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Hezardastan E, Bafghi AF, Eslami G, Vakili M. Molecular Genotyping of Giardia duodenalis in Humans in the Yazd County, Central of Iran. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2024; 19:98-104. [PMID: 38654947 PMCID: PMC11033543 DOI: 10.18502/ijpa.v19i1.15216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Background We aimed to investigate the molecular genotyping of Giardia duodenalis in Humans in the Yazd County, Central, Iran. Methods Total of 35 fecal samples were collected from patients referred to Yazd Central Laboratory, Yazd, Iran from February to July 2022. All the samples were included in this study after microscopic observation of G. duodenalis. DNA samples were extracted using related kit and were analyzed by Nano Drop. The molecular assessment was carried out using semi-nested PCR using the target gene of gdh. All amplified samples were sequenced using Sanger method. BLAST analyzed the sequences for assemblage identification. Results Out of 35 samples, 24 (68.57%) and 11 (31.43%) were male and female, respectively. All included samples were amplified using the specific gdh primer pair. The molecular analysis showed 17 isolates (48.57%) as assemblage BIV, 8 isolates (22.86%) as assemblage BIII, 6 isolates (17.14%) as assemblage AII and 4 isolates (11.43%) as assemblage AIII (P<0.05). Conclusion Assemblages A and B are the most prevalent in Central Iran. The molecular identification of G. duodenalis isolates from animals and implementing control programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaheh Hezardastan
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Ali Fattahi Bafghi
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Infectious Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Gilda Eslami
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Vakili
- Health Monitoring Research Center, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
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Overview on Cryptosporidium bovis and Its Effect on Calves in Some Governorates in Egypt. J Trop Med 2022; 2022:4271063. [PMID: 35686207 PMCID: PMC9173906 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4271063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was conducted to elucidate the prevalence of Cryptosporidium bovis in suckling and weaned cattle calves (Bubalus bubalis) from different governorates in northern, middle, and southern Egypt, such as Behera, Menofia, Qaliubiya, Assiut, and Sohag; result revealed that from the overall examined fecal samples (n = 825), the overall prevalence was 7.27%, the highest significant infection rate was in young suckling calves less than one month (8.2%), and seasonally, winter season has the highest significant level (11.24%), but sex and locality were of no significant effect on the prevalence of infection in this study. Gene sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of the 18SSU-rRNA gene of the local bovine isolate were performed, and it was found that C. bovis genotype was highly similar to human isolate, which provoke the zoonotic transmission of bovine isolate to humans and identified as a potential source for human cryptosporidiosis infection in Egypt.
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Zajaczkowski P, Lee R, Fletcher-Lartey SM, Alexander K, Mahimbo A, Stark D, Ellis JT. The controversies surrounding Giardia intestinalis assemblages A and B. CURRENT RESEARCH IN PARASITOLOGY & VECTOR-BORNE DISEASES 2022; 1:100055. [PMID: 35284870 PMCID: PMC8906113 DOI: 10.1016/j.crpvbd.2021.100055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Giardia intestinalis continues to be one of the most encountered parasitic diseases around the world. Although more frequently detected in developing countries, Giardia infections nonetheless pose significant public health problems in developed countries as well. Molecular characterisation of Giardia isolates from humans and animals reveals that there are two genetically different assemblages (known as assemblage A and B) that cause human infections. However, the current molecular assays used to genotype G. intestinalis isolates are quite controversial. This is in part due to a complex phenomenon where assemblages are incorrectly typed and underreported depending on which targeted locus is sequenced. In this review, we outline current knowledge based on molecular epidemiological studies and raise questions as to the reliability of current genotyping assays and a lack of a globally accepted method. Additionally, we discuss the clinical symptoms caused by G. intestinalis infection and how these symptoms vary depending on the assemblage infecting an individual. We also introduce the host-parasite factors that play a role in the subsequent clinical presentation of an infected person, and explore which assemblages are most seen globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Zajaczkowski
- Faculty of Science, School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Australia
| | - Rogan Lee
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Laboratory Services, ICPMR, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia.,Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Kate Alexander
- Public Health Unit, South Western Sydney Local Health District, Liverpool, Australia
| | - Abela Mahimbo
- Faculty of Health, School of Public Health, University of Technology Sydney, Australia
| | - Damien Stark
- Department of Microbiology, St Vincent's Hospital Sydney, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - John T Ellis
- Faculty of Science, School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Australia
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Dhodapkar R, Langbang D, Parija S, Premarajan KC, Rajkumari N. Molecular characterization of Giardia intestinalis assemblages in children among the rural and urban population of Pondicherry, India. Trop Parasitol 2022; 12:8-14. [PMID: 35923262 PMCID: PMC9341134 DOI: 10.4103/tp.tp_52_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Giardiasis is one of the greatest public parasitic infections causing diarrheal and also known to be associated with high morbidity and mortality, among the children's particularly in developing countries with less cleanliness practices. Thus, studying genomic variety of Giardia intestinalis aids to improve our perspective related to the variability in the genome of the parasite. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 1006 stool samples were collected from the rural (n = 500) and urban settings (n = 506) from the children (<15 years) with and without symptoms and were screened for the presence of G. intestinalis by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting triosephosphate isomerase gene. Further, all PCR-positive amplicons were subjected to restriction fragment length polymorphism using RsaI restriction enzyme. Results: Of the total 1006 stool samples, 500 samples from rural screened by PCR 108 (21%) were found to be positive for assemblage A, 116 (23.2%) belong to assemblage B, and 5 (1%) were mixed assemblages (A + B). Whereas in urban, of the 506 samples screened by PCR, 92 (18.1%) were found to be positive for assemblage A, 93 (18.3%) assemblage B, and 10 (1.9%) were mixed assemblages (A + B). No significant difference was found between the G. intestinalis assemblages with clinical details of symptomatic and asymptomatic in children. Conclusions: This signifies the first study inspection in our location to shed lights and delivers some preliminary data on assemblages and subassemblages. The results suggest that anthroponotic transmission could be a foremost transmission path for giardiasis among the study population.
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Elhadad H, Abdo S, Salem A, Mohamed M, El-Taweel H, El-Abd E. Comparison of gdh polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism and tpi assemblage-specific primers for characterization of Giardia intestinalis in children. Trop Parasitol 2022; 12:41-47. [PMID: 35923264 PMCID: PMC9341145 DOI: 10.4103/tp.tp_28_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Aim and objectives: Materials and Methods: Results: Conclusions:
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Moratal S, Dea-Ayuela MA, Cardells J, Marco-Hirs NM, Puigcercós S, Lizana V, López-Ramon J. Potential Risk of Three Zoonotic Protozoa ( Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis, and Toxoplasma gondii) Transmission from Fish Consumption. Foods 2020; 9:E1913. [PMID: 33371396 PMCID: PMC7767443 DOI: 10.3390/foods9121913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, worldwide fish consumption has increased notably worldwide. Despite the health benefits of fish consumption, it also can suppose a risk because of fishborne diseases, including parasitic infections. Global changes are leading to the emergence of parasites in new locations and to the appearance of new sources of transmission. That is the case of the zoonotic protozoa Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis, and Toxoplasma gondii; all of them reach aquatic environments and have been found in shellfish. Similarly, these protozoa can be present in other aquatic animals, such as fish. The present review gives an overview on these three zoonotic protozoa in order to understand their potential presence in fish and to comprehensively revise all the evidences of fish as a new potential source of Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis, and Toxoplasma gondii transmission. All of them have been found in both marine and freshwater fishes. Until now, it has not been possible to demonstrate that fish are natural hosts for these protozoa; otherwise, they would merely act as mechanical transporters. Nevertheless, even if fish only accumulate and transport these protozoa, they could be a "new" source of infection for people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Moratal
- Servicio de Análisis, Investigación y Gestión de Animales Silvestres (SAIGAS), Veterinary Faculty, Universidad CEU-Cardenal Herrera, Tirant lo Blanc St 7, 46115 Alfara del Patriarca, Valencia, Spain; (S.M.); (J.C.); (N.M.M.-H.); (S.P.); (V.L.); (J.L.-R.)
| | - M. Auxiliadora Dea-Ayuela
- Farmacy Department, Universidad CEU-Cardenal Herrera, Santiago Ramón y Cajal St, 46115 Alfara del Patriarca, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jesús Cardells
- Servicio de Análisis, Investigación y Gestión de Animales Silvestres (SAIGAS), Veterinary Faculty, Universidad CEU-Cardenal Herrera, Tirant lo Blanc St 7, 46115 Alfara del Patriarca, Valencia, Spain; (S.M.); (J.C.); (N.M.M.-H.); (S.P.); (V.L.); (J.L.-R.)
- Wildlife Ecology & Health Group (WE&H), Veterinary Faculty, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Travessera dels Turons, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Naima M. Marco-Hirs
- Servicio de Análisis, Investigación y Gestión de Animales Silvestres (SAIGAS), Veterinary Faculty, Universidad CEU-Cardenal Herrera, Tirant lo Blanc St 7, 46115 Alfara del Patriarca, Valencia, Spain; (S.M.); (J.C.); (N.M.M.-H.); (S.P.); (V.L.); (J.L.-R.)
| | - Silvia Puigcercós
- Servicio de Análisis, Investigación y Gestión de Animales Silvestres (SAIGAS), Veterinary Faculty, Universidad CEU-Cardenal Herrera, Tirant lo Blanc St 7, 46115 Alfara del Patriarca, Valencia, Spain; (S.M.); (J.C.); (N.M.M.-H.); (S.P.); (V.L.); (J.L.-R.)
| | - Víctor Lizana
- Servicio de Análisis, Investigación y Gestión de Animales Silvestres (SAIGAS), Veterinary Faculty, Universidad CEU-Cardenal Herrera, Tirant lo Blanc St 7, 46115 Alfara del Patriarca, Valencia, Spain; (S.M.); (J.C.); (N.M.M.-H.); (S.P.); (V.L.); (J.L.-R.)
- Wildlife Ecology & Health Group (WE&H), Veterinary Faculty, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Travessera dels Turons, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi López-Ramon
- Servicio de Análisis, Investigación y Gestión de Animales Silvestres (SAIGAS), Veterinary Faculty, Universidad CEU-Cardenal Herrera, Tirant lo Blanc St 7, 46115 Alfara del Patriarca, Valencia, Spain; (S.M.); (J.C.); (N.M.M.-H.); (S.P.); (V.L.); (J.L.-R.)
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Lam HYP, Chen TTW, Tseng YC, Chang KC, Yang TH, Peng SY. Detection and genotyping of Giardia duodenalis from cattle and pigs in Hualien country, Eastern Taiwan. JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY, IMMUNOLOGY, AND INFECTION = WEI MIAN YU GAN RAN ZA ZHI 2020; 54:718-727. [PMID: 32505531 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmii.2020.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Giardia duodenalis is a zoonotic protozoan parasite causing diarrhea through waterborne or fecal-oral infection. The cysts can live in the drinking water and cause pandemic diseases. In Taiwan, very little information is available regarding the epidemiology of G. duodenalis in domestic animals. METHODS Fecal samples were collected from cattle (n = 156) and pigs (n = 141) in Hualien country, eastern Taiwan. Detection and genotyping were done by microscopy examination of fecal samples and amplification of the β-giardin gene using nested PCR. RESULTS The prevalence of G. duodenalis infection was 19.87% for cattle (31/156) and 4.26% for pigs (6/141). Using nested PCR, 30 infected samples found in cattle belonged to Assemblage E, and one sample belonged to Assemblage D. For pigs, four samples belonged to Assemblage E, one belonged to Assemblage D, and another one belonged to Assemblage A. In addition, these results showed that G. duodenalis Assemblage A was detected in pigs and may cause zoonotic transmission. CONCLUSION This is the first epidemiological investigation of G. duodenalis infection in animals in Hualien, Taiwan. These results could provide epidemiological information for disease control and public health protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho Yin Pekkle Lam
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, 97004, Taiwan; Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, 97004, Taiwan
| | - Tina Tu-Wen Chen
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, 97004, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chuan Tseng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, No. 2 Yu-Der Rd, North District, Taichung, 40447, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Chih Chang
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, 97004, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Hua Yang
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, 97004, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Yi Peng
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, 97004, Taiwan; Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, 97004, Taiwan.
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Molecular Characterization of Giardia intestinalis Detected in Humans and Water Samples in Egypt. Acta Parasitol 2020; 65:482-489. [PMID: 32124205 DOI: 10.2478/s11686-020-00176-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Giardia intestinalis is a common cause of gastrointestinal illness especially in children of developing countries. Giardia assemblages A and B are the major human infective genotypes. OBJECTIVE The present study aimed to investigate the role of water supply in the epidemiology of giardiasis via genotyping G. intestinalis detected in diarrheic children and in water samples in Egyptian rural areas. METHODS Stool samples of 100 diarrheic children, 40 drinking water samples and 10 raw water samples of canals were examined microscopically for Giardia. DNA was extracted from microscopically positive faecal samples and from all of the collected water samples. Amplification of Giardia tpi gene was performed by a nested PCR using assemblage A- and assemblage B-specific primers. Giardia gdh gene was amplified by a heminested PCR. Giardia genotypes were determined by restriction fragment polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of the amplified products. Sequencing of the amplified products was performed in two faecal and two water samples RESULTS: Giardia intestinalis was detected in 24 children, in none of the drinking water samples and in all canal water samples. Giardia sub-assemblage AII was identified in all stool and raw water samples. The RFLP pattern was confirmed in sequenced samples. CONCLUSION The presence of the same Giardia sub-assemblage in diarrheic children and in raw water samples shows by molecular evidence the potential for waterborne dissemination of Giardia in Egypt. Further studies are needed to monitor cyst levels and infectivity of the genotype detected in water for risk assessment and management.
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Rebih N, Boutaiba S, Aboualchamat G, Souttou K, Hakem A, Al Nahhas S. Molecular and epidemiological characterization of Giardia Intestinalis assemblages detected in Djelfa, Algeria. J Parasit Dis 2020; 44:281-288. [PMID: 32508402 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-020-01206-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Giardia intestinalis is a flagellated protozoan that lives and proliferates in the small intestine of the host causing giardiasis. The route of transmission is the fecal-oral route, either directly or indirectly. Limited genetic information on G. intestinalis is known in Algeria. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of G. intestinalis assemblages in the city of Djelfa. A total of 355 fecal samples were collected from symptomatic and asymptomatic school children aged ranged between 6 and 11 years old. Genotyping was done to the Giardia positive samples (n = 30) targeting the beta-giardin gene by applying PCR/RFLP assay. Our data showed that most of the cases were asymptomatic (56.7%). Co-infection with other intestinal parasites was found in 16.6% of cases. We obtained 28/30 positive PCR products while two samples only showed false-negative results, and only 20 samples have shown strong PCR products suitable for RFLP analysis. Assemblage A (70%) was more prevalent than assemblage B (30%) and was more expressed by signs than assemblage B. Moreover, only assemblage A was associated with close contacts with domestic animals and birds. In conclusion, this study gave the first molecular data on G. intestinalis isolates in the city of Djelfa. Further expanded studies using more genes and covering other cities in Algeria are mostly needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadjat Rebih
- Laboratory for Exploration and Valorization of Steppe Ecosystems, Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural and Life Sciences, University of Zîane Achour, Djelfa, Algeria
| | - Saad Boutaiba
- Laboratory for Exploration and Valorization of Steppe Ecosystems, Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural and Life Sciences, University of Zîane Achour, Djelfa, Algeria
| | - Ghalia Aboualchamat
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science, Damascus University, Damascus, Syria
| | - Karim Souttou
- Laboratory for Exploration and Valorization of Steppe Ecosystems, Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural and Life Sciences, University of Zîane Achour, Djelfa, Algeria
| | - Ahcen Hakem
- Laboratory for Exploration and Valorization of Steppe Ecosystems, Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural and Life Sciences, University of Zîane Achour, Djelfa, Algeria
| | - Samar Al Nahhas
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science, Damascus University, Damascus, Syria
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Frequency and Molecular Detection of Giardia intestinalis in Children Attending Pediatrics of Punjab, Pakistan. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2020. [DOI: 10.5812/jjm.97080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Samie A, Tanih NF, Seisa I, Seheri M, Mphahlele J, ElBakri A, Mbati P. Prevalence and genetic characterization of Giardia lamblia in relation to diarrhea in Limpopo and Gauteng provinces, South Africa. Parasite Epidemiol Control 2020; 9:e00140. [PMID: 32083192 PMCID: PMC7016452 DOI: 10.1016/j.parepi.2020.e00140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Very few studies have determined the prevalence and assemblage distribution of Giardia lamblia in South Africa. The present study aimed to ascertain the prevalence of G. lamblia infection and the spread of the various assemblages in two communities in South Africa - Giyani, Limpopo province (rural community) and Pretoria Guateng province (urban community). Methods Prevalence was determined by immunological and molecular methods analyzing a total of 516 stool samples collected from patients visiting different health centres in Giyani and Pretoria. For immunological assays, samples were screened by ELISA to detect G. lamblia antigen. Furthermore, a semi nested PCR amplifying the triose phosphate isomerase (tpi) gene was used to differentiate between the two most common human assemblages (A and B). Findings Of the 516 participants, 40 (7.75%) were identified as positive by ELISA. A statistically significant correlation was observed between the stool texture and Giardia infection (ᵡ2 = 10.533; p = .005). G. lamblia was significantly associated with watery stool types in females p = .008. Furthermore, a significant association was also noticed between the origin of samples (ᵡ2 = 9.725; p = .002). No significant correlation between age and gender was noted. Regarding the age groups, most people who were infected were between 3 and 20 years. A statistically significant association was seen (p = .001) with the distribution of the pathogen with the stool type. The prevalence of Giardia infection was higher in watery stool samples (71.4%) in Giyani region (rural) whereas in Pretoria, high prevalence was found in loose stool samples (6.2%). Generally, the distribution was statistically significant in the stool type collected for the study (p = .005). Genotyping revealed more G. lamblia assemblage B (17.8%) than assemblage A (1.7%). Furthermore, 21.0% of the samples exhibited single infection while 4.2% had mixed infections. Assemblage B was more common in Giyani than in urban Pretoria. Conclusions The study confirms Giardia as an important cause of diarrhea in the concerned communities with people in rural areas more at risk compared to those in urban areas with higher prevalence among younger patients. Therefore, health education campaigns should target young age groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amidou Samie
- Molecular Parasitology and opportunistic infections program, Department of Microbiology, University of Venda, Private Bag X5050, Thohoyandou, Limpopo, South Africa
| | | | - Itumeleng Seisa
- Molecular Parasitology and opportunistic infections program, Department of Microbiology, University of Venda, Private Bag X5050, Thohoyandou, Limpopo, South Africa
| | - Mapaseka Seheri
- South African Medical Research Council Diarrhoeal Pathogens Research Unit, Department of Medical Virology, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Medunsa, 0204, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Jeffrey Mphahlele
- South African Medical Research Council, 1 Soutpansberg Road, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Ali ElBakri
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences,College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, PO Box 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Peter Mbati
- Deputy Pro Vice Chancellor Academics and Quality, Botho University, Botho Education Park, Kgale, Gaborone, Botswana
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Report of Giardia assemblages and giardiasis in residents of Guilan province-Iran. Parasitol Res 2020; 119:1083-1091. [PMID: 31965303 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-019-06595-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Giardia duodenalis is considered a highly diverse organism that infects a variety of mammalian hosts. Giardiasis is a significant public health problem in Iran. The purpose of this study was to investigate the occurrence of Giardia duodenalis (G. lamblia, G. intestinalis) infections in humans residing in the Guilan province of Iran. Stool samples were collected during 12 months from 8356 individuals that had been referred to certain hospitals in the capital city of Rasht in the Guilan province, of which 4126 were males and 4230 were females. The samples were separated into three groups according to patient age: group A 1-9 years old (n = 483); group B 10-19 years old (n = 491); and group C greater than 20 years old (n = 7382). The wet mount technique was performed directly on 8356 fecal samples for microscopy. Samples were examined using a saline and iodine direct smear technique in order to confirm the presence of G. duodenalis. The results indicated that 2.5% (206/8356) of the samples were identified as positive for G. duodenalis. A total of 30% of the infected patients (n = 62) had no symptoms. In symptomatic cases, the most common symptoms (46%, n = 95) were abdominal cramps and bloating. Twenty-four percent of patients (n = 50) had cramps, bloating, nausea, and diarrhea. Sixty positive samples were sent for G. duodenalis genotyping based on the amplification of the gdh gene. Forty-one PCR products were successfully selected and sequenced, where 38 (92.6%) samples were identified as genotype A/subgenotype II and in three samples (7.4%) genotype B/subgenotype IV. Genotype A-II had a dominant prevalence as compared to the genotype B-IV samples that were identified in the study. Based on the samples provided by the regional teaching hospitals and subsequent sample analysis, the authors concluded that assemblage A-II is most likely the most common Giardia subgroup infection in the Guilan region. Assemblages have been reported in both humans and animals; however, further studies need to investigate the role of domestic animals and water reservoirs as potential sources of Giardia infection in the Guilan region.
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A modified PCR-RFLP method to determine genetic diversity of Giardia lamblia human isolates based on triosephosphate isomerase (TPI) gene. Acta Trop 2018; 186:58-62. [PMID: 29908169 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2018.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2017] [Revised: 06/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
An infection of digestive system, Giardiasis, caused by tiny parasites called Giardia lamblia (also known Giardia intestinalis or Giardia duodenalis). Giardia sp. is the most common intestinal parasite of humans and other animals throughout the world. Isolates of G. lamblia are classified into eight assemblages based on isoenzyme and DNA analyses. Assemblages A and B infect humans and a broad range of other hosts. The purpose of this study was to genotype human isolates of G. lamblia by PCR-RFLP in Karaj city. 60 positive fecal samples of G. lamblia were collected. DNA extraction and amplification of TPI gene were successfully conducted by nested-PCR. Subsequently, all samples were positive. Sequencing on 5 samples was conducted to determine genetic differences. The presence of 2 genotypes of G. lamblia (A and B) was revealed by the alignment of the TPI sequences obtained with reference sequences. The results of RFLP technique show that 35 of 60 (58.3%) isolates belonged to assemblage A, and 17 of 60 (28.3%) belonged to assemblage B but 1(1.7%) sample was not determined. Whereas, 7 (11.6%) specimens were detected as mixed infections. The latter RFLP was carried out to identify subtypes.The final results were 100% (35/35) AII, 82.3% (14/17) BIII, and 17.7% (3/17) BIV. This study suggests that the modified RFLP method is favorably time saving and easily achievable and highly economical. Hence, the sub-assemblage AII might be dominant in Karaj city.
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Molecular Detection and Genotyping of Giardia lamblia from Human Samples in Wasit Province, Iraq. JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.22207/jpam.12.2.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Pipiková J, Papajová I, Majláthová V, Šoltys J, Bystrianska J, Schusterová I, Vargová V. First report on Giardia duodenalis assemblage F in Slovakian children living in poor environmental conditions. JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY, IMMUNOLOGY, AND INFECTION = WEI MIAN YU GAN RAN ZA ZHI 2018; 53:148-156. [PMID: 29907537 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmii.2018.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Giardiasis is one of the most common gastrointestinal infections of humans and animals attributable to complex of eight morphologically identical genetic assemblages, further divided into sub-assemblages. Disease is common for a wide range of hosts and genetic characterization is needed for better understanding of multifaceted epidemiology for this protozoan parasite. The aim of this study was to identify genetic heterogeneity in assemblages and sub-assemblages of Giardiaduodenalis circulating among the children population living in deprived socioeconomic conditions. METHODS A total of 333 stool samples from children in eastern Slovakia were collected during the period of 2015-2016 and analysed by molecular methods. Molecular characterization of G. duodenalis was performed by sequence analysis of triose phosphate isomerase gene (tpi) and glutamate dehydrogenase gene (gdh). RESULTS G. duodenalis DNA was detected in 21 samples (6.3%), out of which 14 isolates (66.7%) belonged to assemblage B, 4 isolates (19.0%) to sub-assemblage AII and 3 isolates (14.3%) corresponded to assemblage F. As regards the determination of sub-assemblages of assemblage B, 4 isolates were characterized as sub-assemblage BIII and 6 isolates as sub-assemblage BIV. CONCLUSION This study is the first finding of cat specific assemblage F in man not only in Slovakia, but also in Europe. The absence of molecular data about G. duodenalis in companion animals in Slovakia establishes a strong need for further investigation for potential sources of giardiasis and understanding the epidemiology will help to improve the preventive strategies in eradication of infection in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Pipiková
- Institute of Parasitology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Ingrid Papajová
- Institute of Parasitology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Košice, Slovak Republic.
| | - Viktória Majláthová
- Institute of Parasitology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Košice, Slovak Republic; Institute of Biology and Ecology, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Jindřich Šoltys
- Institute of Parasitology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Júlia Bystrianska
- Institute of Parasitology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Ingrid Schusterová
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, Faculty of Medicine, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Veronika Vargová
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, Faculty of Medicine, Košice, Slovak Republic
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Nooshadokht M, Kalantari-Khandani B, Sharifi I, Kamyabi H, Liyanage NPM, Lagenaur LA, Kagnoff MF, Singer SM, Babaei Z, Solaymani-Mohammadi S. Stool antigen immunodetection for diagnosis of Giardia duodenalis infection in human subjects with HIV and cancer. J Microbiol Methods 2017; 141:35-41. [PMID: 28716658 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2017.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Human infection with the protozoan parasite Giardia duodenalis is one the most common parasitic diseases worldwide. Higher incidence rates of giardiasis have been reported from human subjects with multiple debilitating chronic conditions, including hypogammaglobulinemia and common variable immunodeficiency (CVID). In the current study, stool specimens were collected from 199 individuals diagnosed with HIV or cancer and immunocompetent subjects. The sensitivity of microscopy-based detection on fresh stool preparations, trichrome staining and stool antigen immunodetection for the diagnosis of G. duodenalis were 36%, 45.5% and 100%, respectively when compared with a highly sensitive stool-based PCR method as the gold standard. Further multilocus molecular analyses using glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh) and triose phosphate isomerase (tpi) loci demonstrated that the AI genotype of G. duodenalis was the most prevalent, followed by the AII genotype and mixed (AI+B) infections. We concluded that stool antigen immunodetection-based immunoassays and stool-based PCR amplification had comparable sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of G. duodenalis infections in these populations. Stool antigen detection-based diagnostic modalities are rapid and accurate and may offer alternatives to conventional microscopy and PCR-based diagnostic methods for the diagnosis of G. duodenalis in human subjects living with HIV or cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Nooshadokht
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | | | - Iraj Sharifi
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Hossein Kamyabi
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Namal P M Liyanage
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, College of Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | | | - Martin F Kagnoff
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Steven M Singer
- Department of Biology and Center for Infectious Disease, Georgetown University, Washington D.C., USA
| | - Zahra Babaei
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
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Yadav P, Khalil S, Mirdha BR. Molecular appraisal of intestinal parasitic infection in transplant recipients. Indian J Med Res 2017; 144:258-263. [PMID: 27934806 PMCID: PMC5206878 DOI: 10.4103/0971-5916.195041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES Diarrhoea is the main clinical manifestation caused by intestinal parasitic infections in patients, with special reference to transplant recipients who require careful consideration to reduce morbidity and mortality. Further, molecular characterization of some important parasites is necessary to delineate the different modes of transmission to consider appropriate management strategies. We undertook this study to investigate the intestinal parasitic infections in transplant recipients with or without diarrhoea, and the genotypes of the isolated parasites were also determined. METHODS Stool samples from 38 transplant recipients comprising 29 post-renal, two liver and seven bone marrow transplant (BMT) recipients presenting with diarrhoea and 50 transplant recipients (42 post-renal transplant, eight BMT) without diarrhoea were examined for the presence of intestinal parasites by light microscopy using wet mount, modified Ziehl-Neelsen staining for intestinal coccidia and modified trichrome staining for microsporidia. Genotypes of Cryptosporidium species were determined by multilocus genotyping using small subunit ribosomal (SSUrRNA), Cryptosporidium oocyst wall protein (COWP) and dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) as the target genes. Assemblage study for Giardia lamblia was performed using triose phosphate isomerase (TPI) as the target gene. Samples were also screened for bacterial, fungal and viral pathogens. RESULTS The parasites that were detected included Cryptosporidium species (21%, 8/38), Cystoisospora (Isospora) belli (8%, 3), Cyclospora cayetanensis (5%, 2), G. lamblia (11%, 4), Hymenolepis nana (11%, 4), Strongyloides stercoralis (3%, 1) and Blastocystis hominis (3%, 1). Multilocus genotyping of Cryptosporidium species at SSUrRNA, COWP and DHFR loci could detect four isolates of C. hominis; two of C. parvum, one of mixed genotype and one could not be genotyped. All the C. hominis isolates were detected in adult post-renal transplant (PRT) recipients, whereas the C. parvum isolates included a child with BMT and an adult with PRT. Clostridium difficle, cytomegalovirus and Candida albicans were found in 2, 3 and 2 patients, respectively. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSIONS In the present study, C. hominis was observed as an important parasite causing intestinal infections in transplant recipients. Multilocus genotyping of Cryptosporidium species could detect four isolates of C. hominis; two of C. parvum, one of mixed genotype and one could not be genotyped. Genotyping of G. lamblia revealed that assemblage B was most common.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Yadav
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Shehla Khalil
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Bijay Ranjan Mirdha
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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RAYANI M, HATAM G, UNYAH NZ, ASHRAFMANSORI A, ABDULLAH WO, HAMAT RA. Phylogenetic Analysis of Giardia lamblia Human Genotypes in Fars Province, Southern Iran. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2017; 12:522-533. [PMID: 29317877 PMCID: PMC5756302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study is the first phylogenetic genotype analysis of Giardia lamblia in Iran. The main objective was to determine genotyping and identify the sub-assemblages of Giardia lamblia isolates involved in the transmission of giardiasis in Fars Province, south of Iran, in 2012. METHODS Forty G. lamblia isolates were collected from the patient's fecal samples with gastrointestinal discomfort referred to the health centers and hospitals in Shiraz, Fars Province, south of Iran. Purification of G. lamblia cysts from fecal samples and DNA extraction were performed using monolayer of sucrose density gradient and Phenol-Chloroform-Isoamylalcohol (PCI) respectively. Semi-nested PCR and sequence analysis were then performed using the primers (GDHeF, GDHiF, and GDHiR) which amplified a 432-bp fragment of Giardia glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh) gene. Phylogenetic analysis was carried out using a neighbor-joining tree composed of the nucleotide sequences of G. lamblia isolates obtained in this study and the known sequences isolates published in GenBank. RESULTS G. lamblia sub-assemblage AII was the most prevalent genotype with 80% of the cases and 20% of the cases belong to sub-assemblage BIII and BIV based on the DNA sequence of the gdh. G. lamblia isolates at Fars Province were widely distributed within assemblage A cluster (sub-assemblage AII) and the remaining isolates were dispersed throughout the assemblage B cluster (sub-assemblage BIII and BIV). CONCLUSION PCR Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis was a proper molecular method for genotyping and discriminating of the of G. lamblia sub-assemblages in fecal samples, using the glutamate dehydrogenase gene that suggests a human contamination origin of giardiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad RAYANI
- Dept. of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Health, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran,The Persian Gulf Tropical Medicine Research Center, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran,Dept. of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Gholamreza HATAM
- Basic Sciences in Infectious Diseases Research Center, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran,Correspondence
| | - Ngah Zasmy UNYAH
- Dept. of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Abdolmajid ASHRAFMANSORI
- Basic Sciences in Infectious Diseases Research Center, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Wan Omar ABDULLAH
- Dept. of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Rukman Awang HAMAT
- Dept. of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
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Skhal D, Aboualchamat G, Al Mariri A, Al Nahhas S. Prevalence of Giardia duodenalis assemblages and sub-assemblages in symptomatic patients from Damascus city and its suburbs. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2016; 47:155-160. [PMID: 27919804 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2016.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Giardia duodenalis is one of the most important human enteric parasites worldwide and is endemic throughout the world with a vast range of mammalian hosts. However, there is limited information on the prevalent genetic variability of G. duodenalis in Syria. This study aimed to evaluate the predominance of G. duodenalis assemblages/sub-assemblages causing humans infection in the city of Damascus and its suburbs. 40 symptomatic giardiasis patients were recruited in this study. Fecal samples were genotyped using PCR/RFLP assay targeting the β-giardin and glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh) genes. HaeIII, BspL1 and RsaI restriction enzymes were used to differentiate between G. duodenalis assemblages/sub-assemblages. Our data showed that 65% of isolates were of assemblage A; 45% belonged to sub-assemblage AII and 20% to sub-assemblage AI. Assemblage B was detected in 27.5% of isolates; 12.5% fit in sub-assemblage BIV, 5% fit in sub-assemblage BIII and 10.5% fit in Discordant genotype BIII/BIV. Mixed genotypes (AII+BIII and AI+BIV) were identified in 3 isolates (7.5%). Significant correlation was found between Giardia AII sub-assemblage and weight loss symptom (P-value=0.05) as well as between contact with domestic animals (cats, P-value=0.027). Moreover, a significant correlation was found between sub-assemblage AI and livestock breeding (P-value=0.000). In conclusion genotyping of human Giardia duodenalis isolates suggests anthroponotic transmission for the route of infection in Damascus and its suburbs. Further studies are needed to screen a wide geographic areas in Syria and to estimate the prevalence of G. duodenalis infection in our population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dania Skhal
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science, Damascus University, Damascus, Syria
| | - Ghalia Aboualchamat
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science, Damascus University, Damascus, Syria
| | - Ayman Al Mariri
- Atomic Energy Commission of Syria, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Microbiology and Immunology Division, Syria
| | - Samar Al Nahhas
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science, Damascus University, Damascus, Syria.
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Lee MF, Auer H, Lindo JF, Walochnik J. Multilocus sequence analysis of Giardia spp. isolated from patients with diarrhea in Austria. Parasitol Res 2016; 116:477-481. [PMID: 27885465 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-016-5306-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Giardia duodenalis is a protozoan parasite causing intestinal infections in a wide range of mammals. Two distinct assemblages, A and B, infect humans predominantly; however, both are believed to be generally zoonotic. Giardia strains associated with infections in Austria have not been investigated at the molecular level. In this study, 65 human stool samples microscopically positive for Giardia spp. were subjected to DNA isolation and nested PCR targeting fragments of the glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh), triose phosphate isomerase (tpi), and beta-gardin (bg) genes. A total of 52 samples were successfully analyzed using PCR and DNA sequencing. Assemblage B was detected most frequently and accounted for 65.4% (34/52) of infections, while Assemblage A accounted for 34.6% (18/52). There was a high level of genetic diversity among the isolates with 46.2% designated as sub-assemblage BIV (24/52), 25% sub-assemblage AII (13/52), 19.2% sub-assemblage BIII (10/52), and 9.6% sub-assemblage AI (5/52). No mixed infections were detected. The results suggest that the majority of infections were imported and that endemic anthroponotic transmission plays a minor role in Austria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mellesia F Lee
- Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Microbiology, The University of the West Indies, Kingston 7, Mona, Jamaica
| | - Herbert Auer
- Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - John F Lindo
- Department of Microbiology, The University of the West Indies, Kingston 7, Mona, Jamaica.
| | - Julia Walochnik
- Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Khalil S, Mirdha BR, Paul J, Panda A, Makharia G, Chaudhry R, Bhatnagar S. Development and evaluation of molecular methods for detection of Cryptosporidium spp. in human clinical samples. Exp Parasitol 2016; 170:207-213. [PMID: 27717773 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2016.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2016] [Revised: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Ghoshal U, Shukla R, Pant P, Ghoshal UC. Frequency, diagnostic performance of coproantigen detection and genotyping of the Giardia among patients referred to a multi-level teaching hospital in northern India. Pathog Glob Health 2016; 110:316-320. [PMID: 27852150 PMCID: PMC5189869 DOI: 10.1080/20477724.2016.1254141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Giardiasis, a common gastrointestinal parasitic infection in tropics, is diagnosed on stool microscopy (gold standard); however, its sensitivity is low due to intermittent fecal shedding. Coproantigen detection (ELISA) is useful but requires further evaluation. We aimed to study: (a) detection of Giardia by stool microscopy and/or coproantigen, (b) diagnostic performance of fecal antigen detection and microscopy, and c) genotypic characterization of G. lamblia using PCR specific for triose phosphate isomerase (tpi) gene. Stool samples from 2992 patients were examined by microscopy from March 2013 to March 2015 in a multi level teaching hospital in northern India. Giardia coproantigen detection was performed by ELISA in a subset of patients. Genetic characterization of G. lamblia was performed by PCR targeting tpi gene in a subset of microscopy positive stool samples. Of 2992 patients, 132 (4.4%) had Giardia by microscopy (cyst/trophozoite) and/or ELISA. ELISA was performed in 264 patients; of them, 127 were positive by microscopy. Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values of ELISA were 91, 91, 94, and 91%, respectively, using microscopy as a gold standard. PCR was performed in 116 randomly selected samples having Giardia using tpi gene. Assemblages A and B were found among 44 (38%) and 72 (62%) patients, respectively. Assemblage B was more often associated with malnutrition and loss of appetite than A (48/72 [67%] vs. 21/44 [48%], P = 0.044 and 17/72 [24%] vs. 14/44 [32%], P = 0.019). We conclude that 4.4% of studied population had giardiasis. Fecal antigen is a useful method for diagnosis and assemblage B is the most common genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ujjala Ghoshal
- Department of Microbiology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | - Ratnakar Shukla
- Department of Microbiology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | - Priyannk Pant
- Department of Microbiology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | - Uday C. Ghoshal
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
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Performance of microscopy and ELISA for diagnosing Giardia duodenalis infection in different pediatric groups. Parasitol Int 2016; 65:635-640. [PMID: 27586394 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2016.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Revised: 07/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Techniques for Giardia diagnosis based on microscopy are usually applied as routine laboratory testing; however, they typically exhibit low sensitivity. This study aimed to evaluate Giardia duodenalis and other intestinal parasitic infections in different pediatric groups, with an emphasis on the comparison of Giardia diagnostic techniques. Feces from 824 children from different groups (diarrheic, malnourished, with cancer and from day care) were examined by microscopy and ELISA for Giardia, Cryptosporidium sp. and Entamoeba histolytica coproantigen detection. Giardia-positive samples from day-care children, identified by either microscopy or ELISA, were further tested by PCR targeting of the β-giardin and Gdh genes. Statistically significant differences (P<0.05) were observed when comparing the frequency of each protozoan among the groups. Giardia duodenalis was more frequent in day-care children and Cryptosporidium sp. in diarrheic and malnourished groups; infections by Entamoeba histolytica were found only in children with diarrhea. Considering positivity for Giardia by at least one method, ELISA was found to be more sensitive than microscopy (97% versus 55%). To examine discrepancies among the diagnostic methods, 71 Giardia-positive stool samples from day-care children were tested by PCR; of these, DNA was amplified from 51 samples (77.4%). Concordance of positivity between microscopy and ELISA was found for 48 samples, with 43 confirmed by PCR. Parasite DNA was amplified from eleven of the 20 Giardia samples (55%) identified only by ELISA. This study shows the higher sensitivity of ELISA over microscopy for Giardia diagnosis when a single sample is analyzed and emphasizes the need for methods based on coproantigen detection to identify this parasite in diarrheic fecal samples.
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Hamad I, Raoult D, Bittar F. Repertory of eukaryotes (eukaryome) in the human gastrointestinal tract: taxonomy and detection methods. Parasite Immunol 2016; 38:12-36. [PMID: 26434599 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Eukaryotes are an important component of the human gut, and their relationship with the human host varies from parasitic to commensal. Understanding the diversity of human intestinal eukaryotes has important significance for human health. In the past few decades, most of the multitudes of techniques that are involved in the diagnosis of the eukaryotic population in the human intestinal tract were confined to pathological and parasitological aspects that mainly rely on traditionally based methods. However, development of culture-independent molecular techniques comprised of direct DNA extraction from faeces followed by sequencing, offer new opportunities to estimate the occurrence of eukaryotes in the human gut by providing data on the entire eukaryotic community, particularly not-yet-cultured or fastidious organisms. Further broad surveys of the eukaryotic communities in the gut based on high throughput tools such as next generation sequencing might lead to uncovering the real diversity of these ubiquitous organisms in the human intestinal tract and discovering the unrecognized roles of these eukaryotes in modulating the host immune system and inducing changes in host gut physiology and ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Hamad
- URMITE, UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, Inserm 1095, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - D Raoult
- URMITE, UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, Inserm 1095, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - F Bittar
- URMITE, UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, Inserm 1095, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, France
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Anim-Baidoo I, Narh CA, Oddei D, Brown CA, Enweronu-Laryea C, Bandoh B, Sampane-Donkor E, Armah G, Adjei AA, Adjei DN, Ayeh-Kumi PF, Gyan BA. Giardia lamblia infections in children in Ghana. Pan Afr Med J 2016; 24:217. [PMID: 27800072 PMCID: PMC5075441 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2016.24.217.8012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Though giardiasis is an important public health problem in Ghana, several aspects of its epidemiology, particularly the molecular epidemiology has not been investigated adequately. This could be a major hindrance to effective surveillance and control of giardiasis in the country. The study was carried out to determine the prevalence, risk factors and genotypes of Giardia lamblia infecting children at a paediatric hospital in Ghana. METHODS A total of 485 patients including 365 diarrhoea and 120 non-diarrhoea children were enrolled into the study. Stool samples were collected and analysed for parasite presence using microscopy, ELISA and PCR. Positive samples were subsequently characterized into assemblages by PCR-RFLP, and further confirmed with sequencing of the glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh) gene. Epidemiological data on demographic, clinical and behavioral features of the study subjects were also collected. RESULTS Prevalence of G. lamblia infections in diarrhoea and non-diarrhoea children were 5.8% and 5% respectively (P>0.5). Sequence data confirmed Giardia lamblia assemblage B as the predominant genotype in both diarrhoea and non-diarrhoea cases. There was no significant association of G. lamblia infection with any of the epidemiological variables investigated. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that assemblage B could be the predominant genotype causing giardiasis in children. Increased public health education focusing on good sanitary practices, particularly among mothers and children, could decrease the risk of G. lamblia infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Anim-Baidoo
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Biomedical and Allied Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Korle-Bu Campus, Accra, Ghana
| | - Charles Akugbey Narh
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Dora Oddei
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Charles Addoquaye Brown
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Biomedical and Allied Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Korle-Bu Campus, Accra, Ghana
| | - Christabel Enweronu-Laryea
- Department of Child Health, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Ghana, Korle-Bu Campus, Accra, Ghana
| | - Betty Bandoh
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Eric Sampane-Donkor
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biomedical and Allied Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Korle-Bu Campus, Accra, Ghana
| | - George Armah
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Andrew Anthony Adjei
- Department of Pathology, School of Biomedical and Allied Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Korle-Bu Campus, Accra, Ghana
| | - David Nana Adjei
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Biomedical and Allied Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Korle-Bu Campus, Accra, Ghana
| | - Patrick Ferdinand Ayeh-Kumi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Biomedical and Allied Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Korle-Bu Campus, Accra, Ghana
| | - Ben Adu Gyan
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
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Adaptive immune response in symptomatic and asymptomatic enteric protozoal infection: evidence for a determining role of parasite genetic heterogeneity in host immunity to human giardiasis. Microbes Infect 2016; 18:687-695. [PMID: 27401766 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2016.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Revised: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The genetic basis of the ultimate clinical outcomes of human giardiasis has been the subject of numerous investigations. We previously demonstrated roles for both host and parasite factors in determining the outcome of enteric infection in a murine model of Giardia duodenalis infection. In the current study, fecal and serum specimens from healthy controls and human subjects infected with the intestinal parasite G. duodenalis were assessed. Using a semi-nested PCR method, clinical isolates were genetically characterized based on the gdh and tpi loci, and the phylogenetic trees were constructed. Using a sandwich ELISA method, the serum levels of representative TH1 and TH2 cytokines were measured in infected human subjects and healthy controls. Here we showed that symptomatic human giardiasis was characterized by significantly elevated serum levels of the TH1 cytokine IFN-γ compared to healthy controls, whereas asymptomatic human subjects and healthy controls had comparable levels of serum IFN-γ. Further analyses showed that human subjects infected with G. duodenalis genotype AI had significantly elevated levels of serum IFN-γ and IL-10, but not IL-5, whereas human subjects infected with AII had similar levels of those cytokines compared to healthy controls. These data demonstrate roles for both host and parasite factors in the determination of the outcome of enteric infections and may further broaden our understanding of host-parasite interaction during enteric protozoal infections.
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Giardia duodenalis in Damascus, Syria: Identification of Giardia genotypes in a sample of human fecal isolates using polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism analyzing method. Acta Trop 2016; 154:1-5. [PMID: 26524628 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2015.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Revised: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Giardia duodenalis is a common gastrointestinal parasite that infects humans and many other mammals. It is most prevalent in many developing and industrialized countries. G. duodenalis is considered to be a complex species. While no morphological distinction among different assemblages exist, it can be genetically differentiated into eight major assemblages: A to H. The aim of this study was to determine the genetic heterogeneity of G. duodenalis in human isolates (a study conducted for the first time in Syria). 40 fecal samples were collected from three different hospitals during the hot summer season of 2014. Extraction of genomic DNA from all Giardia positive samples (based on a microscopic examination) was performed using QIAamp DNA Stool Mini Kit. β-giardin gene was used to differentiate between different Giardia assemblages. The 514 bp fragment was amplified using the Polymerase Chain Reaction method, followed by digestion in HaeIII restriction enzyme. Our result showed that genotype A was more frequent than genotype B, 27/40 (67.5%); 4/40 (10%) respectively. A mixed genotype of A+B was only detected in 9 isolates (22.5%). This is the first molecular study performed on G. duodenalis isolates in Syria in order to discriminate among the different genotypes. Further expanded studies using more genes are needed to detect and identify the Giardia parasite at the level of assemblage and sub-assemblage.
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Nishida Y, Morimoto N, Korenaga M, Komatsu Y, Takeuchi H, Matsumura Y, Sugiura T. Genotyping <i>Giardia intestinalis</i> by Using DNA Extracted from Long-Term Preserved Human Specimens Stained with Chlorazol Black E. Jpn J Infect Dis 2016; 69:244-7. [DOI: 10.7883/yoken.jjid.2014.543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshie Nishida
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Kochi Medical School Hospital
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University
| | | | | | - Yutaka Komatsu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Kochi Medical School Hospital
| | - Hiroaki Takeuchi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University
| | - Yoshihisa Matsumura
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University
| | - Tetsuro Sugiura
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Kochi Medical School Hospital
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University
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Ghieth MA, Kotb MA, Abu-Sarea EY, El-Badry AA. Molecular detection of giardiasis among children at Cairo University Pediatrics Hospitals. J Parasit Dis 2015; 40:1470-1474. [PMID: 27876969 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-015-0714-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Giardiasis is a prevailing intestinal disease in children. This study aimed to determine molecular prevalence of Giardia intestinalis in children attending Cairo University Pediatrics Hospitals, using copro-PCR assays, conventional methods and to evaluate diagnostic effectiveness of used tests. 229 fecal samples were collected from children suffering from gastrointestinal symptoms and examined for Giardia by microscopy, Immuno-chromatographic test (ICT), copro-DNA using two PCR assays targeting tpi [nested-PCR (nPCR)] and 18S [conventional-PCR (cPCR)] genes. Out of 229 samples assessed, Giardia was diagnosed in 13.9, 17, 17.9, 4.8 % of cases using microscopy, ICT, nPCR (tpi) and cPCR (18S), respectively. Nominating both PCR assays as composite reference standard, microscopy and ICT were of reliable specificity (100 and 96.9 %) and accuracy (95.6 and 93.6 %) but of limited sensitivity (78.6 and 76.2 %). Kappa agreement showed, there was substantial agreement of ICT (0.776) and almost perfect agreement of microscopy (0.839) with PCR assays. Giardia showed a molecular prevalence of 18.3 % (42/229). ICT assay for Giardia surpassed microscopy but both couldn't be used as a consistent single detection method due to their lowered sensitivities. nPCR targeting tpi is a reliable diagnostic test aiding to determine true prevalence of Giardia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa A Ghieth
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Beni Suef University, Beni Suef, Egypt
| | - Magd A Kotb
- Department of Pediatrics, Kasr Al-Ainy Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Enas Y Abu-Sarea
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Beni Suef University, Beni Suef, Egypt
| | - Ayman A El-Badry
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Kasr Al-Ainy Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
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Minetti C, Lamden K, Durband C, Cheesbrough J, Fox A, Wastling JM. Determination of Giardia duodenalis assemblages and multi-locus genotypes in patients with sporadic giardiasis from England. Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:444. [PMID: 26338670 PMCID: PMC4559006 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-1059-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The protozoan Giardia duodenalis is a common but highly diverse human parasite that comprises a complex of seven morphologically identical genetic assemblages, further divided into sub-assemblages. There is very little information available on the diversity of Giardia sub-assemblages and multi-locus genotypes infecting people in the United Kingdom. In this study we studied the molecular epidemiology of Giardia in symptomatic patients from North West England. Methods Whole faecal DNA was extracted from the faecal samples of 406 Giardia cases and the parasites assemblage, sub-assemblage and multi-locus genotype were determined using PCR amplification, DNA sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of the beta-giardin, glutamate dehydrogenase, triose-phosphate isomerase and small-subunit ribosomal RNA genes. Information about age, gender and self-reported clinical outcomes was also collected from the patients to check for differences associated with the infecting Giardia assemblage. Results Our results showed a difference in the age prevalence of the two assemblages, with assemblage A being more common in older cases. Cases infected with assemblage B more often reported vomiting and a longer illness than cases infected with assemblage A. The majority of infections (64 %) were caused by assemblage B followed by assemblage A (33 %), while mixed-assemblage infections were rare (3 %). Assemblage A isolates mostly belonged to the sub-assemblage AII and showed completed identity with previously described isolates. The level of genetic sub-structuring was significantly higher in assemblage B isolates, since a higher proportion of novel assemblage B sequences was detected compared to assemblage A. A high number of assemblage B sequences showed heterogeneous nucleotide positions that prevented the unambiguous assignment to a specific sub-assemblage. Both previously described and novel multi-locus genotypes were described in both assemblages, and up to 17 different assemblage B multi-locus genotypes were found. Conclusions We have produced the first data on the parasite multi-locus genotypes in the UK and have demonstrated that the molecular diversity of Giardia is similar to other developed countries. Furthermore, we showed that the parasite assemblages infecting humans may be associated with patients of different ages and with different clinical outcomes. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-015-1059-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corrado Minetti
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
| | - Kenneth Lamden
- Public Health England Centre Cumbria and Lancashire, Chorley, UK.
| | - Caroline Durband
- Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Preston, UK.
| | - John Cheesbrough
- Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Preston, UK.
| | - Andrew Fox
- Public Health England Food Water and Environmental Microbiology Laboratory, Preston, UK.
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Case-Control Study of Risk Factors for Sporadic Giardiasis and Parasite Assemblages in North West England. J Clin Microbiol 2015; 53:3133-40. [PMID: 26157151 PMCID: PMC4572545 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00715-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Giardia duodenalis is a major cause of infectious gastroenteritis worldwide, and it is diversified into eight genetic assemblages (A to H), which are distinguishable only by molecular typing. There is some evidence that the assemblages infecting humans (assemblages A and B) may have different transmission routes, but systematically acquired data, combining epidemiological and molecular findings, are required. We undertook a case-control study with Giardia genotyping in North West England, to determine general and parasite assemblage-specific risk factors. For people without a history of foreign travel, swimming in swimming pools and changing diapers were the most important risk factors for the disease. People infected with assemblage B reported a greater number of symptoms and higher frequencies of vomiting, abdominal pain, swollen stomach, and loss of appetite, compared with people infected with assemblage A. More importantly, keeping a dog was associated only with assemblage A infections, suggesting the presence of a potential zoonotic reservoir for this assemblage. This is the first case-control study to combine epidemiological data with Giardia genotyping, and it shows the importance of integrating these two levels of information for better understanding of the epidemiology of this pathogen.
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Fouad SA, Esmat S, Basyoni MMA, Farhan MS, Kobaisi MH. Molecular identification of giardia intestinalis in patients with dyspepsia. Digestion 2015; 90:63-71. [PMID: 25196096 DOI: 10.1159/000362644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Giardia intestinalis triggers symptoms of functional dyspepsia. The aim of this study was to distinguish genotypes of G. intestinalis isolated from dyspeptic patients to evaluate their correlation with dyspeptic symptoms. METHODS In total, 120 dyspeptic subjects were investigated by upper endoscopy, including gastric and duodenal biopsies for histopathological examination, and parasitological examination of their stools and duodenal aspirates was performed. The patients were classified into five groups: group I (G. intestinalis) included 19 patients, group II (Helicobacter pylori) included 36 patients, group III (coeliac disease) included 3 patients, group IV (mixed G. intestinalis and H. pylori infection) included 4 patients, and group V (unexplained aetiology) included 58 patients. Genotyping of G. intestinalis was performed for groups I and IV using PCR-RFLP. The urease test was performed for H. pylori. Serum anti-gliadin, anti-endomysial and anti-transglutaminase antibody estimation was performed for the diagnosis of coeliac disease. RESULTS Genotype A of G. intestinalis was detected in the stool samples of 68.42% (13/19) and the duodenal aspirates of 42.1% (8/19) of dyspeptic patients harbouring the parasite. Genotype B was detected in 31.58% (6/19) of cases in stool samples and in 3 cases in duodenal aspirates. CONCLUSIONS H. pylori, G. intestinalis and coeliac disease are common causes of dyspepsia. G. intestinalis genotype A demonstrated a greater association with dyspeptic symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawky A Fouad
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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Yadav P, Tak V, Mirdha BR, Makharia GK. Refractory giardiasis: a molecular appraisal from a tertiary care centre in India. Indian J Med Microbiol 2015; 32:378-82. [PMID: 25297020 DOI: 10.4103/0255-0857.142236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The intestinal flagellate Giardia lamblia includes many genetically distinct assemblages, of which assemblage A and B, predominantly infect humans. Nitroimidazoles derivatives (metronidazole and tinidazole) and nitazoxanide are some of the therapeutic agents for treatment of giardiasis. Nevertheless, some individuals with giardiasis are non-responsive to standard therapy. The present study highlights cases of refractory giardiasis and attempts to elucidate if genetic heterogeneity in the parasite is associated with treatment failure. MATERIALS AND METHODS Three stool samples were obtained on three consecutive days from 4000 patients with diarrhoea and were microscopically examined for the detection of trophozoites, and/or cysts, using both normal saline and Lugol's iodine. A hemi-nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay using triose phosphate isomerase (tpi) as the target gene was performed to determine the assemblages. Sequencing of the PCR products of the patients showing failure to treatment of giardiasis was also performed. RESULTS Two per cent (82/4000) of the total patients were microscopically positive for Giardia lamblia in the stool samples. All these patients were treated with metronidazole/tinidazole as per the standard regimens. However, eight patients showed treatment failure to giardiasis as stool examinations were repeatedly positive even after treatment with multiple courses of anti-giardial therapy. Genetic characterisation of all eight Giardia isolates showed that they belonged to Assemblage B and had homogeneous sequences. These patients were either treated with extended regimens or with combination therapy of anti-giardials. CONCLUSION In our experience, combination of two or more drugs for a longer duration is the treatment modality to treat refractory giardiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - V Tak
- Department of Microbiology, Department of Gastroenterology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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Giardia duodenalis assemblages in Egyptian children with diarrhea. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2015; 34:1573-81. [PMID: 25939803 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-015-2389-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Giardia duodenalis is considered the most common cause of parasitic diarrhea worldwide. Genetic studies revealed that at least eight assemblages (A-H) exist. Of these assemblages, A and B are found primarily in human beings and occasionally in animals. The association between clinical symptoms and G. duodenalis assemblages is controversial. The aim of the present study was to determine the assemblages of G. duodenalis prevalent among Egyptian children with diarrhea. Therefore, 96 positive stool samples for Giardia by light microscopy were subjected to multilocus genotyping targeting the triose phosphate isomerase (tpi), β-giardin (bg), and glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh) genes. Amplified polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products were then purified, sequenced, and aligned with reference strains to determine the assemblages of the Giardia isolates. Out of the 96 microscopically positive stool samples for Giardia, 77 (80 %) were successfully amplified and sequenced at least at one locus. Of these, 21 (27.3 %) were shown to be assemblage A, 54 (70.1 %) assemblage B, while discordant sequence typing results were observed in 2 (2.6 %) samples. AII was the predominant subassemblage of assemblage A, while it was generally difficult to further classify assemblage B. It was concluded that infection with assemblage B was more common than that with assemblage A. No associations between epidemiological information and assemblage were detected, except with age. Although infections with assemblage B were more frequently associated with abdominal pain and acute diarrhea than with assemblage A, the difference was not statistically significant.
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Ramírez JD, Heredia RD, Hernández C, León CM, Moncada LI, Reyes P, Pinilla AE, Lopez MC. Molecular diagnosis and genotype analysis of Giardia duodenalis in asymptomatic children from a rural area in central Colombia. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2015; 32:208-13. [PMID: 25795384 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2015.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Revised: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Giardiasis is a parasitic infection that affects around 200 million people worldwide. This parasite presents a remarkable genetic variability observed in 8 genetic clusters named as 'assemblages' (A-H). These assemblages are host restricted and could be zoonotic where A and B infect humans and animals around the globe. The knowledge of the molecular epidemiology of human giardiasis in South-America is scarce and also the usefulness of PCR to detect this pathogen in fecal samples remains controversial. The aim of this study was to conduct a cross-sectional study to compare the molecular targets employed for the molecular diagnosis of Giardia DNA and to discriminate the parasite assemblages circulating in the studied population. We analyzed 181 fecal samples from Children at La Virgen, Cundinamarca, Colombia that were DNA-extracted and analyzed by SSU rDNA, tpi and gdh loci. We observed positivity by microscopy of 13% and by PCR around 76-80% depending on the molecular marker. Additionally, a lack of statistical concordance between microscopy and PCR was detected. Regarding the genetic assemblages, we detected assemblage A (3%), assemblage B (90%) and mixed infections assemblages A+B (7%). Hence, the sub-assemblages were typed as AI, AII, BIII and BIV across the population. This study represents a reliable attempt to understand the molecular epidemiology of giardiasis in Colombia and the use of PCR to detect cryptic infections. The epidemiological implications are herein discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan David Ramírez
- Grupo de Investigaciones Microbiológicas - UR (GIMUR), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Matemáticas, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia.
| | - Rubén Darío Heredia
- Departamento de Salud Pública, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Carolina Hernández
- Grupo de Investigaciones Microbiológicas - UR (GIMUR), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Matemáticas, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Cielo M León
- Grupo de Investigaciones Microbiológicas - UR (GIMUR), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Matemáticas, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Ligia Inés Moncada
- Departamento de Salud Pública, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Patricia Reyes
- Departamento de Salud Pública, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | - Myriam Consuelo Lopez
- Departamento de Salud Pública, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
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Tamer GS, Kasap M, Er DK. Genotyping and phylogenetic analysis of Giardia duodenalis isolates from Turkish children. Med Sci Monit 2015; 21:526-32. [PMID: 25689970 PMCID: PMC4335576 DOI: 10.12659/msm.892318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Giardiasis is caused by the intestinal protozoan parasite Giardia duodenalis (synonyms: G. lamblia, G. intestinalis), which is one of the most frequent parasites that infect Turkish children. However, molecular characterization of G. duodenalis in Turkey is relatively scarce. The present work aimed at genotyping G. duodenalis isolates from Turkey using molecular techniques. Material/Methods In the present study, 145 fecal samples from children were collected to search for the presence of Giardia by microscopy and PCR screening. PCR generated a 384 bp fragment for β-giardin. The PCR products were sequenced and the sequences were subjected to phylogenetic analysis by using PHYLIP. Results Based on the phylogenetic analysis of the sequences, assemblage A, B, and mixed subtypes were determined. Of 22 isolates, 11 were identified as assemblage A (50%), 7 were assemblage B (31.8%), and 4 were assemblage AB (18.2%). Association between G. duodenalis assemblages and the epidemiological data was analyzed. No correlation was found between symptoms and infection with specific assemblages (P>0.05), but we found statistically significant association between age and the assemblage AB (P=0.001). Conclusions The association between G. duodenalis and the epidemiologic data were analyzed. Since assemblage A is the more prevalent subgroup compared with assemblage B, this subgroup might be responsible for common Giardia infections in Turkey. This is the first study that included a detailed phylogenetic analysis of Giardia strains from Turkey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulden Sonmez Tamer
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Kocaeli University, Umuttepe Campus, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Murat Kasap
- Department of Medical Biology, Kocaeli University, Umuttepe Campus, Kocaeli, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Doganhan Kadir Er
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Institute of Health Sciences, Kocaeli University, Umuttepe Campus, Kocaeli, Turkey
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Debenham JJ, Atencia R, Midtgaard F, Robertson LJ. Occurrence of Giardia
and Cryptosporidium
in captive chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes
), mandrills (Mandrillus sphinx
) and wild Zanzibar red colobus monkeys (Procolobus kirkii
). J Med Primatol 2015; 44:60-5. [DOI: 10.1111/jmp.12158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John J. Debenham
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences; Norwegian University of Life Sciences; Oslo Norway
| | - Rebeca Atencia
- The Tchimpounga Chimpanzee Rehabilitation Centre; The Jane Goodall Institute; Tchimpounga Reserve; Brazzaville Republic of Congo
| | - Fred Midtgaard
- Department of Ecology and Natural Resource Management; Norwegian University of Life Sciences; Ås Norway
| | - Lucy J. Robertson
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology; Norwegian University of Life Sciences; Oslo Norway
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Li G, Hu F, Yuan F, Fan J, Yu Z, Wu Z, Zhao X, Li Y, Li S, Rong J, Cui B, Dong X, Yuan H, Zhao Y. Intronic and promoter polymorphisms of hMLH1/hMSH2 and colorectal cancer risk in Heilongjiang Province of China. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2015; 141:1393-404. [PMID: 25560462 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-014-1898-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Given that mismatch repair (MMR) system plays an important role in recognizing and removing insertion/deletion mutations which occur during DNA replication, common variants associated with impaired MMR system may thus increase risk of colorectal cancer (CRC). Therefore, we aimed to demonstrate the associations between common variants in two MMR genes (hMLH1 and hMSH2) and CRC risk. METHODS We genotyped 10 intronic/promoter single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of hMLH1 and hMSH2 in 451 CRC patients and 630 controls. Associations between genotypes and CRC risk were estimated using odds ratios and 95 % confidence intervals. Gene-gene interactions, as well as gene-environment interactions on CRC risk were also investigated. RESULTS We found that IVS15-214T>C and IVS11 + 107A>G of hMSH2 were significantly associated with CRC risk. In dominant model, variant carriers of the two SNPs could decrease risk of CRC by 31 % (ORadj = 0.69, 95 % CI 0.53-0.91, p < 0.01) and 33 % (ORadj = 0.67, 95 % CI 0.47-0.95, p = 0.02), respectively. In addition, IVS7-212T>A, IVS11+183A>G and IVS8+719T>C of hMSH2 were associated with the susceptibility to colon cancer rather than rectal cancer. ATTTGGGT and TCTTAGAC haplotypes were associated with 44 and 45 % decreased risk of CRC, respectively, while ATTTGAGT and TTTCAGAC haplotypes were associated with 1.37-fold and 2.49-fold increased risk of CRC, respectively. There was a significant three-way gene-gene interaction among hMSH2 IVS11+107A>G, IVS11+183A>G and IVS8+719T>C (p < 0.01). Significant gene-environment interactions were observed between hMSH2 IVS15-214T>C and IVS11+107A>G and cereals consumption (both with p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggested that intronic SNPs, gene-gene and gene-environment interactions in hMSH2 might be associated with susceptibility to CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangxiao Li
- Department of Epidemiology, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Street, Nangang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China
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Tak V, Mirdha BR, Yadav P, Vyas P, Makharia GK, Bhatnagar S. Molecular characterisation of Giardia intestinalis assemblages from human isolates at a tertiary care centre of India. Indian J Med Microbiol 2014; 32:19-25. [PMID: 24399382 DOI: 10.4103/0255-0857.124290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of the study was to determine the genetic heterogeneity of Giardia intestinalis isolates detected in stool samples of the study population using polymerase chain reaction assay and restriction fragment length polymorphism. We also tried to correlate the association/differences between the clinical symptomatology and infection by different assemblages (genotypes) of G. intestinalis. MATERIALS AND METHODS This cross-sectional study was conducted from April 2008 to June 2010. A total of 40 adults (n = 40) and 42 children (n = 42) below the age of 12 years with the clinical suspicion of giardiasis and with the onset of one or more of the following five symptoms, i.e., loose stool, nausea, weight loss, fatigue and foul smelling faeces and confirmed laboratory diagnosis of giardiasis at least once during the current episode of diarrhoea were included in this study. RESULTS Of the 82 patients (males 66) enrolled in the study, 70 (85%) presented with diarrhoea (56 males) and 12 (15%) without diarrhoea (10 males). Out of 70 diarrheic patients, 61 (87%) had chronic diarrhoea, 8 (11.5%) had acute diarrhoea and 1 (1.5%) had persistent diarrhoea. Of the total patients, 63 (77%) were clinically assessed and were apparently immunocompetent, whereas, 19 (23%) immunocompromised patients had different underlying conditions besides giardiasis. Genotyping identified all 82 (100%) isolates as assemblage B. CONCLUSION We found that assemblage B of G. intestinalis presents with all kinds of clinical features ranging from asymptomatic carriage to acute, persistent or chronic diarrhoea.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - B R Mirdha
- Department of Microbiology, AIIMS, New Delhi, India
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Arroyo-Salgado B, Buelvas-Montes Y, Villalba-Vizcaíno V, Salomón-Arzuza O. Caracterización genética por reacción en cadena de la polimerasa de Giardia intestinalis en muestras de humanos y perros del Caribe colombiano. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2014; 32:424-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eimc.2013.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2012] [Revised: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Escobedo AA, Hanevik K, Almirall P, Cimerman S, Alfonso M. Management of chronic Giardia infection. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2014; 12:1143-57. [PMID: 25059638 DOI: 10.1586/14787210.2014.942283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Advances in our understanding of chronic giardiasis (CG) may improve our care of patients in this stage of the disease. This review proposes a new concept of CG and highlights the recent advances in our understanding and management of this condition. According to this review, management requires, initially, an accurate diagnosis, which may exclude several conditions that can mimic CG. Optimal treatment requires a tailored approach which includes the recognition of the known modifiable causes of this health condition, assessment of symptoms and potential complications, their treatment utilizing, if necessary, a multidisciplinary team, and an ongoing monitoring for the effect of therapy - weighing the efficacy of individual drugs - all of these together may lead to a successful treatment of CG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel A Escobedo
- Academic Paediatric Hospital "Pedro Borrás", Calle F No. 616 esquina 27, Plaza, La Habana, CP 10400, Cuba
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Atherton R, Bhavnani D, Calvopiña M, Vicuña Y, Cevallos W, Eisenberg J. Molecular identification of Giardia duodenalis in Ecuador by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2014; 108:512-5. [PMID: 23827993 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762013000400019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2012] [Accepted: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the genetic diversity of Giardia duodenalis present in a human population living in a northern Ecuadorian rain forest. All Giardia positive samples (based on an ELISA assay) were analysed using a semi-nested polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism assay that targets the glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh) gene; those amplified were subsequently genotyped using NlaIV and RsaI enzymes. The gdh gene was successfully amplified in 74 of 154 ELISA positive samples; 69 of the 74 samples were subsequently genotyped. Of these 69 samples, 42 (61%) were classified as assemblage B (26 as BIII and 16 as BIV), 22 (32%) as assemblage A (3 as AI and 19 as AII) and five (7%) as mixed AII and BIII types. In this study site we observe similar diversity in genotypes to other regions in Latin America, though in contrast to some previous studies, we found similar levels of diarrheal symptoms in those individuals infected with assemblage B compared with those infected with assemblage A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Atherton
- Centro de Biomedicina, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Pichincha, Ecuador.
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ElBakri A, Samie A, Bessong P, Potgieter N, Odeh RA. Detection and molecular characterisation of Giardia lamblia genotypes in Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2014; 108:466-73. [PMID: 24906796 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/tru083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND No data are available on Giardia lamblia genotypes in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). This study aimed to identify G. lamblia from DNA extracted from human stool samples to gain information on its prevalence and to perform molecular analysis on isolates collected from expatriates from different localities residing in Sharjah, UAE. METHODS In total, 111 healthy expatriates residing in Sharjah were screened for G. lamblia using nested PCR amplification of the small subunit ribosomal RNA (ssu-rRNA) gene. Positive samples were genotyped using a nested PCR amplifying the triosephosphate isomerase (tpi) gene to differentiate between the two human assemblages (A and B). A subset of the PCR products (n=23) were sequenced and their phylogenetic relationships were determined. RESULTS Of the 111 participants, 67 (60.4%) were identified as positive for the ssu-rRNA gene. When genotyped for the tpi gene, 18.9% (21/111) were of assemblage A, 17.1% (19/111) belonged to assemblage B and 5.4% (6/111) showed patterns compatible with mixed infections. A strong correlation between the presence of diarrhoea and assemblage B was observed (χ(2)=10.553; p=0.001). Moreover, an association was also observed between mixed infections (A+B) and diarrhoea (χ(2)=8.899; p=0.003). No correlation between age, gender and geographic origin of the infected individual was noted. Phylogenetic analysis showed three clusters for the tpi gene. No relationship between the clusters and the origin of samples was noted. CONCLUSION This study is the first to determine the infection rate and genotypic composition of Giardia in Sharjah, UAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali ElBakri
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Amidou Samie
- Department of Microbiology, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, South Africa
| | - Pascal Bessong
- HIV/AIDS and Global Health Research Programme, Department of Microbiology, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, South Africa
| | - Natasha Potgieter
- Department of Microbiology, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, South Africa
| | - Ra'ed Abu Odeh
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
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Wang Y, Li G, Hu F, Bi H, Wu Z, Zhao X, Li Y, Li S, Li D, Cui B, Dong X, Zhao Y. The prognostic significance of polymorphisms in hMLH1/hMSH2 for colorectal cancer. Med Oncol 2014; 31:975. [PMID: 24793746 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-014-0975-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
We aimed to investigate the associations between single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in two mismatch repair genes (hMLH1 and hMSH2) and colorectal cancer (CRC) prognosis in Northeast China. We genotyped 387 patients for 10 SNPs in hMLH1 and hMSH2, using polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism approach. Associations between genotypes and overall survival (OS) were estimated using hazard ratios (HRs) and 95 % confidence intervals (CIs). Two SNPs of hMLH1 (hMLH1 -93G>A and IVS3-1403A>T) were significantly associated with OS of CRC in dominant model and recessive model, respectively. For hMLH1 -93G>A, the adjusted HR equaled 0.66 (95 % CI 0.45-0.99, p = 0.04). As for hMLH1 IVS3-1403A>T, the adjusted HR equaled 1.90 (95 % CI 1.14-3.17, p = 0.01). When stratified by tumor location, hMLH1 -93G>A and IVS3-1403A>T were associated with colon cancer survival (for hMLH1 -93G>A, AA+AG vs. GG, HRadj = 0.34, 95 % CI 0.17-0.68, p < 0.01; for hMLH1 IVS3-1403A>T, AT vs. AA, HR(adj) = 2.20, 95 % CI 1.11-4.36, p = 0.02), rather than rectal cancer. None of SNPs located at hMSH2 were significantly associated with prognosis of CRC. Our findings suggested that common variants in hMLH1 may serve as a predictor of CRC survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibaina Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Street, Nangang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China
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Correlation of Giardia duodenalis assemblages with clinical and epidemiological data in Cuban children. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2014; 23:7-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2014.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Revised: 12/26/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Torres-Romero JC, Euan-Canto ADJ, Benito-González N, Padilla-Montaño N, Huchin-Chan C, Lara-Riegos J, Cedillo-Rivera R. Intestinal parasites and genotyping of Giardia duodenalis in children: first report of genotype B in isolates from human clinical samples in Mexico. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2014; 109:388-90. [PMID: 24676655 PMCID: PMC4131797 DOI: 10.1590/0074-0276140507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 01/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Giardia duodenalis is one of the most prevalent enteroparasites in
children. This parasite produces several clinical manifestations. The aim of this
study was to determine the prevalence of genotypes of G. duodenalis
causing infection in a region of southeastern Mexico. G. duodenalis
cysts were isolated (33/429) from stool samples of children and molecular genotyping
was performed by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism
(PCR-RFLP) analysis, targeting the triosephosphate isomerase ( tpi )
and glutamate dehydrogenase ( gdh ) genes. The tpi
gene was amplified in all of the cyst samples, either for assemblage A (27 samples)
or assemblage B (6 samples). RFLP analysis classified the 27 tpi -A
amplicons in assemblage A, subgenotype I. Samples classified as assemblage B were
further analysed using PCR-RFLP of the gdh gene and identified as
assemblage B, subgenotype III. To our knowledge, this is the first report of
assemblage B of G. duodenalis in human clinical samples from
Mexico.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio César Torres-Romero
- Laboratorio de Análisis Clínicos de Servicio a la Comunidad, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - Antonio de Jesus Euan-Canto
- Laboratorio de Análisis Clínicos de Servicio a la Comunidad, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - Namibya Benito-González
- Laboratorio de Análisis Clínicos de Servicio a la Comunidad, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - Nayely Padilla-Montaño
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - Claribel Huchin-Chan
- Laboratorio de Análisis Clínicos de Servicio a la Comunidad, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - Julio Lara-Riegos
- Laboratorio de Análisis Clínicos de Servicio a la Comunidad, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - Roberto Cedillo-Rivera
- Unidad de Investigación Médica Yucatán, Unidad Médica de Alta Especialidad, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mérida, Yucatán, México
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Koehler AV, Jex AR, Haydon SR, Stevens MA, Gasser RB. Giardia/giardiasis — A perspective on diagnostic and analytical tools. Biotechnol Adv 2014; 32:280-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2013.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Revised: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Requena-Méndez A, Goñi P, Lóbez S, Oliveira I, Aldasoro E, Valls ME, Clavel A, Gascón J, Muñoz J. A family cluster of giardiasis with variable treatment responses: refractory giardiasis in a family after a trip to India. Clin Microbiol Infect 2014; 20:O135-8. [DOI: 10.1111/1469-0691.12327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Revised: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Hong SH, Anu D, Jeong YI, Abmed D, Cho SH, Lee WJ, Lee SE. Molecular characterization of Giardia duodenalis and Cryptosporidium parvum in fecal samples of individuals in Mongolia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2014; 90:43-47. [PMID: 24249428 PMCID: PMC3886425 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.13-0271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2013] [Accepted: 07/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The Giardia and Cryptosporidium species are widespread and frequent diarrhea-related parasites affecting humans and other mammalian species. The prevalence of these parasites in Mongolia is currently unknown. Therefore, we performed molecular analyses of G. duodenalis and C. parvum in stool samples from 138 patients hospitalized with diarrhea in Mongolia using nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR). A total of 5 (3.62%) and 7 (5.07%) fecal samples were positive for G. duodenalis and C. parvum, respectively. Giardia duodenalis and C. parvum infections were prevalent in children < 9 years of age. The assemblage-specific fragment patterns for the β-giardin gene of G. duodenalis revealed that all five samples testing positive belonged to Assemblage A by the PCR-restriction fragment polymorphism method. For sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of the 18S rDNA and HSP70 genes of all seven patients testing positive the genes were further identified to be of the C. parvum bovine genotype. This study is the first to report the prevalence of G. duodenalis and C. parvum and its molecular characterization of fecal samples from individuals with diarrhea in Mongolia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Sang-Eun Lee
- Division of Malaria and Parasite Diseases, Korea National Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Osong-up, Cheongwon-gun, Chungbuk, Korea; Laboratory of Parasitology, National Center for Communicable Diseases, Ministry of Health, Ulaanbaator, Mongolia
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Identification of a novel assemblage G subgenotype and a zoonotic assemblage B in rodent isolates ofGiardia duodenalisin the Canary Islands, Spain. Parasitology 2013; 141:206-15. [DOI: 10.1017/s003118201300139x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARYThe flagellated parasiteGiardia duodenalisis known as one of the most common causes of protozoal diarrhoea in both humans and animals worldwide. The aim of the present work was to perform the first study ofG. duodenalisin rodents in the Canary Islands (Spain) and analyse the level of genetic variation and the potential zoonotic role of the isolates. Stool samples were collected from 284 wild rodents andGiardiacysts were detected by light microscopy. The overall prevalence of giardiasis was 25·4% and ranged from 19·4% in El Hierro to 34% in Gran Canaria. Positive samples were further characterized by PCR and nucleotide sequencing of the triose phosphate isomerase (TPI),β-giardin (BG) and glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) genes. Our study revealed assemblage G as the most frequent genotype and identified two rodent-infectingG. duodenalishaplotypes of this assemblage, HI and HII. Phylogenetic analysis supported the monophyly of haplotype HI, which we suggest to be considered as a novelG. duodenalissub-assemblage GII, due to the high genetic distances among this sub-genotype and assemblage G. Furthermore,G. duodenalisassemblage B was detected in an inhabited area in La Palma, a fact that may pose a potential risk ofG. duodenalistransmission from rodents to humans.
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