1
|
Segawa T, Masuda K, Hisatsune J, Ishida-Kuroki K, Sugawara Y, Kuwabara M, Nishikawa H, Hiratsuka T, Aota T, Tao Y, Iwahashi Y, Ueda K, Mae K, Masumoto K, Kitagawa H, Komatsuzawa H, Ohge H, Sugai M. Genomic analysis of inter-hospital transmission of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium sequence type 80 isolated during an outbreak in Hiroshima, Japan. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2024; 68:e0171623. [PMID: 38506550 PMCID: PMC11064488 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01716-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Outbreaks caused by vancomycin-resistant enterococci that transcend jurisdictional boundaries are occurring worldwide. This study focused on a vancomycin-resistant enterococcus outbreak that occurred between 2018 and 2021 across two cities in Hiroshima, Japan. The study involved genetic and phylogenetic analyses using whole-genome sequencing of 103 isolates of vancomycin-resistant enterococci to identify the source and transmission routes of the outbreak. Phylogenetic analysis was performed using core genome multilocus sequence typing and core single-nucleotide polymorphisms; infection routes between hospitals were inferred using BadTrIP. The outbreak was caused by Enterococcus faecium sequence type (ST) 80 carrying the vanA plasmid, which was derived from strain A10290 isolated in India. Of the 103 isolates, 93 were E. faecium ST80 transmitted across hospitals. The circular vanA plasmid of the Hiroshima isolates was similar to the vanA plasmid of strain A10290 and transferred from E. faecium ST80 to other STs of E. faecium and other Enterococcus species by conjugation. The inferred transmission routes across hospitals suggest the existence of a central hospital serving as a hub, propagating vancomycin-resistant enterococci to multiple hospitals. Our study highlights the importance of early intervention at the key central hospital to prevent the spread of the infection to small medical facilities, such as nursing homes, with limited medical resources and a high number of vulnerable individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takaya Segawa
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Higashimurayama, Japan
| | - Kanako Masuda
- Hiroshima Prefectural Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hiroshima, Japan
- Project Research Center for Nosocomial Infectious Diseases, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Junzo Hisatsune
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Higashimurayama, Japan
- Project Research Center for Nosocomial Infectious Diseases, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
- Department of Antimicrobial Resistance, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kasumi Ishida-Kuroki
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Higashimurayama, Japan
| | - Yo Sugawara
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Higashimurayama, Japan
| | - Masao Kuwabara
- Hiroshima Prefectural Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hideki Nishikawa
- Hiroshima Prefectural Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Takahiro Hiratsuka
- Hiroshima Prefectural Technology Research Institute, Public Health and Environment Center, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Tatsuaki Aota
- Hiroshima City Institute of Public Health, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yasuo Tao
- Hiroshima City Public Health Center, Hiroshima, Japan
| | | | - Kuniko Ueda
- Hiroshima City Public Health Center, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kaori Mae
- Hiroshima City Medical Association Clinical Laboratory, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Ken Masumoto
- Hiroshima City Medical Association Clinical Laboratory, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kitagawa
- Project Research Center for Nosocomial Infectious Diseases, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hiroshima University Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Komatsuzawa
- Project Research Center for Nosocomial Infectious Diseases, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
- Department of Bacteriology, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hiroki Ohge
- Project Research Center for Nosocomial Infectious Diseases, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hiroshima University Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Motoyuki Sugai
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Higashimurayama, Japan
- Project Research Center for Nosocomial Infectious Diseases, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
- Department of Antimicrobial Resistance, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Radisic V, Grevskott DH, Junghardt N, Øvreås L, Marathe NP. Multidrug-resistant Enterococcus faecium strains enter the Norwegian marine environment through treated sewage. Microbiologyopen 2024; 13:e1397. [PMID: 38441345 PMCID: PMC10913173 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.1397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to understand the antibiotic resistance prevalence among Enterococcus spp. from raw and treated sewage in Bergen city, Norway. In total, 517 Enterococcus spp. isolates were obtained from raw and treated sewage from five sewage treatment plants (STPs) over three sampling occasions, with Enterococcus faecium as the most prevalent (n = 492) species. E. faecium strains (n = 307) obtained from the influent samples, showed the highest resistance against quinupristin/dalfopristin (67.8%). We observed reduced susceptibility to erythromycin (30.6%) and tetracycline (6.2%) in these strains. E. faecium strains (n = 185) obtained from the effluent samples showed highest resistance against quinupristin/dalfopristin (68.1%) and reduced susceptibility to erythromycin (24.9%) and tetracycline (8.6%). We did not detect resistance against last-resort antibiotics, such as linezolid, vancomycin, and tigecycline in any of the strains. Multidrug-resistant (MDR) E. faecium strains were detected in both influent (2.3%) and effluent (2.2%) samples. Whole genome sequencing of the Enterococcus spp. strains (n = 25) showed the presence of several antibiotic resistance genes, conferring resistance against aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, and macrolides, as well as several virulence genes and plasmid replicons. Two sequenced MDR strains from the effluents belonged to the hospital-associated clonal complex 17 and carried multiple virulence genes. Our study demonstrates that clinically relevant MDR Enterococcus spp. strains are entering the marine environment through treated sewage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vera Radisic
- Department of Contaminants and BiohazardsInstitute of Marine Research (IMR)BergenNorway
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of Bergen (UiB)BergenNorway
| | - Didrik H. Grevskott
- Department of Contaminants and BiohazardsInstitute of Marine Research (IMR)BergenNorway
| | - Nadja Junghardt
- Department of Contaminants and BiohazardsInstitute of Marine Research (IMR)BergenNorway
| | - Lise Øvreås
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of Bergen (UiB)BergenNorway
| | - Nachiket P. Marathe
- Department of Contaminants and BiohazardsInstitute of Marine Research (IMR)BergenNorway
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wagner TM, Pöntinen AK, Fenzel CK, Engi D, Janice J, Almeida-Santos AC, Tedim AP, Freitas AR, Peixe L, van Schaik W, Johannessen M, Hegstad K. Interactions between commensal Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus lactis and clinical isolates of Enterococcus faecium. FEMS MICROBES 2024; 5:xtae009. [PMID: 38606354 PMCID: PMC11008740 DOI: 10.1093/femsmc/xtae009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Enterococcus faecium (Efm) is a versatile pathogen, responsible for multidrug-resistant infections, especially in hospitalized immunocompromised patients. Its population structure has been characterized by diverse clades (A1, A2, and B (reclassified as E. lactis (Ela)), adapted to different environments, and distinguished by their resistomes and virulomes. These features only partially explain the predominance of clade A1 strains in nosocomial infections. We investigated in vitro interaction of 50 clinical isolates (clade A1 Efm) against 75 commensal faecal isolates from healthy humans (25 clade A2 Efm and 50 Ela). Only 36% of the commensal isolates inhibited clinical isolates, while 76% of the clinical isolates inhibited commensal isolates. The most apparent overall differences in inhibition patterns were presented between clades. The inhibitory activity was mainly mediated by secreted, proteinaceous, heat-stable compounds, likely indicating an involvement of bacteriocins. A custom-made database targeting 76 Bacillota bacteriocins was used to reveal bacteriocins in the genomes. Our systematic screening of the interactions between nosocomial and commensal Efm and Ela on a large scale suggests that, in a clinical setting, nosocomial strains not only have an advantage over commensal strains due to their possession of AMR genes, virulence factors, and resilience but also inhibit the growth of commensal strains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Maria Wagner
- Research group for Host-Microbe Interactions, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Anna Kaarina Pöntinen
- Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Detection of Antimicrobial Resistance, Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, University Hospital of North Norway, 9038 Tromsø, Norway
- Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway
| | - Carolin Kornelia Fenzel
- Research group for Host-Microbe Interactions, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Daniel Engi
- Research group for Host-Microbe Interactions, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Jessin Janice
- Research group for Host-Microbe Interactions, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
- Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Detection of Antimicrobial Resistance, Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, University Hospital of North Norway, 9038 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Ana C Almeida-Santos
- UCIBIO. Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Microbiologia. Faculdade de Farmácia. Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB, Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana P Tedim
- Group for Biomedical Research in Sepsis (BioSepsis), Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Respiratorias (CiberES CB22/06/00035), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana R Freitas
- UCIBIO. Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Microbiologia. Faculdade de Farmácia. Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB, Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- 1H- TOXRUN – One Health Toxicology Research Unit, University Institute of Health Sciences, CESPU, 4584-116 Gandra, Portugal
| | - Luísa Peixe
- UCIBIO. Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Microbiologia. Faculdade de Farmácia. Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB, Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Willem van Schaik
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Mona Johannessen
- Research group for Host-Microbe Interactions, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Kristin Hegstad
- Research group for Host-Microbe Interactions, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
- Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Detection of Antimicrobial Resistance, Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, University Hospital of North Norway, 9038 Tromsø, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Monteiro Marques J, Coelho M, Santana AR, Pinto D, Semedo-Lemsaddek T. Dissemination of Enterococcal Genetic Lineages: A One Health Perspective. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1140. [PMID: 37508236 PMCID: PMC10376465 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12071140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterococcus spp. are commensals of the gastrointestinal tracts of humans and animals and colonize a variety of niches such as water, soil, and food. Over the last three decades, enterococci have evolved as opportunistic pathogens, being considered ESKAPE pathogens responsible for hospital-associated infections. Enterococci's ubiquitous nature, excellent adaptative capacity, and ability to acquire virulence and resistance genes make them excellent sentinel proxies for assessing the presence/spread of pathogenic and virulent clones and hazardous determinants across settings of the human-animal-environment triad, allowing for a more comprehensive analysis of the One Health continuum. This review provides an overview of enterococcal fitness and pathogenic traits; the most common clonal complexes identified in clinical, veterinary, food, and environmental sources; as well as the dissemination of pathogenic genomic traits (virulome, resistome, and mobilome) found in high-risk clones worldwide, across the One Health continuum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joana Monteiro Marques
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health (CIISA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Av. da Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Mariana Coelho
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health (CIISA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Av. da Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Andressa Rodrigues Santana
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health (CIISA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Av. da Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Daniel Pinto
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health (CIISA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Av. da Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Teresa Semedo-Lemsaddek
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health (CIISA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Av. da Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Lee YJ, Jung HR, Yoon S, Lim SK, Lee YJ. Situational analysis on fluoroquinolones use and characterization of high-level ciprofloxacin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis by integrated broiler operations in South Korea. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1158721. [PMID: 37077954 PMCID: PMC10109442 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1158721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Fluoroquinolones are classified as "critically important antimicrobials for human medicine"; however, their extensive use in livestock poses a significant health risk to humans as it leads to the rapid spread of antimicrobial resistance. This study confirmed that 40.0%-71.4% of the farms in three of the five integrated broiler operations were administered ciprofloxacin (CIP). Moreover, preventive purposes (60.9%), veterinarian prescriptions (82.6%), drinking water route (100%), and 1 to 3 days (82.6%) of age were significantly highest (P < 0.05). 194 high-level ciprofloxacin-resistant (HLCR) Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) were found in 65 of 74 farms, and of which, the prevalence of qnrA (63.9%), tetM (60.3%), ermB (64.9%), blaz (38.7%), and catA (34.0%) was significantly highest (P < 0.05). 154 (79.4%) isolates showed MDR, and the distribution of MDR was significantly differences among the operations (P < 0.05). All HLCR E. faecalis possessed double mutations in gyrA and parC, and S83I/S80I (90.7%) mutations were most commonly identified. Interestingly, the distribution of isolates with MICs ≥ 512 for both CIP and moxifloxacin was significantly higher in CIP-administered farms (56.5%) than in non-CIP-administered farms (41.4%) (P < 0.05). Also, the prevalence of strong or moderate biofilm formers in HLCR E. faecalis was significantly higher than that of weak and no biofilm formers (P < 0.05). HLCR E. faecalis were heavily distributed in the broiler farms in Korea; therefore, it is necessary to minimize the prevalence of resistant bacteria via structural management regulations such as cleaning and disinfection of farm environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Jin Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Zoonoses Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Ri Jung
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Zoonoses Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunghyun Yoon
- Division of Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, United States
| | - Suk-Kyung Lim
- Bacterial Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ju Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Zoonoses Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Dos Santos LDR, Furlan JPR, Gallo IFL, Ramos MS, Savazzi EA, Stehling EG. Occurrence of multidrug-resistant Enterococcus faecium isolated from environmental samples. Lett Appl Microbiol 2021; 73:237-246. [PMID: 33966285 DOI: 10.1111/lam.13508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Enterococcus species are present in the microbiota of humans and animals and have also been described in the environment. Among the species, Enterococcus faecium is one of the main pathogens associated with nosocomial infections worldwide. Enterococcus faecium isolates resistant to different classes of antimicrobials have been increasingly reported, including multidrug-resistant (MDR) isolates in environmental sources, which is worrying. Therefore, this study aimed to characterize E. faecium isolates obtained from soil and water samples regarding antimicrobial resistance and virulence determinants. A total 40 E. faecium isolates were recovered from 171 environmental samples. All isolates were classified as MDR, highlighting the resistance to the fluoroquinolones class, linezolid and vancomycin. Furthermore, high-level aminoglycoside resistance and high-level ciprofloxacin resistance were detected in some isolates. Several clinically relevant antimicrobial resistance genes were found, including vanC1, ermB, ermC, mefAE, tetM, tetL, ant(6')-Ia, ant(4')-Ia, aph(3')-IIIa and aac(6')-Ie-aph(2″)-Ia. Three virulence genes were detected among the MDR E. faecium isolates, such as esp, gelE and ace. The results of this study contribute to a better understanding of MDR E. faecium isolates carrying antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes in environmental sources and report for the first time in the world the presence of vanC1-producing E. faecium isolated from soil.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L D R Dos Santos
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - J P R Furlan
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - I F L Gallo
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - M S Ramos
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - E A Savazzi
- Companhia Ambiental do Estado de São Paulo (CETESB), Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - E G Stehling
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Trościańczyk A, Nowakiewicz A, Gnat S, Łagowski D, Osińska M, Chudzik-Rząd B. Comparative study of multidrug-resistant Enterococcus faecium obtained from different hosts. J Med Microbiol 2021; 70. [PMID: 33750516 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction. The possible transfer of antimicrobial resistance genes between Enterococcus faecium isolates from humans and different animal species, including those not covered by monitoring programs (e.g. pet and wildlife), poses a serious threat to public health.Hypothesis/Gap Statement. Little is known about occurrence and mechanisms of phenomenon of multidrug resistance of E. faecium isolated from various host species in Poland.Aim. The aim of the study was to characterize multidrug-resistant E. faecium isolated from humans and animals (livestock, pets and wildlife) in terms of the occurrence of genetic markers determining resistance.Methodology. Bacterial isolates were tested for phenotypic resistance and the presence of genes encoding resistance to macrolides, tetracycline, aminoglycosides, aminocyclitols and phenicols as well as efflux pump (emeA), resolvase (tndX) and integrase (Int-Tn) genes. The quinolone resistance-determining regions of gyrA and parC were sequenced.Results. Human isolates of E. faecium were characterized by high-level resistance to: ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, erythromycin (100 %), as well, as aminoglycosides resistance (kanamycin - 100%, streptomycin - 78 %, gentamicin - 78%). Regardless of the animal species, high level of resistance of E. faecium to tetracycline (from 88-100 %), erythromycin (from 82-94 %) and kanamycin (from 36-100 %) was observed. All E. faecium isolates from wildlife were resistant to fluoroquinolones. However, full susceptibility to vancomycin was observed in all isolates tested. Phenotypic antimicrobial resistance of E. faecium was identified in the presence of the following resistance genes: erm(B) (70%), msr(A) (50 %), tet(L) (35 %), tet(K) (34 %), tet(M) (76 %), aac(6')-Ie-aph(2″)-Ia (25%), ant(6)-Ia (31%), aph(3)-IIIa (68 %), (tndX) (23 %), and integrase gene (Int-Tn) (34 %). A correlation between an amino acid substitution at positions 83 and 87 of gyrA and position 80 of parC and the high-level fluoroquinolone resistance in E. faecium has been observed as well.Conclusion. The level and range of antimicrobial resistance and the panel of resistance determinants is comparable between E. faecium isolates, despite host species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Trościańczyk
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Biological Bases of Animal Diseases, Sub-Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 12, 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Aneta Nowakiewicz
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Biological Bases of Animal Diseases, Sub-Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 12, 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Sebastian Gnat
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Biological Bases of Animal Diseases, Sub-Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 12, 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Dominik Łagowski
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Biological Bases of Animal Diseases, Sub-Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 12, 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Marcelina Osińska
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Biological Bases of Animal Diseases, Sub-Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 12, 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Beata Chudzik-Rząd
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 1, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Werner G, Neumann B, Weber RE, Kresken M, Wendt C, Bender JK. Thirty years of VRE in Germany - "expect the unexpected": The view from the National Reference Centre for Staphylococci and Enterococci. Drug Resist Updat 2020; 53:100732. [PMID: 33189998 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2020.100732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Enterococci are commensals of the intestinal tract of many animals and humans. Of the various known and still unnamed new enterococcal species, only isolates of Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis have received increased medical and public health attention. According to textbook knowledge, the majority of infections are caused by E. faecalis. In recent decades, the number of enterococcal infections has increased, with the increase being exclusively associated with a rising number of nosocomial E. faecium infections. This increase has been accompanied by the dissemination of certain hospital-acquired strain variants and an alarming progress in the development of antibiotic resistance namely vancomycin resistance. With this review we focus on a description of the specific situation of vancomycin resistance among clinical E. faecium isolates in Germany over the past 30 years. The present review describes three VRE episodes in Germany, each of which is framed by the beginning and end of the respective decade. The first episode is specified by the first appearance of VRE in 1990 and a country-wide spread of specific vanA-type VRE strains (ST117/CT24) until the late 1990s. The second decade was initially marked by regional clusters and VRE outbreaks in hospitals in South-Western Germany in 2004 and 2005, mainly caused by vanA-type VRE of ST203. Against the background of a certain "basic level" of VRE prevalence throughout Germany, an early shift from the vanA genotype to the vanB genotype in clinical isolates already occurred at the end of the 2000s without much notice. With the beginning of the third decade in 2010, VRE rates in Germany have permanently increased, first in some federal states and soon after country-wide. Besides an increase in VRE prevalence, this decade was marked by a sharp increase in vanB-type resistance and a dominance of a few, novel strain variants like ST192 and later on ST117 (CT71, CT469) and ST80 (CT1065). The largest VRE outbreak, which involved about 2,900 patients and lasted over three years, was caused by a novel and until that time, unknown strain type of ST80/CT1013 (vanB). Across all periods, VRE outbreaks were mainly oligoclonal and strain types varied over space (hospital wards) and time. The spread of VRE strains obviously respects political borders; for instance, both vancomycin-variable enterococci which were highly prevalent in Denmark and ST796 VRE which successfully disseminated in Australia and Switzerland, were still completely absent among German hospital patients, until to date.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guido Werner
- National Reference Centre for Staphylococci and Enterococci, Division Nosocomial Pathogens and Antibiotic Resistances, Department of Infectious Diseases, Robert Koch Institute, Wernigerode Branch, Germany.
| | - Bernd Neumann
- National Reference Centre for Staphylococci and Enterococci, Division Nosocomial Pathogens and Antibiotic Resistances, Department of Infectious Diseases, Robert Koch Institute, Wernigerode Branch, Germany
| | - Robert E Weber
- National Reference Centre for Staphylococci and Enterococci, Division Nosocomial Pathogens and Antibiotic Resistances, Department of Infectious Diseases, Robert Koch Institute, Wernigerode Branch, Germany
| | | | | | - Jennifer K Bender
- National Reference Centre for Staphylococci and Enterococci, Division Nosocomial Pathogens and Antibiotic Resistances, Department of Infectious Diseases, Robert Koch Institute, Wernigerode Branch, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abbo L, Shukla BS, Giles A, Aragon L, Jimenez A, Camargo JF, Simkins J, Sposato K, Tran TT, Diaz L, Reyes J, Rios R, Carvajal LP, Cardozo J, Ruiz M, Rosello G, Cardona AP, Martinez O, Guerra G, Beduschi T, Vianna R, Arias CA. Linezolid- and Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients: Infection Control and Antimicrobial Stewardship Using Whole Genome Sequencing. Clin Infect Dis 2020; 69:259-265. [PMID: 30339217 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciy903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vancomycin-resistant enterococci are an important cause of healthcare-associated infections and are inherently resistant to many commonly used antibiotics. Linezolid is the only drug currently approved by the US Food and Drug Administration to treat vancomycin-resistant enterococci; however, resistance to this antibiotic appears to be increasing. Although outbreaks of linezolid- and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (LR-VRE) in solid organ transplant recipients remain uncommon, they represent a major challenge for infection control and hospital epidemiology. METHODS We describe a cluster of 4 LR-VRE infections among a group of liver and multivisceral transplant recipients in a single intensive care unit. Failure of treatment with linezolid in 2 cases led to a review of standard clinical laboratory methods for susceptibility determination. Testing by alternative methods including whole genome sequencing (WGS) and a comprehensive outbreak investigation including sampling of staff members and surfaces was performed. RESULTS Review of laboratory testing methods revealed a limitation in the VITEK 2 system with regard to reporting resistance to linezolid. Linezolid resistance in all cases was confirmed by E-test method. The use of WGS identified a resistant subpopulation with the G2376C mutation in the 23S ribosomal RNA. Sampling of staff members' dominant hands as well as sampling of surfaces in the unit identified no contaminated sources for transmission. CONCLUSIONS This cluster of LR-VRE in transplant recipients highlights the possible shortcomings of standard microbiology laboratory methods and underscores the importance of WGS to identify resistance mechanisms that can inform patient care, as well as infection control and antibiotic stewardship measures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lilian Abbo
- Department of Infection Control and Prevention and Antimicrobial Stewardship Program, Jackson Memorial Hospital, Miami, Florida.,Department of Pharmacy Practice, School of Pharmacy, Presbyterian College, Clinton, South Carolina
| | - Bhavarth S Shukla
- Department of Infection Control and Prevention and Antimicrobial Stewardship Program, Jackson Memorial Hospital, Miami, Florida
| | - Amber Giles
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, School of Pharmacy, Presbyterian College, Clinton, South Carolina
| | - Laura Aragon
- Department of Infection Control and Prevention and Antimicrobial Stewardship Program, Jackson Memorial Hospital, Miami, Florida
| | - Adriana Jimenez
- Department of Infection Control and Prevention and Antimicrobial Stewardship Program, Jackson Memorial Hospital, Miami, Florida
| | - Jose F Camargo
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Florida
| | - Jacques Simkins
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Florida
| | - Kathleen Sposato
- Department of Infection Control and Prevention and Antimicrobial Stewardship Program, Jackson Memorial Hospital, Miami, Florida
| | - Truc T Tran
- Center for Antimicrobial Resistance and Microbial Genomics and Division of Infectious Diseases, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Lorena Diaz
- Center for Antimicrobial Resistance and Microbial Genomics and Division of Infectious Diseases, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Bogota, Colombia.,Molecular Genetics and Antimicrobial Resistance Unit, International Center for Microbial Genomics, Universidad El Bosque, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Jinnethe Reyes
- Center for Antimicrobial Resistance and Microbial Genomics and Division of Infectious Diseases, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Bogota, Colombia.,Molecular Genetics and Antimicrobial Resistance Unit, International Center for Microbial Genomics, Universidad El Bosque, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Rafael Rios
- Molecular Genetics and Antimicrobial Resistance Unit, International Center for Microbial Genomics, Universidad El Bosque, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Lina P Carvajal
- Molecular Genetics and Antimicrobial Resistance Unit, International Center for Microbial Genomics, Universidad El Bosque, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Javier Cardozo
- Department of Infection Control and Prevention and Antimicrobial Stewardship Program, Jackson Memorial Hospital, Miami, Florida
| | - Maribel Ruiz
- Department of Infection Control and Prevention and Antimicrobial Stewardship Program, Jackson Memorial Hospital, Miami, Florida
| | - Gemma Rosello
- Department of Infection Control and Prevention and Antimicrobial Stewardship Program, Jackson Memorial Hospital, Miami, Florida
| | - Armando Perez Cardona
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Florida
| | - Octavio Martinez
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Florida
| | - Giselle Guerra
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Florida
| | - Thiago Beduschi
- Division of Liver and Gastrointestinal Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Florida
| | - Rodrigo Vianna
- Division of Liver and Gastrointestinal Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Florida
| | - Cesar A Arias
- Center for Antimicrobial Resistance and Microbial Genomics and Division of Infectious Diseases, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Bogota, Colombia.,Molecular Genetics and Antimicrobial Resistance Unit, International Center for Microbial Genomics, Universidad El Bosque, Bogota, Colombia.,Center for Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Health Science Center School of Public Health, Houston, Texas
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Cui P, Feng L, Zhang L, He J, An T, Fu X, Li C, Zhao X, Zhai Y, Li H, Yan W, Li H, Luo X, Lei C, Wang H, Yang X. Antimicrobial Resistance, Virulence Genes, and Biofilm Formation Capacity Among Enterococcus species From Yaks in Aba Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, China. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1250. [PMID: 32595625 PMCID: PMC7304059 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Yaks provide necessities such as meat and milk for Tibetans living at high altitudes on and around the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Enterococci are ubiquitous members of the animal gut microbiota that can cause biofilm-associated opportunistic infections. Meanwhile, multidrug-resistant Enterococcus also poses a serious threat to public health. This study aims to characterize antibiotic resistance, virulence genes, and biofilm formation of enterococci from yaks. From April 2018 to July 2019, we collected 395 fecal samples of yaks in Aba Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, China. Enterococci isolated from the samples were identified and classified according to the 16S rDNA sequence. The antibiotic resistance of each isolate was detected according to the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method, and antibiotic resistance genes were detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing. Enterococcal biofilms were assessed using standard procedures. Different virulence genes were detected by PCR and sequencing. In total, 381 enterococci strains were recovered, with Enterococcus faecalis (41.99%) and Enterococcus faecium (37.80%) being the predominant species. Many isolates were multidrug- resistant (60.37%) and showed a high resistance rate to rifampicin (64.30%) and tetracycline (61.54%). We also detected various antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes in the tested strains. The E. faecalis strains had higher frequency of biofilm formation and virulence genes than other enterococcal species. This is the first report that shows yaks are repositories for drug-resistant enterococci with virulent determinants and biofilms that may spread into humans and to environment. This study also provides useful data suggesting that enterococci may pose a potential health risk to yaks. Therefore, active surveillance of AMR and pathogenesis in enterococci from yaks is urgently warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Cui
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lan Feng
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lan Zhang
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Juan He
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tianwu An
- Sichuan Academy of Grassland Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Xue Fu
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Cui Li
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaodong Zhao
- Sichuan Academy of Grassland Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Yaru Zhai
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hao Li
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenjun Yan
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Huade Li
- Sichuan Academy of Grassland Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaolin Luo
- Sichuan Academy of Grassland Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Changwei Lei
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hongning Wang
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xin Yang
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Noh EB, Kim YB, Seo KW, Son SH, Ha JS, Lee YJ. Antimicrobial resistance monitoring of commensal Enterococcus faecalis in broiler breeders. Poult Sci 2020; 99:2675-2683. [PMID: 32359604 PMCID: PMC7597544 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) has rapidly acquired resistance to multiple antimicrobials, and the antimicrobial resistance of E. faecalis from broiler breeders has been implicated in its vertical transmission to their offspring. The objective of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial resistance and genetic diversity of commensal E. faecalis isolated from the broiler breeder farms. Among a total of 229 E. faecalis isolates from 9 broiler breeder farms, the highest resistance rate was observed in tetracycline (78.2%), followed by doxycycline (58.1%) and erythromycin (43.7%), and the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance showed significant differences among the 9 broiler breeder farms (P < 0.05). The tetM gene (77.1%) and ermB gene (85.0%) were detected at the highest levels in 179 TE-and 100 E-resistant isolates, respectively. Twenty-four high-level gentamicin-resistant isolates carried aac(6″)Ie-aph(2″)-la gene, and 9 high-level ciprofloxacin-resistant isolates showed point mutations in both gyrA and parC genes. All high-level gentamicin-resistant or high-level ciprofloxacin-resistant isolates showed one of the two different virulence gene patterns, ace-asa1-efaA-gelE complex or ace-efaA-gelE complex. These results indicate that constant epidemiological monitoring at the breeder level is required to prevent the pyramidal transmission of antimicrobial-resistant E. faecalis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eun Bi Noh
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Zoonoses Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeong Bin Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Zoonoses Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Won Seo
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Zoonoses Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea; Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State 39762, USA
| | - Se Hyun Son
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Zoonoses Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Su Ha
- Samhwa GPS Breeding Agri. Inc., Hongseong 32291, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ju Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Zoonoses Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Esfahani S, Ahmadrajabi R, Mollaei H, Saffari F. Co-Incidence of Type II Topoisomerase Mutations and Efflux Expression in High Fluoroquinolone Resistant Enterococcus faecalis Isolated from Urinary Tract Infections. Infect Drug Resist 2020; 13:553-559. [PMID: 32110065 PMCID: PMC7035903 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s237299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Enterococcus faecalis is one of the most common pathogens in urinary tract infections (UTIs). Fluoroquinolones have been frequently used to treat E. faecalis UTIs, and the emergence of fluoroquinolone-resistant E. faecalis strains has recently been reported in several countries. This study aimed to elucidate the mechanisms involved in fluoroquinolone resistance in clinical E. faecalis isolates by analyzing mutations in quinolone- resistance-determining regions (QRDRs) of gyrA and parC and investigating the role of some efflux pumps. Methods In total, 70 clinical E. faecalis isolates collected from UTIs were identified by phenotypic and genotypic methods. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed and multidrug-resistant (including ciprofloxacin resistant) isolates were studied for minimum inhibitory concentrations to ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, and ofloxacin. In the following, mutations in QRDRs of gyrA and parC and expression of EfrA, EfrB, and EmeA efflux pumps were investigated in 20 high-level ciprofloxacin resistant and two ciprofloxacin susceptible isolates. Results High-level resistance to ciprofloxacin was detected in 97.5% of isolates. Sequencing of QRDRs revealed that 65% and 75% of isolates carried mutations in gyrA and parC, respectively. The presence of efflux genes was detected in all studied isolates, but expression of efrA, emeA, and efrB was demonstrated in 50%, 40%, and 30% of resistant isolates, respectively. Neither QRDR mutation nor the expression of efflux genes showed any significant association with MIC. Conclusion Co-incidence of mutation and efflux gene expression in more than half of isolates (13/20) suggests that both mechanisms may play a role in fluoroquinolone resistance. The other unknown mechanisms including different efflux pumps and probably other QRDRs mutations may contribute to fluoroquinolone resistance in E. faecalis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarvenaz Esfahani
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Roya Ahmadrajabi
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Hamidreza Mollaei
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Fereshteh Saffari
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Kim YB, Seo KW, Shim JB, Son SH, Noh EB, Lee YJ. Molecular characterization of antimicrobial-resistant Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium isolated from layer parent stock. Poult Sci 2020; 98:5892-5899. [PMID: 31180127 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) and Enterococcus faecium (E. faecium) are ubiquitous intestinal bacteria in humans and animals that can easily acquire antimicrobial resistance, which allows them to have roles as antimicrobial resistance indicators. In addition, layer parent stock produces thousands of eggs for the production of commercial laying hens and can transfer a variety of viral and bacterial agents to chicks. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence and characteristics of antimicrobial-resistant E. faecalis and E. faecium isolated in the layer parent stock level of the egg-layer operating system in South Korea. A total of 129 E. faecalis and 166 E. faecium isolates from 74 flocks of 30 layer parent stock were tested for resistance in this study. The prevalence of doxycycline- (51.9%), erythromycin- (53.5%), high-level gentamicin- (13.2%), high-level kanamycin- (31.0%), high-level streptomycin- (30.2%), and tetracycline- (64.3%) resistant E. faecalis isolates were higher than those for E. faecium isolates (P < 0.05). The ermB gene was detected in 66 (95.7%) erythromycin-resistant E. faecalis isolates, which was higher than that of 32 (71.7%) erythromycin-resistant E. faecium isolates. Twenty-one high-level gentamicin-resistant Enterococcus spp. (17 E. faecalis and 4 E. faecium) carried at least one aminoglycoside-modifying enzyme gene, aac(6')Ie-aph(2')-Ia or ant(6)-Ia. Fourteen isolates that harbored both aac(6')Ie-aph(2')-Ia and ant(6)-Ia exhibited pattern A with IS256 at both ends. Ten high-level ciprofloxacin-resistant Enterococcus spp. (8 E. faecalis and 2 E. faecium) showed amino acid changes from serine to isoleucine at codons 83 in gyrA, and 80 in parC. Also, the virulence genes ace, asa1, efaA, and gelE were detected in this study. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to examine the prevalence and characteristics of antimicrobial-resistant E. faecalis and E. faecium isolates in the layer parent stock. Our findings support the need for a surveillance program to monitor the emergence of antimicrobial-resistant E. faecalis and E. faecium in layer operating system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yeong Bin Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Zoonoses Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Won Seo
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Zoonoses Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Bo Shim
- Korean Poultry TS Co., Ltd., Incheon 17415, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Hyun Son
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Zoonoses Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Bi Noh
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Zoonoses Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ju Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Zoonoses Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Neveling DP, Ahire JJ, Laubscher W, Rautenbach M, Dicks LMT. Genetic and Phenotypic Characteristics of a Multi-strain Probiotic for Broilers. Curr Microbiol 2019; 77:369-387. [PMID: 31832841 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-019-01797-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Bacteria isolated from different segments of the gastro-intestinal tract (GIT) of healthy free-range broilers were screened for probiotic properties. Six strains were selected and identified as Lactobacillus gallinarum, Lactobacillus johnsonii, Lactobacillus salivarius, Lactobacillus crispatus, Enterococcus faecalis and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens based on 16S rRNA, gyrB and recA gene sequence analyses. All six strains produced exopolysaccharides (EPS) and formed biofilms under conditions simulating the broiler GIT. Lactobacillus johnsonii DPN184 and L. salivarius DPN181 produced hydrogen peroxide, and L. crispatus DPN167 and E. faecalis DPN94 produced bile salt hydrolase (BSH) and phytase. Bacillus amyloliquefaciens DPN123 produced phytase, amylase, surfactin and iturin A1. No abnormalities were observed when broilers were fed the multi-strain combination, suggesting that it could be used as a probiotic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deon P Neveling
- Department of Microbiology, University of Stellenbosch, Matieland, Stellenbosch, 7602, South Africa
| | - Jayesh J Ahire
- Department of Microbiology, University of Stellenbosch, Matieland, Stellenbosch, 7602, South Africa
| | - Wikus Laubscher
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Marina Rautenbach
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Leon M T Dicks
- Department of Microbiology, University of Stellenbosch, Matieland, Stellenbosch, 7602, South Africa.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Gouliouris T, Raven KE, Moradigaravand D, Ludden C, Coll F, Blane B, Naydenova P, Horner C, Brown NM, Corander J, Limmathurotsakul D, Parkhill J, Peacock SJ. Detection of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium hospital-adapted lineages in municipal wastewater treatment plants indicates widespread distribution and release into the environment. Genome Res 2019; 29:626-634. [PMID: 30898881 PMCID: PMC6442392 DOI: 10.1101/gr.232629.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VREfm) is a leading cause of healthcare-associated infection. Reservoirs of VREfm are largely assumed to be nosocomial although there is a paucity of data on alternative sources. Here, we describe an integrated epidemiological and genomic analysis of E. faecium associated with bloodstream infection and isolated from wastewater. Treated and untreated wastewater from 20 municipal treatment plants in the East of England, United Kingdom was obtained and cultured to isolate E. faecium, ampicillin-resistant E. faecium (AREfm), and VREfm. VREfm was isolated from all 20 treatment plants and was released into the environment by 17/20 plants, the exceptions using terminal ultraviolet light disinfection. Median log10 counts of AREfm and VREfm in untreated wastewater from 10 plants in direct receipt of hospital sewage were significantly higher than 10 plants that were not. We sequenced and compared the genomes of 423 isolates from wastewater with 187 isolates associated with bloodstream infection at five hospitals in the East of England. Among 481 E. faecium isolates belonging to the hospital-adapted clade, we observed genetic intermixing between wastewater and bloodstream infection, with highly related isolates shared between a major teaching hospital in the East of England and 9/20 plants. We detected 28 antibiotic resistance genes in the hospital-adapted clade, of which 23 were represented in bloodstream, hospital sewage, and municipal wastewater isolates. We conclude that our findings are consistent with widespread distribution of hospital-adapted VREfm beyond acute healthcare settings with extensive release of VREfm into the environment in the East of England.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Theodore Gouliouris
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom.,Public Health England, Clinical Microbiology and Public Health Laboratory, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QW, United Kingdom
| | - Kathy E Raven
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | | | - Catherine Ludden
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom
| | - Francesc Coll
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom
| | - Beth Blane
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Plamena Naydenova
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Carolyne Horner
- British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, Birmingham B1 3NJ, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas M Brown
- Public Health England, Clinical Microbiology and Public Health Laboratory, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QW, United Kingdom
| | - Jukka Corander
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom.,Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway
| | - Direk Limmathurotsakul
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Julian Parkhill
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Sharon J Peacock
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom.,Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom.,London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Hejazi MA, Ghafouri‐Fard S, Eslami S, Afshar D, Barzegari A, Khorshidian N. Polyphasic characterization ofEnterococcusstrains isolated from traditional Moghan cheese in Iran. J Food Saf 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/jfs.12631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Amin Hejazi
- Department of Food Biotechnology, Branch for Northwest & West regionAgricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO) Tabriz Iran
| | - Soudeh Ghafouri‐Fard
- Department of Medical GeneticsShahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Solat Eslami
- Dietary Supplements and Probiotic Research CenterAlborz University of Medical Sciences Karaj Iran
| | - Davoud Afshar
- Department of Microbiology and VirologyFaculty of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences Zanjan Iran
| | - Abolfazl Barzegari
- Research Center of Pharmaceutical NanotechnologyBiomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
| | - Nasim Khorshidian
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology Research Institute, Student research committeeShahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Kim YB, Seo HJ, Seo KW, Jeon HY, Kim DK, Kim SW, Lim SK, Lee YJ. Characteristics of High-Level Ciprofloxacin-Resistant Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium from Retail Chicken Meat in Korea. J Food Prot 2018; 81:1357-1363. [PMID: 30015506 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-18-046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Genes encoding ciprofloxacin resistance in enterococci in animals may be transferred to bacteria in the animal gut and to zoonotic bacteria where they could pose a human health hazard. The objective of this study was to characterize antimicrobial resistance in high-level ciprofloxacin-resistant (HLCR) Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium isolated from retail chicken meat. A total of 345 enterococci (335 E. faecalis and 10 E. faecium) were isolated from 200 chicken meat samples. Of these, 85 E. faecalis isolates and 1 E. faecium isolate were confirmed as HLCR enterococci. All 86 HLCR enterococci displayed gyrA- parC point mutations consisting of S83I-S80I (94.2%, 81 isolates), S83F-S80I (2.3%, 2 isolates), S83Y-S80I (2.3%, 2 isolates), and S83Y-S80F (1.2%, 1 isolate). Sixty-one (72.9%) of the 86 HLCR enterococci showed multidrug resistance to three to six classes of antimicrobial agents. Multilocus sequence typing revealed that E. faecalis had 17 different sequence types (ST) and E. faecium had 1 different ST, with ST256 observed most often (44 isolates, 51.8%). Although these results cannot exclude the possibility that pathotypes of enterococci isolated from chicken might represent transmission to or from humans, the foodborne HLCR E. faecalis indicated that the food chain is a potential route of enterococcal infection in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yeong Bin Kim
- 1 College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea (ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4754-0931 [Y.B.K.]); and
| | - Hyun Joo Seo
- 1 College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea (ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4754-0931 [Y.B.K.]); and
| | - Kwang Won Seo
- 1 College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea (ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4754-0931 [Y.B.K.]); and
| | - Hye Young Jeon
- 1 College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea (ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4754-0931 [Y.B.K.]); and
| | - Dong Kyu Kim
- 1 College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea (ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4754-0931 [Y.B.K.]); and
| | - Shin Woo Kim
- 1 College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea (ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4754-0931 [Y.B.K.]); and
| | - Suk-Kyung Lim
- 2 Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ju Lee
- 1 College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea (ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4754-0931 [Y.B.K.]); and
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Ibacache-Quiroga C, Oliveros JC, Couce A, Blázquez J. Parallel Evolution of High-Level Aminoglycoside Resistance in Escherichia coli Under Low and High Mutation Supply Rates. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:427. [PMID: 29615988 PMCID: PMC5867336 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance is a major concern in public health worldwide, thus there is much interest in characterizing the mutational pathways through which susceptible bacteria evolve resistance. Here we use experimental evolution to explore the mutational pathways toward aminoglycoside resistance, using gentamicin as a model, under low and high mutation supply rates. Our results show that both normo and hypermutable strains of Escherichia coli are able to develop resistance to drug dosages > 1,000-fold higher than the minimal inhibitory concentration for their ancestors. Interestingly, such level of resistance was often associated with changes in susceptibility to other antibiotics, most prominently with increased resistance to fosfomycin. Whole-genome sequencing revealed that all resistant derivatives presented diverse mutations in five common genetic elements: fhuA, fusA and the atpIBEFHAGDC, cyoABCDE, and potABCD operons. Despite the large number of mutations acquired, hypermutable strains did not pay, apparently, fitness cost. In contrast to recent studies, we found that the mutation supply rate mainly affected the speed (tempo) but not the pattern (mode) of evolution: both backgrounds acquired the mutations in the same order, although the hypermutator strain did it faster. This observation is compatible with the adaptive landscape for high-level gentamicin resistance being relatively smooth, with few local maxima; which might be a common feature among antibiotics for which resistance involves multiple loci.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Ibacache-Quiroga
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Micro-Bioinnovación, Escuela de Nutrición y Dietética, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | | | - Alejandro Couce
- Unité Mixte de Recherche 1137, Infection, Antimicrobiens, Modélisation, Evolution, INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Jesus Blázquez
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Madrid, Spain.,Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Microbiología y Medicina Preventiva, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Urushibara N, Suzaki K, Kawaguchiya M, Aung MS, Shinagawa M, Takahashi S, Kobayashi N. Contribution of Type II Topoisomerase Mutations to Fluoroquinolone Resistance inEnterococcus faeciumfrom Japanese Clinical Setting. Microb Drug Resist 2018; 24:1-7. [DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2016.0328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Urushibara
- Department of Hygiene, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Keisuke Suzaki
- Department of Hygiene, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Mitsuyo Kawaguchiya
- Department of Hygiene, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Meiji Soe Aung
- Department of Hygiene, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Masaaki Shinagawa
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, Sapporo Medical University Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Takahashi
- Department of Infection Control and Laboratory Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Nobumichi Kobayashi
- Department of Hygiene, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Oravcova V, Mihalcin M, Zakova J, Pospisilova L, Masarikova M, Literak I. Vancomycin-resistant enterococci with vanA gene in treated municipal wastewater and their association with human hospital strains. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 609:633-643. [PMID: 28763660 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.07.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) are pathogens of increasing medical importance. In Brno, Czech Republic, we collected 37 samples from the effluent of a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP), 21 surface swabs from hospital settings, and 59 fecal samples from hospitalized patients and staff. Moreover, we collected 284 gull cloacal swabs from the colony situated 35km downstream the WWTP. Samples were cultured selectively. Enterococci were identified using MALDI-TOF MS, phenotypically tested for susceptibility to antibiotics, and by PCR for occurrence of resistance and virulence genes. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) were used to examine genotypic diversity. VRE carrying the vanA gene were found in 32 (86%, n=37) wastewater samples, from which we obtained 49 isolates: Enterococcus faecium (44) and Enterococcus gallinarum (2), Enterococcus casseliflavus (2), and Enterococcus raffinosus (1). From 33 (69%) of 48 inpatient stool samples, we obtained 39 vanA-carrying VRE, which belonged to E. faecium (33 isolates), Enterococcus faecalis (4), and Enterococcus raffinosus (2). Nearly one-third of the samples from hospital surfaces contained VRE with the vanA gene. VRE were not detected among gulls. Sixty-seven (84%, n=80) E. faecium isolates carried virulence genes hyl and/or esp. Virulence of E. faecalis was encoded by gelE, asa1, and cylA genes. A majority of the E. faecium isolates belonged to the clinically important sequence types ST17 (WWTP: 10 isolates; hospital: 4 isolates), ST18 (9;8), and ST78 (5;0). The remaining isolates belonged to ST555 (2;0), ST262 (1;6), ST273 (3;0), ST275 (1;0), ST549 (2;0), ST19 (0;1), ST323 (3;0), and ST884 (7;17). Clinically important enterococci carrying the vanA gene were almost continually detectable in the effluent of the WWTP, indicating insufficient removal of VRE during wastewater treatment and permanent shedding of these antibiotic resistant pathogens into the environment from this source. This represents a risk of their transmission to the environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Oravcova
- Department of Biology and Wildlife Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic; CEITEC VFU, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Matus Mihalcin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic; Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Zakova
- Department of Biology and Wildlife Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Pospisilova
- Department of Biology and Wildlife Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Masarikova
- CEITEC VFU, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ivan Literak
- Department of Biology and Wildlife Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic; CEITEC VFU, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Fuzi M, Szabo D, Csercsik R. Double-Serine Fluoroquinolone Resistance Mutations Advance Major International Clones and Lineages of Various Multi-Drug Resistant Bacteria. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:2261. [PMID: 29250038 PMCID: PMC5715326 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The major international sequence types/lineages of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae and ESBL-producing E. coli were demonstrated to have been advanced by favorable fitness balance associated with high-level resistance to fluoroquinolones. The paper shows that favorable fitness in the major STs/lineages of these pathogens was principally attained by the capacity of evolving mutations in the fluoroquinolone-binding serine residues of both the DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV enzymes. The available information on fitness balance incurred by individual and various combinations of mutations in the enzymes is reviewed in multiple species. Moreover, strong circumstantial evidence is presented that major STs/lineages of other multi-drug resistant bacteria, primarily vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VRE), emerged by a similar mechanism. The reason(s) why the major ST/lineage strains of various pathogens proved more adept at evolving favorable mutations than most isolates of the same species remains to be elucidated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miklos Fuzi
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dora Szabo
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Rita Csercsik
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Kim MC, Woo GJ. Characterization of antimicrobial resistance and quinolone resistance factors in high-level ciprofloxacin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium isolates obtained from fresh produce and fecal samples of patients. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2017; 97:2858-2864. [PMID: 27790716 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.8115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Revised: 10/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The emergence of fluoroquinolone-resistant enterococci is worldwide. Antimicrobial resistance was characterized and the effect of quinolone-resistance factors was analyzed in high-level ciprofloxacin-resistant (HLCR) Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium isolated from fresh produce and fecal samples of patients. RESULTS Among the 81 ciprofloxacin-resistant Enterococcus isolates, 46 showed high levels of ciprofloxacin resistance, resistance to other quinolone antibiotics, and multidrug resistance profiles. The virulence factors esp and hyl were identified in 27 (58.7%) and 25 (54.3%) of isolates, respectively. Sequence type analysis showed that 35 strains of HLCR E. faecium were clonal complex 17. Eleven strains of HLCR E. faecalis were confirmed as sequence type (ST) 28, ST 64 and ST 125. Quinolone resistance-determining region mutation was identified in HLCR Enterococcus isolates; with serine being changed in gyrA83, gyrA87 and parC80. This result shows that gyrA and parC mutations could be important factors for high-level resistance to fluoroquinolones. CONCLUSION No significant differences were observed in antimicrobial resistance patterns and genetic characteristics among the isolates from fresh produce and fecal samples. Therefore, good agricultural practices in farming and continuous monitoring of patients, food and the environment for Enterococcus spp. should be performed to prevent antimicrobial resistance and enable reduction of resistance rates. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min-Chan Kim
- Laboratory of Food Safety and Evaluation, Department of Biotechnology, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Gun-Jo Woo
- Laboratory of Food Safety and Evaluation, Department of Biotechnology, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Plotnikava D, Sidarenka A, Novik G. Antibiotic resistance in lactococci and enterococci: phenotypic and molecular-genetic aspects. THE EUROBIOTECH JOURNAL 2017. [DOI: 10.24190/issn2564-615x/2017/01.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Extensive use of antibiotics in medicine, veterinary practice and animal husbandry has promoted the development and dissemination of bacterial drug resistance. The number of resistant pathogens causing common infectious diseases increases rapidly and creates worldwide public health problem. Commensal bacteria, including lactic acid bacteria of genera Enterococcus and Lactococcus colonizing gastrointestinal and urogenital tracts of humans and animals may act as vehicles of antibiotic resistance genes similar to those found in pathogens. Lactococci and enterococci are widely used in manufacturing of fermented products and as probiotics, therefore monitoring and control of transmissible antibiotic resistance determinants in industrial strains of these microorganisms is necessary to approve their Qualified Presumption of Safety status. Understanding the nature and molecular mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in enterococci and lactococci is essential, as intrinsic resistant bacteria pose no threat to environment and human health in contrast to bacteria with resistance acquired through horizontal transfer of resistance genes. The review summarizes current knowledge concerning intrinsic and acquired antibiotic resistance in Lactococcus and Enterococcus genera, and discusses role of enterococci and lactococci in distribution of this feature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danuta Plotnikava
- Institute of Microbiology, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Kuprevich Street 2, 220141 Minsk , Belarus
| | - Anastasiya Sidarenka
- Institute of Microbiology, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Kuprevich Street 2, 220141 Minsk , Belarus
| | - Galina Novik
- Institute of Microbiology, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Kuprevich Street 2, 220141 Minsk , Belarus
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Efstratiou A, Lamagni T, Turner CE. Streptococci and Enterococci. Infect Dis (Lond) 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-7020-6285-8.00177-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
|
25
|
Raven KE, Reuter S, Reynolds R, Brodrick HJ, Russell JE, Török ME, Parkhill J, Peacock SJ. A decade of genomic history for healthcare-associated Enterococcus faecium in the United Kingdom and Ireland. Genome Res 2016; 26:1388-1396. [PMID: 27527616 PMCID: PMC5052055 DOI: 10.1101/gr.204024.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VREfm) is an important cause of healthcare-associated infections worldwide. We undertook whole-genome sequencing (WGS) of 495 E. faecium bloodstream isolates from 2001-2011 in the United Kingdom and Ireland (UK&I) and 11 E. faecium isolates from a reference collection. Comparison between WGS and multilocus sequence typing (MLST) identified major discrepancies for 17% of isolates, with multiple instances of the same sequence type (ST) being located in genetically distant positions in the WGS tree. This confirms that WGS is superior to MLST for evolutionary analyses and is more accurate than current typing methods used during outbreak investigations. E. faecium has been categorized as belonging to three clades (Clades A1, hospital-associated; A2, animal-associated; and B, community-associated). Phylogenetic analysis of our isolates replicated the distinction between Clade A (97% of isolates) and Clade B but did not support the subdivision of Clade A into Clade A1 and A2. Phylogeographic analyses revealed that Clade A had been introduced multiple times into each hospital referral network or country, indicating frequent movement of E. faecium between regions that rarely share hospital patients. Numerous genetic clusters contained highly related vanA-positive and -negative E. faecium, which implies that control of vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) in hospitals also requires consideration of vancomycin-susceptible E. faecium Our findings reveal the evolution and dissemination of hospital-associated E. faecium in the UK&I and provide evidence for WGS as an instrument for infection control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathy E Raven
- University of Cambridge, Department of Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Sandra Reuter
- University of Cambridge, Department of Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom; The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Rosy Reynolds
- British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, Birmingham B1 3NJ, United Kingdom; North Bristol NHS Trust, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, BS10 5NB, United Kingdom
| | - Hayley J Brodrick
- University of Cambridge, Department of Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Julie E Russell
- Culture Collections, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, United Kingdom
| | - M Estée Török
- University of Cambridge, Department of Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom; Public Health England, Clinical Microbiology and Public Health Laboratory, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom; Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Julian Parkhill
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Sharon J Peacock
- University of Cambridge, Department of Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom; The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom; Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Montealegre MC, Singh KV, Murray BE. Gastrointestinal Tract Colonization Dynamics by Different Enterococcus faecium Clades. J Infect Dis 2016; 213:1914-22. [PMID: 26671890 PMCID: PMC4878718 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiv597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Colonization of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) generally precedes infection with antibiotic-resistant Enterococcus faecium We used a mouse GIT colonization model to test differences in the colonization levels by strains from different E. faecium lineages: clade B, part of the healthy human microbiota; subclade A1, associated with infections; and subclade A2, primarily associated with animals. After mono-inoculation, there was no significant difference in colonization (measured as the geometric mean number of colony-forming units per gram) by the E. faecium clades at any time point (P > .05). However, in competition assays, with 6 of the 7 pairs, clade B strains outcompeted clade A strains in their ability to persist in the GIT; this difference was significant in some pairs by day 2 and in all pairs by day 14 (P < .0008-.0283). This observation may explain the predominance of clade B in the community and why antibiotic-resistant hospital-associated E. faecium are often replaced by clade B strains once patients leave the hospital.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Camila Montealegre
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases Center for the Study of Emerging and Re-emerging Pathogens Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston
| | - Kavindra V Singh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases Center for the Study of Emerging and Re-emerging Pathogens
| | - Barbara E Murray
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases Center for the Study of Emerging and Re-emerging Pathogens Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
References. Antibiotics (Basel) 2015. [DOI: 10.1128/9781555819316.refs] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
|
28
|
Yao J, Shang K, Huang J, Ran W, Kashif J, Wang L. Overexpression of an ABC transporter and mutations of GyrA, GyrB, and ParC in contributing to high-level ciprofloxacin resistance in Streptococcus suis type 2. Biosci Trends 2014; 8:84-92. [PMID: 24815385 DOI: 10.5582/bst.8.84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus suis is a pathogen of zoonotic diseases. Moreover, the emergence of fluoro-quinolones (FQs) resistance in this pathogen has severe consequences for pigs and human health. In this study, the molecular mechanism of FQs resistance in S. suis type 2 (SS2) sensitive strains isolated from pigs was assessed after in vitro induction of resistance against the most frequently used FQs: ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, and enrofloxacin. Proteome analysis, sequencing and real-time RT-PCR results strongly established an overexpression of an ABC transporter protein (other than SatAB) and topoisomerase mutations in GyrA (Ser81Arg), GyrB (Glu354Lys), and ParC (Ser79Phe) in contributing to high level ciprofloxacin resistance in SS2. Due to the overexpression of the ABC transporter, intracellular ciprofloxacin concentrations were significantly lower in the resistant strains than those of sensitive strains after 20, 35, and 60 min exposures to ciprofloxacin (p < 0.05). It was concluded that improper use of FQs is one of the main causes of the emergence of this zoonotic pathogen as a multiresistant organism against commonly used antibiotics. The existence of an efflux-like protein is an incentive to find new drug targets to avoid the spread of FQs-resistant S. suis isolates in pigs and the human population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Sivertsen A, Billström H, Melefors Ö, Liljequist BO, Wisell KT, Ullberg M, Özenci V, Sundsfjord A, Hegstad K. A multicentre hospital outbreak in Sweden caused by introduction of a vanB2 transposon into a stably maintained pRUM-plasmid in an Enterococcus faecium ST192 clone. PLoS One 2014; 9:e103274. [PMID: 25153894 PMCID: PMC4143159 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The clonal dissemination of VanB-type vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VREfm) strains in three Swedish hospitals between 2007 and 2011 prompted further analysis to reveal the possible origin and molecular characteristics of the outbreak strain. A representative subset of VREfm isolates (n = 18) and vancomycin-susceptible E. faecium (VSEfm, n = 2) reflecting the spread in time and location was approached by an array of methods including: selective whole genome sequencing (WGS; n = 3), multi locus sequence typing (MLST), antimicrobial susceptibility testing, virulence gene profiling, identification of mobile genetic elements conferring glycopeptide resistance and their ability to support glycopeptide resistance transfer. In addition, a single VREfm strain with an unrelated PFGE pattern collected prior to the outbreak was examined by WGS. MLST revealed a predominance of ST192, belonging to a hospital adapted high-risk lineage harbouring several known virulence determinants (n≥10). The VREfm outbreak strain was resistant to ampicillin, gentamicin, ciprofloxacin and vancomycin, and susceptible to teicoplanin. Consistently, a vanB2-subtype as part of Tn1549/Tn5382 with a unique genetic signature was identified in the VREfm outbreak strains. Moreover, Southern blot hybridisation analyses of PFGE separated S1 nuclease-restricted total DNAs and filter mating experiments showed that vanB2-Tn1549/Tn5382 was located in a 70-kb sized rep17/pRUM plasmid readily transferable between E. faecium. This plasmid contained an axe-txe toxin-antitoxin module associated with stable maintenance. The two clonally related VSEfm harboured a 40 kb rep17/pRUM plasmid absent of the 30 kb vanB2-Tn1549/Tn5382 gene complex. Otherwise, these two isolates were similar to the VREfm outbreak strain in virulence- and resistance profile. In conclusion, our observations support that the origin of the multicentre outbreak was caused by an introduction of vanB2-Tn1549/Tn5382 into a rep17/pRUM plasmid harboured in a pre-existing high-risk E. faecium ST192 clone. The subsequent dissemination of VREfm to other centres was primarily caused by clonal spread rather than plasmid transfer to pre-existing high-risk clones.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Audun Sivertsen
- Research group for Host-Microbe Interactions, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø – The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Hanna Billström
- Unit for antibiotics and infection control, the Public Health Agency of Sweden, Solna, Sweden
| | - Öjar Melefors
- Unit for antibiotics and infection control, the Public Health Agency of Sweden, Solna, Sweden
| | | | - Karin Tegmark Wisell
- Unit for antibiotics and infection control, the Public Health Agency of Sweden, Solna, Sweden
| | - Måns Ullberg
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Volkan Özenci
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Arnfinn Sundsfjord
- Research group for Host-Microbe Interactions, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø – The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Detection of Antimicrobial Resistance, Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, University Hospital of North-Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Kristin Hegstad
- Research group for Host-Microbe Interactions, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø – The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Detection of Antimicrobial Resistance, Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, University Hospital of North-Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Insufficient discriminatory power of MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry for typing of Enterococcus faecium and Staphylococcus aureus isolates. J Microbiol Methods 2014; 100:58-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2014.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Revised: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
31
|
Cattoir V, Giard JC. Antibiotic resistance inEnterococcus faeciumclinical isolates. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2014; 12:239-48. [DOI: 10.1586/14787210.2014.870886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
32
|
Tremblay CL, Charlebois A, Masson L, Archambault M. Characterization of hospital-associated lineages of ampicillin-resistant Enterococcus faecium from clinical cases in dogs and humans. Front Microbiol 2013; 4:245. [PMID: 23986753 PMCID: PMC3750202 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2013.00245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ampicillin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (ARE) has rapidly emerged worldwide and is one of the most important nosocomial pathogens. However, very few reports are available on ARE isolates from canine clinical cases. The objective of this study was to characterize ARE strains of canine clinical origin from a veterinary teaching hospital in Canada and to compare them with human strains. Ten ARE strains from dogs and humans were characterized by multilocus sequence typing (MLST), pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), antibiotic susceptibility and biofilm activities, presence of rep-families, CRISPR-cas and putative virulence genes. All ARE strains (n = 10) were resistant to ciprofloxacin and lincomycin. Resistances to tetracycline (n = 6), macrolides (n = 6), and to high concentrations of gentamicin, kanamycin and streptomycin (n = 5) were also observed. Canine ARE isolates were found to be susceptible to vancomycin whereas resistance to this antibiotic was observed in human strains. Ampicillin resistance was linked to PBP5 showing mutations at 25 amino acid positions. Fluoroquinolone resistance was attributable to ParC, GyrA, and GyrB mutations. Data demonstrated that all canine ARE were acm (collagen binding protein)-positive and that most harbored the efaAfm gene, encoding for a cell wall adhesin. Biofilm formation was observed in two human strains but not in canine strains. Two to five rep-families were observed per strain but no CRISPR sequences were found. A total of six STs (1, 18, 65, 202, 205, and 803) were found with one belonging to a new ST (ST803). These STs were identical or closely related to human hospital-associated lineages. This report describes for the first time the characterization of canine ARE hospital-associated strains in Canada and also supports the importance of prudent antibiotic use in veterinary medicine to avoid zoonotic spread of canine ARE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cindy-Love Tremblay
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, CRIPA Research Group Quebec, QC, Canada
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Cha J, Yoo J, Kim H, Kim H, Yoo J, Lee Y, Jung Y. Diversity of Tn1546
in vanA
-positive Enterococcus faecium
clinical isolates with VanA, VanB, and VanD phenotypes and susceptibility to vancomycin. J Appl Microbiol 2013; 115:969-76. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.12300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2013] [Revised: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J.O. Cha
- Division of Antimicrobial Resistance; Center for Infectious Disease Research; National Institute of Health; Chungcheongbuk-do Republic of Korea
| | - J.I. Yoo
- Division of Antimicrobial Resistance; Center for Infectious Disease Research; National Institute of Health; Chungcheongbuk-do Republic of Korea
| | - H.K. Kim
- Division of Antimicrobial Resistance; Center for Infectious Disease Research; National Institute of Health; Chungcheongbuk-do Republic of Korea
| | - H.S. Kim
- Division of Antimicrobial Resistance; Center for Infectious Disease Research; National Institute of Health; Chungcheongbuk-do Republic of Korea
| | - J.S. Yoo
- Division of Antimicrobial Resistance; Center for Infectious Disease Research; National Institute of Health; Chungcheongbuk-do Republic of Korea
| | - Y.S. Lee
- Division of Antimicrobial Resistance; Center for Infectious Disease Research; National Institute of Health; Chungcheongbuk-do Republic of Korea
| | - Y.H. Jung
- Division of Antimicrobial Resistance; Center for Infectious Disease Research; National Institute of Health; Chungcheongbuk-do Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
López M, Tenorio C, Del Campo R, Zarazaga M, Torres C. Characterization of the Mechanisms of Fluoroquinolone Resistance in Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci of Different Origins. J Chemother 2013; 23:87-91. [DOI: 10.1179/joc.2011.23.2.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
|
35
|
Varela AR, Ferro G, Vredenburg J, Yanık M, Vieira L, Rizzo L, Lameiras C, Manaia CM. Vancomycin resistant enterococci: from the hospital effluent to the urban wastewater treatment plant. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2013; 450-451:155-61. [PMID: 23474261 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Revised: 02/06/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Vancomycin is an important antibiotic to treat serious nosocomial enterococci infections. Human activities, in particular those related with clinical practices performed in hospitals, can potentiate the transfer and selection of clinically-relevant resistant bacteria such as vancomycin resistant enterococci (VRE). Indeed, previous studies demonstrated the occurrence of VRE in urban wastewater treatment plants and related environments (e.g. sewage, rivers). In this study, the occurrence of VRE in a hospital effluent and in the receiving urban wastewater treatment plant was investigated. Vancomycin and ciprofloxacin resistant bacteria occurred in the hospital effluent and in raw municipal inflow at densities of 10(3) to 10(2) CFU mL(-1), being significantly more prevalent in the hospital effluent than in the urban wastewater. Most of the VRE isolated from the hospital effluent belonged to the species Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium and presented multidrug-resistance phenotypes to ciprofloxacin, tetracycline, erythromycin, and high-level gentamicin. The same pattern was observed in clinical isolates and in enterococci isolated from the final effluent of the urban wastewater treatment plant. These results show that hospital effluents discharged into urban wastewater treatment plants may be a relevant source of resistance spread to the environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Rita Varela
- CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Centro Regional do Porto da Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Rua Dr. António Bernardino Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
High abundance and diversity of antimicrobial resistance determinants among early vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium in Poland. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2013; 32:1193-203. [PMID: 23558365 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-013-1868-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the clonal structure, antimicrobial resistance phenotypes and their determinants among early vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VREm) isolates in Poland. Two hundred and eighty-one VREm isolates collected between 1997 and 2005 were studied. VREm isolates were characterised by multilocus sequence typing (MLST). The presence of antimicrobial resistance determinants, transposon-specific genes, IS16 and esp Efm was checked by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Ciprofloxacin and ampicillin resistance determinants were investigated by sequencing. Two hundred and twenty-two (79 %) and 59 (21 %) VREm isolates were vanA- and vanB-positive, respectively. Among 135 representative isolates, MLST yielded 33 different sequence types (STs), of which 29 were characteristic of hospital-associated E. faecium; 128 (94.8 %) and 123 (91.1 %) isolates harboured the IS16 and esp Efm genes, and all 135 isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin and ampicillin. Resistance to tetracycline (71.1 % isolates) was mostly associated with tetM (75.0 %) and the concomitant presence of the Tn916 integrase gene. High-level resistance to streptomycin (93.3 % of isolates) and high-level resistance to gentamicin (94.1 % of isolates) were due to ant(6')-Ia and aac(6')-Ie-aph(2″) genes, respectively, the latter of which is known to be located on various Tn4001-type transposons. Fifteen combinations of mutations in the quinolone-determining regions of GyrA and ParC were identified, including changes not previously reported, such as S83F and A84P in GyrA. Twenty-three variants of the penicillin-binding protein PBP5 occurred in the studied group, and novel insertions at amino acid positions 433 and 568 were identified. This analysis revealed the predominance of hospital-associated strains of E. faecium, carrying an abundant and divergent range of resistance determinants among early VREm isolates in Poland.
Collapse
|
37
|
Beceiro A, Tomás M, Bou G. Antimicrobial resistance and virulence: a successful or deleterious association in the bacterial world? Clin Microbiol Rev 2013; 26:185-230. [PMID: 23554414 PMCID: PMC3623377 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00059-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 602] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Hosts and bacteria have coevolved over millions of years, during which pathogenic bacteria have modified their virulence mechanisms to adapt to host defense systems. Although the spread of pathogens has been hindered by the discovery and widespread use of antimicrobial agents, antimicrobial resistance has increased globally. The emergence of resistant bacteria has accelerated in recent years, mainly as a result of increased selective pressure. However, although antimicrobial resistance and bacterial virulence have developed on different timescales, they share some common characteristics. This review considers how bacterial virulence and fitness are affected by antibiotic resistance and also how the relationship between virulence and resistance is affected by different genetic mechanisms (e.g., coselection and compensatory mutations) and by the most prevalent global responses. The interplay between these factors and the associated biological costs depend on four main factors: the bacterial species involved, virulence and resistance mechanisms, the ecological niche, and the host. The development of new strategies involving new antimicrobials or nonantimicrobial compounds and of novel diagnostic methods that focus on high-risk clones and rapid tests to detect virulence markers may help to resolve the increasing problem of the association between virulence and resistance, which is becoming more beneficial for pathogenic bacteria.
Collapse
|
38
|
|
39
|
Klare I, Fleige C, Geringer U, Witte W, Werner G. Performance of three chromogenic VRE screening agars, two Etest(®) vancomycin protocols, and different microdilution methods in detecting vanB genotype Enterococcus faecium with varying vancomycin MICs. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2012; 74:171-6. [PMID: 22901792 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2012.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2012] [Revised: 06/12/2012] [Accepted: 06/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Frequencies of vanB-type Enterococcus faecium increased in Europe during the last years. VanB enterococci show various levels of vancomycin MICs even below the susceptible breakpoint challenging a reliable diagnostics. The performance of 3 chromogenic vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) screening agars, 2 Etest® vancomycin protocols, and different microdilution methods to detect 129 clinical vanB E. faecium strains was investigated. Altogether, 112 (87%) were correctly identified as VanB-type Enterococcus by microdilution MICs. An Etest® macromethod protocol was more sensitive than the standard protocol while keeping sufficient specificity in identifying 15 vanA/vanB-negative strains. Three chromogenic VRE agars performed similarly with 121 (94%), 123 (95%), and 124 (96%) vanB isolates that grew on Brilliance™ VRE Agar, CHROMagar™ VRE, and chromID™ VRE agar, respectively. Using identical media and conditions, we did not identify different growth behaviour on agar and in broth. A few vanB strains showed growth of microcolonies inside the Etest® vancomycin inhibition zones, suggesting a VanB heteroresistance phenotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ingo Klare
- National Reference Centre for Staphylococci and Enterococci, Division Nosocomial Infections, Department of Infectious Diseases, Robert Koch-Institut, Wernigerode Branch, Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Abstract
Enterococcus faecium has recently emerged as an important multiresistant nosocomial pathogen. Defining population structure in this species is required to provide insight into the existence, distribution, and dynamics of specific multiresistant or pathogenic lineages in particular environments, like the hospital. Here, we probe the population structure of E. faecium using Bayesian-based population genetic modeling implemented in Bayesian Analysis of Population Structure (BAPS) software. The analysis involved 1,720 isolates belonging to 519 sequence types (STs) (491 for E. faecium and 28 for Enterococcus faecalis). E. faecium isolates grouped into 13 BAPS (sub)groups, but the large majority (80%) of nosocomial isolates clustered in two subgroups (2-1 and 3-3). Phylogenetic and eBURST analysis of BAPS groups 2 and 3 confirmed the existence of three separate hospital lineages (17, 18, and 78), highlighting different evolutionary trajectories for BAPS 2-1 (lineage 78) and 3-3 (lineage 17 and lineage 18) isolates. Phylogenomic analysis of 29 E. faecium isolates showed agreement between BAPS assignment of STs and their relative positions in the phylogenetic tree. Odds ratio calculation confirmed the significant association between hospital isolates with BAPS 3-3 and lineages 17, 18, and 78. Admixture analysis showed a scarce number of recombination events between the different BAPS groups. For the E. faecium hospital population, we propose an evolutionary model in which strains with a high propensity to colonize and infect hospitalized patients arise through horizontal gene transfer. Once adapted to the distinct hospital niche, this subpopulation becomes isolated, and recombination with other populations declines. Multiresistant Enterococcus faecium has become one of the most important nosocomial pathogens, causing increasing numbers of nosocomial infections worldwide. Here, we used Bayesian population genetic analysis to identify groups of related E. faecium strains and show a significant association of hospital and farm animal isolates to different genetic groups. We also found that hospital isolates could be divided into three lineages originating from sequence types (STs) 17, 18, and 78. We propose that, driven by the selective pressure in hospitals, the three hospital lineages have arisen through horizontal gene transfer, but once adapted to the distinct pathogenic niche, this population has become isolated and recombination with other populations declines. Elucidation of the population structure is a prerequisite for effective control of multiresistant E. faecium since it provides insight into the processes that have led to the progressive change of E. faecium from an innocent commensal to a multiresistant hospital-adapted pathogen.
Collapse
|
41
|
Qin X, Galloway-Peña JR, Sillanpaa J, Roh JH, Nallapareddy SR, Chowdhury S, Bourgogne A, Choudhury T, Muzny DM, Buhay CJ, Ding Y, Dugan-Rocha S, Liu W, Kovar C, Sodergren E, Highlander S, Petrosino JF, Worley KC, Gibbs RA, Weinstock GM, Murray BE. Complete genome sequence of Enterococcus faecium strain TX16 and comparative genomic analysis of Enterococcus faecium genomes. BMC Microbiol 2012; 12:135. [PMID: 22769602 PMCID: PMC3433357 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-12-135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2012] [Accepted: 06/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enterococci are among the leading causes of hospital-acquired infections in the United States and Europe, with Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium being the two most common species isolated from enterococcal infections. In the last decade, the proportion of enterococcal infections caused by E. faecium has steadily increased compared to other Enterococcus species. Although the underlying mechanism for the gradual replacement of E. faecalis by E. faecium in the hospital environment is not yet understood, many studies using genotyping and phylogenetic analysis have shown the emergence of a globally dispersed polyclonal subcluster of E. faecium strains in clinical environments. Systematic study of the molecular epidemiology and pathogenesis of E. faecium has been hindered by the lack of closed, complete E. faecium genomes that can be used as references. RESULTS In this study, we report the complete genome sequence of the E. faecium strain TX16, also known as DO, which belongs to multilocus sequence type (ST) 18, and was the first E. faecium strain ever sequenced. Whole genome comparison of the TX16 genome with 21 E. faecium draft genomes confirmed that most clinical, outbreak, and hospital-associated (HA) strains (including STs 16, 17, 18, and 78), in addition to strains of non-hospital origin, group in the same clade (referred to as the HA clade) and are evolutionally considerably more closely related to each other by phylogenetic and gene content similarity analyses than to isolates in the community-associated (CA) clade with approximately a 3-4% average nucleotide sequence difference between the two clades at the core genome level. Our study also revealed that many genomic loci in the TX16 genome are unique to the HA clade. 380 ORFs in TX16 are HA-clade specific and antibiotic resistance genes are enriched in HA-clade strains. Mobile elements such as IS16 and transposons were also found almost exclusively in HA strains, as previously reported. CONCLUSIONS Our findings along with other studies show that HA clonal lineages harbor specific genetic elements as well as sequence differences in the core genome which may confer selection advantages over the more heterogeneous CA E. faecium isolates. Which of these differences are important for the success of specific E. faecium lineages in the hospital environment remain(s) to be determined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Qin
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza MSC-226, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jessica R Galloway-Peña
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, Houston, TX, USA,Center for the Study of Emerging and Reemerging Pathogens, Houston, TX, USA,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Medical School, 6431 Fannin Street, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Jouko Sillanpaa
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, Houston, TX, USA,Center for the Study of Emerging and Reemerging Pathogens, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jung Hyeob Roh
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, Houston, TX, USA,Center for the Study of Emerging and Reemerging Pathogens, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sreedhar R Nallapareddy
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, Houston, TX, USA,Center for the Study of Emerging and Reemerging Pathogens, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Shahreen Chowdhury
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, Houston, TX, USA,Center for the Study of Emerging and Reemerging Pathogens, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Agathe Bourgogne
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, Houston, TX, USA,Center for the Study of Emerging and Reemerging Pathogens, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Tina Choudhury
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, Houston, TX, USA,Center for the Study of Emerging and Reemerging Pathogens, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Donna M Muzny
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza MSC-226, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Christian J Buhay
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza MSC-226, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yan Ding
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza MSC-226, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Shannon Dugan-Rocha
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza MSC-226, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Wen Liu
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza MSC-226, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Christie Kovar
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza MSC-226, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Erica Sodergren
- The Genome Institute, Washington University, 4444 Forest Park Avenue, Campus Box 8501, St. Louis, MO, 63108, USA
| | - Sarah Highlander
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza MSC-226, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Joseph F Petrosino
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza MSC-226, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kim C Worley
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza MSC-226, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Richard A Gibbs
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza MSC-226, Houston, TX, USA
| | - George M Weinstock
- The Genome Institute, Washington University, 4444 Forest Park Avenue, Campus Box 8501, St. Louis, MO, 63108, USA
| | - Barbara E Murray
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, Houston, TX, USA,Center for the Study of Emerging and Reemerging Pathogens, Houston, TX, USA,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Medical School, 6431 Fannin Street, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Rathnayake IU, Hargreaves M, Huygens F. Antibiotic resistance and virulence traits in clinical and environmental Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium isolates. Syst Appl Microbiol 2012; 35:326-33. [PMID: 22742879 DOI: 10.1016/j.syapm.2012.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2012] [Revised: 05/21/2012] [Accepted: 05/29/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
This study compared virulence and antibiotic resistance traits in clinical and environmental Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium isolates. E. faecalis isolates harboured a broader spectrum of virulence determinants compared to E. faecium isolates. The virulence traits Cyl-A, Cyl-B, Cyl-M, gel-E, esp and acm were tested and environmental isolates predominantly harboured gel-E (80% of E. faecalis and 31.9% of E. faecium) whereas esp was more prevalent in clinical isolates (67.8% of E. faecalis and 70.4% of E. faecium). E. faecalis and E. faecium isolated from water had different antibiotic resistance patterns compared to those isolated from clinical samples. Linezolid resistance was not observed in any isolates tested and vancomycin resistance was observed only in clinical isolates. Resistance to other antibiotics (tetracycline, gentamicin, ciprofloxacin and ampicillin) was detected in both clinical and water isolates. Clinical isolates were more resistant to all the antibiotics tested compared to water isolates. Multi-drug resistance was more prevalent in clinical isolates (71.2% of E. faecalis and 70.3% of E. faecium) compared to water isolates (only 5.7% E. faecium). tet L and tet M genes were predominantly identified in tetracycline-resistant isolates. All water and clinical isolates resistant to ciprofloxacin and ampicillin contained mutations in the gyrA, parC and pbp5 genes. A significant correlation was found between the presence of virulence determinants and antibiotic resistance in all the isolates tested in this study (p<0.05). The presence of antibiotic resistant enterococci, together with associated virulence traits, in surface recreational water could be a public health risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I U Rathnayake
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Australia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
López M, Cercenado E, Tenorio C, Ruiz-Larrea F, Torres C. Diversity of clones and genotypes among vancomycin-resistant clinical Enterococcus isolates recovered in a Spanish hospital. Microb Drug Resist 2012; 18:484-91. [PMID: 22694211 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2011.0203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Forty-three vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) from different patients were recovered in a Spanish Hospital (2003-2010), representing 0.4% of the total of enterococci recovered. Mechanisms detected were vanA (five Enterococcus faecium, two E. faecalis), vanB2 (seven E. faecium, five E. faecalis), vanB1 (one E. faecalis), and vanC1/2 (22 E. gallinarum, 1 E. casseliflavus). Four different Tn1546 structures were found among the seven vanA strains, three of them with insertions (ISEf1 or IS1542) or deletions. Most of the VRE presented a multiresistance phenotype and harbored different resistance genes [erm(B), tet(M), tet(L), ant(6)-Ia, aac(6')-aph(2''), aph(3')-IIIa, and catA]. Sixteen unrelated pulsotypes were detected among the 20 vanA/vanB E. faecalis and E. faecium isolates by pulsed-field-gel-electrophoresis and 11 unrelated pulsotypes among the 22 E. gallinarum isolates. Six different sequence types (ST) were demonstrated among the 12 vancomycin-resistant E. faecium strains (one of them new), and 5 were included into the clonal-complex (CC) CC17. Five different ST were detected among the eight E. faecalis strains. The esp gene was detected in 58% and 25% of E. faecium and E. faecalis strains, respectively, and the hyl gene in 78% and 89%, respectively. A high diversity of clones and genotypes of VRE were detected in this hospital.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María López
- Area de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de La Rioja, Logroño, Spain
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Weisser M, Oostdijk EA, Willems RJL, Bonten MJM, Frei R, Elzi L, Halter J, Widmer AF, Top J. Dynamics of ampicillin-resistant Enterococcus faecium clones colonizing hospitalized patients: data from a prospective observational study. BMC Infect Dis 2012; 12:68. [PMID: 22436212 PMCID: PMC3359220 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-12-68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2011] [Accepted: 03/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Little is known about the dynamics of colonizing Enterococcus faecium clones during hospitalization, invasive infection and after discharge. Methods In a prospective observational study we compared intestinal E. faecium colonization in three patient cohorts: 1) Patients from the Hematology Unit at the University Hospital Basel (UHBS), Switzerland, were investigated by weekly rectal swabs (RS) during hospitalization (group 1a, n = 33) and monthly after discharge (group 1b, n = 21). 2) Patients from the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) at the University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands (group 2, n = 25) were swabbed weekly. 3) Patients with invasive E. faecium infection at UHBS were swabbed at the time of infection (group 3, n = 22). From each RS five colonies with typical E. faecium morphology were picked. Species identification was confirmed by PCR and ampicillin-resistant E. faecium (ARE) isolates were typed using Multiple Locus Variable Number Tandem Repeat Analysis (MLVA). The Simpson's Index of Diversity (SID) was calculated. Results Out of 558 ARE isolates from 354 RS, MT159 was the most prevalent clone (54%, 100%, 52% and 83% of ARE in groups 1a, 1b, 2 and 3, respectively). Among hematological inpatients 13 (40%) had ARE. During hospitalization, the SID of MLVA-typed ARE decreased from 0.745 [95%CI 0.657-0.833] in week 1 to 0.513 [95%CI 0.388-0.637] in week 3. After discharge the only detected ARE was MT159 in 3 patients. In the ICU (group 2) almost all patients (84%) were colonized with ARE. The SID increased significantly from 0.373 [95%CI 0.175-0.572] at week 1 to a maximum of 0.808 [95%CI 0.768-0.849] at week 3 due to acquisition of multiple ARE clones. All 16 patients with invasive ARE were colonized with the same MLVA clone (p < 0.001). Conclusions In hospitalized high-risk patients MT159 is the most frequent colonizer and cause of invasive E. faecium infections. During hospitalization, ASE are quickly replaced by ARE. Diversity of ARE increases on units with possible cross-transmission such as ICUs. After hospitalization ARE are lost with the exception of MT159. In invasive infections, the invasive clone is the predominant gut colonizer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maja Weisser
- Division of Infectious Diseases & Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Santagati M, Campanile F, Stefani S. Genomic diversification of enterococci in hosts: the role of the mobilome. Front Microbiol 2012; 3:95. [PMID: 22435066 PMCID: PMC3303144 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2012.00095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2011] [Accepted: 02/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterococci are ubiquitous lactic acid bacteria, possessing a flexible nature that allows them to colonize various environments and hosts but also to be opportunistic pathogens. Many papers have contributed to a better understanding of: (i) the taxonomy of this complex group of microorganisms; (ii) intra-species variability; (iii) the role of different pathogenicity traits; and (iv) some markers related to the character of host-specificity, but the reasons of such incredible success of adaptability is still far from being fully explained. Recently, genomic-based studies have improved our understanding of the genome diversity of the most studied species, i.e., E. faecalis and E. faecium. From these studies, what is becoming evident is the role of the mobilome in adding new abilities to colonize new hosts and environments, and eventually in driving their evolution: specific clones associated with human infections or specific hosts can exist, but probably the consideration of these populations as strictly clonal groups is only partially correct. The variable presence of mobile genetic elements may, indeed, be one of the factors involved in the evolution of one specific group in a specific host and/or environment. Certainly more extensive studies using new high throughput technologies are mandatory to fully understand the evolution of predominant clones and species in different hosts and environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Santagati
- Molecular Microbiology and Antibiotic Resistance Lab, Department of Microbiology, University of Catania Catania, Italy
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Hospital and community ampicillin-resistant Enterococcus faecium are evolutionarily closely linked but have diversified through niche adaptation. PLoS One 2012; 7:e30319. [PMID: 22363425 PMCID: PMC3281830 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2011] [Accepted: 12/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ampicillin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (ARE) has emerged as a nosocomial pathogen. Here, we quantified ARE carriage in different community sources and determined genetic relatedness with hospital ARE. METHODS AND RESULTS ARE was recovered from rectal swabs of 24 of 79 (30%) dogs, 11 of 85 (13%) cats and 0 of 42 horses and from 3 of 40 (8%) faecal samples of non-hospitalized humans receiving amoxicillin. Multi-locus Sequence Typing revealed 21 sequence types (STs), including 5 STs frequently associated with hospital-acquired infections. Genes previously found to be enriched in hospital ARE, such as IS16, orf903, orf905, orf907, were highly prevalent in community ARE (≥79%), while genes with a proposed role in pathogenesis, such as esp, hyl and ecbA, were found rarely (≤5%) in community isolates. Comparative genome analysis of 2 representative dog isolates revealed that the dog strain of ST192 was evolutionarily closely linked to two previously sequenced hospital ARE, but had, based on gene content, more genes in common with the other, evolutionarily more distantly related, dog strain (ST266). CONCLUSION ARE were detected in dogs, cats and sporadically in healthy humans, with evolutionary linkage to hospital ARE. Yet, their accessory genome has diversified, probably as a result of niche adaptation.
Collapse
|
47
|
Rathnayake I, Hargreaves M, Huygens F. SNP diversity of Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium in a South East Queensland waterway, Australia, and associated antibiotic resistance gene profiles. BMC Microbiol 2011; 11:201. [PMID: 21910889 PMCID: PMC3179957 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-11-201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2011] [Accepted: 09/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium are associated with faecal pollution of water, linked to swimmer-associated gastroenteritis and demonstrate a wide range of antibiotic resistance. The Coomera River is a main water source for the Pimpama-Coomera watershed and is located in South East Queensland, Australia, which is used intensively for agriculture and recreational purposes. This study investigated the diversity of E. faecalis and E. faecium using Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) and associated antibiotic resistance profiles. RESULTS Total enterococcal counts (cfu/ml) for three/six sampling sites were above the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) recommended level during rainfall periods and fall into categories B and C of the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) guidelines (with a 1-10% gastrointestinal illness risk). E. faecalis and E. faecium isolates were grouped into 29 and 23 SNP profiles (validated by MLST analysis) respectively. This study showed the high diversity of E. faecalis and E. faecium over a period of two years and both human-related and human-specific SNP profiles were identified. 81.8% of E. faecalis and 70.21% of E. faecium SNP profiles were associated with genotypic and phenotypic antibiotic resistance. Gentamicin resistance was higher in E. faecalis (47% resistant) and harboured the aac(6')-aph(2') gene. Ciprofloxacin resistance was more common in E. faecium (12.7% resistant) and gyrA gene mutations were detected in these isolates. Tetracycline resistance was less common in both species while tet(L) and tet(M) genes were more prevalent. Ampicillin resistance was only found in E. faecium isolates with mutations in the pbp5 gene. Vancomycin resistance was not detected in any of the isolates. We found that antibiotic resistance profiles further sub-divided the SNP profiles of both E. faecalis and E. faecium. CONCLUSIONS The distribution of E. faecalis and E. faecium genotypes is highly diverse in the Coomera River. The SNP genotyping method is rapid and robust and can be applied to study the diversity of E. faecalis and E. faecium in waterways. It can also be used to test for human-related and human-specific enterococci in water. The resolving power can be increased by including antibiotic-resistant profiles which can be used as a possible source tracking tool. This warrants further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irani Rathnayake
- Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, 4001, Australia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Willems RJL, Hanage WP, Bessen DE, Feil EJ. Population biology of Gram-positive pathogens: high-risk clones for dissemination of antibiotic resistance. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2011; 35:872-900. [PMID: 21658083 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6976.2011.00284.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Infections caused by multiresistant Gram-positive bacteria represent a major health burden in the community as well as in hospitalized patients. Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium are well-known pathogens of hospitalized patients, frequently linked with resistance against multiple antibiotics, compromising effective therapy. Streptococcus pneumoniae and Streptococcus pyogenes are important pathogens in the community and S. aureus has recently emerged as an important community-acquired pathogen. Population genetic studies reveal that recombination prevails as a driving force of genetic diversity in E. faecium, E. faecalis, S. pneumoniae and S. pyogenes, and thus, these species are weakly clonal. Although recombination has a relatively modest role driving the genetic variation of the core genome of S. aureus, the horizontal acquisition of resistance and virulence genes plays a key role in the emergence of new clinically relevant clones in this species. In this review, we discuss the population genetics of E. faecium, E. faecalis, S. pneumoniae, S. pyogenes and S. aureus. Knowledge of the population structure of these pathogens is not only highly relevant for (molecular) epidemiological research but also for identifying the genetic variation that underlies changes in clinical behaviour, to improve our understanding of the pathogenic behaviour of particular clones and to identify novel targets for vaccines or immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rob J L Willems
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Yoon YK, Lee SE, Lee J, Kim HJ, Kim JY, Park DW, Sohn JW, Kim MJ. Risk factors for prolonged carriage of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium among patients in intensive care units: a case-control study. J Antimicrob Chemother 2011; 66:1831-8. [PMID: 21652622 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkr204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to identify the risk factors for prolonged carriage of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VREF) in intensive care units (ICUs). METHODS A retrospective case-control study was performed in the ICUs of a university hospital in Korea from September 2006 to July 2009. VREF carriage was identified through weekly active surveillance rectal cultures. Clinical characteristics and the risk factors for VREF acquisition were compared between cases with prolonged VREF carriage (≥ 5 weeks, n = 58) and controls with shorter VREF carriage (<3 weeks, n = 36) in a multivariate logistic regression model. The effect of vancomycin consumption on vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) colonization pressure was investigated using time-series analysis with an autoregressive error model. RESULTS Out of a total of 6327 rectal swab cultures examined, 1915 (30.3%) specimens from 266 patients were positive for VREF. The weekly VRE colonization pressure ranged from 0.77% to 42.42%. Vancomycin use after VREF acquisition significantly increased VREF carriage (adjusted odds ratio = 4.09; 95% confidence interval = 1.32-12.65). The case group had higher in-hospital mortality than the control group [21 (36.2%) versus 4 (11.1%), P = 0.007]. Increment of VRE colonization pressure was significantly associated with vancomycin consumption of 1week before (i.e. time t - 1) (P = 0.0028) and moderately associated with that of the corresponding week (i.e. time t) (P = 0.0595). CONCLUSIONS Vancomycin use in patients with VREF colonization might prolong the duration of carriage. Restriction of vancomycin use should be strengthened in these patients through infection control measures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Young Kyung Yoon
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Korea University Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Werner G, Fleige C, Geringer U, van Schaik W, Klare I, Witte W. IS element IS16 as a molecular screening tool to identify hospital-associated strains of Enterococcus faecium. BMC Infect Dis 2011; 11:80. [PMID: 21453466 PMCID: PMC3076258 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-11-80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2010] [Accepted: 03/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hospital strains of Enterococcus faecium could be characterized and typed by various molecular methods (MLST, AFLP, MLVA) and allocated to a distinct clonal complex known as MLST CC17. However, these techniques are laborious, time-consuming and cost-intensive. Our aim was to identify hospital E. faecium strains and differentiate them from colonizing and animal variants by a simple, inexpensive and reliable PCR-based screening assay. We describe here performance and predictive value of a single PCR detecting the insertion element, IS16, to identify hospital E. faecium isolates within a collection of 260 strains of hospital, animal and human commensal origins. Methods Specific primers were selected amplifying a 547-bp fragment of IS16. Presence of IS16 was determined by PCR screenings among the 260 E. faecium isolates. Distribution of IS16 was compared with a prevalence of commonly used markers for hospital strains, esp and hylEfm. All isolates were typed by MLST and partly by PFGE. Location of IS16 was analysed by Southern hybridization of plasmid and chromosomal DNA. Results IS16 was exclusively distributed only among 155 invasive strains belonging to the clonal complex of hospital-associated strains ("CC17"; 28 MLST types) and various vancomycin resistance genotypes (vanA/B/negative). The five invasive IS16-negative strains did not belong to the clonal complex of hospital-associated strains (CC17). IS16 was absent in all but three isolates from 100 livestock, food-associated and human commensal strains ("non-CC17"; 64 MLST types). The three IS16-positive human commensal isolates revealed MLST types belonging to the clonal complex of hospital-associated strains (CC17). The values predicting a hospital-associated strain ("CC17") deduced from presence and absence of IS16 was 100% and thus superior to screening for the presence of esp (66%) and/or hylEfm (46%). Southern hybridizations revealed chromosomal as well as plasmid localization of IS16. Conclusions This simple screening assay for insertion element IS16 is capable of differentiating hospital-associated from human commensal, livestock- and food-associated E. faecium strains and thus allows predicting the epidemic strengths or supposed pathogenic potential of a given E. faecium isolate identified within the nosocomial setting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guido Werner
- Robert Koch Institute, Wernigerode Branch, Wernigerode, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|