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Fogacci F, Di Micoli V, Avagimyan A, Giovannini M, Imbalzano E, Cicero AFG. Assessment of Apolipoprotein(a) Isoform Size Using Phenotypic and Genotypic Methods. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13886. [PMID: 37762189 PMCID: PMC10531419 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241813886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein(a) (apo(a)) is the protein component that defines lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)) particles and is encoded by the LPA gene. The apo(a) is extremely heterogeneous in size due to the copy number variations in the kringle-IV type 2 (KIV2) domains. In this review, we aim to discuss the role of genetics in establishing Lp(a) as a risk factor for coronary heart disease (CHD) by examining a series of molecular biology techniques aimed at identifying the best strategy for a possible application in clinical research and practice, according to the current gold standard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Fogacci
- Hypertension and Cardiovascular Risk Research Center, Medical and Surgical Sciences Department, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (F.F.); (V.D.M.); (M.G.)
| | - Valentina Di Micoli
- Hypertension and Cardiovascular Risk Research Center, Medical and Surgical Sciences Department, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (F.F.); (V.D.M.); (M.G.)
| | - Ashot Avagimyan
- Pathological Anatomy Department, Yerevan State Medical University, Yerevan 0025, Armenia;
| | - Marina Giovannini
- Hypertension and Cardiovascular Risk Research Center, Medical and Surgical Sciences Department, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (F.F.); (V.D.M.); (M.G.)
| | - Egidio Imbalzano
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy;
| | - Arrigo F. G. Cicero
- Hypertension and Cardiovascular Risk Research Center, Medical and Surgical Sciences Department, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (F.F.); (V.D.M.); (M.G.)
- Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Heart, Thoracic and Vascular Department, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40100 Bologna, Italy
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2
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Savin C, Le Guern AS, Chereau F, Guglielmini J, Heuzé G, Demeure C, Pizarro-Cerdá J. First Description of a Yersinia pseudotuberculosis Clonal Outbreak in France, Confirmed Using a New Core Genome Multilocus Sequence Typing Method. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0114522. [PMID: 35863020 PMCID: PMC9431522 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01145-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Yersinia pseudotuberculosis is an enteric pathogen causing mild enteritis that can lead to mesenteric adenitis in children and septicemia in elderly patients. Most cases are sporadic, but outbreaks have already been described in different countries. We report for the first time a Y. pseudotuberculosis clonal outbreak in France, that occurred in 2020. An epidemiological investigation based on food queries pointed toward the consumption of tomatoes as the suspected source of infection. The Yersinia National Reference Laboratory (YNRL) developed a new cgMLST scheme with 1,921 genes specific to Y. pseudotuberculosis that identified the clustering of isolates associated with the outbreak and allowed to perform molecular typing in real time. In addition, this method allowed to retrospectively identify isolates belonging to this cluster from earlier in 2020. This method, which does not require specific bioinformatic skills, is now used systematically at the YNRL and proves to display an excellent discriminatory power and is available to the scientific community. IMPORTANCE We describe in here a novel core-genome MLST method that allowed to identify in real time, and for the first time in France, a Y. pseudotuberculosis clonal outbreak that took place during the summer 2020 in Corsica. Our method allows to support epidemiological and microbiological investigations to establish a link between patients infected with closely associated Y. pseudotuberculosis isolates, and to identify the potential source of infection. In addition, we made this method available for the scientific community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyril Savin
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, Yersinia Research Unit, Paris, France
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, Yersinia National Reference Laboratory, Paris, France
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, WHO Collaborating Research & Reference Centre for Yersinia FRA-140, Paris, France
| | - Anne-Sophie Le Guern
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, Yersinia Research Unit, Paris, France
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, Yersinia National Reference Laboratory, Paris, France
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, WHO Collaborating Research & Reference Centre for Yersinia FRA-140, Paris, France
| | - Fanny Chereau
- French National Public Health Agency, Department of Infectious Diseases, Saint-Maurice, France
| | - Julien Guglielmini
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, Hub de Bioinformatique et Biostatistique, Paris, France
| | | | - Christian Demeure
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, Yersinia Research Unit, Paris, France
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, WHO Collaborating Research & Reference Centre for Yersinia FRA-140, Paris, France
| | - Javier Pizarro-Cerdá
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, Yersinia Research Unit, Paris, France
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, Yersinia National Reference Laboratory, Paris, France
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, WHO Collaborating Research & Reference Centre for Yersinia FRA-140, Paris, France
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3
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Lakhundi S, Zhang K. Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus: Molecular Characterization, Evolution, and Epidemiology. Clin Microbiol Rev 2018; 31:e00020-18. [PMID: 30209034 PMCID: PMC6148192 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00020-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 754] [Impact Index Per Article: 125.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus, a major human pathogen, has a collection of virulence factors and the ability to acquire resistance to most antibiotics. This ability is further augmented by constant emergence of new clones, making S. aureus a "superbug." Clinical use of methicillin has led to the appearance of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). The past few decades have witnessed the existence of new MRSA clones. Unlike traditional MRSA residing in hospitals, the new clones can invade community settings and infect people without predisposing risk factors. This evolution continues with the buildup of the MRSA reservoir in companion and food animals. This review focuses on imparting a better understanding of MRSA evolution and its molecular characterization and epidemiology. We first describe the origin of MRSA, with emphasis on the diverse nature of staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec). mecA and its new homologues (mecB, mecC, and mecD), SCCmec types (13 SCCmec types have been discovered to date), and their classification criteria are discussed. The review then describes various typing methods applied to study the molecular epidemiology and evolutionary nature of MRSA. Starting with the historical methods and continuing to the advanced whole-genome approaches, typing of collections of MRSA has shed light on the origin, spread, and evolutionary pathways of MRSA clones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahreena Lakhundi
- Centre for Antimicrobial Resistance, Alberta Health Services/Calgary Laboratory Services/University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kunyan Zhang
- Centre for Antimicrobial Resistance, Alberta Health Services/Calgary Laboratory Services/University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- The Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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4
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Miao J, Wang W, Xu W, Su J, Li L, Li B, Zhang X, Xu Z. The fingerprint mapping and genotyping systems application on methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Microb Pathog 2018; 125:246-251. [PMID: 30243550 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
As a typical Gram-positive microorganism, S. aureus was recognized as common foodborne pathogenic bacteria in food industry. To study their individuality and pathogenicity mechanism, thirty-three Staphylococci strains were applied to the investigation with the identification of MRSA by PCR targeting on S. aureus specific 16S rRNA and femA genes as well as methicillin-resistant mecA and orfX elements by multiplex-PCR assay. Fingerprinting mapping was then employed using three typing systems (KZ/M13, IS256 and ERIC2) to genotype 33 MRSA strains. As the result indicated, all 33 Staphylococci strains were identified as MRSA. However, diversity occurred among different fingerprinting system results. KZ/M13 system and IS256 system both typed 10 genotypes while ERIC2 system had 8 genotypes. Based on the genotyping results, a discussion was performed in typing ability, discriminatory ability and accordance ratio. Given the above studies, a novel rapid detection method for MRSA was conducted with multiplex-PCR, which possessed rapidity and accuracy. Meanwhile, three fingerprinting systems showed high sensitivity, resolution and classification ratio in MRSA typing. These methods have a broad application prospect in food safety and epidemiology in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Miao
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Wenxin Wang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Wenyi Xu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Jianyu Su
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China
| | - Lin Li
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China
| | - Bing Li
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China
| | - Xia Zhang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China.
| | - Zhenbo Xu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China; Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, University of Maryland, Baltimore, 21201, USA.
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5
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Miao J, Chen L, Wang J, Wang W, Chen D, Li L, Li B, Deng Y, Xu Z. Evaluation and application of molecular genotyping on nosocomial pathogen-methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates in Guangzhou representative of Southern China. Microb Pathog 2017; 107:397-403. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2017.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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6
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Current methodologies on genotyping for nosocomial pathogen methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Microb Pathog 2017; 107:17-28. [PMID: 28284852 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2017.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a common pathogen in hospitals and the community. As the rapid spread and wide distribution of antimicrobial resistance (such as MRSA), treatment for infectious diseases caused by microorganisms has become a vital threat. Thus, early identification and genotyping are essential for further therapeutic treatment and the control of rapid expansion of MRSA. In combination with applications and data feedbacks, this review focused on the currently available molecular-based assays on their utility and performance for rapid typing of MRSA, especially on effective molecular-based methods. Besides, a common mobile element SCCmec and prevalence of HA-MRSA, LA-MRSA and CA-MRSA were introduced in this review in order to provide a more complete profile of MRSA.
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PCR and PCR-RFLP genotyping of Staphylococcus aureus coagulase gene: convenience compared to pulse-field gel electrophoresis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00580-016-2311-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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8
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Mohajeri P, Azizkhani S, Farahani A, Norozi B. Genotyping of coa and aroA Genes of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Strains Isolated From Nasal Samples in Western Iran. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2016; 9:e26460. [PMID: 27099680 PMCID: PMC4834140 DOI: 10.5812/jjm.26460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a bacterial pathogen frequently isolated in both hospital and community environments. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus is considered a major nosocomial pathogen that causes severe morbidity and mortality. Objectives: The main objective of this study was to determine the genotypes of MRSA strains isolated from the nares of hospitalized and community patients in Kermanshah Hospital, western Iran, by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). Materials and Methods: Of 1387 patients, 1217 patients were screened for more than 48 hours after admission in hospital wards and 170 patients were screened in the hemodialysis unit of Kermanshah Hospital, which is the largest hospital in western Iran. S. aureus was identified by standard biochemical tests, including colonial morphology, production of coagulase, and DNase and the API20 Staph test. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus was identified by the Oxacillin strip test. Results: In total, 258 S. aureus isolates were recovered from 1387 samples, of which 96 isolates were MRSA, 82 were hospital acquired, and 14 were community acquired. Digestion of the aro A gene revealed only one distinctive RFLP pattern in the 258 isolates. Conclusions: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus is an increasingly common cause of nosocomial infections. Our results are in agreement with those of other studies reporting that a few specialized clones are responsible for most cases of MRSA nasal carriage. In this study, MRSA strains isolated from different wards of hospital were closely related when analyzed by coagulase gene typing. Identifying patients colonized with MRSA during hospitalization and rapidly typing them with these methods may facilitate detection of outbreaks and prevention of the spread of organisms in hospitals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parviz Mohajeri
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, IR Iran
| | - Samira Azizkhani
- Department of Microbiology, Islamic Azad University, Lahijan Branch, Lahijan, IR Iran
| | - Abbas Farahani
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, IR Iran
- Student Research Committee, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, IR Iran
- Corresponding author: Abbas Farahani, Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, IR Iran. Tel: +98-9188495574, Fax: +98-8633353132, E-mail:
| | - Baharak Norozi
- Department of Microbiology, Student Research Committee, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, IR Iran
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Roussel S, Felix B, Vingadassalon N, Grout J, Hennekinne JA, Guillier L, Brisabois A, Auvray F. Staphylococcus aureus strains associated with food poisoning outbreaks in France: comparison of different molecular typing methods, including MLVA. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:882. [PMID: 26441849 PMCID: PMC4566840 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcal food poisoning outbreaks (SFPOs) are frequently reported in France. However, most of them remain unconfirmed, highlighting a need for a better characterization of isolated strains. Here we analyzed the genetic diversity of 112 Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from 76 distinct SFPOs that occurred in France over the last 30 years. We used a recently developed multiple-locus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis (MLVA) protocol and compared this method with pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), spa-typing and carriage of genes (se genes) coding for 11 staphylococcal enterotoxins (i.e., SEA, SEB, SEC, SED, SEE, SEG, SEH, SEI, SEJ, SEP, SER). The strains known to have an epidemiological association with one another had identical MLVA types, PFGE profiles, spa-types or se gene carriage. MLVA, PFGE and spa-typing divided 103 epidemiologically unrelated strains into 84, 80, and 50 types respectively demonstrating the high genetic diversity of S. aureus strains involved in SFPOs. Each MLVA type shared by more than one strain corresponded to a single spa-type except for one MLVA type represented by four strains that showed two different-but closely related-spa-types. The 87 enterotoxigenic strains were distributed across 68 distinct MLVA types that correlated all with se gene carriage except for four MLVA types. The most frequent se gene detected was sea, followed by seg and sei and the most frequently associated se genes were sea-seh and sea-sed-sej-ser. The discriminatory ability of MLVA was similar to that of PFGE and higher than that of spa-typing. This MLVA protocol was found to be compatible with high throughput analysis, and was also faster and less labor-intensive than PFGE. MLVA holds promise as a suitable method for investigating SFPOs and tracking the source of contamination in food processing facilities in real time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Roussel
- Université Paris-Est, ANSES, Food Safety Laboratory, European Union Reference Laboratory for Coagulase Positive Staphylococci, Maisons-AlfortFrance
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Wei SH, Huang AS, Liao YS, Liu YL, Chiou CS. A large outbreak of salmonellosis associated with sandwiches contaminated with multiple bacterial pathogens purchased via an online shopping service. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2013; 11:230-3. [PMID: 24313786 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2013.1669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Food sold over the internet is an emerging business that also presents a concern with regard to food safety. A nationwide foodborne disease outbreak associated with sandwiches purchased from an online shop in July 2010 is reported. Consumers were telephone interviewed with a structured questionnaire and specimens were collected for etiological examination. A total of 886 consumers were successfully contacted and completed the questionnaires; 36.6% had become ill, with a median incubation period of 18 h (range, 6-66 h). The major symptoms included diarrhea (89.2%), abdominal pain (69.8%), fever (47.5%), headache (32.7%), and vomiting (17.3%). Microbiological laboratories isolated Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis, Salmonella Virchow, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli from the contaminated sandwiches, Salmonella Enteritidis and Salmonella Virchow from the patients, and Salmonella Enteritidis and Staphylococcus aureus from food handlers. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis genotyping suggested a common origin of Salmonella bacteria recovered from the patients, food, and a food handler. Among the pathogens detected, the symptoms and incubation period indicated that Salmonella, likely of egg origin, was the probable causative agent of the outbreak. This outbreak illustrates the importance of meticulous hygiene practices during food preparation and temperature control during food shipment and the food safety challenges posed by online food-shopping services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Hsi Wei
- 1 Centers for Disease Control, Ministry of Health and Welfare , Taichung, Taiwan
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11
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Hennekinne JA, De Buyser ML, Dragacci S. Staphylococcus aureus and its food poisoning toxins: characterization and outbreak investigation. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2011; 36:815-36. [PMID: 22091892 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6976.2011.00311.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 536] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2010] [Revised: 09/15/2011] [Accepted: 10/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcal food poisoning (SFP) is one of the most common food-borne diseases and results from the ingestion of staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) preformed in food by enterotoxigenic strains of Staphylococcus aureus. To date, more than 20 SEs have been described: SEA to SElV. All of them have superantigenic activity whereas half of them have been proved to be emetic, representing a potential hazard for consumers. This review, divided into four parts, will focus on the following: (1) the worldwide story of SFP outbreaks, (2) the characteristics and behaviour of S. aureus in food environment, (3) the toxinogenic conditions and characteristics of SEs, and (4) SFP outbreaks including symptomatology, occurrence in the European Union and currently available methods used to characterize staphylococcal outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques-Antoine Hennekinne
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (Anses), Food Safety Laboratory of Maisons-Alfort, European Union Reference Laboratory for Coagulase Positive Staphylococci, Maisons-Alfort, France.
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12
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FAN YILING, PAN FENG, PAOLI GEORGEC, XIAO YONGHONG, SHENG HAIHUI, SHI XIANMING. DEVELOPMENT OF A MULTIPLEX PCR METHOD FOR DETECTION OF THE GENES ENCODING 16S rRNA, COAGULASE, METHICILLIN RESISTANCE AND ENTEROTOXINS INSTAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4581.2008.00144.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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13
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Moon JS, Lee AR, Kang HM, Lee ES, Joo YS, Park YH, Kim MN, Koo HC. Antibiogram and coagulase diversity in staphylococcal enterotoxin-producing Staphylococcus aureus from bovine mastitis. J Dairy Sci 2008; 90:1716-24. [PMID: 17369211 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2006-512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We investigated antibiogram and coagulase gene diversity in staphylococcal enterotoxin (StE)-producing Staphylococcus aureus isolated from raw milk samples of cows infected with mastitis from 140 dairy farms in Korea between 1997 and 2004. Of the 696 Staph. aureus isolates collected in this study, 164 isolates (23.6%) produced one or more staphylococcal enterotoxins (A to D), and 19 isolates (2.7%) were methicillin-resistant. The percentage of StE-producing Staph. aureus (SES) isolates resistant to methicillin, kanamycin, neomycin, amikacin, and tetracycline was greater than that of non-SES. Ten coagulase genotype patterns were observed, including 4 main types comprising I (25.4%), II (13.9%), VII (13.2%), and VIII (17.8%). More than 4 Staph. aureus types were isolated from each of 82 dairy farms in different geographic locations, and only 1 coagulase genotype pattern was observed in 39 of the herds (47.6%). There was no significant correlation between coagulase genotypes harbored by Staph. aureus and their specific StE type. The percentage of isolates producing major StE types (A, B, AC, and ABCD) and being resistant to cephalothin and methicillin was greater among the Staph. aureus isolates with the 4 predominant coagulase genotypes (I, II, VII, and VIII) than among the isolates harboring the 6 rare coagulase types (III, IV, V, VI, IX, and X). Based on coagulase gene polymorphisms, our data indicate that a broad distribution of identical or closely related enterotoxin-producing Staph. aureus strains seem to contribute to bovine mastitis in the Republic of Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Moon
- Department of Bacteriology, National Veterinary Research and Quarantine Service, Anyang, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
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14
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Molecular typing of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from Italian dairy products on the basis of coagulase gene polymorphism, multiple-locus variable-number tandem-repeat and toxin genes. J DAIRY RES 2008; 75:444-9. [PMID: 18701004 DOI: 10.1017/s0022029908003476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Coagulase gene restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), six-locus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis patterns (MLVA) and detection of enterotoxin genes (se) (sea, sec, sed, seg, seh, sei, sej and sel) were used to determine the phylogenetic relationship among isolates of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from dairy products from different regions of Italy. A total of 25 Staph. aureus were subtyped into 16 coagulase genotypes by RFLP, and MLVA revealed marked genomic variability. Furthermore, 17 of the isolates harboured at least one toxin gene, with the predominance of sea, sed and sej among cow isolates and sec-sel among the goat and sheep strains. Combined RFLP, MLVA polymorphism and se genes were found to be useful techniques for discriminating several genetic variants in Staph. aureus isolates.
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15
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Kim YK, Kim JS, Kim HS, Song W, Cho HC, Lee KM. Molecular Typing ofStaphylococcus aureusIsolated from Blood on the Basis of Coagulase Gene Polymorphism and Toxin Genes. Ann Lab Med 2008; 28:286-92. [DOI: 10.3343/kjlm.2008.28.4.286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Kyun Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae-Seok Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Han-Sung Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Wonkeun Song
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyoun Chan Cho
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyu Man Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Kérouanton A, Hennekinne JA, Letertre C, Petit L, Chesneau O, Brisabois A, De Buyser ML. Characterization of Staphylococcus aureus strains associated with food poisoning outbreaks in France. Int J Food Microbiol 2007; 115:369-75. [PMID: 17306397 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2006.10.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2006] [Revised: 10/25/2006] [Accepted: 10/30/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Enterotoxins produced by Staphylococcus aureus are responsible for staphylococcal food-poisoning outbreaks (SFPO). In France, SFPO are the second cause of food-borne diseases after Salmonella. However, very little is known about the strains involved. The objective of this study was to characterize the staphylococcal strains related to these SFPO through phenotypic and genotypic analyses. A total of 178 coagulase-positive staphylococcal isolates recovered from 31 SFPO (1981-2002) were screened through biotyping. Thirty-three strains representative of the different biotypes in each SFPO were further examined for SmaI macrorestriction-type, phage-type, resistance to various antimicrobial drugs, presence of staphylococcal enterotoxin (se) genes sea to sei, and production of enterotoxins SEA to SED. All these 33 strains were identified as S. aureus species: 27 were of human biotypes and six ovine or non-host-specific biotypes. Most (74.1%) strains reacted with group III phages. Eleven strains were resistant to at least two classes of antibiotics and among them, two were resistant to methicillin. Twenty-nine strains carried one or several of the eight se genes tested; the gene sea was most common (n=23), and often linked to sed (n=12) or seh (n=5). The novel se genes seg-i were in all cases associated with se genes sea to sed except for one strain which carried only seg and sei. Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE) of SmaI macrorestriction digests of the 33 strains discriminated 32 PFGE patterns grouped into nine biotype-specific clusters. All five strains carrying sea and seh were grouped together into the same sub-cluster. Three of the four se-gene-negative strains were in one PFGE cluster: all four should be tested for se genes not included in this study and, if negative, be further investigated for the presence of unidentified SEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kérouanton
- Agence Française de Sécurité Sanitaire des Aliments, Laboratoire d'Etudes et de Recherches sur la Qualité des Aliments et des Procédés agro-alimentaires (AFSSA-Lerqap), 23 Avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94706 Maisons-Alfort cedex, France
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17
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Sabat A, Malachowa N, Miedzobrodzki J, Hryniewicz W. Comparison of PCR-based methods for typing Staphylococcus aureus isolates. J Clin Microbiol 2006; 44:3804-7. [PMID: 17021116 PMCID: PMC1594760 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00395-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we compared the potentials of (i) a multiplex PCR-based multilocus variable-number tandem repeat (VNTR) assay; (ii) a triplex PCR coamplifying fragments of spa, coa, and the hypervariable region adjacent to the mecA gene; (iii) restriction profile analysis of the STAR repetitive element; (iv) randomly amplified polymorphic DNA analysis; (v) inter-IS256 PCR; and (vi) rep-MP3 PCR. Multilocus VNTR typing and triplex PCR (coa, spa, and hypervariable region) approaches showed excellent reproducibility and high discriminatory power; however, only multilocus VNTR typing could distinguish all pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and spa types. Multilocus VNTR typing appears to be the most useful PCR-based method for the rapid genotyping of Staphylococcus aureus strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur Sabat
- National Institute of Public Health, 30/34 Chelmska St., 00-725 Warsaw, Poland
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18
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Nitzsche S, Zweifel C, Stephan R. Phenotypic and genotypic traits of Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from pig carcasses. Vet Microbiol 2006; 120:292-9. [PMID: 17141430 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2006.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2006] [Revised: 10/19/2006] [Accepted: 10/20/2006] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A total of 142 S. aureus strains isolated from pig carcasses from abattoirs A (n=98) and B (n=44) were characterized by phenotypic and genotypic traits. Phenotypically, 96% showed yellow-pigmented colonies, 63% beta/delta hemolysis, 85% were egg yolk-positive and 99% were positive for clumping factor/protein A. Only 25% of the strains were resistant to the antimicrobials tested (abattoir A: 19%; abattoir B: 39%), especially to penicillin and ampicillin. None of the strains harbored the mecA gene, which is conserved in methicillin-resistant S. aureus. The biofilm associated genes icaA, icaD and bap were present in 100%, 100% and 0% of the strains. Genes for staphylococcal enterotoxin (SE) were detected in 51% (abattoir A) and 14% of the strains (abattoir B). Among strains harboring SE genes (n=56), 63%, 31%, 4% and 2% tested positive for seg/sei, seg, sei and sec, respectively. The amplification of the 3' end of the coagulase gene (coa) yielded amplicons of 400, 436, 602, 682 or 776bp. Coa restriction profile (CRP) analysis using HaeIII resulted in seven patterns (a-d, e1-e3). CRP (c) was detected most frequently at both abattoirs, whereas CRP (a) was restricted to abattoir A and CRP (e3) to abattoir B. In the slaughter process (abattoir B), (i) two CRPs (b and d) were only found before dehairing/singeing, and (ii) four CRPs (c, e1-e3) were identified throughout the process. The genotyping revealed a remarkable homogeneity in S. aureus strains from the two different abattoirs and the slaughter process stages. These results may be explained by the distribution of a limited number of S. aureus genotypes in the pig population. Moreover, as the predominant CRPs (c, e1-e3) persisted throughout the slaughter process in abattoir B, it may be hypothesized that these types are characterized by colonization advantages.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Nitzsche
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Zurich, Winterthurerstr. 272, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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19
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El-Huneidi W, Bdour S, Mahasneh A. Detection of enterotoxin genes seg, seh, sei, and sej and of a novel aroA genotype in Jordanian clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2006; 56:127-32. [PMID: 16725300 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2006.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2005] [Revised: 03/27/2006] [Accepted: 04/07/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The presence of staphylococcal enterotoxin (SE) genes (seg, seh, sei, and sej) and the correlation of their prevalence with the genotypes were studied in 100 clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of SE genes indicated that 39% of the isolates were enterotoxigenic. Thirty-seven percent of the total isolates were seg positive, whereas 24% and 4% were sei and seh positive, respectively. All isolates containing sei were positive for seg, whereas sej gene was not detected. Genotyping by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of the aroA gene revealed that 39% of the isolates were type A and 11% were type B, and 50% displayed a novel (N) genotype. The presence of the enterotoxin genes was independent (P < 0.05) of the genotypes of the tested S. aureus isolates. This study has demonstrated that the seg was the most dominant enterotoxin gene and that the enterotoxigenic Jordanian S. aureus isolates belong to different genotypes, and N genotype was predominant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waseem El-Huneidi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
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20
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Hata E, Katsuda K, Kobayashi H, Ogawa T, Endô T, Eguchi M. Characteristics and Epidemiologic Genotyping of Staphylococcus aureus Isolates from Bovine Mastitic Milk in Hokkaido, Japan. J Vet Med Sci 2006; 68:165-70. [PMID: 16520540 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.68.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Two hundred thirty one Staphylococcus aureus isolates from bovine mastitic milk were discriminated into 60 patterns and 16 lineages by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). The tested isolates were also investigated using coagulase and capsule serotyping and PCR for possession of genes that encode staphylococcal enterotoxins (sea to sei), enterotoxin-like toxins (selj to selr), and toxic shock syndrome toxin (tst). One hundred seventy three of the isolates (74.9%) possessed one or more toxin genes, while no egg-yolk factor was detected in most of them. The most common combinations of toxin genes possessed by the tested isolates were sec, seg, sei, sell, and tst, or seg and sei, or sec, seg, sei, sell, seln, and tst. Two hundred and ten of the isolates (91.0%) serotyped coagulase VI, and 207 of the isolates (89.6%) expressed serotype 5 or 8 capsules. These results suggested that isolates belonging to two major lineages have spread all over Hokkaido as bovine mastitic isolates. Additionally, no remarkable difference was recognized in the identification ratio of the isolates that belonged to the two major lineages between mastitis of subclinical origin and mastitis of clinical origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiji Hata
- National Institute of Animal Health, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan
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21
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Klotz M, Zimmermann S, Opper S, Heeg K, Mutters R. Possible risk for re-colonization with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) by faecal transmission. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2005; 208:401-5. [PMID: 16217924 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2005.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
An increase in the frequency of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) as an important causative agent of nosocomial infections is observed worldwide. Unfortunately, in spite of optimal hygienic conditions (barrier isolation, screening, decontamination), patients often remain MRSA positive or are detected as "re-colonized" at readmission. The objective of our study was to clarify if this is due to an undetected colonization of the gastrointestinal tract, which could possibly lead to re-colonization after primary successful decontamination. Therefore, all MRSA strains were collected from 290 in-patients of a university hospital over a period of 2 years. A surprisingly high number (24.1% of all) was isolated from stool samples. Even 13.1% of the total collection could be first observed in this material before detecting MRSA in other materials of these patients. To evaluate the epidemiology of these isolates, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) was used. On the basis of PFGE restriction types one main clone and 11 singular clones could be identified. Additionally, for six individual patients MRSA isolates from stool specimens were indistinguishable from other isolates from different locations. We show here that colonization of the gastrointestinal tract with MRSA apparently could play an important role in spreading MRSA via faecal contamination. Hence, we suggest that stool colonization with MRSA could be the source of a so far unrecognized transmission of MRSA within individual patients and within the population. Therefore, our findings imply a modification in the hygienic strategies for handling decontamination and therapy of MRSA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Klotz
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Philipps-University Marburg, Pilgrimstein 2, D-35037 Marburg, Germany
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22
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Jørgensen HJ, Mørk T, Caugant DA, Kearns A, Rørvik LM. Genetic variation among Staphylococcus aureus strains from Norwegian bulk milk. Appl Environ Microbiol 2005; 71:8352-61. [PMID: 16332822 PMCID: PMC1317405 DOI: 10.1128/aem.71.12.8352-8361.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2005] [Accepted: 08/27/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Strains of Staphylococcus aureus obtained from bovine (n = 117) and caprine (n = 114) bulk milk were characterized and compared with S. aureus strains from raw-milk products (n = 27), bovine mastitis specimens (n = 9), and human blood cultures (n = 39). All isolates were typed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). In addition, subsets of isolates were characterized using multilocus sequence typing (MLST), multiplex PCR (m-PCR) for genes encoding nine of the staphylococcal enterotoxins (SE), and the cloverleaf method for penicillin resistance. A variety of genotypes were observed, and greater genetic diversity was found among bovine than caprine bulk milk isolates. Certain genotypes, with a wide geographic distribution, were common to bovine and caprine bulk milk and may represent ruminant-specialized S. aureus. Isolates with genotypes indistinguishable from those of strains from ruminant mastitis were frequently found in bulk milk, and strains with genotypes indistinguishable from those from bulk milk were observed in raw-milk products. This indicates that S. aureus from infected udders may contaminate bulk milk and, subsequently, raw-milk products. Human blood culture isolates were diverse and differed from isolates from other sources. Genotyping by PFGE, MLST, and m-PCR for SE genes largely corresponded. In general, isolates with indistinguishable PFGE banding patterns had the same SE gene profile and isolates with identical SE gene profiles were placed together in PFGE clusters. Phylogenetic analyses agreed with the division of MLST sequence types into clonal complexes, and isolates within the same clonal complex had the same SE gene profile. Furthermore, isolates within PFGE clusters generally belonged to the same clonal complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Jørgensen
- Department of Food and Feed Hygiene, National Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 8156 Dep., 0033 Oslo, Norway.
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23
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Rodrigues da Silva E, da Silva N. Coagulase gene typing of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from cows with mastitis in southeastern Brazil. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH = REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE VETERINAIRE 2005; 69:260-4. [PMID: 16479723 PMCID: PMC1250237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
A typing procedure based on polymorphism of the coagulase gene (coa) was used to discriminate Staphylococcus aureus isolated from Minas Gerais dairy cows with mastitis. Amplification of the gene from the 64 S. aureus isolates produced 27 different polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products; 60 isolates showed only 1 amplicon, and 4 showed 2 amplicons. The isolates were grouped into 49 types by analyzing the restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) of the coa gene; the 10 most common types accounted for 39% of the isolates. The results demonstrate that many variants of the coa gene are present in the studied region, although only a few predominate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabete Rodrigues da Silva
- Laboratory of Mastitis Control, Veterinary School - Federal University of Minas Gerais/UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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24
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Arvik T, Henick-Kling T, Gafner J. Automated genotyping of Saccharomyces cerevisiae using the RiboPrinter®. Int J Food Microbiol 2005; 104:35-41. [PMID: 16109451 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2004.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2004] [Revised: 12/20/2004] [Accepted: 12/22/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
This research note addresses the development of an automated molecular typing system for yeast. Specifically, our objectives were to generate specific probes for genotyping yeast with an automated fingerprinting system. We have adapted the RiboPrinter microbial characterization system for use with Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast using alternative probes based on specific multi-copy gene families. Manual construction and labeling of probes proved successful in initial experiments. Results indicate that this method could be applied to food or clinical environments if the appropriate probes are developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torey Arvik
- Cornell University/New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Department of Food Science and Technology, Food Science Laboratory Building, Geneva, New York 14456, USA.
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25
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Malachowa N, Sabat A, Gniadkowski M, Krzyszton-Russjan J, Empel J, Miedzobrodzki J, Kosowska-Shick K, Appelbaum PC, Hryniewicz W. Comparison of multiple-locus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis with pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, spa typing, and multilocus sequence typing for clonal characterization of Staphylococcus aureus isolates. J Clin Microbiol 2005; 43:3095-100. [PMID: 16000419 PMCID: PMC1169160 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.43.7.3095-3100.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple-locus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis (MLVA), a new PCR-based method of typing Staphylococcus aureus, was compared to pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), spa typing, and multilocus sequence typing (MLST) on a group of 59 S. aureus (mostly methicillin-resistant) clinical isolates. The aim of the study was to establish possible criteria of clustering MLVA patterns and to check concordance levels between the results produced by MLVA and the three other typing methods. As in our earlier study, MLVA turned out to have discriminatory power similar to that of PFGE. Comparison of data obtained by the two approaches allowed us to propose a 70% or ca. 80% cutoff value of the similarity between two MLVA patterns, depending on a cutoff level applied to interpret the PFGE results, 75% or ca. 90%, respectively. The cutoff values corresponded to the difference of up to six or four bands, respectively, among maximum 14 bands in total produced by two isolates in the analysis. The MLVA clusters matched well those obtained by PFGE, and they were also consistent in general with clusters generated by spa typing and MLST, these latter methods characterized lower resolution. Our results suggest that MLVA may be reliable in shorter-term S. aureus epidemiological studies, including analyses of outbreaks and hospital-to-hospital strain transmission events. Well-known advantages of typing methods based on PCR (low cost, short time, and easiness of performance) make MLVA a method that may be useful in a variety of laboratories, including those performing routine microbiological analyses within medical centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Malachowa
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Cracow, Poland
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26
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Fueyo JM, Mendoza MC, Alvarez MA, Martín MC. Relationships between toxin gene content and genetic background in nasal carried isolates of Staphylococcus aureus from Asturias, Spain. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2005; 243:447-54. [PMID: 15686848 DOI: 10.1016/j.femsle.2005.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2004] [Revised: 11/26/2004] [Accepted: 01/05/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus recovered from nasal carriers, producers and non-producers (43 isolates each) of classical pyrogenic toxin superantigens (PTSAgs), were screened for 17 additional PTSAg-genes by PCR. Percentages of 88.4 and 65.1 were positive for some new enterotoxin-gene, and 76.7 and 55.8 for enterotoxin-gene-clusters (egc-like), respectively. The 86 isolates belonged to 17 toxin-genotypes (all eta-, etb-, etd-, see- and sep-negative), and generated 40 SmaI-genomic profiles that in a dendrogram of similarity (S0.7) clustered into nine lineages and 11 non-clustered branches. Correlations between classical PTSAgs and SmaI-lineages were established and egc-like groupings appeared dispersed in six lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M Fueyo
- Departamento de Biología Funcional, Area de Microbiologia, Universidad de Oviedo, C/Julián Claveria no. 6, 33006-Oviedo, Spain
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27
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Fueyo JM, Mendoza MC, Rodicio MR, Muñiz J, Alvarez MA, Martín MC. Cytotoxin and pyrogenic toxin superantigen gene profiles of Staphylococcus aureus associated with subclinical mastitis in dairy cows and relationships with macrorestriction genomic profiles. J Clin Microbiol 2005; 43:1278-84. [PMID: 15750096 PMCID: PMC1081256 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.43.3.1278-1284.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2004] [Revised: 09/05/2004] [Accepted: 10/17/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A set of 84 Staphylococcus aureus isolates collected from the milk of cows with subclinical mastitis in Asturias (a cattle region of Spain) and six control strains were tested for sequences of genes encoding hemolysins (hla, hlb, hld, hlg, and hlg-2), leukotoxins (lukPV, lukM, and lukED), toxic shock syndrome toxin (tst), and enterotoxins (sea to see, seg to ser, and seu) by conventional and multiplex PCR. It was found that 84, 83, 11, and 39 isolates carried some type of hl, luk, tst, or se gene, respectively, which were arranged in 14 exotoxin genotypes. All of the isolates were negative for lukPV, hlg, sea, sed, see, sej, sek, sep, seq, and ser. Two gene groupings could be related with pathogenicity islands-[lukED, seg, sei, sem, sen, seo +/- seu] with Sabeta-1 and [tst, sec, sel] with SaPIbov, present in 45 and 13.1% of the isolates, respectively-while 11.9% of them carried both islands. Only one contained seb (together with upsilonSabeta-1), and another contained seh (together with lukED). The isolates were also analyzed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis performed with SmaI. Thirty-nine SmaI profiles (similarity coefficient [S] = 0.94 to 0.21) were differentiated; 12, 1, and 10 of these, respectively, were generated by isolates presumptively carrying Sabeta-1, SaPIbov, or both. Five SmaI profiles (S > or = 0.8) formed a cluster, which contained 20 and 10 isolates carrying one (upsilonSabeta-1) or both islands. These data show the high frequency of genes encoding cytotoxins and pyrogenic toxin superantigens, their relationship with pathogenicity islands, and their distribution among a diversity of genetic types of S. aureus related to subclinical mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Fueyo
- Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias, Carretera de Infiesto s/n, 33300 Villaviciosa, Asturias, Spain.
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28
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Fueyo JM, Mendoza MC, Martín MC. Enterotoxins and toxic shock syndrome toxin in Staphylococcus aureus recovered from human nasal carriers and manually handled foods: epidemiological and genetic findings. Microbes Infect 2005; 7:187-94. [PMID: 15715991 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2004.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2004] [Revised: 09/06/2004] [Accepted: 10/18/2004] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A set of 269 Staphylococcus aureus isolates recovered from nasal carriers and manually handled foods in a region of Spain was analyzed for pyrogenic toxin production and toxin genes. Fifty-seven isolates producing at least one of four enterotoxins (SEA, SEB, SEC, SED), 10 isolates producing only toxic shock syndrome toxin (TSST-1), and 10 isolates producing both toxin types were found. The 77 toxigenic isolates were discriminated into 36 SmaI genomic and 13 EcoRI plasmid profiles. A strong relationship between toxin profiles with both SmaI genomic and EcoRI plasmid profiles was revealed. SmaI genomic profiles showing six or less mismatching fragments and similarity coefficient > or =0.7 were included in a lineage. Eight lineages were differentiated; six of them grouped both human and food isolates and two of these also included outbreak-implicated isolates. Two lineages, represented by TSST-SEA and TSST-1, on the one hand, and SEC and SEC-SED isolates, on the other hand, were the most frequent, but only the second was outbreak-related. When SmaI genomic and EcoRI plasmid profiles were hybridized with tst, sea, seb, and sec toxin probes, it was observed that each probe mapped on a different SmaI fragment from isolates falling into the same lineage. All of the probes only mapped on genomic fragments, but sed also mapped on three plasmid fragments. When sej and ser probes were included, they mapped together with sed on the chromosome and on the plasmids. Two plasmids (ca. 33 and 36 kb) carried the expected sed-sej-ser genes, while the other (ca. 53.5 kb) carried sed-sej and ser-like genes. The latter plasmid and the chromosomal location of sed-sej-ser are new findings from this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M Fueyo
- Departamento de Biología Funcional, Area de Microbiología, Universidad de Oviedo, C/Julián Clavería no. 6, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
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29
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Scherrer D, Corti S, Muehlherr JE, Zweifel C, Stephan R. Phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus isolates from raw bulk-tank milk samples of goats and sheep. Vet Microbiol 2004; 101:101-7. [PMID: 15172692 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2004.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2003] [Revised: 02/18/2004] [Accepted: 03/08/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Two hundred and ninety-three isolates of Staphylococcus aureus obtained from 127 bulk-tank milk samples of goats and sheep from Switzerland were characterised by pheno- and genotypic traits. Of the 293 S. aureus isolates, 193 (65.9%) were egg yolk-negative and 15 (5.1%) were negative for clumping factor and/or protein A determined by a latex agglutinating test system. For 285 isolates, PCR amplification of the 3' end of the coagulase gene showed a single amplicon. Five differently sized PCR products of 500, 580, 660, 740 and 820 bp were distinguished. In 191 isolates (n = 293) staphylococcal enterotoxin (SE) genes were detected: 123 isolates tested positive for SEC gene, 31 for SEG gene, 28 for SEA gene, 26 for SEJ gene, 24 for SEI gene, 4 for SEB gene and 4 for SED gene. Furthermore, 126 isolates were positive for the gene encoding the toxic shock syndrome toxin 1. Coagulase gene restriction profile analysis of the 145 isolates harbouring SEA or SEC genes revealed six different patterns using AluI and five different patterns using HaeIII. In summary, within these two groups, high genotypic uniformity within the different sized coagulase gene amplicons was demonstrated. This is the first study providing comprehensive characterisation data of S. aureus strains originating from bulk-tank milk samples of goats and sheep. Remarkable differences in phenotypic traits between S. aureus originating from goats and sheep and bovine milk were found. Moreover, the high prevalence of toxin-producing S. aureus may be important as it is relevant to food hygiene.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Scherrer
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstr. 272, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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30
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Martín MC, Fueyo JM, González-Hevia MA, Mendoza MC. Genetic procedures for identification of enterotoxigenic strains of Staphylococcus aureus from three food poisoning outbreaks. Int J Food Microbiol 2004; 94:279-86. [PMID: 15246239 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2004.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2003] [Revised: 10/27/2003] [Accepted: 01/12/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Three food poisoning restaurant outbreaks due to Staphylococcus aureus, occurring during June-October 2002 in the Principality of Asturias (PA), Spain, provided the basis for investigating some aspects of the molecular epidemiology of this organism. The methods applied to identify strains and lineages included multiplex-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect nine enterotoxin (se) genes, and three DNA fingerprinting procedures: pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) with SmaI, randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) with two selected primers, and plasmid restriction analysis with HindIII. Thirty-two isolates were differentiated into three non-se and 12 se strains, which were outbreak-specific, except for one that was represented in two of the outbreaks. In outbreak 1, the 16 food isolates analyzed had sec, seg and sei genes and generated a distinctive DNA fingerprint, being assigned to a single strain. This strain could be categorized as endemic in the PA and associated to manually handled dairy products and nasal carriers. In outbreak 2, the four food isolates analyzed fell into three strains, each one displaying a different se-gene profile (sea, sec and seg-seh-sei) and a distinctive DNA fingerprint. In outbreak 3, the five food isolates tested fell into four seg-sei strains generating identical RAPD but different PFGE and plasmid profiles, and one sea strain also collected from two nasal carriers. This last strain had also been found in manually handled vegetables in outbreak 2, and it belongs to a not very frequently found sea lineage in the PA. Multiplex-PCR to detect se genes together with the three applied DNA fingerprint typing procedures proved therefore to be useful tools in subclassifying S. aureus for epidemiological purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Martín
- Departamento de Biología Funcional Area de Microbiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Oviedo, C/ Julián Clavería 6, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
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Acco M, Ferreira F, Henriques J, Tondo E. Identification of multiple strains of Staphylococcus aureus colonizing nasal mucosa of food handlers. Food Microbiol 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0740-0020(03)00049-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Mangeney N, Drollee K, Cloitre V, Bordes M, Faubert E, Dupeyron C. Comparative pulsed-field gel electrophoresis typing of gentamicin-resistant and -susceptible methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated in France between 1991 and 1998. Changes in antibiotic susceptibility. J Hosp Infect 2002; 51:262-8. [PMID: 12183140 DOI: 10.1053/jhin.2002.1254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Using macrorestriction of genomic DNA and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, we examined 504 non-redundant, infection-causing human isolates of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus susceptible (G(S): 238 isolates) or resistant to gentamicin (G(R): 266 isolates). The strains were isolated at Albert Chenevier Hospital (Créteil, France) between 1 January 1991 and 31 December 1998. Their susceptibility to erythromycin, lincomycin, tetracycline, rifampicin, fusidic acid and fosfomycin was also studied. Seventy-six genotypes were identified (percentage similarity<80). Ten types, each containing at least eight strains, predominated. G(R) strains showed higher genetic polymorphism than G(S) strains: the 266 G(R) isolates belonged to 67 genotypes, five of which predominated (44, 42, 38, 30 and 15 isolates); the 238 G(S) isolates belonged to only 18 types, four of which predominated (112, 83, 11 and 10 isolates). Fifty-six percent of G(R) strains (34 Gt) were resistant to erythromycin, lincomycin, tetracycline and rifampicin, and were isolated at relatively stable frequencies. Resistance to five antibiotics studied (susceptible to fusidic acid) was observed among 16.5% of G(R) strains. The frequency of strains with this profile diminished from 30% in the early 1990s to 10% in 1998. One hundred and twenty-six G(S) isolates were susceptible to all six antibiotics; this profile was only found from 1993 onwards, and was increasingly frequent (60% of G(S) strains in 1996). Resistance to erythromycin and lincomycin only was found in 70 G(S) isolates; this profile accounted for approximately half the isolates in 1992/1993 and only one-third in 1998. These results, obtained over an eight-year period, show an overall increase in antibiotic susceptibility. They confirm the spread of two major clones of MRSA-G(S) and support the hypotheses that G(S) strains derive from G(R) strains that have lost the aac6'-aph2" gene; and that G(S) strains are genetically related to those that were present before the use of gentamicin and persisted at a low frequency until 1992-1993.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Mangeney
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie, Hôpital Albert Chenevier, Créteil, France.
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Chiou CS, Hsu SY, Chiu SI, Wang TK, Chao CS. Vibrio parahaemolyticus serovar O3:K6 as cause of unusually high incidence of food-borne disease outbreaks in Taiwan from 1996 to 1999. J Clin Microbiol 2000; 38:4621-5. [PMID: 11101606 PMCID: PMC87647 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.38.12.4621-4625.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The occurrence of food-borne disease outbreaks in Taiwan increased dramatically in 1996, and the incidence has since remained elevated. This increase in outbreaks is correlated with a high rate of isolation of Vibrio parahaemolyticus, which caused between 61 and 71% of the total outbreaks for the period 1996 to 1999. By serotyping, 40 serovars were identified from 3743 V. parahaemolyticus isolates, of which O3:K6 was the most frequently detected. The O3:K6 serovar could have emerged in Taiwan as early as October 1995 and at that time accounted for only 0.6% of the V. parahaemolyticus infections. This level increased suddenly to 50.1% in 1996 and reached a peak (83.8%) in 1997. Comparison of the outbreak profiles for the etiology groups indicates that the high incidence of food-borne disease outbreaks during 1996 to 1999 can be attributed to the extraordinarily high O3:K6 infections. In 1999, the O3:K6 serovar was still prevalent, and accounted for 61.3% of all V. parahaemolyticus infections. Due to its extraordinarily high infection frequency and its capability to spread globally, this organism needs to be intensively monitored internationally.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Chiou
- The Third Branch Office, Center for Disease Control, Taichung City 403, Taiwan.
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