterization of Vibrio cholerae O1 El Tor strains in Malaysia revealed genetically diverse variant lineages. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 69:e693-e703. [PMID: 34724597 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Vibrio cholerae O1 El Tor variants have been the major causative agents of cholera worldwide since their emergence in the 2000s. Cholera remains endemic in some regions in Malaysia. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the genetic characteristics of the V. cholerae O1 El Tor strains associated with outbreaks and sporadic cases to elucidate the molecular evolution among the strains circulating in this region. A total of 45 V. cholerae O1 El Tor strains isolated between 1991 and 2011 were examined. All strains were subjected to phenotypic characterization, and molecular characterization including detection of virulence genes and CTX prophage (CTXΦ) by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and genotyping by Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE). All strains were phenotypically confirmed as El Tor biotype and were mostly Ogawa serotype (96%). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing showed that the outbreak strains isolated in 1991 (Sabah) and 2009 (Terengganu) were all multidrug-resistant while the sporadic strains were resistant to erythromycin and furazolidone only. All strains (n = 45) were resistant to erythromycin. The virulence genes ctxA, ctxB, ompW, rfb, rtxC, tcpA, tcpI, rstR, zot and hlyA were present in all strains. The outbreak strains isolated in 1991 harboured El Tor cholera toxin gene (ctxB3) while sporadic strains from 2004 to 2011 harboured classical ctxB1. Four distinctive CTXΦ arrays were identified among the El Tor variants, one of which co-occurred with El Tor strains during the 2009 outbreak in Terengganu. PFGE analysis revealed that a genetically diverse El Tor variants population persisted in Sabah. The co-existence of multiple El Tor variants together with the prototypic El Tor strains suggested a multiclonal emergence of V. cholerae O1 El Tor variants in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwai Lin Thong
- Nanotechnology & Catalysis Research Centre (NANOCAT), Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kathryn Bee Lin Tham
- Science and Technology Research Institute for Defence, Ministry of Defence Malaysia, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Soo Tein Ngoi
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Shiang Chiet Tan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Wan Noraini Wan Yussof
- National Public Health Laboratory, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Rahayu Ahmad Hanapi
- Unit Bakteriologi, Jabatan Patologi, Hospital Sungai Buloh, Jalan Hospital, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nurizzat Mohamad
- National Public Health Laboratory, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Cindy Shuan Ju Teh
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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7
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Beshiru A, Okareh O, Okoh A, Igbinosa E. Detection of antibiotic resistance and virulence genes of
Vibrio
strains isolated from ready‐to‐eat shrimps in Delta and Edo States, Nigeria. J Appl Microbiol 2020; 129:17-36. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.14590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Beshiru
- Applied Microbial Processes & Environmental Health Research Group Department of Microbiology Faculty of Life Sciences University of Benin Benin City Nigeria
| | - O.T. Okareh
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences Faculty of Public Health College of Medicine University of Ibadan Ibadan Nigeria
| | - A.I. Okoh
- SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre University of Fort Hare Alice South Africa
| | - E.O. Igbinosa
- Applied Microbial Processes & Environmental Health Research Group Department of Microbiology Faculty of Life Sciences University of Benin Benin City Nigeria
- SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre University of Fort Hare Alice South Africa
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8
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He Y, Wang S, Zhang J, Zhang X, Sun F, He B, Liu X. Integrative and Conjugative Elements-Positive Vibrio parahaemolyticus Isolated From Aquaculture Shrimp in Jiangsu, China. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1574. [PMID: 31379767 PMCID: PMC6657232 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of multidrug- and toxin-resistant bacteria as a result of increasing industrialization and sustained and intense antimicrobial use in aquaculture results in human health problems through increased incidence of food-borne illnesses. Integrative and conjugative elements (ICEs) are self-transmissible mobile genetic elements that allow bacteria to acquire complex new traits through horizontal gene transfer and encode a wide variety of genetic information, including resistance to antibiotics and heavy metals; however, there is a lack of studies of ICEs of environmental origin in Asia. Here, we determined the prevalence, genotypes, heavy metal resistance and antimicrobial susceptibility of 997 presumptive strains of Vibrio parahaemolyticus (tlh+, tdh–), a Gram-negative bacterium that causes gastrointestinal illness in humans, isolated from four species of aquaculture shrimp in Jiangsu, China. We found that 59 of the 997 isolates (5.9%) were ICE-positive, and of these, 9 isolates tested positive for all resistance genes. BLAST analysis showed that similarity for the eight strains to V. parahaemolyticus was 99%. Tracing the V. parahaemolyticus genotypes, showed no significant relevance of genotype among the antimicrobial resistance strains bearing the ICEs or not. Thus, in aquaculture, ICEs are not the major transmission mediators of resistance to antibiotics or heavy metals. We suggest future research to elucidate mechanisms that drive transmission of resistance determinants in V. parahaemolyticus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu He
- College of Food Biological Engineering, Xuzhou University of Technology, Xuzhou, China.,Key Construction Laboratory of Food Resources Development and the Quality Safety in Jiangsu, Xuzhou University of Technology, Xuzhou, China
| | - Shuai Wang
- College of Food Biological Engineering, Xuzhou University of Technology, Xuzhou, China.,Key Construction Laboratory of Food Resources Development and the Quality Safety in Jiangsu, Xuzhou University of Technology, Xuzhou, China
| | - Jianping Zhang
- College of Food Biological Engineering, Xuzhou University of Technology, Xuzhou, China.,Key Construction Laboratory of Food Resources Development and the Quality Safety in Jiangsu, Xuzhou University of Technology, Xuzhou, China
| | - Xueyang Zhang
- College of Environmental Engineering, Xuzhou University of Technology, Xuzhou, China
| | - Fengjiao Sun
- Logistics & Security Department, Shanghai Civil Aviation College, Shanghai, China
| | - Bin He
- Environment Monitoring Station, Zaozhuang Municipal Bureau of Ecology and Environment, Zaozhuang, China
| | - Xiao Liu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cold Chain Food Quality and Safety Control, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, China
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9
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Nguyen TV, Pham QD, Do QK, Diep TT, Phan HC, Ho TV, Do HT, Phan LT, Tran HN. Cholera returns to southern Vietnam in an outbreak associated with consuming unsafe water through iced tea: A matched case-control study. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005490. [PMID: 28406946 PMCID: PMC5390973 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background After more than a decade of steadily declining notifications, the number of reported cholera cases has recently increased in Vietnam. We conducted a matched case-control study to investigate transmission of cholera during an outbreak in Ben Tre, southern Vietnam, and to explore the associated risk factors. Methodology/Principal findings Sixty of 71 diarrheal patients confirmed to be infected with cholera by culture and diagnosed between May 9 and August 3, 2010 in Ben Tre were consecutively recruited as case-patients. Case-patients were matched 1:4 to controls by commune, sex, and 5-year age group. Risk factors for cholera were examined by multivariable conditional logistic regression. In addition, environmental samples from villages containing case-patients were taken to identify contamination of food and water sources. The regression indicated that drinking iced tea (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 8.40, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.84–39.25), not always boiling drinking water (aOR = 2.62, 95% CI: 1.03–6.67), having the main source of water for use being close to a toilet (aOR = 4.36, 95% CI: 1.37–13.88), living with people who had acute diarrhea (aOR = 13.72, 95% CI: 2.77–67.97), and little or no education (aOR = 4.89, 95% CI: 1.18–20.19) were significantly associated with increased risk of cholera. In contrast, drinking stored rainwater (aOR = 0.17, 95% CI: 0.04–0.63), eating cooked seafood (aOR = 0.27, 95% CI: 0.10–0.73), and eating steamed vegetables (aOR = 0.22, 95% CI: 0.07–0.70) were protective against cholera. Vibrio cholerae O1 Ogawa carrying ctxA was found in two of twenty-five river water samples and one of six wastewater samples. Conclusions/Significance The magnitude of the cholera outbreak in Ben Tre was lower than in other similar settings. This investigation identified several risk factors and underscored the importance of continued responses targeting cholera prevention in southern Vietnam. The association between drinking iced tea and cholera and the spread of V. cholerae O1, altered El Tor strains warrant further research. These findings might be affected by a number of limitations due to the inability to capture asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic infections, the possible underreporting of personal unhygienic behaviors, and the purposive selection of environmental samples. Cholera is a highly contagious, acute diarrheal illness, which poses a profound health threat in many parts of the less developed world. The majority of cases are reported from Sub-Saharan Africa, South-East Asia, and the Americas (i.e., Haiti) where infections are primarily transmitted through ingestion of contaminated water. Today in the era of widely available rehydration therapies and antibiotics, deaths due to cholera are quite rare. Despite this, early detection of contaminated water sources is crucial for directing early interventions for curbing community-wide transmission. The authors found evidence linking an outbreak of cholera in southern Vietnam to consumption of unsafe water, especially drinking iced tea. This finding suggests the need for a water-monitoring system at ice-making plants. Further research is needed to confirm the biological link between iced tea consumption and cholera infection. Larger studies should also be conducted to understand the clinical consequences of infection with the new cholera agent (V. cholerae O1, altered El Tor strains).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Quang D. Pham
- Department for Disease Control and Prevention, Pasteur Institute, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Quoc K. Do
- Department for Disease Control and Prevention, Pasteur Institute, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Tai T. Diep
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pasteur Institute, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Hung C. Phan
- Department for Disease Control and Prevention, Pasteur Institute, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Thang V. Ho
- Department for Disease Control and Prevention, Pasteur Institute, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Hong T. Do
- Ben Tre Preventive Health Centre, Ben Tre, Vietnam
| | - Lan T. Phan
- Pasteur Institute, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Huu N. Tran
- Pasteur Institute, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
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10
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Rezaie N, Bakhshi B, Najar-Peerayeh S. Distribution of resistance genetic determinants among Vibrio cholerae isolates of 2012 and 2013 outbreaks in IR Iran. Microb Pathog 2017; 104:12-16. [PMID: 28062293 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2017.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Revised: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to characterize antimicrobial resistance determinants in relation to antimicrobial susceptibility and genotyping profile in 20 clinical isolates of Vibrio cholerae. All of the isolates were resistant to streptomycin. The second most prevalent resistance was observed to trimethoprim (75%), co-trimoxazole (60%), tetracycline (50%), and minocycline (45%). About 50% of the isolates fulfilled the criteria of Multi Drug Resistance (MDR) phenotype. None of the isolates carried tet A, B, C, and, D determinants. This finding shows that tetracycline resistance determinants recognized so far, does not satisfactorily describe the 50% tetracycline resistance phenotype in this study, suggesting the possible contribution of other not yet characterized resistance mechanisms involved. Class 1 integron, widely distributed among enteric bacteria, was not detected among V. cholerae strains under study. Conversely, 100% of the isolates harbored SXT constin(int), among which 70% were positive for dfrA1, strA, and strB genes. The sul1gene was present in 60% of the isolates while none of them contained floR gene. All the isolates uniformly appeared to be identical in fingerprinting profiles expected from outbreak strains. In conclusion, SXT element with its mosaic structure was the exclusive antimicrobial resistance determinant of clonal V. cholerae isolates taken from outbreaks of 2012 and 2013 in Iran.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niloofar Rezaie
- Department of Bacteriology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Bita Bakhshi
- Department of Bacteriology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Shahin Najar-Peerayeh
- Department of Bacteriology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
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11
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Letchumanan V, Chan KG, Pusparajah P, Saokaew S, Duangjai A, Goh BH, Ab Mutalib NS, Lee LH. Insights into Bacteriophage Application in Controlling Vibrio Species. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1114. [PMID: 27486446 PMCID: PMC4949243 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial infections from various organisms including Vibrio sp. pose a serious hazard to humans in many forms from clinical infection to affecting the yield of agriculture and aquaculture via infection of livestock. Vibrio sp. is one of the main foodborne pathogens causing human infection and is also a common cause of losses in the aquaculture industry. Prophylactic and therapeutic usage of antibiotics has become the mainstay of managing this problem, however, this in turn led to the emergence of multidrug resistant strains of bacteria in the environment; which has raised awareness of the critical need for alternative non-antibiotic based methods of preventing and treating bacterial infections. Bacteriophages - viruses that infect and result in the death of bacteria - are currently of great interest as a highly viable alternative to antibiotics. This article provides an insight into bacteriophage application in controlling Vibrio species as well underlining the advantages and drawbacks of phage therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vengadesh Letchumanan
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala LumpurMalaysia
- Novel Bacteria and Drug Discovery Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Selangor Darul EhsanMalaysia
| | - Kok-Gan Chan
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala LumpurMalaysia
| | - Priyia Pusparajah
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Selangor Darul EhsanMalaysia
| | - Surasak Saokaew
- Novel Bacteria and Drug Discovery Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Selangor Darul EhsanMalaysia
- Center of Health Outcomes Research and Therapeutic Safety, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Phayao, PhayaoThailand
- Pharmaceutical Outcomes Research Center, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Naresuan University, PhitsanulokThailand
| | - Acharaporn Duangjai
- Center of Health Outcomes Research and Therapeutic Safety, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Phayao, PhayaoThailand
- Division of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Phayao, PhayaoThailand
| | - Bey-Hing Goh
- Novel Bacteria and Drug Discovery Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Selangor Darul EhsanMalaysia
- Center of Health Outcomes Research and Therapeutic Safety, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Phayao, PhayaoThailand
| | - Nurul-Syakima Ab Mutalib
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute, UKM Medical Centre, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala LumpurMalaysia
| | - Learn-Han Lee
- Novel Bacteria and Drug Discovery Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Selangor Darul EhsanMalaysia
- Center of Health Outcomes Research and Therapeutic Safety, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Phayao, PhayaoThailand
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12
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Nguyen HNK, Van TTH, Coloe PJ. Antibiotic resistance associated with aquaculture in Vietnam. MICROBIOLOGY AUSTRALIA 2016. [DOI: 10.1071/ma16037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The fishery sector is an important source of income, employment and food supply in Vietnam. In 2014, Vietnam was ranked the world's fourth largest exporter and the third largest producer of farmed food fish. Vietnam seafood export has attained the value of over US$6.0 billion since 2011 and reached a peak of US$7.9 billion in 2014. However, many problems and diseases confront sustainable development of the fishery sector and overuse of antibiotics is considered a major challenge. Antibiotics are used in aquaculture for both therapeutic and prophylactic reasons. Various antimicrobials used in human medicine are also used for food animals even for non-therapeutic use. The use of antibiotics in health management of aquaculture farming is of great concern due to possible residues in aquatic products and in the development of antibiotic resistance. In 2005 the Vietnamese government first promulgated a list of medicines, chemicals and antibiotics that are banned or limited for use in aquaculture and this is regularly updated and amended to tackle the growing problem of antibiotic resistance.
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13
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Anh DD, Lopez AL, Tran HTM, Cuong NV, Thiem VD, Ali M, Deen JL, von Seidlein L, Sack DA. Oral cholera vaccine development and use in Vietnam. PLoS Med 2014; 11:e1001712. [PMID: 25180511 PMCID: PMC4151976 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Anna Lena Lopez and colleagues give an overview of the cholera situation in Vietnam and discuss how an oral cholera vaccine was developed and used as a component of a public health strategy against the disease. Please see later in the article for the Editors' Summary
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Affiliation(s)
- Dang Duc Anh
- National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Anna Lena Lopez
- University of the Philippines Manila-National Institutes of Health, Manila, Philippines
| | | | | | - Vu Dinh Thiem
- National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Mohammad Ali
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jacqueline L. Deen
- Menzies School of Health Research, Casuarina, Northern Territory, Australia
| | | | - David A. Sack
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
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14
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Lincoln ML. Tainted commons, public health: the politico-moral significance of cholera in Vietnam. Med Anthropol Q 2014; 28:342-61. [PMID: 24474525 DOI: 10.1111/maq.12069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In October 2007, a series of cholera epidemics broke out in Hanoi, interrupting a moment of economic triumphalism in post-transition Vietnam. In seeking the source of a refractory disease associated with poverty and underdevelopment, officials, media, and citizens not only identified scapegoats and proposed solutions, they also endorsed particular visions of moral conduct, social order, and public health. Controversy over cholera, a potent politico-moral symbol, expressed an imaginary of "tainted commons" (i.e., an emergent space of civil society and small-scale entrepreneurship from which the state has partially withdrawn, while still exercising some measure of scrutiny and control). The ambiguities of this situation permitted the state to assume moral postures, evade responsibility, and deflect criticism to convenient targets. Prevalent outbreak narratives thus played on anxieties regarding specifically classed and gendered social groups, whose behavior was imagined to contravene ideals of public health and order.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha L Lincoln
- Prevention Research Center, Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation/UC Berkeley School of Public Health
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15
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Jun JW, Kim JH, Choresca CH, Shin SP, Han JE, Han SY, Chai JY, Park SC. Isolation, Molecular Characterization, and Antibiotic Susceptibility ofVibrio parahaemolyticusin Korean Seafood. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2012; 9:224-31. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2011.1018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Woo Jun
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Hyung Kim
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Casiano H. Choresca
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang Phil Shin
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jee Eun Han
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang Yoon Han
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Young Chai
- Department of Rheumatology, Bundang Jesaeng Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Se Chang Park
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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16
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Igbinosa EO, Obi LC, Tom M, Okoh AI. Detection of potential risk of wastewater effluents for transmission of antibiotic resistance from Vibrio species as a reservoir in a peri-urban community in South Africa. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2011; 21:402-414. [PMID: 21574085 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2011.572278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We assessed the antibiogram characteristics of some Vibrio species isolated from wastewater final effluents in a typical peri-urban community of South Africa. Marked resistances were noted against erythromycin (100%), chloramphenicol (100%), nitrofurantoin, cefuroxime and cephalothin (90-95%) in V. parahaemolyticus, V. fluvialis and V. vulnificus, respectively. Fourteen antibiotypes were identified, with multiresistance to 8-10 antibiotics being common. The antibiotypes AMP, PEN, STR, SUL, TMP, COT, CHL, ERY, CIP and PB demonstrated by V. fluvialis were the most prevalent (17.24%). Eight putative antibiotic resistance genes were identified with floR being the mostly (100%) detected in all the three species while tet(A) was the least with 65% prevalence in V. vulnificus, 7.14% in V. parahaemolyticus and none in V. fluvialis. These results demonstrate that the treated effluent system are reservoirs for various antibiotic resistance genes which could be disseminated to inhabitants downstream the plant and pose health risk to the communities who are dependent upon the watershed for domestic and recreational purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etinosa O Igbinosa
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group (AEMREG), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa
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17
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Tran HD, Alam M, Trung NV, Van Kinh N, Nguyen HH, Pham VC, Ansaruzzaman M, Rashed SM, Bhuiyan NA, Dao TT, Endtz HP, Wertheim HFL. Multi-drug resistant Vibrio cholerae O1 variant El Tor isolated in northern Vietnam between 2007 and 2010. J Med Microbiol 2011; 61:431-437. [PMID: 22016560 PMCID: PMC3347965 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.034744-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Since 2007, there has been a re-emergence of cholera outbreaks in northern Vietnam. To understand the molecular epidemiological relatedness and determine the antibiotic susceptibility profiles of responsible V. cholerae O1 outbreak strains, a representative collection of 100 V. cholerae O1 strains was characterized. V. cholerae O1 strains isolated from diarrhoeal patients in northern Vietnam between 2007 and 2010 were investigated for antibiotic susceptibility and characterized by using phenotypic and genotypic tests, including PFGE analysis. Ten clinical V. cholerae O1 isolates from Bangladesh and Zimbabwe were included for comparison. The results revealed that all isolates were resistant to co-trimoxazole and nalidixic acid, 29 % were resistant to tetracycline and 1 % were resistant to azithromycin. All strains were susceptible to ampicillin–sulbactam, doxycycline, chloramphenicol and ciprofloxacin and 95 % were susceptible to azithromycin. MIC values did show reduced susceptibility to fluoroquinolones and 63 % of the strains were intermediately resistant to tetracycline. The isolates expressed phenotypic traits of both serogroup O1 Ogawa and El Tor and harboured an rstR El Tor and ctxB classical biotype. Among the outbreak isolates, only a single PFGE pattern was observed throughout the study period. This study shows that multi-drug resistant V. cholerae altered El Tor producing classical CT strains are now predominant in northern Vietnam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huu Dat Tran
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Hanoi Medical University, 1 Ton That Tung Street, Hanoi, Vietnam.,National Hospital of Tropical Diseases, 78 Giai Phong Street, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Munirul Alam
- Enteric & Food Microbiology Laboratory, ICDDR,B: International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh GPO Box 128, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Nguyen Vu Trung
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Hanoi Medical University, 1 Ton That Tung Street, Hanoi, Vietnam.,National Hospital of Tropical Diseases, 78 Giai Phong Street, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Van Kinh
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hanoi Medical University, 1 Ton That Tung Street, Hanoi, Vietnam.,National Hospital of Tropical Diseases, 78 Giai Phong Street, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Hong Ha Nguyen
- National Hospital of Tropical Diseases, 78 Giai Phong Street, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Van Ca Pham
- National Hospital of Tropical Diseases, 78 Giai Phong Street, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Mohammad Ansaruzzaman
- Enteric & Food Microbiology Laboratory, ICDDR,B: International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh GPO Box 128, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Shah Manzur Rashed
- Enteric & Food Microbiology Laboratory, ICDDR,B: International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh GPO Box 128, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Nurul A Bhuiyan
- Enteric & Food Microbiology Laboratory, ICDDR,B: International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh GPO Box 128, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Tuyet Trinh Dao
- National Hospital of Tropical Diseases, 78 Giai Phong Street, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Hubert P Endtz
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Enteric & Food Microbiology Laboratory, ICDDR,B: International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh GPO Box 128, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Heiman F L Wertheim
- Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Old Road, Oxford OX3 7LJ, UK.,Oxford University Clinical Research Unit Vietnam, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Program, National Hospital of Tropical Diseases, 78 Giai Phong Road, Dong Da, Hanoi, Vietnam
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18
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Kitaoka M, Miyata ST, Unterweger D, Pukatzki S. Antibiotic resistance mechanisms of Vibrio cholerae. J Med Microbiol 2011; 60:397-407. [PMID: 21252269 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.023051-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
As the causative agent of cholera, the bacterium Vibrio cholerae represents an enormous public health burden, especially in developing countries around the world. Cholera is a self-limiting illness; however, antibiotics are commonly administered as part of the treatment regimen. Here we review the initial identification and subsequent evolution of antibiotic-resistant strains of V. cholerae. Antibiotic resistance mechanisms, including efflux pumps, spontaneous chromosomal mutation, conjugative plasmids, SXT elements and integrons, are also discussed. Numerous multidrug-resistant strains of V. cholerae have been isolated from both clinical and environmental settings, indicating that antibiotic use has to be restricted and alternative methods for treating cholera have to be implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Kitaoka
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Sarah T Miyata
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Daniel Unterweger
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Stefan Pukatzki
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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19
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Okoh AI, Igbinosa EO. Antibiotic susceptibility profiles of some Vibrio strains isolated from wastewater final effluents in a rural community of the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. BMC Microbiol 2010; 10:143. [PMID: 20470419 PMCID: PMC2877687 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-10-143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2009] [Accepted: 05/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To evaluate the antibiogram and antibiotic resistance genes of some Vibrio strains isolated from wastewater final effluents in a rural community of South Africa. V. vulnificus (18), V. metschnikovii (3), V. fluvialis (19) and V. parahaemolyticus (12) strains were isolated from final effluents of a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) located in a rural community of South Africa. The disk diffusion method was used for the characterization of the antibiogram of the isolates. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was employed to evaluate the presence of established antibiotic resistance genes using specific primer sets. RESULTS The Vibrio strains showed the typical multidrug-resistance phenotype of an SXT element. They were resistant to sulfamethoxazole (Sul), trimethoprim (Tmp), cotrimoxazole (Cot), chloramphenicol (Chl), streptomycin (Str), ampicillin (Amp), tetracycline (Tet) nalidixic acid (Nal), and gentamicin (Gen). The antibiotic resistance genes detected includes dfr18 and dfrA1 for trimethoprim; floR, tetA, strB, sul2 for chloramphenicol, tetracycline, streptomycin and sulfamethoxazole respectively. Some of these genes were only recently described from clinical isolates, demonstrating genetic exchange between clinical and environmental Vibrio species. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that final effluents from wastewater treatment plants are potential reservoirs of various antibiotics resistance genes. Moreover, detection of resistance genes in Vibrio strains obtained from the wastewater final effluents suggests that these resistance determinants might be further disseminated in habitats downstream of the sewage plant, thus constituting a serious health risk to the communities reliant on the receiving waterbodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony I Okoh
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group (AEMREG), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice 5700, South Africa.
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20
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Mohapatra SS, Mantri CK, Mohapatra H, Colwell RR, Singh DV. Analysis of clonally related environmental Vibrio cholerae O1 El Tor isolated before 1992 from Varanasi, India reveals origin of SXT-ICEs belonging to O139 and O1 serogroups. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2010; 2:50-57. [PMID: 23765998 DOI: 10.1111/j.1758-2229.2009.00051.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we report the presence of SXT in environmental Vibrio cholerae O1 El Tor strains isolated before 1992 from Varanasi, India. All isolates, except one, were resistant to Tm, and/or Sul, Sm, Fr, Na and Am. None contained plasmids. PCR and DNA sequencing revealed the presence of SXT containing dfrA1 and/or sulII, strAB in six isolates and dfr18, sulII and strAB in five isolates. Three clinical V. cholerae O1 isolated during 1992 contained the antibiotic resistance gene cassette aadA1 in the class 1 integron. Conjugation experiments, followed by PCR analysis of transconjugants, provided evidence of the transferable nature of SXT and associated antibiotic resistance genes, and its integration into the prfC site. Results of phylogenetic analysis of the intSXT gene of clonally similar V. cholerae showed a clear difference between dfr18(+) and dfrA1(+) V. cholerae O1 isolates. This is the first report of the occurrence of SXT harbouring sulII, strAB, dfr18 and/or dfrA1 genes in environmental V. cholerae O1 isolated prior to 1992 from Varanasi, India, and suggests emergence of SXT(+) antibiotic-resistant V. cholerae O139 and O1 from an environmental V. cholerae progenitor by acquisition of SXT and antibiotic-resistant gene clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saswat S Mohapatra
- Infectious Disease Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, Nalco Square, Bhubaneswar-751023, India. Center of Bioinformatics and Computation Biology, University of Maryland Institute for Advanced Computer Studies, 3013 Molecular Sciences Building, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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21
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Adabi M, Bakhshi B, Goudarzi H, Zahraei SM, Pourshafie MR. Distribution of Class I Integron and Sulfamethoxazole Trimethoprim Constin inVibrio choleraeIsolated from Patients in Iran. Microb Drug Resist 2009; 15:179-84. [DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2009.0885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Adabi
- Department of Bacteriology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
- Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti Medical University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bita Bakhshi
- Department of Bacteriology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Goudarzi
- Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti Medical University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohsen Zahraei
- Department of Enteric Bacteria, Center for Disease Control, Ministry of Health, Tehran, Iran
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22
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Nguyen DT, Ngo TC, Tran HH, Nguyen TPL, Nguyen BM, Morita K, Ehara M. Two different mechanisms of ampicillin resistance operating in strains of Vibrio cholerae O1 independent of resistance genes. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2009; 298:37-43. [PMID: 19594624 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2009.01693.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoagglutinable strains of Vibrio cholerae O1 (seven nonfimbriate strains and one fimbriate strain) were transformed to obtain resistance to ampicillin. Two distinct mechanisms were found in these strains. One was operating in nonfimbriate strains by reducing OmpU protein production and the other was operating in a fimbriate strain (Bgd17) by newly overproducing cpxP protein. The twitching motility in the fimbriate Bgd17 strain disappeared depending on the production of cpxP protein, suggesting that fimbriation of V. cholerae O1 is controlled by a two-component signal transduction system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Tu Nguyen
- Department of Bacteriology, National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Vietnam
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23
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Mohapatra H, Mohapatra SS, Mantri CK, Colwell RR, Singh DV. Vibrio cholerae non-O1, non-O139 strains isolated before 1992 from Varanasi, India are multiple drug resistant, contain intSXT, dfr18 and aadA5 genes. Environ Microbiol 2008; 10:866-73. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2007.01502.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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24
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Dang H, Ren J, Song L, Sun S, An L. Diverse tetracycline resistant bacteria and resistance genes from coastal waters of Jiaozhou Bay. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2008; 55:237-46. [PMID: 17668262 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-007-9271-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2007] [Accepted: 04/21/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Environmental microbiology investigation was carried out in Jiaozhou Bay to determine the source and distribution of tetracycline-resistant bacteria and their resistance mechanisms. At least 25 species or the equivalent molecular phylogenetic taxa in 16 genera of resistant bacteria could be identified based on 16S ribosomal deoxyribonucleic acid sequence analysis. Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonadaceae, and Vibrionaceae constituted the majority of the typical resistant isolates. Indigenous estuarine and marine Halomonadaceae, Pseudoalteromonadaceae, Rhodobacteraceae, and Shewanellaceae bacteria also harbored tetracycline resistance. All the six resistance determinants screened, tet(A)-(E) and tet(G), could be detected, and the predominant genes were tet(A), tet(B), and tet(G). Both anthropogenic activity-related and indigenous estuarine or coastal bacteria might contribute to the tet gene reservoir, and resistant bacteria and their molecular determinants may serve as bioindicators of coastal environmental quality. Our work probably is the first identification of tet(E) in Proteus, tet(G) in Acinetobacter, tet(C) and tet(D) in Halomonas, tet(D) and tet(G) in Shewanella, and tet(B), tet(C), tet(E), and tet(G) in Roseobacter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyue Dang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Geology and Environment, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, People's Republic of China.
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Kelly-Hope LA, Alonso WJ, Thiem VD, Canh DG, Anh DD, Lee H, Miller MA. Temporal trends and climatic factors associated with bacterial enteric diseases in Vietnam, 1991-2001. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2008; 116:7-12. [PMID: 18197292 PMCID: PMC2199291 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.9658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2006] [Accepted: 10/15/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In Vietnam, shigellosis/dysentery, typhoid fever, and cholera are important enteric diseases. To better understand their epidemiology, we determined temporal trends, seasonal patterns, and climatic factors associated with high risk periods in eight regions across Vietnam. METHODS We quantified monthly cases and incidence rates (IR) for each region from national surveillance data (1991-2001). High- and low-disease periods were defined from the highest and lowest IRs (1 SD above and below the mean) and from outbreaks from positive outliers (4 SDs higher in 1 month or 2 SDs higher in > or = 2 consecutive months). We used general linear models to compare precipitation, temperature, and humidity between high- and low-risk periods. RESULTS Shigellosis/dysentery was widespread and increased 2.5 times during the study period, with the highest average IRs found between June and August (2.1/100,000-26.2/100,000). Typhoid fever was endemic in the Mekong River Delta and emerged in the Northwest in the mid-1990s, with peaks between April and August (0.38-8.6). Cholera was mostly epidemic along the central coast between May and November (0.07-2.7), and then decreased dramatically nationwide from 1997 onward. Significant climate differences were found only between high- and low-disease periods. We were able to define 4 shigellosis/dysentery, 14 typhoid fever, and 8 cholera outbreaks, with minimal geotemporal overlap and no significant climatic associations. CONCLUSIONS In Vietnam, bacterial enteric diseases have distinct temporal trends and seasonal patterns. Climate plays a role in defining high- and low-disease periods, but it does not appear to be an important factor influencing outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise A Kelly-Hope
- Division of International Epidemiology and Population Studies, Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Chomvarin C, Namwat W, Wongwajana S, Alam M, Thaew-Nonngiew K, Sinchaturus A, Engchanil C. Application of duplex-PCR in rapid and reliable detection of toxigenic Vibrio cholerae in water samples in Thailand. J GEN APPL MICROBIOL 2007; 53:229-37. [PMID: 17878662 DOI: 10.2323/jgam.53.229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Toxigenic Vibrio cholerae, the cause of cholera, is a native flora of the aquatic environment which is transmitted through drinking water and still remains the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in many developing countries including Thailand. The culture method (CM), which is routinely used for assessing water quality, has not proven as efficient as molecular methods because the notorious pathogen survives in water mostly in a non-culturable state. We employed duplex-polymerase chain reaction (duplex-PCR) for detection of tcpA and ctxA genes in toxigenic V. cholerae, and compared PCR detection with CM in various waters of Khon Kaen Municipality, Thailand. We also evaluated the effect of different pre-PCR conditions on the results of ctxA and tcpA detection including: 1) water filtered and enriched in alkaline peptone water (APW) for 3 h before PCR, 2) water filtered without enrichment before PCR, and 3) use of only enrichment in APW for 6 h before PCR. Of the 96 water samples (taken from waste-water, potable and waste-water from patients' houses, and from rivers) tested, 48 (50%) were positive for ctxA and tcpA by duplex-PCR, whereas only 29 (30%) were positive for V. cholerae by CM. Of the 29 V. cholerae isolated by CM, 2 (7%) were toxigenic V. cholerae belonging to serovar O1, while the rests were non-O1/ non-O139. Results revealed, therefore, that ctxA and tcpA-targeted duplex PCR is more sensitive than CM for detection of toxigenic V. cholerae from water samples because CM detected much less toxigenic V. cholerae than the non-toxigenic V. cholerae. Template DNA as low as 100 fg or 23 cells of V. cholerae in the water sample was detected in duplex PCR. Pre-PCR filtration followed by enrichment for 3 h significantly increase in the efficiency of duplex-PCR detection of toxigenic V. cholerae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chariya Chomvarin
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Thailand.
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Mwansa JCL, Mwaba J, Lukwesa C, Bhuiyan NA, Ansaruzzaman M, Ramamurthy T, Alam M, Balakrish Nair G. Multiply antibiotic-resistant Vibrio cholerae O1 biotype El Tor strains emerge during cholera outbreaks in Zambia. Epidemiol Infect 2007; 135:847-53. [PMID: 17121691 PMCID: PMC2870619 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268806007254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance data, made available from laboratory records during eight cholera outbreaks between 1990 and 2004 showed Vibrio cholerae serogroup O1 to have a low level of resistance (2-3%) to tetracycline during 1990-1991. Resistance increased for tetracycline (95%), chloramphenicol (78%), doxycycline (70%) and trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole (97%) in subsequent outbreaks. A significant drop in resistance to tetracycline and chloramphenicol followed the adoption of a national policy to replace tetracycline with erythromycin for treating cholera. Sixty-nine strains from cholera outbreaks in Zambia between 1996 and 2004, were examined for antibiotic resistance and basic molecular traits. A 140 MDa conjugative, multidrug-resistant plasmid was found to encode tetracycline resistance in strains from 1996/1997 whereas strains from 2003/2004 were resistant to furazolidone, but susceptible to tetracycline, and lacked this plasmid. PCR revealed 25 of 27 strains from 1996/1997 harboured the intl1 class 1 integron but lacked SXT, a conjugative transposon element. Similar screening of 42 strains from 2003/2004 revealed all carried SXT but not the intl1 class 1 integron. All 69 strains, except two, one lacking ctxA and the other rstR and thus presumably truncated in the CTX prophage region, were positive for important epidemic markers namely rfbO1, ctxA, rstR2, and tcpA of El Tor biotype. Effective cholera management is dependent on updated reports on culture and sensitivity to inform the choice of antibiotic. Since the emergence of antibiotic resistance may significantly influence strategies for controlling cholera, continuous monitoring of epidemic strains is crucial.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C L Mwansa
- University Teaching Hospital, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Lusaka, Zambia.
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DEASHINTA NADIA, WATURANGI DIANAELIZABETH, YOGIARA. Antibiotic Resistance and Integron of Vibrio cholerae Detection from School Street Foods in Jakarta. HAYATI JOURNAL OF BIOSCIENCES 2007. [DOI: 10.4308/hjb.14.2.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Bani S, Mastromarino PN, Ceccarelli D, Le Van A, Salvia AM, Ngo Viet QT, Hai DH, Bacciu D, Cappuccinelli P, Colombo MM. Molecular characterization of ICEVchVie0 and its disappearance in Vibrio cholerae O1 strains isolated in 2003 in Vietnam. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2007; 266:42-8. [PMID: 17233716 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2006.00518.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We analyzed 28 epidemic Vibrio cholerae O1 strains isolated in the region of Thua Thien Hue (Vietnam) in 2003. Ubiquitous amoxicillin, prevalent aminoglycosides and sporadic erythromycin resistances were observed. All were devoid of plasmids, class 1 integrons and ICEs and showed the same BglI ribotype, irrespective of their site of isolation and resistance pattern. A strain isolated in 1990 in the same area was resistant to amoxicillin and aminoglycosides but characterized by a different ribotype. This strain contained ICEVchVie0, belonging to the SXT/R391 ICE family, devoid of any resistance cluster. The molecular analysis of three conserved and six variable regions outlined an original genetic profile. ICEs not coding for resistance to drugs seem to be more frequent than supposed, and this finding reinforces the idea that the SXT/R391 family of genetic elements is wide and composite. The clearance of ICEVchVie0 in the 2003 epidemic may be explained by the lack of any resistance determinant as a favorable selective marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Bani
- Department of Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Rome La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
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Pruden A, Pei R, Storteboom H, Carlson KH. Antibiotic resistance genes as emerging contaminants: studies in northern Colorado. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2006; 40:7445-50. [PMID: 17181002 DOI: 10.1021/es060413l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1146] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
This study explores antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) as emerging environmental contaminants. The purpose of this study was to investigate the occurrence of ARGs in various environmental compartments in northern Colorado, including Cache La Poudre (Poudre) River sediments, irrigation ditches, dairy lagoons, and the effluents of wastewater recycling and drinking water treatment plants. Additionally, ARG concentrations in the Poudre River sediments were analyzed at three time points at five sites with varying levels of urban/agricultural impact and compared with two previously published time points. It was expected that ARG concentrations would be significantly higher in environments directly impacted by urban/agricultural activity than in pristine and lesser-impacted environments. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) detection assays were applied to detect the presence/absence of several tetracycline and sulfonamide ARGs. Quantitative real-time PCR was used to further quantify two tetracycline ARGs (tet(W) and tet(O)) and two sulfonamide ARGs (sul(I) and sul(II)). The following trend was observed with respect to ARG concentrations (normalized to eubacterial 16S rRNA genes): dairy lagoon water > irrigation ditch water > urban/agriculturally impacted river sediments (p < 0.0001), except for sul(II), which was absent in ditch water. It was noted that tet(W) and tet(O) were also present in treated drinking water and recycled wastewater, suggesting that these are potential pathways for the spread of ARGs to and from humans. On the basis of this study, there is a need for environmental scientists and engineers to help address the issue of the spread of ARGs in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Pruden
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA.
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Ceccarelli D, Salvia AM, Sami J, Cappuccinelli P, Colombo MM. New cluster of plasmid-located class 1 integrons in Vibrio cholerae O1 and a dfrA15 cassette-containing integron in Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolated in Angola. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2006; 50:2493-9. [PMID: 16801431 PMCID: PMC1489794 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01310-05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The resistance profile and its correlation with mobile genetic elements were investigated in 11 Vibrio cholerae O1 and 2 Vibrio parahaemolyticus clinical isolates, as well as in 1 V. cholerae O1 and 1 V. cholerae non-O1 environmental isolate, isolated between 1991 and 1996 in different provinces of Angola. All clinical isolates of V. cholerae O1 were resistant to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole, and tetracycline. They also contained a large conjugative plasmid (p3iANG) with a set of three class 1 integrons harboring dfrA15, blaP1, and qacH-aadA8 cassettes, which code for resistance to trimethoprim, beta-lactams, quaternary ammonium compounds, and aminoglycosides, clustered in a 19-kb region. Chloramphenicol (cat1), kanamycin (aph), sulfonamide (sul2), and tetracycline (tetG) resistance genes were also carried on the plasmid within the same 19-kb region. A chromosomal integron containing the dfrA15 cassette was also revealed in V. parahaemolyticus strains. SXT integrase genes were present in six V. cholerae isolates but apparently were not associated with known SXT-associated resistance genes. This study indicates that plasmids and integrons contributed mainly to the circulation of multiple-drug resistance determinants in Vibrio strains from Angola.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Ceccarelli
- Dipartmento Biologia Cellulare e dello Sviluppo, Universitá La Sapienza, Via dei Sardi 70, 00185 Roma, Italy
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Shi L, Fujihara K, Sato T, Ito H, Garg P, Chakrabarty R, Ramamurthy T, Nair GB, Takeda Y, Yamasaki S. Distribution and characterization of integrons in various serogroups of Vibrio cholerae strains isolated from diarrhoeal patients between 1992 and 2000 in Kolkata, India. J Med Microbiol 2006; 55:575-583. [PMID: 16585645 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.46339-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A total of 133 clinical strains of Vibrio cholerae comprising 44 strains of O1, 45 strains of O139 and 44 strains of non-O1, non-O139 serogroups isolated from hospitalized patients in Kolkata, India, from 1992 to 2000 was examined for the presence of class 1, 2 and 4 integrons. By PCR and DNA sequencing, seven strains of O1, one strain of O139 and six strains of non-O1, non-O139 serogroups were found to contain class 1 integron-harbouring genes aadA1, aadA2 (encoding resistance to streptomycin and spectinomycin), blaP1 (resistance to beta-lactams), aar-3 (resistance to rifampicin), aacA4 (resistance to kanamycin and gentamicin), and dfrA1 and dfrA15 (resistance to trimethoprim). Most strains produced one or two bands using primers specific for the amplification of the variable region where the antibiotic-resistance genes are located, and their sizes ranged from 700 to 1250 bp. However, one strain of V. cholerae O1 isolated in 1994 gave a 2483 bp fragment, the largest fragment so far found in a class 1 integron of V. cholerae O1. No strain was positive for the intI2 gene. All V. cholerae strains, regardless of serogroup, were positive for the intI4 gene by PCR and using a colony hybridization test. Amplification of the intI4 gene by PCR yielded a 2200 bp fragment (1260 bp larger than the expected size) from three V. cholerae O139 strains isolated in 1999. Sequence analysis of this amplicon revealed an insertion of IS1359 in the middle of the intI4 gene. These data indicate that a class 1 integron is present in some clinical strains of V. cholerae isolated in Kolkata, India, and that a class 4 integron is ubiquitously distributed among V. cholerae strains regardless of serogroup.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Shi
- College of Light Industry and Food Technology, South China University and Technology, Guangdong, PR China
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Gakuen-Cho, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Fujihara
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Gakuen-Cho, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
| | - Toshio Sato
- Research Institute, International Medical Center of Japan, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideaki Ito
- Dainippon Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Osaka, Japan
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Gakuen-Cho, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
| | - Pallavi Garg
- National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Calcutta, India
| | - Rupa Chakrabarty
- National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Calcutta, India
| | | | - G Balakrish Nair
- International Center for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Shinji Yamasaki
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Gakuen-Cho, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
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Okeke IN, Laxminarayan R, Bhutta ZA, Duse AG, Jenkins P, O'Brien TF, Pablos-Mendez A, Klugman KP. Antimicrobial resistance in developing countries. Part I: recent trends and current status. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2005; 5:481-93. [PMID: 16048717 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(05)70189-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 447] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The global problem of antimicrobial resistance is particularly pressing in developing countries, where the infectious disease burden is high and cost constraints prevent the widespread application of newer, more expensive agents. Gastrointestinal, respiratory, sexually transmitted, and nosocomial infections are leading causes of disease and death in the developing world, and management of all these conditions has been critically compromised by the appearance and rapid spread of resistance. In this first part of the review, we have summarised the present state of resistance in these infections from the available data. Even though surveillance of resistance in many developing countries is suboptimal, the general picture is one of accelerating rates of resistance spurred by antimicrobial misuse and shortfalls in infection control and public health. Reservoirs for resistance may be present in healthy human and animal populations. Considerable economic and health burdens emanate from bacterial resistance, and research is needed to accurately quantify the problem and propose and evaluate practicable solutions. In part II, to be published next month, we will review potential containment strategies that could address this burgeoning problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iruka N Okeke
- Department of Biology, Haverford College, Haverford, PA, USA
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Iwanaga M, Toma C, Miyazato T, Insisiengmay S, Nakasone N, Ehara M. Antibiotic resistance conferred by a class I integron and SXT constin in Vibrio cholerae O1 strains isolated in Laos. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2004; 48:2364-9. [PMID: 15215082 PMCID: PMC434172 DOI: 10.1128/aac.48.7.2364-2369.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in the drug susceptibility pattern were observed in Vibrio cholerae O1 isolated in the Lao People's Democratic Republic during 1993 to 2000. In this study, 50 V. cholerae O1 strains were selected during this period for studying the presence of class I integron and SXT constin. Twenty-four streptomycin-resistant strains out of 26 isolated before 1997 contained a class I integron harboring the aadA1 gene cassette. Twenty-four strains isolated after 1997 contained an SXT constin (a large conjugative element). Twenty of the strains were resistant to chloramphenicol, tetracycline, streptomycin, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, while four strains were susceptible to the antibiotic tested. The resistance genes included in the SXT constins were floR, tetA, strAB, and sulII, which encode resistance to chloramphenicol, tetracycline, streptomycin, and sulfamethoxazole, respectively. The antibiotic resistance gene cluster was found to be deleted in the four susceptible strains. SXT(LAOS) did not contain dfrA1 or dfr18, which confer resistance to trimethoprim in SXT(ET) and SXT(MO10), respectively. A hot spot region of SXT(LAOS) was sequenced, and we identified two novel open reading frames showing homology to sO24 (exonuclease) and sO23 (helicase) of the genomic island associated with the multidrug resistance region of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium DT104. Analysis of SXT(LAOS) showed that there is a continuous flux of genes among V. cholerae SXT constins which should be carefully monitored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaaki Iwanaga
- Division of Bacterial Pathogenesis, Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa 903-0215, Japan
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Antibiotic resistance conferred by a class I integron and SXT constin in Vibrio cholerae O1 strains isolated in Laos. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2004. [PMID: 15215082 DOI: 10.1128/aac.48.7.2364-2369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Changes in the drug susceptibility pattern were observed in Vibrio cholerae O1 isolated in the Lao People's Democratic Republic during 1993 to 2000. In this study, 50 V. cholerae O1 strains were selected during this period for studying the presence of class I integron and SXT constin. Twenty-four streptomycin-resistant strains out of 26 isolated before 1997 contained a class I integron harboring the aadA1 gene cassette. Twenty-four strains isolated after 1997 contained an SXT constin (a large conjugative element). Twenty of the strains were resistant to chloramphenicol, tetracycline, streptomycin, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, while four strains were susceptible to the antibiotic tested. The resistance genes included in the SXT constins were floR, tetA, strAB, and sulII, which encode resistance to chloramphenicol, tetracycline, streptomycin, and sulfamethoxazole, respectively. The antibiotic resistance gene cluster was found to be deleted in the four susceptible strains. SXT(LAOS) did not contain dfrA1 or dfr18, which confer resistance to trimethoprim in SXT(ET) and SXT(MO10), respectively. A hot spot region of SXT(LAOS) was sequenced, and we identified two novel open reading frames showing homology to sO24 (exonuclease) and sO23 (helicase) of the genomic island associated with the multidrug resistance region of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium DT104. Analysis of SXT(LAOS) showed that there is a continuous flux of genes among V. cholerae SXT constins which should be carefully monitored.
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Abstract
Integrons are genetic elements composed of a gene encoding an integrase, gene cassettes and an integration site for the gene cassettes (att). The integrase excises and integrates the gene cassettes from and into the integron, but integrons themselves are not mobile. Two groups of integrons are known: resistance integrons and super-integrons. Nearly all known gene cassettes from resistance integrons encode resistance to antibiotics or disinfectants. These integrons are found on transposons, plasmids and the bacterial chromosome. Gene cassettes in super-integrons encode a variety of different functions. Super-integrons are located on the bacterial chromosome. More than 100 gene cassettes may be present, in contrast to resistance integrons where less than ten cassettes are present. Many species harbour super-integrons, which are species-specific, whereas particular resistance integrons can be found in a variety of species. The gene cassettes in resistance integrons probably originated from super-integrons. In the last few years, a variety of new gene cassettes have been described. Many of these encode resistance against newer antibiotics such as cephalosporins and carbapenems. Resistance integrons have been found in isolates from a wide variety of sources, including food.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Fluit
- Eijkman-Winkler Center, P.O. Box 85500, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Iversen J, Sandvang D, Srijan A, Cam PD, Dalsgaard A. Characterization of antimicrobial resistance, plasmids, and gene cassettes in Shigella spp. from patients in vietnam. Microb Drug Resist 2004; 9 Suppl 1:S17-24. [PMID: 14633363 DOI: 10.1089/107662903322541856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of the study was to investigate antimicrobial resistance, plasmids and class 1 integrons in 150 Shigella strains isolated from patients with diarrhea in Vietnam. Most isolates were resistant to the majority of antimicrobial agents used for treatment in the isolation areas and 90% were resistant to three or more antibiotics. A total of 20 strains yielded class 1 integrons, which harbored oxa1, dfrA, orfF, and aadA gene cassettes. The most common gene cassette, aadA2, was always located closest to the 3' conserved segment of the integrons and oxa1 and dfrA closest to the 5' end. Plasmid profiles of the 20 class 1 integron-positive strains all contained more than one plasmid, and 14 different profiles were found. No correlation was found between species, antibiograms, plasmid profiles, or presence of class 1 integrons. Conjugation resulted in 25 transconjugants, which all were resistant to four or more antimicrobial agents and all harbored at least one plasmid (>60 kb). Class 1 integrons were detected in 64% of the transconjugants. Phenotypic resistance pattern and plasmid profiles of the transconjugants seemed independent of the presence of an integron. Class 1 integrons seemed of less importance in phenotypic antibiograms and in transfer of resistance genes than conjugative plasmids.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Iversen
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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MIYAZATO TOMOKO, TAMAKI YUICHIRO, SITHIVONG NOIKASEUMSY, PHANTOUAMATH BOUNNANH, INSISIENGMAY SITHAT, HIGA NAOMI, TOMA CLAUDIA, NAKASONE NOBORU, IWANAGA MASAAKI. ANTIBIOTIC SUSCEPTIBILITY AND ITS GENETIC ANALYSIS OF VIBRIO CHOLERAE NON-O1, NON-O139 FROM ENVIRONMENTAL SOURCES IN LAO PEOPLE'S DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC. Trop Med Health 2004. [DOI: 10.2149/tmh.32.245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Abstract
Aminoglycoside antibiotics have had a major impact on our ability to treat bacterial infections for the past half century. Whereas the interest in these versatile antibiotics continues to be high, their clinical utility has been compromised by widespread instances of resistance. The multitude of mechanisms of resistance is disconcerting but also illuminates how nature can manifest resistance when bacteria are confronted by antibiotics. This article reviews the most recent knowledge about the mechanisms of aminoglycoside action and the mechanisms of resistance to these antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergei B Vakulenko
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA
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Amita M, Chowdhury SR, Thungapathra M, Ramamurthy T, Nair GB, Ghosh A. Class I integrons and SXT elements in El Tor strains isolated before and after 1992 Vibrio cholerae O139 outbreak, Calcutta, India. Emerg Infect Dis 2003; 9:500-2. [PMID: 12702236 PMCID: PMC2957977 DOI: 10.3201/eid0904.020317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the distribution of class I integrons and SXT elements in Vibrio cholerae O1 El Tor strains, isolated in Calcutta, India, before and after the V. cholerae O139 outbreak in 1992. Class I integrons, with aadA1 gene cassette, were detected primarily in the pre-O139 strains; the SXT element was found mainly in the post-O139 strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Amita
- Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | | | | | - T. Ramamurthy
- National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Calcutta, India
| | - G. Balakrish Nair
- National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Calcutta, India
- International Centre for Diarroheal Disease Research, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Amit Ghosh
- Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
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Thungapathra M, Sinha KK, Chaudhuri SR, Garg P, Ramamurthy T, Nair GB, Ghosh A. Occurrence of antibiotic resistance gene cassettes aac(6')-Ib, dfrA5, dfrA12, and ereA2 in class I integrons in non-O1, non-O139 Vibrio cholerae strains in India. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2002; 46:2948-55. [PMID: 12183252 PMCID: PMC395331 DOI: 10.1128/aac.46.9.2948-2955.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular mechanisms of multidrug resistance in Vibrio cholerae belonging to non-O1, non-O139 serogroups isolated during 1997 to 1998 in Calcutta, India, were investigated. Out of the 94 strains examined, 22 strains were found to have class I integrons. The gene cassettes identified were dfrA1, dfrA15, dfrA5, and dfrA12 for trimethoprim; aac(6')-Ib for amikacin and tobramycin; aadA1 and aadA2 for streptomycin and spectinomycin; and ereA2 for erythromycin resistance. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the presence of dfrA5, dfrA12, aac(6')-Ib, and ereA2 cassettes in class I integrons of V. cholerae. Forty-three of 94 strains also had plasmids, and out of these, 14 contained both class I integrons and plasmids. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis followed by Southern hybridization revealed that in the 14 plasmid-bearing strains, class I integrons resided either on chromosomes, on plasmids, or on both. Our results indicated that besides class I integrons and plasmids, a conjugative transposon element, SXT, possibly contributed to the multiple antibiotic resistance.
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42
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Rowe-Magnus DA, Guerout AM, Mazel D. Bacterial resistance evolution by recruitment of super-integron gene cassettes. Mol Microbiol 2002; 43:1657-69. [PMID: 11952913 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2958.2002.02861.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The capture and spread of antibiotic resistance determinants by integrons underlies the rapid evolution of multiple antibiotic resistance among diverse Gram-negative clinical isolates. The association of multiple resistance integrons (MRIs) with mobile DNA elements facilitates their transit across phylogenetic boundaries and augments the potential impact of integrons on bacterial evolution. Recently, ancestral chromosomal versions, the super-integrons (SIs), were found to be genuine components of the genomes of diverse bacterial species. SIs possess evolutionary characteristics and stockpiles of adaptive functions, including cassettes related to antibiotic resistance determinants previously characterized in clinical isolates, which suggest that MRIs and their resistance genes were originally recruited from SIs and their pool of amassed genes. However, the recombination activity of integrons has never been demonstrated in a bacterium other than Escherichia coli. We introduced a naturally occurring MRI (TpR, SulR) on a conjugative plasmid into Vibrio cholerae, a species known to harbour a SI. We show that MRIs can randomly recruit genes directly from the cache of SI cassettes. By applying a selective constraint for the development of antibiotic resistance, we demonstrate bacterial resistance evolution through the recruitment a novel, but phenotypically silent, chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene from the V. cholerae SI and its precise insertion into the MRI. The resulting resistance profile (CmR, TpR, SulR) could then be disseminated by conjugation to other clinically relevant pathogens at high frequency. These results demonstrate that otherwise phenotypically sensitive strains may still be a genetic source for the evolution of resistance to clinically relevant antibiotics through integron-mediated recombination events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean A Rowe-Magnus
- Unité de Programmation Moléculaire et Toxicologie Génétique, CNRS URA 1444, Département des Biotechnologies, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris, France
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43
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Abstract
Cholera continues to be an important public health problem among many poorer communities in Africa, Asia and South America, despite the bacteriology and epidemiology of the disease having been described over a century ago. Molecular techniques have enabled current researchers to gain new insights into pathogenicity, into the relationships between environmental and clinical strains, and into new strategies for vaccine development. The description of non-culturable 'dormant' strains in the environment and the effect of environmental factors on toxin gene regulation provide valuable clues to the ecology of the disease. Disease management continues to be based on urgent and appropriate rehydration, and recent community studies emphasize the need for effective local health services to provide this if case fatality rates are to remain low. While antimicrobial agents may play a role in case management and prophylaxis, the increasing prevalence of antimicrobial resistance must be addressed. New vaccine candidates, based on a molecular understanding of pathogenicity, provide scope for improved strategies for disease prevention, though the appropriate public health context for their use has not been determined. This review summarizes activities in these fields of cholera research and considers the continuing global problem of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Shears
- Centre for Tropical Medical Microbiology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK.
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44
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Abstract
Antibiotics have been considered to be safe and effective 'magic bullets', with no disadvantages to their widespread use. This has been proven to be a complacent attitude, with ever-increasing prevalences of resistance now evident. The present review covers aspects of the development, mechanisms and genetics of antimicrobial resistance in enteric commensals and pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kariuki
- Centre for Microbiology Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
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45
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Abstract
A PCR that amplifies a recently discovered Vibrio cholerae RTX (repeat in toxin) toxin gene was developed. Among 166 clinical and environmental isolates of V. cholerae causing epidemics and sporadic cases of cholera in various parts of the world, all were found to be toxigenic by both PCR and HEp-2 cell cytotoxicity assay. Standard strains of the classical biotype containing a deletion within the gene cluster exhibited negative results by both assays. This is the first rapid genotyping method for differentiation of V. cholerae O1 classical biotype strains from El Tor biotype strains as well as strains of other non-O1 serogroups including serogroup O139. The PCR assay that was developed also specifically detects RTX toxin genes in V. cholerae, as clinical isolates of Vibrio parahaemolyticus, diarrheagenic Escherichia coli, Aeromonas species, and Plesiomonas species were all negative by the RTX toxin-specific PCR as well as the HEp-2 cytotoxicity assay. These findings highlight the characteristics of the RTX toxins in V. cholerae. Their role in the pathogenicity of the bacterium requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- K H Chow
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, China
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46
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Dalsgaard A, Forslund A, Petersen A, Brown DJ, Dias F, Monteiro S, Molbak K, Aaby P, Rodrigues A, Sandström A. Class 1 integron-borne, multiple-antibiotic resistance encoded by a 150-kilobase conjugative plasmid in epidemic vibrio cholerae O1 strains isolated in Guinea-Bissau. J Clin Microbiol 2000; 38:3774-9. [PMID: 11015401 PMCID: PMC87474 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.38.10.3774-3779.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In the 1996-1997 cholera epidemic in Guinea-Bissau, surveillance for antimicrobial resistance showed the emergence of a multidrug-resistant strain of Vibrio cholerae O1 during the course of the epidemic. The strain was resistant to ampicillin, erythromycin, tetracycline, furazolidone, aminoglycosides, trimethoprim, and sulfamethoxazole. Concomitant with the emergence of this strain, we observed a resurgence in the number of registered cholera cases as well as an increase in the case fatality rate from 1.0% before the emergence of the multiple-drug-resistant strain to 5.3% after the emergence of the strain. Our study shows that the strain contained a 150-kb conjugative multiple-antibiotic resistance plasmid with class 1 integron-borne gene cassettes encoding resistance to trimethoprim (dhfrXII) and aminoglycosides [ant(3")-1a]). The finding of transferable resistance to almost all of the antibiotics commonly used to treat cholera is of great public health concern. Studies should be carried out to determine to what extent the strain or its resistance genes have been spread to other areas where cholera is endemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Dalsgaard
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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47
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Ploy MC, Lambert T, Couty JP, Denis F. Integrons: an antibiotic resistance gene capture and expression system. Clin Chem Lab Med 2000; 38:483-7. [PMID: 10987194 DOI: 10.1515/cclm.2000.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Bacteria can transfer genetic information to provide themselves with protection against most antibiotics. The acquisition of resistance gene arrays involves genetic mobile elements like plasmids and transposons. Another class of genetic structures, termed integrons, have been described and contain one or more gene cassettes located at a specific site. Integrons are defined by an intl gene encoding an integrase, a recombination site attl and a strong promoter. At least six classes of integrons have been determined according to their intl gene. Classes 1, 2 and 3 are the most studied and are largely implicated in the dissemination of antibiotic resistance. A gene cassette includes an open reading frame and, at the 3'-end, a recombination site attC. Integration or excision of cassettes occur by a site-specific recombination mechanism catalyzed by the integrase. However, insertion can occur, albeit rarely, at non-specific sites leading to a stable situation for the cassette. Cassettes are transcribed from the common promoter located in the 5'-conserved segment and expression of distal genes is reduced by the presence of upstream cassettes. Most gene cassettes encode antibiotic resistant determinants but antiseptic resistant genes have also been described. Integrons seem to have a major role in the spread of multidrug resistance in gram-negative bacteria but integrons in gram-positive bacteria were described recently. Moreover, the finding of super-integrons with gene-cassettes coding for other determinants (biochemical functions, virulence factors) in Vibrio isolates dating from 1888 suggests the likely implication of this multicomponent cassette-integron system in bacterial genome evolution before the antibiotic era and to a greater extent than initially believed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Ploy
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie-Virologie-Hygiène, CHU Dupuytren, Limoges, France
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48
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Dalsgaard A, Forslund A, Serichantalergs O, Sandvang D. Distribution and content of class 1 integrons in different Vibrio cholerae O-serotype strains isolated in Thailand. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2000; 44:1315-21. [PMID: 10770768 PMCID: PMC89861 DOI: 10.1128/aac.44.5.1315-1321.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, 176 clinical and environmental Vibrio cholerae strains of different O serotypes isolated in Thailand from 1982 to 1995 were selected and studied for the presence of class 1 integrons, a new group of genetic elements which carry antibiotic resistance genes. Using PCR and DNA sequencing, we found that 44 isolates contained class 1 integrons harboring the aadB, aadA2, blaP1, dfrA1, and dfrA15 gene cassettes, which encode resistance to gentamicin, kanamycin, and tobramycin; streptomycin and spectinomycin; beta-lactams; and trimethoprim, respectively. Each cassette array contained only a single antibiotic resistance gene. Although resistance genes in class 1 integrons were found in strains from the same epidemic, as well as in unrelated non-O1, non-O139 strains isolated from children with diarrhea, they were found to encode only some of the antibiotic resistance expressed by the strains. Serotype O139 strains did not contain class 1 integrons. However, the appearance and disappearance of the O139 serotype in the coastal city Samutsakorn in 1992 and 1993 were associated with the emergence of a distinct V. cholerae O1 strain which contained the aadA2 resistance gene cassette. A 150-kb self-transmissible plasmid found in three O1 strains isolated in 1982 contained the aadB gene cassette. Surprisingly, several strains harbored two integrons containing different cassettes. Thus, class 1 integrons containing various resistance gene cassettes are distributed among different V. cholerae O serotypes of mainly clinical origin in Thailand.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Dalsgaard
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Frederiksberg, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C.
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49
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Jiang SC, Matte M, Matte G, Huq A, Colwell RR. Genetic diversity of clinical and environmental isolates of Vibrio cholerae determined by amplified fragment length polymorphism fingerprinting. Appl Environ Microbiol 2000; 66:148-53. [PMID: 10618216 PMCID: PMC91798 DOI: 10.1128/aem.66.1.148-153.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/1999] [Accepted: 09/16/1999] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Vibrio cholerae, the causative agent of major epidemics of diarrheal disease in Bangladesh, South America, Southeastern Asia, and Africa, was isolated from clinical samples and from aquatic environments during and between epidemics over the past 20 years. To determine the evolutionary relationships and molecular diversity of these strains, in order to understand sources, origin, and epidemiology, a novel DNA fingerprinting technique, amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP), was employed. Two sets of restriction enzyme-primer combinations were tested for fingerprinting of V. cholerae serogroup O1, O139, and non-O1, O139 isolates. Amplification of HindIII- and TaqI-digested genomic DNA produced 30 to 50 bands for each strain. However, this combination, although capable of separating environmental isolates of O1 and non-O1 strains, was unable to distinguish between O1 and O139 clinical strains. This result confirmed that clinical O1 and O139 strains are genetically closely related. On the other hand, AFLP analyses of restriction enzyme ApaI- and TaqI-digested genomic DNA yielded 20 to 30 bands for each strain, but were able to separate O1 from O139 strains. Of the 74 strains examined with the latter combination, 26 serogroup O1 strains showed identical banding patterns and were represented by the O1 El Tor strain of the seventh pandemic. A second group, represented by O139 Bengal, included 12 strains of O139 clinical isolates, with 7 from Thailand, 3 from Bangladesh, and 2 from India. Interestingly, an O1 clinical isolate from Africa also grouped with the O139 clinical isolates. Eight clinical O1 isolates from Mexico grouped separately from the O1 El Tor of the seventh pandemic, suggesting an independent origin of these isolates. Identical fingerprints were observed between an O1 environmental isolate from a river in Chile and an O1 clinical strain from Kenya, both isolated more than 10 years apart. Both strains were distinct from the O1 seventh pandemic strain. Two O139 clinical isolates from Africa clustered with environmental non-O1 isolates, independent of other O139 strains included in the study. These results suggest that although a single clone of pathogenic V. cholerae appears responsible for many cases of cholera in Asia, Africa, and Latin America during the seventh pandemic, other cases of clinical cholera were caused by toxigenic V. cholerae strains that appear to have been derived locally from environmental O1 or non-O1 strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Jiang
- Center of Marine Biotechnology, University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, Baltimore, Maryland 21202, USA.
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