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Pramono D, Takeuchi D, Katsuki M, AbuEed L, Abdillah D, Kimura T, Kawasaki J, Miyake A, Nishigaki K. FeLIX is a restriction factor for mammalian retrovirus infection. J Virol 2024; 98:e0177123. [PMID: 38440982 PMCID: PMC11019853 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01771-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) are remnants of ancestral viral infections. Feline leukemia virus (FeLV) is an exogenous and endogenous retrovirus in domestic cats. It is classified into several subgroups (A, B, C, D, E, and T) based on viral receptor interference properties or receptor usage. ERV-derived molecules benefit animals, conferring resistance to infectious diseases. However, the soluble protein encoded by the defective envelope (env) gene of endogenous FeLV (enFeLV) functions as a co-factor in FeLV subgroup T infections. Therefore, whether the gene emerged to facilitate viral infection is unclear. Based on the properties of ERV-derived molecules, we hypothesized that the defective env genes possess antiviral activity that would be advantageous to the host because FeLV subgroup B (FeLV-B), a recombinant virus derived from enFeLV env, is restricted to viral transmission among domestic cats. When soluble truncated Env proteins from enFeLV were tested for their inhibitory effects against enFeLV and FeLV-B, they inhibited viral infection. Notably, this antiviral machinery was extended to infection with the Gibbon ape leukemia virus, Koala retrovirus A, and Hervey pteropid gammaretrovirus. Although these viruses used feline phosphate transporter 1 (fePit1) and phosphate transporter 2 as receptors, the inhibitory mechanism involved competitive receptor binding in a fePit1-dependent manner. The shift in receptor usage might have occurred to avoid the inhibitory effect. Overall, these findings highlight the possible emergence of soluble truncated Env proteins from enFeLV as a restriction factor against retroviral infection and will help in developing host immunity and antiviral defense by controlling retroviral spread.IMPORTANCERetroviruses are unique in using reverse transcriptase to convert RNA genomes into DNA, infecting germ cells, and transmitting to offspring. Numerous ancient retroviral sequences are known as endogenous retroviruses (ERVs). The soluble Env protein derived from ERVs functions as a co-factor that assists in FeLV-T infection. However, herein, we show that the soluble Env protein exhibits antiviral activity and provides resistance to mammalian retrovirus infection through competitive receptor binding. In particular, this finding may explain why FeLV-B transmission is not observed among domestic cats. ERV-derived molecules can benefit animals in an evolutionary arms race, highlighting the double-edged-sword nature of ERVs.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cats
- Endogenous Retroviruses/genetics
- Endogenous Retroviruses/metabolism
- Gene Products, env/genetics
- Gene Products, env/metabolism
- Leukemia Virus, Feline/classification
- Leukemia Virus, Feline/genetics
- Leukemia Virus, Feline/metabolism
- Leukemia Virus, Gibbon Ape/genetics
- Leukemia Virus, Gibbon Ape/metabolism
- Leukemia, Feline/genetics
- Leukemia, Feline/metabolism
- Leukemia, Feline/virology
- Phosphate Transport Proteins/genetics
- Phosphate Transport Proteins/metabolism
- Receptors, Virus/metabolism
- Retroviridae Infections/metabolism
- Retroviridae Infections/virology
- Solubility
- Female
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Affiliation(s)
- Didik Pramono
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease, The Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
- Research Institute for Cell Design Medical Science, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Dai Takeuchi
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease, The Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Masato Katsuki
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease, The Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Loai AbuEed
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease, The Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
- Research Institute for Cell Design Medical Science, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Dimas Abdillah
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease, The Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
- Research Institute for Cell Design Medical Science, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Tohru Kimura
- The Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Junna Kawasaki
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ariko Miyake
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease, The Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
- Research Institute for Cell Design Medical Science, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Kazuo Nishigaki
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease, The Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
- Research Institute for Cell Design Medical Science, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
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Chiu ES, McDonald CA, Gagne RB, Dunkleberger H, Moxcey M, VandeWoude S. Endogenous feline leukemia virus long terminal repeat integration site diversity is highly variable in related and unrelated domestic cats. Retrovirology 2024; 21:3. [PMID: 38347535 PMCID: PMC10863107 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-024-00635-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Endogenous retroviruses (ERV) are indicators of vertebrate evolutionary history and play important roles as homeostatic regulators. ERV long terminal repeat (LTR) elements may act as cis-activating promoters or trans-activating enhancer elements modifying gene transcription distant from LTR insertion sites. We previously documented that endogenous feline leukemia virus (FeLV)-LTR copy number variation in individual cats tracks inversely with susceptibility to virulent FeLV disease. To evaluate FeLV-LTR insertion characteristics, we assessed enFeLV-LTR integration site diversity in 20 cats from three genetically distinct populations using a baited linker-mediated PCR approach. We documented 765 individual integration sites unequally represented among individuals. Only three LTR integration sites were shared among all individuals, while 412 sites were unique to a single individual. When primary fibroblast cultures were challenged with exogenous FeLV, we found significantly increased expression of both exogenous and endogenous FeLV orthologs, supporting previous findings of potential exFeLV-enFeLV interactions; however, viral challenge did not elicit transcriptional changes in genes associated with the vast majority of integration sites. This study assesses FeLV-LTR integration sites in individual animals, providing unique transposome genotypes. Further, we document substantial individual variation in LTR integration site locations, even in a highly inbred population, and provide a framework for understanding potential endogenous retroviral element position influence on host gene transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elliott S Chiu
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA.
| | - Coby A McDonald
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Roderick B Gagne
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Henry Dunkleberger
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | | | - Sue VandeWoude
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA.
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Rolph KE, Cavanaugh RP. Infectious Causes of Neoplasia in the Domestic Cat. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9090467. [PMID: 36136683 PMCID: PMC9506438 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9090467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Increasingly, cancers are being linked to infections with viruses, bacteria, and parasites in human medicine. This review summarises the current literature regarding neoplasia occurring in association with infectious diseases in domestic cats. To date, most studies have focused on the role of viruses, especially feline leukaemia virus and feline immunodeficiency virus in association with lymphoma, or the role of papillomavirus in cutaneous and oral neoplasms in cats. Recently, there has been a focus on a potential role of mouse mammary tumour virus in feline mammary carcinoma and lymphoma and studies assessing the potential role of gammaherpes virus and hepadnaviruses in feline neoplasia. Additionally, there has been some focus on potential bacterial and parasitic associations with neoplasia; including reports assessing potential associations between Helicobacter species and gastrointestinal neoplasms, and case reports of neoplasia in association with Platynosomum fastosum and Opisthorchis viverrini. Abstract In recent years, growing attention has been paid to the influence/role of infectious diseases in tumour development and progression. Investigations have demonstrated that some infectious organisms can have a direct role in the development of neoplasia, whereas others can predispose to neoplasia by alterations in the immune response, or by creating a pro-inflammatory environment. Feline leukaemia virus was one of the first infectious agents recognised as an oncogenic organism, and along with feline immunodeficiency virus has received the most attention. Since the discovery of this retrovirus, several other organisms have been associated with neoplastic processes in cats, these include gammaherpes virus, mouse mammary tumour virus, papillomaviruses, hepadnavirus, Helicobacter species, and the parasitic infections Platynosomum fastosum and Opisthorchis viverrini. This review summarises the findings to date.
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Tarlinton RE, Legione AR, Sarker N, Fabijan J, Meers J, McMichael L, Simmons G, Owen H, Seddon JM, Dick G, Ryder JS, Hemmatzedah F, Trott DJ, Speight N, Holmes N, Loose M, Emes RD. Differential and defective transcription of koala retrovirus indicates the complexity of host and virus evolution. J Gen Virol 2022; 103. [PMID: 35762858 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Koala retrovirus (KoRV) is unique amongst endogenous (inherited) retroviruses in that its incorporation to the host genome is still active, providing an opportunity to study what drives this fundamental process in vertebrate genome evolution. Animals in the southern part of the natural range of koalas were previously thought to be either virus-free or to have only exogenous variants of KoRV with low rates of KoRV-induced disease. In contrast, animals in the northern part of their range universally have both endogenous and exogenous KoRV with very high rates of KoRV-induced disease such as lymphoma. In this study we use a combination of sequencing technologies, Illumina RNA sequencing of 'southern' (south Australian) and 'northern' (SE QLD) koalas and CRISPR enrichment and nanopore sequencing of DNA of 'southern' (South Australian and Victorian animals) to retrieve full-length loci and intregration sites of KoRV variants. We demonstrate that koalas that tested negative to the KoRV pol gene qPCR, used to detect replication-competent KoRV, are not in fact KoRV-free but harbour defective, presumably endogenous, 'RecKoRV' variants that are not fixed between animals. This indicates that these populations have historically been exposed to KoRV and raises questions as to whether these variants have arisen by chance or whether they provide a protective effect from the infectious forms of KoRV. This latter explanation would offer the intriguing prospect of being able to monitor and selectively breed for disease resistance to protect the wild koala population from KoRV-induced disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Tarlinton
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - A R Legione
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - N Sarker
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - J Fabijan
- Longleat Safari Park, Durrel Wildlife Conservation Trust, UK
| | - J Meers
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - L McMichael
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - G Simmons
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - H Owen
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - J M Seddon
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - G Dick
- Longleat Safari Park, Durrel Wildlife Conservation Trust, UK
| | - J S Ryder
- Garston Veterinary Group, Somerset, UK
| | - F Hemmatzedah
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - D J Trott
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - N Speight
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - N Holmes
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - M Loose
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - R D Emes
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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