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Kanbayashi D, Kurata T, Takahashi K, Kase T, Komano J. A novel cell-based high throughput assay to determine neutralizing antibody titers against circulating strains of rubella virus. J Virol Methods 2017; 252:86-93. [PMID: 29191395 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2017.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A large rubella outbreak occurred in Japan 2013, and 14,344 rubella and 45 congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) cases were reported. At that time, the populational immunity was above the protective threshold assessed by hemmaglutination inhibition (HI) titer. The genotype 2B rubella virus (RV) strains were responsible for the outbreak, which are non-indigenous in Japan. In this work, a cell-based high throughput assay was established to measure the neutralizing antibody (NA) titer against circulating RV isolates. RV infection poorly induces cytopathic effects in tissue culture, preventing the casual measurement of NA titer. Our assay system has overcome this hurdle. Using this assay, we re-evaluated the antibody prevalence rate against circulating viral isolates using human sera collected before the outbreak. Individuals with protective IgG titer (≥10 IU/ml) represented 88.1% of the population. Consistently, 85.2% of the population had protective neutralizing antibody titers (≥1:8) against the vaccine strain. In contrast, 50.5% of the population had protective neutralizing antibody titers against circulating genotype 2B RV strains. These data suggest that the herd immunity assessed by HI titer should have been appreciated deliberately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiki Kanbayashi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology Division, Osaka Institute of Public Health, 3-69, Nakamichi, 1-chome, Higashinari-ku, Osaka, 537-0025, Japan.
| | - Takako Kurata
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology Division, Osaka Institute of Public Health, 3-69, Nakamichi, 1-chome, Higashinari-ku, Osaka, 537-0025, Japan.
| | - Kazuo Takahashi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology Division, Osaka Institute of Public Health, 3-69, Nakamichi, 1-chome, Higashinari-ku, Osaka, 537-0025, Japan.
| | - Tetsuo Kase
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology Division, Osaka Institute of Public Health, 3-69, Nakamichi, 1-chome, Higashinari-ku, Osaka, 537-0025, Japan.
| | - Jun Komano
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology Division, Osaka Institute of Public Health, 3-69, Nakamichi, 1-chome, Higashinari-ku, Osaka, 537-0025, Japan; Department of Clinical Laboratory, Nagoya Medical Center, 1-1 4-chome, Sannomaru, Naka-ku, Nagoya, 460-0001, Japan.
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Hatchette TF, Scholz H, Bolotin S, Crowcroft NS, Jackson C, McLachlan E, Severini A. Calibration and Evaluation of Quantitative Antibody Titers for Measles Virus by Using the BioPlex 2200. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2017; 24:e00269-16. [PMID: 27852634 PMCID: PMC5216424 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00269-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The BioPlex 2200 (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Hercules, CA) is a rapid, automated platform, which can screen large numbers of specimens for antibodies to measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella. Although approved for producing qualitative results, in this study we validated the test (off-label) to allow reporting of quantitative results. To do this, we used the third anti-measles World Health Organization standard to generate a calibration curve that allowed relative fluorescence intensity to be translated into quantitative antibody titer (antibody units [AU]/ml). The results from the BioPlex 2200 and the reference plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT) exhibited a reasonable correlation following an exponential function, but correlation was poor in low-titer samples. Using a receiver operating characteristics analysis, an equivocal zone for the BioPlex 2200 was established between ≥0.13 and <1.10 AU/ml to achieve 100% specificity (95% confidence interval [CI] = 83.2 to 100%) and 100% sensitivity (95% CI = 93.5 to 100%) versus PRNT. By determining an equivocal range requiring confirmation by PRNT, we can avoid underestimating the levels of immunity through false-negative results and optimize methods for seroepidemiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd F Hatchette
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Nova Scotia Health Authority, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Canadian Center for Vaccinology, IWK Health Centre and Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | | | - Shelly Bolotin
- Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Natasha S Crowcroft
- Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Colleen Jackson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Nova Scotia Health Authority, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Elizabeth McLachlan
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Alberto Severini
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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3
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Pavlović MD. Autologous serum skin test: an in vivoprozone-like phenomenon? J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2009; 23:1114-5. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-3083.2009.03274.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Wang S, Sakhatskyy P, Chou THW, Lu S. Assays for the assessment of neutralizing antibody activities against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) associated coronavirus (SCV). J Immunol Methods 2005; 301:21-30. [PMID: 15894326 PMCID: PMC7094753 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2005.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2005] [Accepted: 03/06/2005] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Accurate assessment of neutralizing antibody activities is important either for patients infected with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) or for animals and volunteers immunized with the experimental vaccines against the SARS associated coronavirus (SCV). However, the current assay based on the cytopathic effect (CPE) which has been frequently cited in literature has several limitations. The CPE assay relies on the visual observation on the damage of SCV infected target cells under a microscope. It is subjected to observer variations and it is difficult to generate a quantitative determination of neutralizing activities based on the level of CPE. In the current study, we established the utility of two additional assays to measure the neutralizing activities against SCV: the plaque reduction (PR) and the neutral red staining (NRS) assays. The PR assay described in this study was modified from the traditional viral plaque reduction assay by using an improved crystal staining method to achieve better plague formation in SCV infected Vero E6 cells. The NRS neutralization assay was adopted from a similar system used for detecting neutralizing antibody responses against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). In this assay, the protective effect of neutralizing antibodies was determined by the cell viability which is measured by the uptake of neutral red dye at A540. The neutralizing antibody titers can be easily determined with either of the two new assays. In this report, we described the utility of these two new neutralization assays in measuring the neutralizing activities against SCV infection from rabbit sera immunized with various forms of spike protein of SCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shixia Wang
- Laboratory of Nucleic Acid Vaccines, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Lazare Research Building, Worcester, MA 01605-2397, United States
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5
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Casadevall A. The methodology for determining the efficacy of antibody-mediated immunity. J Immunol Methods 2004; 291:1-10. [PMID: 15345300 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2004.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2004] [Accepted: 04/27/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The basic method for evaluating the efficacy of antibody-mediated immunity (AMI) dates from the 1890s and involves the administration of specific Ab to an immunologically naïve host followed by microbial or toxin challenge. Other methods used to evaluate AMI involve correlating the presence of specific Ab with resistance to microbial disease and associating susceptibility to certain microbes with host immunoglobulin deficits. Unfortunately, each method has theoretical and practical problems that limit their usefulness when negative results are obtained. The application of hybridoma technology to investigate the efficacy of AMI has shown that it is possible to generate protective monoclonal antibodies even to microbes for which the standard methodologies indicate no role for AMI. Furthermore, studies with monoclonal antibodies suggest various explanations for the inability of standard methods to demonstrate the potential efficacy of AMI for certain pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Casadevall
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
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6
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Taborda CP, Rivera J, Zaragoza O, Casadevall A. More is not necessarily better: prozone-like effects in passive immunization with IgG. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2003; 170:3621-30. [PMID: 12646626 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.170.7.3621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Despite a century of study, the relationship between Ag-specific Ig concentration and protection remains poorly understood for the majority of pathogens. In certain conditions, administration of high Ab doses before challenge with an infectious agent can be less effective than smaller Ab doses, a phenomenon which is consistent with a prozone-like effect. In this study, the relationship between IgG1, IgG2a, IgG2b, and IgG3 dose, infective inocula, and protection was investigated in a mouse model of Cryptococcus neoformans infection. The activity of each IgG subclass ranged from protective to disease-enhancing depending on both the Ab dose and infective inocula used. Enhanced dissemination to the brain was observed in mice given a high IgG2a dose and a relatively low inoculum. Ab administration had immunomodulatory effects, with cytokine expression in lung, brain, and spleen varying as a function of the infective inoculum Ab dose and IgG subclass. In vitro studies did not predict or explain the mechanism of in vivo prozone-like effects, because all isotypes were opsonic and elicited NO release from macrophages. IgG2a was most efficient in inducing a macrophage oxidative burst. These results reveal that an individual Ab can be protective, nonprotective, or disease-enhancing depending on its concentration relative to a challenge inoculum. Our findings have implications for the potential contribution of Ab responses to defense against microbial diseases because Ab-mediated immunity may be protective, nonprotective, or even deleterious to the host.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/classification
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Cell Line
- Chemokines/biosynthesis
- Colony Count, Microbial
- Complement System Proteins/pharmacology
- Cryptococcosis/immunology
- Cryptococcosis/microbiology
- Cryptococcosis/mortality
- Cryptococcosis/prevention & control
- Cryptococcus neoformans/growth & development
- Cryptococcus neoformans/immunology
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- Dose-Response Relationship, Immunologic
- Drug Administration Schedule
- Immunization, Passive/methods
- Immunoglobulin G/administration & dosage
- Immunoglobulin G/classification
- Immunoglobulin G/therapeutic use
- Immunoglobulin Isotypes/administration & dosage
- Immunoglobulin Isotypes/pharmacology
- Immunoglobulin Isotypes/therapeutic use
- Injections, Intraperitoneal
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/immunology
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/metabolism
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/microbiology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred A
- Nitrites/metabolism
- Organ Specificity/immunology
- Phagocytosis/immunology
- Respiratory Burst/immunology
- Survival Analysis
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos P Taborda
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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Fujimiya Y, Suto T. Complement-dependent cell lysis assay for quantitation of rubella antibodies. Arch Virol 1981; 67:361-5. [PMID: 7016081 DOI: 10.1007/bf01314840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
A comparison of the capacity to detect antibody titers to rubella virus was made between the complement-dependent cell lysis (CDCL) assay and the hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) test. Titers detected by CDCL assay correlated with the HAI test. Although the CDCL assay was less convenient to conduct, it proved to be more sensitive than the HAI test.
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