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Rudd PA, Kher G, Tame JRH, Irie H, Haselhorst T, von Itzstein M, Pancera M, Hansman GS. Human milk oligosaccharide 2'-fucosyllactose guards norovirus histo-blood group antigen co-factor binding site. J Virol 2024:e0086524. [PMID: 38953656 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00865-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT
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Affiliation(s)
- Penny A Rudd
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Gargi Kher
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jeremy R H Tame
- Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Hiro Irie
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Thomas Haselhorst
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
- School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mark von Itzstein
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Marie Pancera
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Grant S Hansman
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
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2
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Patil K, Ayyar BV, Neill FH, Bode L, Estes MK, Atmar RL, Ramani S. 2'-Fucosyllactose Inhibits Human Norovirus Replication in Human Intestinal Enteroids. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.30.596597. [PMID: 38853945 PMCID: PMC11160698 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.30.596597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Human noroviruses (HuNoVs) are the leading cause of acute gastroenteritis worldwide. Currently, there are no targeted antivirals for the treatment of HuNoV infection. Histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs) on the intestinal epithelium are cellular attachment factors for HuNoVs; molecules that block the binding of HuNoVs to HBGAs thus have the potential to be developed as antivirals. Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are glycans in human milk with structures analogous to HBGAs. HMOs have been shown to act as decoy receptors to prevent the attachment of multiple enteric pathogens to host cells. Previous X-ray crystallography studies have demonstrated the binding of HMO 2'-fucosyllactose (2'FL) in the same pocket as HBGAs for some HuNoV strains. We evaluated the effect of 2'FL on the replication of a globally dominant GII.4 Sydney [P16] HuNoV strain using human intestinal enteroids (HIEs) from adults and children. A significant reduction in GII.4 Sydney [P16] replication was seen in duodenal and jejunal HIEs from multiple adult donors, all segments of the small intestine from an adult organ donor and in two pediatric duodenal HIEs. However, 2'FL did not inhibit HuNoV replication in two infant jejunal HIEs that had significantly lower expression of α1-2-fucosylated glycans. 2'FL can be synthesized in large scale, and safety and tolerance have been assessed previously. Our data suggest that 2'FL has the potential to be developed as a therapeutic for HuNoV gastroenteritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ketki Patil
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - B. Vijayalakshmi Ayyar
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Frederick H. Neill
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Lars Bode
- Department of Pediatrics, Larsson-Rosenquist Foundation Mother-Milk-Infant Center of Research Excellence (MOMI CORE), and the Human Milk Institute (HMI), University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Mary K. Estes
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Robert L. Atmar
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Sasirekha Ramani
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
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3
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Yang Y, An R, Lyu C, Wang D. Interactions between human norovirus and intestinal microbiota/microbes: A scoping review. Food Microbiol 2024; 119:104456. [PMID: 38225056 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2023.104456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Human norovirus (HuNoV) is an important foodborne virus, which causes non-bacterial acute gastroenteritis and is associated with a high disease burden. Recently, researchers have focus on the interaction between HuNoV and intestinal microbiota/microbes and engaged in studies investigating the implications of this interaction on HuNoV infection. However, the interaction mechanism and the implication of this interaction on host remain obscure. Current scoping review aimed to systematically investigate the interaction between HuNoV and intestinal microbiota, as well as their implication on HuNoV or HuNoV related symptoms. We found that HuNoV could bind to intestinal microbes and affect the intestinal microbial composition, diversity, and microbial gene expression. In reverse, intestinal microbes could affect HuNoV infectivity, although demonstrating contradictory effects (i.e., promote or inhibit HuNoV replication). These contradictory effects existed among microbes, in part, could be attributed to the differences among microbes (histo-blood group antigens and/or other small molecule substances). Results of current scoping review could assist in the selection and isolation of potential microbial candidates to prevent and/or alleviate HuNoV related symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqi Yang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Ran An
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Chenang Lyu
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Dapeng Wang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
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4
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Renwick S, Rahimi K, Sejane K, Bertrand K, Chambers C, Bode L. Consistency and Variability of the Human Milk Oligosaccharide Profile in Repeat Pregnancies. Nutrients 2024; 16:643. [PMID: 38474771 DOI: 10.3390/nu16050643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are a set of complex carbohydrates and the third largest solid component of human milk, after lactose and lipids. To date, over 150 HMOs have been identified and the diversity of structures produced by lactating women is influenced by maternal genetics as well as other maternal, infant, and environmental factors. While the concentrations of individual HMOs have been shown to vary between individuals and throughout the course of lactation, the variability of HMO concentration profiles following different pregnancies occurring in the same woman is presently unknown. As such, the objective of this study was to compare HMO concentrations in human milk samples provided by the same women (n = 34) following repeat pregnancies. We leveraged existing human milk samples and metadata from the UC San Diego Human Milk Research Biorepository (HMB) and measured the concentrations of the 19 most abundant HMOs using high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (HPLC-FL). By assessing dissimilarities in HMO concentration profiles, as well as concentration trends in individual structures between pregnancies of each participant, we discovered that HMO profiles largely follow a highly personalized and predictable trajectory following different pregnancies irrespective of non-genetic influences. In conclusion, this is the first study to assess the interactions between parity and time following delivery on variations in HMO compositions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Renwick
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Mother-Milk-Infant Center of Research Excellence, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Kamand Rahimi
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Kristija Sejane
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Kerri Bertrand
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- UC San Diego Mommy's Milk Human Milk Research Biorepository, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Christina Chambers
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- UC San Diego Mommy's Milk Human Milk Research Biorepository, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Human Milk Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Lars Bode
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Mother-Milk-Infant Center of Research Excellence, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Human Milk Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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Francese R, Peila C, Donalisio M, Lamberti C, Cirrincione S, Colombi N, Tonetto P, Cavallarin L, Bertino E, Moro GE, Coscia A, Lembo D. Viruses and Human Milk: Transmission or Protection? Adv Nutr 2023; 14:1389-1415. [PMID: 37604306 PMCID: PMC10721544 DOI: 10.1016/j.advnut.2023.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Human milk (HM) is considered the best source of nutrition for infant growth and health. This nourishment is unique and changes constantly during lactation to adapt to the physiological needs of the developing infant. It is also recognized as a potential route of transmission of some viral pathogens although the presence of a virus in HM rarely leads to a disease in an infant. This intriguing paradox can be explained by considering the intrinsic antiviral properties of HM. In this comprehensive and schematically presented review, we have described what viruses have been detected in HM so far and what their potential transmission risk through breastfeeding is. We have provided a description of all the antiviral compounds of HM, along with an analysis of their demonstrated and hypothesized mechanisms of action. Finally, we have also analyzed the impact of HM pasteurization and storage methods on the detection and transmission of viruses, and on the antiviral compounds of HM. We have highlighted that there is currently a deep knowledge on the potential transmission of viral pathogens through breastfeeding and on the antiviral properties of HM. The current evidence suggests that, in most cases, it is unnecessarily to deprive an infant of this high-quality nourishment and that the continuation of breastfeeding is in the best interest of the infant and the mother.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachele Francese
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Antiviral Research, University of Turin, Orbassano (TO), Italy
| | - Chiara Peila
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Manuela Donalisio
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Antiviral Research, University of Turin, Orbassano (TO), Italy
| | - Cristina Lamberti
- Institute of the Science of Food Production - National Research Council, Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - Simona Cirrincione
- Institute of the Science of Food Production - National Research Council, Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Colombi
- Biblioteca Federata di Medicina "Ferdinando Rossi", University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Paola Tonetto
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Laura Cavallarin
- Institute of the Science of Food Production - National Research Council, Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - Enrico Bertino
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Guido E Moro
- Italian Association of Human Milk Banks (AIBLUD), Milan, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Coscia
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.
| | - David Lembo
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Antiviral Research, University of Turin, Orbassano (TO), Italy.
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Sun Y, Liang M, Zhao F, Su L. Research Progress on Biological Accumulation, Detection and Inactivation Technologies of Norovirus in Oysters. Foods 2023; 12:3891. [PMID: 37959010 PMCID: PMC10649127 DOI: 10.3390/foods12213891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Noroviruses (NoVs) are major foodborne pathogens that cause acute gastroenteritis. Oysters are significant carriers of this pathogen, and disease transmission from the consumption of NoVs-infected oysters occurs worldwide. The review discusses the mechanism of NoVs bioaccumulation in oysters, particularly the binding of histo-blood group antigen-like (HBGA-like) molecules to NoVs in oysters. The review explores the factors that influence NoVs bioaccumulation in oysters, including temperature, precipitation and water contamination. The review also discusses the detection methods of NoVs in live oysters and analyzes the inactivation effects of high hydrostatic pressure, irradiation treatment and plasma treatment on NoVs. These non-thermal processing treatments can remove NoVs efficiently while retaining the original flavor of oysters. However, further research is needed to reduce the cost of these technologies to achieve large-scale commercial applications. The review aims to provide novel insights to reduce the bioaccumulation of NoVs in oysters and serve as a reference for the development of new, rapid and effective methods for detecting and inactivating NoVs in live oysters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqiang Sun
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China; (Y.S.); (M.L.)
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Water Environment and Marine Biological Resources Protection, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Meina Liang
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China; (Y.S.); (M.L.)
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Water Environment and Marine Biological Resources Protection, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Feng Zhao
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Chongqing 404100, China;
| | - Laijin Su
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China; (Y.S.); (M.L.)
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Water Environment and Marine Biological Resources Protection, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
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7
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van der Toorn M, Chatziioannou AC, Pellis L, Haandrikman A, van der Zee L, Dijkhuizen L. Biological Relevance of Goat Milk Oligosaccharides to Infant Health. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:13935-13949. [PMID: 37691562 PMCID: PMC10540210 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c02194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Milk is often regarded as the gold standard for the nourishment of all mammalian offspring. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends exclusive breastfeeding for the first 6 months of the life of the infant, followed by a slow introduction of complementary foods to the breastfeeding routine for a period of approximately 2 years, whenever this is possible ( Global Strategy for Infant and Young Child Feeding; WHO, 2003). One of the most abundant components in all mammals' milk, which is associated with important health benefits, is the oligosaccharides. The milk oligosaccharides (MOS) of humans and other mammals differ in terms of their concentration and diversity. Among those, goat milk contains more oligosaccharides (gMOS) than other domesticated dairy animals, as well as a greater range of structures. This review summarizes the biological functions of MOS found in both human and goat milk to identify the possible biological relevance of gMOS in human health and development. Based on the existing literature, seven biological functions of gMOS were identified, namely, MOS action as prebiotics, immune modulators, and pathogen traps; their modulation of intestinal cells; protective effect against necrotizing enterocolitis; improved brain development; and positive effects on stressor exposure. Overall, goat milk is a viable alternate supply of functional MOS that could be employed in a newborn formula.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anastasia Chrysovalantou Chatziioannou
- CarbExplore
Research BV, Groningen, 9747 AN The Netherlands
- Department
of Chemistry, Laboratory of Analytical Biochemistry, University of Crete, Heraklion, 70013, Greece
| | | | | | | | - Lubbert Dijkhuizen
- CarbExplore
Research BV, Groningen, 9747 AN The Netherlands
- Microbial
Physiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute
(GBB), University of Groningen, Groningen, 9747 AG, The Netherlands
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8
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Hanisch FG. Revised structure model of norovirus-binding fucoidan from Undaria pinnatifida: oligofucose chains branch off from a β6-galactane. Glycobiology 2023; 33:556-566. [PMID: 37184243 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwad039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Fucoidans are discussed as antiviral agents, and fucoidan from Undaria pinnatifida (UpF), in particular has gained interest as potential food additive in antinoroviral strategies. As the competitive blocking activity of antinoroviral agents increases with the valency of terminal nonreducing fucose on the competitor, an effective processing of fucoidans to inhibitory oligosaccharides will depend on basic structural features of the polysaccharide. We demonstrate increased antiviral binding activity of processed low-mass UpF generated by hydrothermal degradation contrasting with decreased efficacy of low-mass fucoidan from Fucus vesiculosus. As this finding is in conflict with current structural models of UpF, we undertook a re-investigation of the glycan backbone in UpF. Applying solvolytical desulfation combined with enzymatic cleavage of low-mass fucoidan by endo-β6-galactanase and terminal labeling of oligosaccharides by deutero-reduction and bis-5-phenyl-3-methyl-1-pyrazolone (PMP) substitution, evidence from mass spectrometry and methylation linkage analysis of the oligosaccharides indicates that fucoses and galactoses in the glycan backbone are organized in homomeric blocks, where oligo-fucoses branch off from a galactane-type core: Fuc(1-3Fuc)n1-3[Gal(1-6Gal)n1-6]Gal(1-6Gal)n.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franz-Georg Hanisch
- Institute of Biochemistry II, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 52, 50931 Köln, Germany
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Takahashi T, Kimura R, Shirai T, Sada M, Sugai T, Murakami K, Harada K, Ito K, Matsushima Y, Mizukoshi F, Okayama K, Hayashi Y, Kondo M, Kageyama T, Suzuki Y, Ishii H, Ryo A, Katayama K, Fujita K, Kimura H. Molecular Evolutionary Analyses of the RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase ( RdRp) Region and VP1 Gene in Human Norovirus Genotypes GII.P6-GII.6 and GII.P7-GII.6. Viruses 2023; 15:1497. [PMID: 37515184 PMCID: PMC10383674 DOI: 10.3390/v15071497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
To understand the evolution of GII.P6-GII.6 and GII.P7-GII.6 strains, the prevalent human norovirus genotypes, we analysed both the RdRp region and VP1 gene in globally collected strains using authentic bioinformatics technologies. A common ancestor of the P6- and P7-type RdRp region emerged approximately 50 years ago and a common ancestor of the P6- and P7-type VP1 gene emerged approximately 110 years ago. Subsequently, the RdRp region and VP1 gene evolved. Moreover, the evolutionary rates were significantly faster for the P6-type RdRp region and VP1 gene than for the P7-type RdRp region and VP1 genes. Large genetic divergence was observed in the P7-type RdRp region and VP1 gene compared with the P6-type RdRp region and VP1 gene. The phylodynamics of the RdRp region and VP1 gene fluctuated after the year 2000. Positive selection sites in VP1 proteins were located in the antigenicity-related protruding 2 domain, and these sites overlapped with conformational epitopes. These results suggest that the GII.6 VP1 gene and VP1 proteins evolved uniquely due to recombination between the P6- and P7-type RdRp regions in the HuNoV GII.P6-GII.6 and GII.P7-GII.6 virus strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Takahashi
- Department of Health Science, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Gunma Paz University, Takasaki-shi, Gunma 370-0006, Japan
- Iwate Prefectural Research Institute for Environmental Science and Public Health, Morioka-shi, Iwate 020-0857, Japan
| | - Ryusuke Kimura
- Advanced Medical Science Research Center, Gunma Paz University Research Institute, Shibukawa-shi, Gunma 377-0008, Japan
- Department of Bacteriology, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University, Maebashi-shi, Gunma 371-8514, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Shirai
- Advanced Medical Science Research Center, Gunma Paz University Research Institute, Shibukawa-shi, Gunma 377-0008, Japan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyorin University, Mitaka-shi, Tokyo 181-8611, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Sada
- Advanced Medical Science Research Center, Gunma Paz University Research Institute, Shibukawa-shi, Gunma 377-0008, Japan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyorin University, Mitaka-shi, Tokyo 181-8611, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Sugai
- Department of Nursing Science, Graduate School of Health Science, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima-shi, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
| | - Kosuke Murakami
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Harada
- Advanced Medical Science Research Center, Gunma Paz University Research Institute, Shibukawa-shi, Gunma 377-0008, Japan
| | - Kazuto Ito
- Advanced Medical Science Research Center, Gunma Paz University Research Institute, Shibukawa-shi, Gunma 377-0008, Japan
| | - Yuki Matsushima
- Caliciviruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Fuminori Mizukoshi
- Department of Microbiology, Tochigi Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Science, Utsunomiya-shi, Tochigi 329-1196, Japan
| | - Kaori Okayama
- Department of Health Science, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Gunma Paz University, Takasaki-shi, Gunma 370-0006, Japan
| | - Yuriko Hayashi
- Department of Health Science, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Gunma Paz University, Takasaki-shi, Gunma 370-0006, Japan
| | - Mayumi Kondo
- Department of Clinical Engineering, Faculty of Medical Technology, Gunma Paz University, Takasaki-shi, Gunma 370-0006, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Kageyama
- Center for Emergency Preparedness and Response, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Suzuki
- Division of Biological Science, Department of Information and Basic Science, Graduate School of Natural Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya-shi, Aichi 467-8501, Japan
| | - Haruyuki Ishii
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyorin University, Mitaka-shi, Tokyo 181-8611, Japan
| | - Akihide Ryo
- Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Katayama
- Laboratory of Viral Infection Control, Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Ōmura Satoshi Memorial Institute, Kitasato University, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Kiyotaka Fujita
- Department of Health Science, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Gunma Paz University, Takasaki-shi, Gunma 370-0006, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Kimura
- Department of Health Science, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Gunma Paz University, Takasaki-shi, Gunma 370-0006, Japan
- Advanced Medical Science Research Center, Gunma Paz University Research Institute, Shibukawa-shi, Gunma 377-0008, Japan
- Department of Clinical Engineering, Faculty of Medical Technology, Gunma Paz University, Takasaki-shi, Gunma 370-0006, Japan
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10
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Kher G, Sabin C, Lun JH, Devant JM, Ruoff K, Koromyslova AD, von Itzstein M, Pancera M, Hansman GS. Direct Blockade of the Norovirus Histo-Blood Group Antigen Binding Pocket by Nanobodies. J Virol 2023; 97:e0183322. [PMID: 36971561 PMCID: PMC10134814 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01833-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Noroviruses are the leading cause of outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis. These viruses usually interact with histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs), which are considered essential cofactors for norovirus infection. This study structurally characterizes nanobodies developed against the clinically important GII.4 and GII.17 noroviruses with a focus on the identification of novel nanobodies that efficiently block the HBGA binding site. Using X-ray crystallography, we have characterized nine different nanobodies that bound to the top, side, or bottom of the P domain. The eight nanobodies that bound to the top or side of the P domain were mainly genotype specific, while one nanobody that bound to the bottom cross-reacted against several genotypes and showed HBGA blocking potential. The four nanobodies that bound to the top of the P domain also inhibited HBGA binding, and structural analysis revealed that these nanobodies interacted with several GII.4 and GII.17 P domain residues that commonly engaged HBGAs. Moreover, these nanobody complementarity-determining regions (CDRs) extended completely into the cofactor pockets and would likely impede HBGA engagement. The atomic level information for these nanobodies and their corresponding binding sites provide a valuable template for the discovery of additional "designer" nanobodies. These next-generation nanobodies would be designed to target other important genotypes and variants, while maintaining cofactor interference. Finally, our results clearly demonstrate for the first time that nanobodies directly targeting the HBGA binding site can function as potent norovirus inhibitors. IMPORTANCE Human noroviruses are highly contagious and a major problem in closed institutions, such as schools, hospitals, and cruise ships. Reducing norovirus infections is challenging on multiple levels and includes the frequent emergence of antigenic variants, which complicates designing effective, broadly reactive capsid therapeutics. We successfully developed and characterized four norovirus nanobodies that bound at the HBGA pockets. Compared with previously developed norovirus nanobodies that inhibited HBGA through disrupted particle stability, these four novel nanobodies directly inhibited HBGA engagement and interacted with HBGA binding residues. Importantly, these new nanobodies specifically target two genotypes that have caused the majority of outbreaks worldwide and consequently would have an enormous benefit if they could be further developed as norovirus therapeutics. To date, we have structurally characterized 16 different GII nanobody complexes, a number of which block HBGA binding. These structural data could be used to design multivalent nanobody constructs with improved inhibition properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gargi Kher
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Charles Sabin
- Schaller Research Group, University of Heidelberg, DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jennifer H. Lun
- Schaller Research Group, University of Heidelberg, DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jessica M. Devant
- Schaller Research Group, University of Heidelberg, DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kerstin Ruoff
- Schaller Research Group, University of Heidelberg, DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anna D. Koromyslova
- Schaller Research Group, University of Heidelberg, DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mark von Itzstein
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Marie Pancera
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Grant S. Hansman
- Schaller Research Group, University of Heidelberg, DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
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11
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Tan MTH, Gong Z, Li D. Use of Zebrafish Embryos To Reproduce Human Norovirus and To Evaluate Human Norovirus Infectivity Decay after UV Treatment. Appl Environ Microbiol 2023; 89:e0011523. [PMID: 36943055 PMCID: PMC10132098 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00115-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
This study reports an essential improvement of the method for replication of human norovirus (HNoV) with the use of zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos. With three HNoV genotypes and P-types GII.2[P16], GII.4[P16], and GII.17[P31], we demonstrated that this tool had higher efficiency and robustness than the zebrafish larvae as reported previously. When zebrafish larvae were injected with virus (1.6 ± 0.3 log genome copies/10 larvae), a significant increase of virus genome copies was detected at 2 days postinfection (dpi; 4.4 ± 0.8 log genome copies/10 larvae, P < 0.05) and the viral loads started to decrease gradually from 3 dpi. In comparison, when the viruses were injected into the zebrafish embryos, significant virus replication was noticed from 1 dpi and lasted to 6 dpi (P < 0.05). The virus levels detected at 3 dpi had the highest mean value and the smallest variation (7.7 ± 0.2 log genome copies/10 larvae). The high levels of virus replication enabled continuous passaging for all three strains up to four passages. The zebrafish embryo-generated HNoVs showed clear patterns of binding to human histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs) in human saliva by a simple saliva-binding reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). Last, in a disinfection study, it was shown that a dose of 6 mJ/cm2 UV254 was able induce a >2-log reduction in HNoV infectivity for all three HNoV strains tested, suggesting that HNoVs were more UV susceptible than multiple enteric viruses and commonly used HNoV surrogates as tested before. IMPORTANCE HNoVs are a leading cause of gastroenteritis outbreaks worldwide. The zebrafish embryo tool as developed in this study serves as an efficient way to generate viruses with high titers and clean background and a straightforward platform to evaluate HNoV inactivation efficacies. It is expected that this tool will not only benefit epidemiological research on HNoV but also be used to generate HNoV inactivation parameters which are highly needed by the water treatment and food industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malcolm Turk Hsern Tan
- Department of Food Science & Technology, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Zhiyuan Gong
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Dan Li
- Department of Food Science & Technology, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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12
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Godefroy E, Barbé L, Le Moullac-Vaidye B, Rocher J, Breiman A, Leuillet S, Mariat D, Chatel JM, Ruvoën-Clouet N, Carton T, Jotereau F, Le Pendu J. Microbiota-induced regulatory T cells associate with FUT2-dependent susceptibility to rotavirus gastroenteritis. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1123803. [PMID: 36922975 PMCID: PMC10008897 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1123803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The FUT2 α1,2fucosyltransferase contributes to the synthesis of fucosylated glycans used as attachment factors by several pathogens, including noroviruses and rotaviruses, that can induce life-threatening gastroenteritis in young children. FUT2 genetic polymorphisms impairing fucosylation are strongly associated with resistance to dominant strains of both noroviruses and rotaviruses. Interestingly, the wild-type allele associated with viral gastroenteritis susceptibility inversely appears to be protective against several inflammatory or autoimmune diseases for yet unclear reasons, although a FUT2 influence on microbiota composition has been observed. Here, we studied a cohort of young healthy adults and showed that the wild-type FUT2 allele was associated with the presence of anti-RVA antibodies, either neutralizing antibodies or serum IgA, confirming its association with the risk of RVA gastroenteritis. Strikingly, it was also associated with the frequency of gut microbiota-induced regulatory T cells (Tregs), so-called DP8α Tregs, albeit only in individuals who had anti-RVA neutralizing antibodies or high titers of anti-RVA IgAs. DP8α Tregs specifically recognize the human symbiont Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, which strongly supports their induction by this anti-inflammatory bacterium. The proportion of F. prausnitzii in feces was also associated with the FUT2 wild-type allele. These observations link the FUT2 genotype with the risk of RVA gastroenteritis, the microbiota and microbiota-induced DP8α Treg cells, suggesting that the anti-RVA immune response might involve an induction/expansion of these T lymphocytes later providing a balanced immunological state that confers protection against inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle Godefroy
- Inserm, CNRS, Immunology and New Concepts in ImmunoTherapy, INCIT, UMR 1303/EMR6001, Nantes Université, Nantes, France
| | - Laure Barbé
- Inserm, CNRS, Immunology and New Concepts in ImmunoTherapy, INCIT, UMR 1303/EMR6001, Nantes Université, Nantes, France
| | - Béatrice Le Moullac-Vaidye
- Inserm, CNRS, Immunology and New Concepts in ImmunoTherapy, INCIT, UMR 1303/EMR6001, Nantes Université, Nantes, France
| | - Jézabel Rocher
- Inserm, CNRS, Immunology and New Concepts in ImmunoTherapy, INCIT, UMR 1303/EMR6001, Nantes Université, Nantes, France
| | - Adrien Breiman
- Inserm, CNRS, Immunology and New Concepts in ImmunoTherapy, INCIT, UMR 1303/EMR6001, Nantes Université, Nantes, France.,CHU de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | | | - Denis Mariat
- INRAE, AgroParisTech, UMR1319, MICALIS, Université Paris Saclay, Jouy en Josas, France
| | - Jean-Marc Chatel
- INRAE, AgroParisTech, UMR1319, MICALIS, Université Paris Saclay, Jouy en Josas, France
| | - Nathalie Ruvoën-Clouet
- Inserm, CNRS, Immunology and New Concepts in ImmunoTherapy, INCIT, UMR 1303/EMR6001, Nantes Université, Nantes, France.,ONIRIS, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire, Agroalimentaire et de l'Alimentation, Nantes, France
| | | | - Francine Jotereau
- Inserm, CNRS, Immunology and New Concepts in ImmunoTherapy, INCIT, UMR 1303/EMR6001, Nantes Université, Nantes, France
| | - Jacques Le Pendu
- Inserm, CNRS, Immunology and New Concepts in ImmunoTherapy, INCIT, UMR 1303/EMR6001, Nantes Université, Nantes, France
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13
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Winder N, Gohar S, Muthana M. Norovirus: An Overview of Virology and Preventative Measures. Viruses 2022; 14:v14122811. [PMID: 36560815 PMCID: PMC9781483 DOI: 10.3390/v14122811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Norovirus (NoV) is an enteric non-enveloped virus which is the leading cause of gastroenteritis across all age groups. It is responsible for around 200,000 deaths annually and outbreaks are common in small communities such as educational and care facilities. 40% of all NoV outbreaks occur in long-term and acute-care facilities, forming the majority of outbreaks. Nosocomial settings set ideal environments for ease of transmission, especially due to the presence of immunocompromised groups. It is estimated to cost global economies around £48 billion a year, making it a global issue. NoV is transmitted via the faecal-oral route and infection with it results in asymptomatic cases or gastrointestinal disease. It has high mutational rates and this allows for new variants to emerge and be more resistant. The classification system available divides NoV into 10 genogroups and 49 genotypes based on whole amino acid sequencing of VP1 capsid protein and partial sequencing of RdRp, respectively. The most predominant genotypes which cause gastroenteritis in humans include GI.1 and GII.4, where GII.4 is responsible for more extreme clinical implications such as hospitalisation. In addition, GII.4 has been responsible for 6 pandemic strains, the last of which is the GII.4 Sydney (2012) variant. In recent years, the successful cultivation of HuNoV was reported in stem cell-derived human intestinal enteroids (HIEs), which promises to assist in giving a deeper understanding of its underlying mechanisms of infection and the development of more personalized control measures. There are no specific control measures against NoV, therefore common practices are used against it such as hand washing. No vaccine is available, but the HIL-214 candidate passed clinical phase 2b and shows promise.
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14
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Lou F, Hu R, Chen Y, Li M, An X, Song L, Tong Y, Fan H. 2'-Fucosyllactose Inhibits Coxsackievirus Class A Type 9 Infection by Blocking Virus Attachment and Internalisation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232213727. [PMID: 36430203 PMCID: PMC9691179 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232213727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Coxsackieviruses, a genus of enteroviruses in the small RNA virus family, cause fatal infectious diseases in humans. Thus far, there are no approved drugs to prevent these diseases. Human milk contains various biologically active components against pathogens. Currently, the potential activity of breast milk components against the coxsackievirus remains unclear. In our study, the inhibitory effect of 16 major human milk components was tested on coxsackievirus class A type 9 isolate (CV-A9), BUCT01; 2'-Fucosyllactose (2'-FL) was identified to be effective. Time-of-addition, attachment internalisation assays, and the addition of 2'-FL at different time points were applied to investigate its specific role in the viral life cycle. Molecular docking was used to predict 2'-FL's specific cellular targets. The initial screening revealed a significant inhibitory effect (99.97%) against CV-A9 with 10 mg/mL 2'-FL, with no cytotoxicity observed. Compared with the control group, 2'-FL blocked virus entry (85%) as well as inhibited viral attachment (48.4%) and internalisation (51.3%), minimising its infection in rhabdomyosarcoma (RD) cells. The cell pre-incubation with 2'-FL exhibited significant inhibition (73.2-99.9%). Extended incubation between cells with 2'-FL reduced CV-A9 infection (93.9%), suggesting that 2'-FL predominantly targets cells to block infection. Molecular docking results revealed that 2'-FL interacted with the attachment receptor αvβ6 and the internalisation receptor FCGRT and β2M with an affinity of -2.14, -1.87, and -5.43 kcal/mol, respectively. This study lays the foundation for using 2'-FL as a food additive against CV-A9 infections.
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15
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Vielot NA, François R, Huseynova E, González F, Reyes Y, Gutierrez L, Nordgren J, Toval-Ruiz C, Vilchez S, Vinjé J, Becker-Dreps S, Bucardo F. Association between breastfeeding, host genetic factors, and calicivirus gastroenteritis in a Nicaraguan birth cohort. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0267689. [PMID: 36240197 PMCID: PMC9565698 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0267689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Norovirus and sapovirus are important causes of childhood acute gastroenteritis (AGE). Breastfeeding prevents AGE generally; however, it is unknown if breastfeeding prevents AGE caused specifically by norovirus and sapovirus. METHODS We investigated the association between breastfeeding and norovirus or sapovirus AGE episodes in a birth cohort. Weekly data on breastfeeding and AGE episodes were captured during the first year of life. Stools were collected from children with AGE and tested by RT-qPCR for norovirus and sapovirus. Time-dependent Cox models estimated associations between weekly breastfeeding and time to first norovirus or sapovirus AGE. FINDINGS From June 2017 to July 2018, 444 newborns were enrolled in the study. In the first year of life, 69 and 34 children experienced a norovirus and a sapovirus episode, respectively. Exclusive breastfeeding lasted a median of 2 weeks, and any breastfeeding lasted a median of 43 weeks. Breastfeeding in the last week did not prevent norovirus (HR: 1.09, 95% CI: 0.62, 1.92) or sapovirus (HR: 1.00, 95% CI: 0.82, 1.21) AGE in a given week, adjusting for household sanitation, consumption of high-risk foods, and mother's and child's histo-blood group phenotypes. Maternal secretor-positive phenotype was protective against norovirus AGE, whereas child's secretor-positive phenotype was a risk factor for norovirus AGE. INTERPRETATION Exclusive breastfeeding in this population was short-lived, and no conclusions could be drawn about its potential to prevent norovirus or sapovirus AGE. Non-exclusive breastfeeding did not prevent norovirus or sapovirus AGE in the first year of life. However, maternal secretor-positive phenotype was associated with a reduced hazard of norovirus AGE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadja Alexandra Vielot
- Department of Family Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Ruthly François
- School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Emilya Huseynova
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Fredman González
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, National Autonomous University of Nicaragua–León, León, Nicaragua
| | - Yaoska Reyes
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, National Autonomous University of Nicaragua–León, León, Nicaragua
| | - Lester Gutierrez
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, National Autonomous University of Nicaragua–León, León, Nicaragua
| | - Johan Nordgren
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Christian Toval-Ruiz
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, National Autonomous University of Nicaragua–León, León, Nicaragua
| | - Samuel Vilchez
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, National Autonomous University of Nicaragua–León, León, Nicaragua
| | - Jan Vinjé
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Sylvia Becker-Dreps
- Department of Family Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, National Autonomous University of Nicaragua–León, León, Nicaragua
| | - Filemon Bucardo
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, National Autonomous University of Nicaragua–León, León, Nicaragua
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16
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Langel SN, Blasi M, Permar SR. Maternal immune protection against infectious diseases. Cell Host Microbe 2022; 30:660-674. [PMID: 35550669 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2022.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The maternal immune system protects developing offspring against pathogens before birth via transplacental transfer and after birth through secreted milk. This transferred maternal immunity influences each generation's susceptibility to infections and responsiveness to immunization. Thus, boosting immunity in the maternal-neonatal dyad is a potentially valuable public health strategy. Additionally, at critical times during fetal and postnatal development, environmental factors and immune stimuli influence immune development. These "windows of opportunity" offer a chance to identify both risk and protective factors that promote long-term health and limit disease. Here, we review pre- and postpartum maternal immune factors that protect against infectious agents in offspring and how they may shape the infant's immune landscape over time. Additionally, we discuss the influence of maternal immunity on the responsiveness to immunization in early life. Lastly, when maternal factors are insufficient to prevent neonatal infectious diseases, we discuss pre- and postnatal therapeutic strategies for the maternal-neonatal dyad.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie N Langel
- Department of Surgery, Duke Center for Human Systems Immunology, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Maria Blasi
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Sallie R Permar
- Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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17
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Hong X, Xue L, Liao Y, Wu A, Jiang Y, Kou X. Association of fucosyltransferase 2 gene with norovirus infection: A systematic review and meta-analysis. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2021; 96:105091. [PMID: 34610432 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.105091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Norovirus is a leading cause of viral gastroenteritis outbreaks worldwide. Histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs) are important host attachment factors in susceptibility to norovirus. In this study, the association of FUT2 gene, which participates in the biosynthesis of HBGAs, with norovirus infection has been investigated. METHODS All relevant studies on the associations of FUT2 gene with norovirus were retrieved from PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were used to analyze the extracted data. I2 statistic, sensitivity analysis and publication bias analysis were used to confirm the findings. Subgroup analyses were performed for races, genotypes, development degree of the countries, publication years, age and setting when heterogeneity was recorded. RESULTS Twenty studies including 4066 participants were included for the meta-analysis. This analysis showed that there is a significant association between FUT2 gene and norovirus infection (OR = 3.02, 95%CI = 2.00-4.55, P < 0.001). Additionally, the ORs of norovirus infection among Chinese (OR = 4.49, 95%CI = 2.37-8.50, P < 0.001) were higher than those among Caucasian (OR = 3.23, 95%CI = 2.20-4.74, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS The meta-analysis suggested that FUT2 gene is associated with susceptibility to norovirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Hong
- KingMed school of Laboratory Medicine of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liang Xue
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Science, China.
| | - Yingyin Liao
- KingMed school of Laboratory Medicine of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Aiwu Wu
- KingMed school of Laboratory Medicine of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yueting Jiang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Xiaoxia Kou
- KingMed school of Laboratory Medicine of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
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18
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Hanisch FG, Aydogan C, Schroten H. Fucoidan and Derived Oligo-Fucoses: Structural Features with Relevance in Competitive Inhibition of Gastrointestinal Norovirus Binding. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:591. [PMID: 34822462 PMCID: PMC8617971 DOI: 10.3390/md19110591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Norovirus infections belong to the most common causes of human gastroenteritis worldwide and epidemic outbreaks are responsible for hundreds of thousands of deaths annually. In humans, noroviruses are known to bind to gastrointestinal epithelia via recognition of blood-group active mucin-type O-glycans. Considering the involvement of l-α-fucose residues in these glycans, their high valency on epithelial surfaces far surpasses the low affinity, though specific interactions of monovalent milk oligosaccharides. Based on these findings, we attempted to identify polyfucoses (fucans) with the capacity to block binding of the currently most prevalent norovirus strain GII.4 (Sydney, 2012, JX459908) to human and animal gastrointestinal mucins. We provide evidence that inhibitory effects on capsid binding are exerted in a competitive manner by α-fucosyl residues on Fucus vesiculosus fucoidan, but also on the galacto-fucan from Undaria pinnatifida and their oligo-fucose processing products. Insight into novel structural aspects of fucoidan and derived oligosaccharides from low-mass Undaria pinnatifida were revealed by GCMS and MALDI mass spectrometry. In targeting noroviral spread attenuation, this study provides first steps towards a prophylactic food additive that is produced from algal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franz-Georg Hanisch
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Biochemistry II, University of Cologne, 50931 Köln, Germany
| | - Cem Aydogan
- PhytoNet AG, 8834 Schindellegi-Feusisberg, Switzerland;
| | - Horst Schroten
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases Unit, University Children’s Hospital Mannheim, 68167 Mannheim, Germany;
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19
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Liu J, Wang D. ABO(H) and Lewis blood group substances and disease treatment. Transfus Med 2021; 32:187-192. [PMID: 34569102 DOI: 10.1111/tme.12820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Since the early 20th century, scientists have determined that blood group antigens can be inherited. With more and more studies have been devoted to finding the relationship between blood groups and diseases, the relationship of ABO(H) and Lewis blood groups and the development of human diseases have been summarised. In addition, many studies have shown that blood group substances, such as blood group antigen or related antibody, play an important role in disease prevention and treatment. This review focuses on the advances of ABO(H), Lewis blood group substances in the treatment of diseases, which has important significance for the development of novel therapeutic methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junting Liu
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, The First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Deqing Wang
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, The First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
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20
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Yang M, Zhao F, Tong L, Wang S, Zhou D. Contamination, bioaccumulation mechanism, detection, and control of human norovirus in bivalve shellfish: A review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 62:8972-8985. [PMID: 34184956 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1937510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Human norovirus (HuNoV) is a major foodborne pathogen that causes acute viral gastroenteritis, and bivalve shellfish are one of the main carriers of HuNoV transmission. A comprehensive understanding of bivalve shellfish-related HuNoV outbreaks focusing on contamination factors, bioaccumulation mechanisms, and pre- and post-harvest interventions is essential for the development of effective strategies to prevent contamination of shellfish. This review comprehensively surveys the current knowledge on global contamination and non-thermal treatment of HuNoV in bivalve shellfish. HuNoV contamination in bivalve shellfish is significantly related to the season and water. While evaluating the water quality of shellfish-inhabited waters is a key intervention, the development of non-heat treatment technology to effectively inactivate the HuNoV in bivalve shellfish while maintaining the flavor and nutrition of the shellfish is also an important direction for further research. Additionally, this review explores the bioaccumulation mechanisms of HuNoV in bivalve shellfish, especially the mechanism underlying the binding of histo-blood group antigen-like molecules and HuNoV. The detection methods for infectious HuNoV are also discussed. The establishment of effective methods to rapidly detect infectious HuNoV and development of biological components to inactivate or prevent HuNoV contamination in shellfish also need to be studied further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Yang
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Pilot National laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Feng Zhao
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lihui Tong
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Pilot National laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.,College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shanshan Wang
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Pilot National laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Deqing Zhou
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Pilot National laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
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21
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Morrin ST, Buck RH, Farrow M, Hickey RM. Milk-derived anti-infectives and their potential to combat bacterial and viral infection. J Funct Foods 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2021.104442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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22
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Wedekind SIS, Shenker NS. Antiviral Properties of Human Milk. Microorganisms 2021; 9:715. [PMID: 33807146 PMCID: PMC8066736 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9040715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans have always coexisted with viruses, with both positive and negative consequences. Evolutionary pressure on mammals has selected intrinsic properties of lactation and milk to support the relatively immunocompromised neonate from environmental pathogens, as well as support the normal development of diverse immune responses. Human milk supports both adaptive and innate immunity, with specific constituents that drive immune learning and maturation, and direct protection against microorganisms. Viruses constitute one of the most ancient pressures on human evolution, and yet there is a lack of awareness by both public and healthcare professionals of the complexity of human milk as an adaptive response beyond the production of maternal antibodies. This review identifies and describes the specific antiviral properties of human milk and describes how maternal support of infants through lactation is protective beyond antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Natalie S. Shenker
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK;
- Human Milk Foundation, Daniel Hall Building, Rothamsted Institute, Harpenden AL5 2JQ, UK
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Tan MTH, Li Y, Eshaghi Gorji M, Gong Z, Li D. Fucoidan But Not 2'-Fucosyllactose Inhibits Human Norovirus Replication in Zebrafish Larvae. Viruses 2021; 13:v13030461. [PMID: 33799811 PMCID: PMC8001738 DOI: 10.3390/v13030461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Human noroviruses (hNoVs) cause heavy disease burden worldwide and there is no clinically approved vaccination or antiviral hitherto. In this study, with the use of a zebrafish larva in vivo platform, we investigated the anti-hNoV potentials of fucoidan (from brown algae Fucus vesiculosus) and 2'-Fucosyllactose (2'-FL). As a result, although both fucoidan and 2'-FL were able to block hNoV GII.4 virus-like particle (VLPs) from binding to type A saliva as expected, only fucoidan, but not 2'-FL, was able to inhibit the replication of hNoV GII.P16-GII.4 in zebrafish larvae, indicating the possible needs of higher molecular weights for fucosylated carbohydrates to exert anti-hNoV effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malcolm Turk Hsern Tan
- Department of Food Science & Technology, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore; (M.T.H.T.); (M.E.G.)
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore; (Y.L.); (Z.G.)
| | - Mohamad Eshaghi Gorji
- Department of Food Science & Technology, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore; (M.T.H.T.); (M.E.G.)
| | - Zhiyuan Gong
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore; (Y.L.); (Z.G.)
| | - Dan Li
- Department of Food Science & Technology, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore; (M.T.H.T.); (M.E.G.)
- Correspondence:
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Wilson RL, Hewes SA, Rajan A, Lin SC, Bomidi C, Iida T, Estes MK, Maresso AW, Grande-Allen KJ. A Millifluidic Perfusion Cassette for Studying the Pathogenesis of Enteric Infections Using Ex-Vivo Organoids. Ann Biomed Eng 2021; 49:1233-1244. [PMID: 33409849 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-020-02705-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
To generate physiologically-relevant experimental models, the study of enteric diarrheal diseases is turning increasingly to advanced in vitro models that combine ex vivo, stem cell-derived "organoid" cell lines with bioengineered culture environments that expose them to mechanical stimuli, such as fluid flow. However, such approaches require considerable technical expertise with both microfabrication and organoid culture, and are, therefore, inaccessible to many researchers. For this reason, we have developed a perfusion system that is simple to fabricate, operate, and maintain. Its dimensions approximate the volume and cell culture area of traditional 96-well plates and allow the incorporation of fastidious primary, stem cell-derived cell lines with only minimal adaptation of their established culture techniques. We show that infections with enteroaggregative E. coli and norovirus, common causes of infectious diarrhea, in the system display important differences from static models, and in some ways better recreate the pathophysiology of in vivo infections. Furthermore, commensal strains of bacteria can be added alongside the pathogens to simulate the effects of a host microbiome on the infectious process. For these reasons, we believe that this perfusion system is a powerful, yet easily accessible tool for studying host-pathogen interactions in the human intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reid L Wilson
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, 6100 Main St, MS-142, Houston, TX, 77005, USA.,Medical Scientist Training Program, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Sarah A Hewes
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, 6100 Main St, MS-142, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Anubama Rajan
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Shih-Ching Lin
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Carolyn Bomidi
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Takanori Iida
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, 6100 Main St, MS-142, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Mary K Estes
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Anthony W Maresso
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - K Jane Grande-Allen
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, 6100 Main St, MS-142, Houston, TX, 77005, USA.
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25
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Galuska CE, Rudloff S, Kuntz S, Borsch C, Reutzel M, Eckert G, Galuska SP, Kunz C. Metabolic fate and organ distribution of 13C-3′-sialyllactose and 13C-N-acetylneuraminic acid in wild-type mice – No evidence for direct incorporation into the brain. J Funct Foods 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2020.104268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
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27
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Dolskiy AA, Grishchenko IV, Yudkin DV. Cell Cultures for Virology: Usability, Advantages, and Prospects. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21217978. [PMID: 33121109 PMCID: PMC7662242 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21217978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Virus detection in natural and clinical samples is a complicated problem in research and diagnostics. There are different approaches for virus isolation and identification, including PCR, CRISPR/Cas technology, NGS, immunoassays, and cell-based assays. Following the development of genetic engineering methods, approaches that utilize cell cultures have become useful and informative. Molecular biology methods allow increases in the sensitivity and specificity of cell cultures for certain viruses and can be used to generate reporter cell lines. These cell lines express specific reporter proteins (e.g., GFP, luciferase, and CAT) in response to virus infection that can be detected in a laboratory setting. The development of genome editing and synthetic biology methods has given rise to new perspectives regarding the design of virus reporter systems in cell cultures. This review is aimed at describing both virology methods in general and examples of the development of cell-based methods that exist today.
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Grondin JA, Kwon YH, Far PM, Haq S, Khan WI. Mucins in Intestinal Mucosal Defense and Inflammation: Learning From Clinical and Experimental Studies. Front Immunol 2020; 11:2054. [PMID: 33013869 PMCID: PMC7500085 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.02054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Throughout the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, a distinct mucus layer composed of highly glycosylated proteins called mucins plays an essential role in providing lubrication for the passage of food, participating in cell signaling pathways and protecting the host epithelium from commensal microorganisms and invading pathogens, as well as toxins and other environmental irritants. These mucins can be broadly classified into either secreted gel-forming mucins, those that provide the structural backbone for the mucus barrier, or transmembrane mucins, those that form the glycocalyx layer covering the underlying epithelial cells. Goblet cells dispersed among the intestinal epithelial cells are chiefly responsible for the synthesis and secretion of mucins within the gut and are heavily influenced by interactions with the immune system. Evidence from both clinical and animal studies have indicated that several GI conditions, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), colorectal cancer, and numerous enteric infections are accompanied by considerable changes in mucin quality and quantity. These changes include, but are not limited to, impaired goblet cell function, synthesis dysregulation, and altered post-translational modifications. The current review aims to highlight the structural and functional features as well as the production and immunological regulation of mucins and the impact these key elements have within the context of barrier function and host defense in intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jensine A Grondin
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Yun Han Kwon
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Parsa Mehraban Far
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Sabah Haq
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Waliul I Khan
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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Walsh C, Lane JA, van Sinderen D, Hickey RM. Human milk oligosaccharides: Shaping the infant gut microbiota and supporting health. J Funct Foods 2020; 72:104074. [PMID: 32834834 PMCID: PMC7332462 DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2020.104074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human milk oligosaccharides (HMO) are complex sugars which are found in breast milk at significant concentrations and with unique structural diversity. These sugars are the fourth most abundant component of human milk after water, lipids, and lactose and yet provide no direct nutritional value to the infant. Recent research has highlighted that HMOs have various functional roles to play in infant development. These sugars act as prebiotics by promoting growth of beneficial intestinal bacteria thereby generating short-chain fatty acids which are critical for gut health. HMOs also directly modulate host-epithelial immune responses and can selectively reduce binding of pathogenic bacteria and viruses to the gut epithelium preventing the emergence of a disease. This review covers current knowledge related to the functional biology of HMOs and their associated impact on infant gut health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clodagh Walsh
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, P61C996 Co. Cork, Ireland
- H&H Group, Global Research and Technology Centre, P61 C996 Co. Cork, Ireland
- APC Microbiome Institute and School of Microbiology, National University of Ireland, Cork, Ireland
| | - Jonathan A. Lane
- H&H Group, Global Research and Technology Centre, P61 C996 Co. Cork, Ireland
| | - Douwe van Sinderen
- APC Microbiome Institute and School of Microbiology, National University of Ireland, Cork, Ireland
| | - Rita M. Hickey
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, P61C996 Co. Cork, Ireland
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Derya SM, Spiegel H, Hanisch FG, Morozov V, Schroten H, Jennewein S, Parschat K. Biotechnologically produced fucosylated oligosaccharides inhibit the binding of human noroviruses to their natural receptors. J Biotechnol 2020; 318:31-38. [PMID: 32387450 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2020.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Norovirus infections cause severe gastroenteritis in millions of people every year. Infection requires the recognition of histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs), but such interactions can be inhibited by human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs), which act as structurally-similar decoys. HMO supplements could help to prevent norovirus infections, but the industrial production of complex HMOs is challenging. Here we describe a large-scale fermentation process that yields several kilograms of lacto-N-fucopentaose I (LNFP I). The product was synthesized in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) cells expressing a recombinant N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase, β(1,3)galactosyltransferase and α(1,2)fucosyltransferase. Subsequent in vitro enzymatic conversion produced HBGA types A1 and B1 for norovirus inhibition assays. These carbohydrates inhibited the binding of GII.17 virus-like particles (VLPs) to type A1 and B1 trisaccharides more efficiently than simpler fucosylated HMOs, which were in turn more effective than any non-fucosylated structures. However, we found that the simpler fucosylated HMOs were more effective than complex molecules such as LNFP I when inhibiting the binding of GII.17 and GII.4 VLPs to human gastric mucins and mucins from human amniotic fluid. Our results show that complex fucosylated HMOs can be produced by large-scale fermentation and that a combination of simple and complex fucosylated structures is more likely to prevent norovirus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sami M Derya
- Jennewein Biotechnologie GmbH, 53619 Rheinbreitbach, Germany.
| | - Holger Spiegel
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Franz-Georg Hanisch
- Institute of Biochemistry II, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, 50931 Köln, Germany.
| | - Vasily Morozov
- Pediatric Infectious Disease Unit, University Children's Hospital Mannheim, 68167 Mannheim, Germany.
| | - Horst Schroten
- Pediatric Infectious Disease Unit, University Children's Hospital Mannheim, 68167 Mannheim, Germany.
| | - Stefan Jennewein
- Jennewein Biotechnologie GmbH, 53619 Rheinbreitbach, Germany; Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Katja Parschat
- Jennewein Biotechnologie GmbH, 53619 Rheinbreitbach, Germany.
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Yu JM, Liang ZY, Guo K, Sun XM, Zhang Q, Dong YJ, Duan ZJ. Intra-Host Evolution of Norovirus GII.4 in a Chronic Infected Patient With Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:375. [PMID: 32210947 PMCID: PMC7075273 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Human noroviruses (NVs) are the leading cause of acute gastroenteritis outbreaks worldwide. The majority of outbreaks are caused by genogroup II.4 (GII.4), with new variants emerging every 2 to 4 years. Immunocompromised patients are hypothesized to be important reservoirs where new NV variants emerge. Here, we examined intra-host NV variants and assessed immune-driven NV evolution in chronically infected immunocompromised hosts. Three NV GII.4-positive samples were collected from the same patient in different clinical phases following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, and had viral RNA concentrations of 2.46 × 106, 1.47 × 106, and 2.26 × 106 genome copies/mL. The non-synonymous (dN) and synonymous (dS) substitution ratio of the sequences in the partial P domain were >1, indicating strong positive selection in the patient. Both the number and the frequency of the single nucleotide variants increased over time in the patient. Also, the majority of capsid amino acid changes were located at blocking epitopes and histo-blood group antigen (HBGA)-binding sites, and 11 positive selection sites were found in the capsid region, of which 8 sites were presented in blocking epitopes or HBGA-binding sites. Homodimeric P-domain capsid models also suggested a structural change in the epitopes and HBGA-binding sites. The results suggested that novel variants of NV GII.4 with HBGA and antigenic site changes were produced in the immunocompromised patient. Further functional and epidemiological studies are needed to determine whether the new variants are a risk to public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie-Mei Yu
- College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China.,National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Ze-Yin Liang
- Department of Hematology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ke Guo
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Man Sun
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yu-Jun Dong
- Department of Hematology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhao-Jun Duan
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
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Liao Y, Xue L, Gao J, Wu A, Kou X. ABO blood group-associated susceptibility to norovirus infection: A systematic review and meta-analysis. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2020; 81:104245. [PMID: 32092482 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Norovirus is responsible for the viral gastroenteritis burden worldwide. Histo-blood type antigens (HBGAs) are the only well-known factor regarding their effect on the pathogenesis of norovirus. Here, we performed the study to further investigate the association of the ABO blood group with norovirus susceptibility. METHODS All relevant studies were retrieved from PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library databases and the associations of ABO blood groups with norovirus were assessed. The pooled odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated from extracted data. I2 statistics, sensitivity analysis, and publication bias were used to confirm the findings. Subgroup analyses were performed for genotypes, publication years, development degree of the countries, and age if heterogeneity was recorded. RESULTS Seventeen articles covering 2304 participants were included. The overall analysis of the studies showed similar ORs of norovirus infection among individuals with blood type A (OR = 0.90, 95%CI = 0.71-1.14, P = 0.37) and blood type B (OR = 0.85, 95%CI = 0.66-1.12, P = 0.25) as compared to those controls. An increased odds of norovirus infection was found among individuals with blood type O (OR = 1.28, 95%CI = 1.03-1.59, P = 0.03), while the individuals with blood type AB (OR = 0.91, 95%CI = 0.60-1.39, P = 0.67) showed no correlation with norovirus infection. For blood type B and blood type AB, the results of subgroup analyses mirrored the observations above. CONCLUSIONS The meta-analysis suggested that the blood type A, B and AB might not affect susceptibility to norovirus infection. However, blood type O appeared to be more susceptible to norovirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingyin Liao
- KingMed school of Laboratory Medicine of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liang Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, NO.100, Xianlie Zhong Road, Guangzhou 510070, People's Republic of China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangzhou 510070, People's Republic of China
| | - Junshan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, NO.100, Xianlie Zhong Road, Guangzhou 510070, People's Republic of China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangzhou 510070, People's Republic of China
| | - Aiwu Wu
- KingMed school of Laboratory Medicine of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxia Kou
- KingMed school of Laboratory Medicine of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
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Abstract
Viral gastroenteritis (VGE) is an acute, self-limiting gastrointestinal infection caused by several viruses which most often trigger nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain and diarrhea. It is one of the most common human illnesses with its greatest impact on the very young and elderly. In the developing world, VGE can be life threatening whereas in most developed countries, it is self-limited and managed with hydration. Most agents of VGE are spread by the fecal oral route or may occur in explosive outbreaks due to food or water contamination. Control of these infections depends upon proper food handling, hand hygiene, clean water and the rotavirus vaccination of infants. This chapter will discuss the common viruses which cause this syndrome.
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Le Pendu J, Ruvoën-Clouet N. Fondness for sugars of enteric viruses confronts them with human glycans genetic diversity. Hum Genet 2019; 139:903-910. [DOI: 10.1007/s00439-019-02090-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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GII.13/21 Noroviruses Recognize Glycans with a Terminal β-Galactose via an Unconventional Glycan Binding Site. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.00723-19. [PMID: 31118252 PMCID: PMC6639292 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00723-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Evidence from both phenotypic binding assay and structural study support the observed interactions of human noroviruses (huNoVs) with histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs) as receptors or attachment factors, affecting their host susceptibility. GII.13 and GII.21 genotypes form a unique genetic lineage that differs from the mainstream GII huNoVs in their unconventional glycan binding site. Unlike the previous findings that GII.13/21 genotypes recognize only Lea antigen, we found in this study that they can interact with a group of glycans with a common terminal β-Gal, including Lec, lactose, and mucin core 2. However, this wide glycan binding spectrum in a unique binding mode of the GII.13/21 huNoVs appears not to increase their prevalence, probably due to the existence of decoy glycan receptors in human gastrointestinal tract limiting their infection. Our findings shed light on the host interaction and epidemiology of huNoVs, which would impact the strategy of huNoV control and prevention. Human noroviruses (huNoVs) recognize histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs) as host susceptibility factors. GII.13 and GII.21 huNoVs form a unique genetic lineage that emerged from mainstream GII NoVs via development of a new, nonconventional glycan binding site (GBS) that binds Lea antigen. This previous finding raised the question of whether the new GII.13/21 GBS really has such a narrow glycan binding spectrum. In this study, we provide solid phenotypic and structural evidence indicating that this new GBS recognizes a group of glycans with a common terminal β-galactose (β-Gal). First, we found that P domain proteins of GII.13/21 huNoVs circulating at different times bound three glycans sharing a common terminal β-Gal, including Lec, lactose, and mucin core 2. Second, we solved the crystal structures of the GII.13 P dimers in complex with Lec and mucin core 2, which showed that β-Gal is the major binding saccharide. Third, nonfat milk and lactose blocked the GII.13/21 P domain-glycan binding, which may explain the low prevalence of GII.13/21 viruses. Our data provide new insight into the host interactions and epidemiology of huNoVs, which would help in the control and prevention of NoV-associated diseases. IMPORTANCE Evidence from both phenotypic binding assay and structural study support the observed interactions of human noroviruses (huNoVs) with histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs) as receptors or attachment factors, affecting their host susceptibility. GII.13 and GII.21 genotypes form a unique genetic lineage that differs from the mainstream GII huNoVs in their unconventional glycan binding site. Unlike the previous findings that GII.13/21 genotypes recognize only Lea antigen, we found in this study that they can interact with a group of glycans with a common terminal β-Gal, including Lec, lactose, and mucin core 2. However, this wide glycan binding spectrum in a unique binding mode of the GII.13/21 huNoVs appears not to increase their prevalence, probably due to the existence of decoy glycan receptors in human gastrointestinal tract limiting their infection. Our findings shed light on the host interaction and epidemiology of huNoVs, which would impact the strategy of huNoV control and prevention.
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The Antigenic Topology of Norovirus as Defined by B and T Cell Epitope Mapping: Implications for Universal Vaccines and Therapeutics. Viruses 2019; 11:v11050432. [PMID: 31083353 PMCID: PMC6563215 DOI: 10.3390/v11050432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Human norovirus (HuNoV) is the leading cause of acute nonbacterial gastroenteritis. Vaccine design has been confounded by the antigenic diversity of these viruses and a limited understanding of protective immunity. We reviewed 77 articles published since 1988 describing the isolation, function, and mapping of 307 unique monoclonal antibodies directed against B cell epitopes of human and murine noroviruses representing diverse Genogroups (G). Of these antibodies, 91, 153, 21, and 42 were reported as GI-specific, GII-specific, MNV GV-specific, and G cross-reactive, respectively. Our goal was to reconstruct the antigenic topology of noroviruses in relationship to mapped epitopes with potential for therapeutic use or inclusion in universal vaccines. Furthermore, we reviewed seven published studies of norovirus T cell epitopes that identified 18 unique peptide sequences with CD4- or CD8-stimulating activity. Both the protruding (P) and shell (S) domains of the major capsid protein VP1 contained B and T cell epitopes, with the majority of neutralizing and HBGA-blocking B cell epitopes mapping in or proximal to the surface-exposed P2 region of the P domain. The majority of broadly reactive B and T cell epitopes mapped to the S and P1 arm of the P domain. Taken together, this atlas of mapped B and T cell epitopes offers insight into the promises and challenges of designing universal vaccines and immunotherapy for the noroviruses.
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Abstract
Viruses depend on the host cells they infect to provide the machinery and substrates for replication. Host cells are highly dynamic systems that can alter their intracellular environment and metabolic behavior, which may be helpful or inhibitory for an infecting virus. In this study, we show that macrophages, a target cell of murine norovirus (MNV), increase glycolysis upon viral infection, which is important for early steps in MNV infection. Human noroviruses (hNoV) are a major cause of gastroenteritis globally, causing enormous morbidity and economic burden. Currently, no effective antivirals or vaccines exist for hNoV, mainly due to the lack of high-efficiency in vitro culture models for their study. Thus, insights gained from the MNV model may reveal aspects of host cell metabolism that can be targeted for improving hNoV cell culture systems and for developing effective antiviral therapies. The metabolic pathways of central carbon metabolism, glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), are important host factors that determine the outcome of viral infections and can be manipulated by some viruses to favor infection. However, mechanisms of metabolic modulation and their effects on viral replication vary widely. Herein, we present the first metabolomics and energetic profiling of norovirus-infected cells, which revealed increases in glycolysis, OXPHOS, and the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) during murine norovirus (MNV) infection. Inhibiting glycolysis with 2-deoxyglucose (2DG) in macrophages revealed that glycolysis is an important factor for optimal MNV infection, while inhibiting the PPP and OXPHOS showed a relatively minor impact of these pathways on MNV infection. 2DG affected an early stage in the viral life cycle after viral uptake and capsid uncoating, leading to decreased viral protein production and viral RNA. The requirement of glycolysis was specific for MNV (but not astrovirus) infection, independent of the type I interferon antiviral response, and unlikely to be due to a lack of host cell nucleotide synthesis. MNV infection increased activation of the protein kinase Akt, but not AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), two master regulators of cellular metabolism, implicating Akt signaling in upregulating host metabolism during norovirus infection. In conclusion, our findings suggest that the metabolic state of target cells is an intrinsic host factor that determines the extent of norovirus replication and implicates glycolysis as a virulence determinant. They further point to cellular metabolism as a novel therapeutic target for norovirus infections and improvements in current human norovirus culture systems.
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Structural Basis of Nanobodies Targeting the Prototype Norovirus. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.02005-18. [PMID: 30602609 PMCID: PMC6401464 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02005-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of vulnerable regions on norovirus particles is instrumental in the development of effective inhibitors, particularly for GI noroviruses that are genetically diverse. Analysis of these GI.1-specific Nanobodies has shown that similar to GII norovirus particles, the GI particles have vulnerable regions. The only known cofactor region, the HBGA binding pocket, represents the main target for inhibition. With a combination treatment, i.e., the addition of Nano-7 or Nano-94 with 2′FL, the effect of inhibition was increased. Therefore, combination drug treatments might offer a better approach to combat norovirus infections, especially since the GI genotypes are highly diverse and are continually changing the capsid landscape, and few conserved epitopes have so far been identified. Human norovirus infections are a major disease burden. In this study, we analyzed three new norovirus-specific Nanobodies that interacted with the prototype human norovirus (i.e., genogroup I genotype 1 [GI.1]). We showed that the Nanobodies bound on the side (Nano-7 and Nano-62) and top (Nano-94) of the capsid-protruding (P) domain using X-ray crystallography. Nano-7 and Nano-62 bound at a similar region on the P domain, but the orientations of these two Nanobodies clashed with the shell (S) domain and neighboring P domains on intact particles. This finding suggested that the P domains on the particles should shift in order for Nano-7 and Nano-62 to bind to intact particles. Interestingly, both Nano-7 and Nano-94 were capable of blocking norovirus virus-like particles (VLPs) from binding to histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs), which are important cofactors for norovirus infection. Previously, we showed that the GI.1 HBGA pocket could be blocked with the soluble human milk oligosaccharide 2-fucosyllactose (2′FL). In the current study, we showed that a combined treatment of Nano-7 or Nano-94 with 2′FL enhanced the blocking potential with an additive (Nano-7) or synergistic (Nano-94) effect. We also found that GII Nanobodies with 2′FL also enhanced inhibition. The Nanobody inhibition likely occurred by different mechanisms, including particle aggregation or particle disassembly, whereas 2′FL blocked the HBGA binding site. Overall, these new data showed that the positive effect of the addition of 2′FL was not limited to a single mode of action of Nanobodies or to a single norovirus genogroup. IMPORTANCE The discovery of vulnerable regions on norovirus particles is instrumental in the development of effective inhibitors, particularly for GI noroviruses that are genetically diverse. Analysis of these GI.1-specific Nanobodies has shown that similar to GII norovirus particles, the GI particles have vulnerable regions. The only known cofactor region, the HBGA binding pocket, represents the main target for inhibition. With a combination treatment, i.e., the addition of Nano-7 or Nano-94 with 2′FL, the effect of inhibition was increased. Therefore, combination drug treatments might offer a better approach to combat norovirus infections, especially since the GI genotypes are highly diverse and are continually changing the capsid landscape, and few conserved epitopes have so far been identified.
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Krammer EM, Bouckaert JMJ. Norovirus devours human milk oligosaccharides rich in α-fucose. J Biol Chem 2019; 293:11966-11967. [PMID: 30054292 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.h118.004336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Human norovirus binding to histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs) is thought to direct their entry into host cells. However, the glycan epitopes characteristic of HBGAs are also present on oligosaccharides abundant in human milk. In this issue of JBC, Hanisch et al compared norovirus binding to human gastric mucins and human milk oligosaccharides, finding those bound most avidly are rich in α-fucose. Mimicry of these epitopes with α-fucose multivalently displayed on other carbohydrate scaffolds successfully scavenged this prevalent virus, providing new insights into norovirus biology and clues for future therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva-Maria Krammer
- From the Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle (UGSF), UMR8576 of CNRS and UdeLille, 50 Avenue de Halley, 59658 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Julie Maria Jozefa Bouckaert
- From the Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle (UGSF), UMR8576 of CNRS and UdeLille, 50 Avenue de Halley, 59658 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
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Todd KV, Tripp RA. Human Norovirus: Experimental Models of Infection. Viruses 2019; 11:v11020151. [PMID: 30759780 PMCID: PMC6410082 DOI: 10.3390/v11020151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Human noroviruses (HuNoVs) are a leading cause of acute gastroenteritis worldwide. HuNoV infections lead to substantial societal and economic burdens. There are currently no licensed vaccines or therapeutics for the prevention or treatment of HuNoVs. A lack of well-characterized in vitro and in vivo infection models has limited the development of HuNoV countermeasures. Experimental infection of human volunteers and the use of related viruses such as murine NoV have provided helpful insights into HuNoV biology and vaccine and therapeutic development. There remains a need for robust animal models and reverse genetic systems to further HuNoV research. This review summarizes available HuNoV animal models and reverse genetic systems, while providing insight into their usefulness for vaccine and therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle V Todd
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| | - Ralph A Tripp
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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Structural Basis for Human Norovirus Capsid Binding to Bile Acids. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.01581-18. [PMID: 30355683 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01581-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A recently developed human norovirus cell culture system revealed that the presence of bile enhanced or was an essential requirement for the growth of certain genotypes. Before this discovery, histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs) were the only well-studied cofactor known for human noroviruses, and there was evidence that several genotypes poorly bound HBGAs. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate how human norovirus capsids interact with bile acids. We found that bile acids had low-micromolar affinities for GII.1, GII.10, and GII.19 capsids but did not bind GI.1, GII.3, GII.4, or GII.17. We showed that bile acid bound at a partially conserved pocket on the norovirus capsid-protruding (P) domain using X-ray crystallography. Amino acid sequence alignment and structural analysis delivered an explanation of selective bile acid binding. Intriguingly, we discovered that binding of the bile acid was the critical step to stabilize several P domain loops that optimally placed an essential amino acid side chain (Asp375) to bind HBGAs in an otherwise HBGA nonbinder (GII.1). Furthermore, bile acid enhanced HBGA binding for a known HBGA binder (GII.10). Altogether, these new data suggest that bile acid functions as a loop-stabilizing regulator and enhancer of HBGA binding for certain norovirus genotypes.IMPORTANCE Given that human norovirus virions likely interact with bile acid during a natural infection, our evidence that an HBGA nonbinder (GII.1) can be converted to an HBGA binder after bile acid binding is of major significance. Our data provide direct evidence that, like HBGAs, bile acid interaction on the capsid is an important cofactor for certain genotypes. However, more unanswered questions seem to arise from these new discoveries. For example, is there an association between the bile acid requirement and the prevalence of certain genotypes? That is, the GII.1 and GII.10 (bile acid binders) genotypes rarely caused outbreaks, whereas the GII.4 and GII.17 genotypes (bile acid nonbinders) were responsible for large epidemics. Therefore, it seems plausible that certain genotypes require bile acids, whereas others have modified their bile acid requirements on the capsid.
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Ghosh S, Malik YS, Kobayashi N. Therapeutics and Immunoprophylaxis Against Noroviruses and Rotaviruses: The Past, Present, and Future. Curr Drug Metab 2018; 19:170-191. [PMID: 28901254 PMCID: PMC5971199 DOI: 10.2174/1389200218666170912161449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 09/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Background: Noroviruses and rotaviruses are important viral etiologies of severe gastroenteritis. Noroviruses are the primary cause of nonbacterial diarrheal outbreaks in humans, whilst rotaviruses are a major cause of childhood diarrhea. Although both enteric pathogens substantially impact human health and economies, there are no approved drugs against noroviruses and rotaviruses so far. On the other hand, whilst the currently licensed rotavirus vaccines have been successfully implemented in over 100 countries, the most advanced norovirus vaccine has recently completed phase-I and II trials. Methods: We performed a structured search of bibliographic databases for peer-reviewed research litera-ture on advances in the fields of norovirus and rotavirus therapeutics and immunoprophylaxis. Results: Technological advances coupled with a proper understanding of viral morphology and replication over the past decade has facilitated pioneering research on therapeutics and immunoprophylaxis against noroviruses and rotaviruses, with promising outcomes in human clinical trials of some of the drugs and vaccines. This review focuses on the various developments in the fields of norovirus and rotavirus thera-peutics and immunoprophylaxis, such as potential antiviral drug molecules, passive immunotherapies (oral human immunoglobulins, egg yolk and bovine colostral antibodies, llama-derived nanobodies, and anti-bodies expressed in probiotics, plants, rice grains and insect larvae), immune system modulators, probiot-ics, phytochemicals and other biological substances such as bovine milk proteins, therapeutic nanoparti-cles, hydrogels and viscogens, conventional viral vaccines (live and inactivated whole virus vaccines), and genetically engineered viral vaccines (reassortant viral particles, virus-like particles (VLPs) and other sub-unit recombinant vaccines including multi-valent viral vaccines, edible plant vaccines, and encapsulated viral particles). Conclusions: This review provides important insights into the various approaches to therapeutics and im-munoprophylaxis against noroviruses and rotaviruses..
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Affiliation(s)
- Souvik Ghosh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, St. Kitts and Nevis, West Indies.,Department of Hygiene, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yashpal Singh Malik
- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Nobumichi Kobayashi
- Department of Hygiene, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
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Taube S, Mallagaray A, Peters T. Norovirus, glycans and attachment. Curr Opin Virol 2018; 31:33-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2018.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Hanisch FG, Hansman GS, Morozov V, Kunz C, Schroten H. Avidity of α-fucose on human milk oligosaccharides and blood group-unrelated oligo/polyfucoses is essential for potent norovirus-binding targets. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:11955-11965. [PMID: 29858242 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra117.001369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There is agreement with respect to norovirus infection routes in humans regarding binding of the pathogen to gastrointestinal epithelia via recognition of blood group-active mucin-typeO-glycans as the initiating and essential event. Among food additives playing a potential role in applications to protect newborns, human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) as competitors are of major importance. By focusing on fractions of high-molecular mass HMOs with high fucose contents, we attempted to identify the structural elements required for norovirus GII.4 (Sydney 2012, JX459908) capsid binding in neoglycolipid-based arrays. We provide evidence that HMO fractions with the strongest binding capacities contained hepta- to decasaccharides expressing branches with terminal blood group H1 or Lewis-b antigen. H2 antigen, as recognized by UEA-I lectin, is apparently not expressed in high-mass HMOs. Beyond affinity, sterical and valency effects contribute more to virus-like particle binding, as revealed for oligovalent fucose conjugates of α-cyclodextrin and oligofucoses from fucoidan. Accordingly, high-mass HMOs with oligovalent fucose can exhibit stronger binding capacities compared with monovalent fucose HMOs. The above features were revealed for the most clinically relevant and prevalent GII.4 strain and are distinct from other strains, like GII.10 (Vietnam 026, AF504671), which showed a preference for blood group Lewis-a positive glycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franz-Georg Hanisch
- From the Institute of Biochemistry II, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Strasse 52, 50931 Köln,
| | - Grant S Hansman
- the Schaller Research Group at University of Heidelberg and DKFZ, and Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 242, 69120 Heidelberg
| | - Vasily Morozov
- the Schaller Research Group at University of Heidelberg and DKFZ, and Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 242, 69120 Heidelberg.,the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Unit, University Children's Hospital Mannheim, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167 Mannheim, and
| | - Clemens Kunz
- the Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Giessen, Wilhelmstrasse 20, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Horst Schroten
- the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Unit, University Children's Hospital Mannheim, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167 Mannheim, and
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Wegener H, Mallagaray Á, Schöne T, Peters T, Lockhauserbäumer J, Yan H, Uetrecht C, Hansman GS, Taube S. Human norovirus GII.4(MI001) P dimer binds fucosylated and sialylated carbohydrates. Glycobiology 2018; 27:1027-1037. [PMID: 28973640 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwx078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Human noroviruses (HuNoV), members of the family Caliciviridae, are the major cause of acute viral gastroenteritis worldwide. Successful infection is linked to the ability of the protruding (P) domain of the viral capsid to bind histo-blood group antigens (HBGA). Binding to gangliosides plays a major role for many nonhuman calici- and noroviruses. Increasing evidence points to a broader role of sialylated carbohydrates such as gangliosides in norovirus infection. Here, we compare HBGA and ganglioside binding of a GII.4 HuNoV variant (MI001), previously shown to be infectious in a HuNoV mouse model. Saturation transfer difference nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, native mass spectrometry (MS) and surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy were used to characterize binding epitopes, affinities, stoichiometry and dynamics, focusing on 3'-sialyllactose, the GM3 ganglioside saccharide and B antigen. Binding was observed for 3'-sialyllactose and various HBGAs following a multistep binding process. Intrinsic affinities (Kd) of fucose, 3'-sialyllactose and B antigen were determined for the individual binding steps. Stronger affinities were observed for B antigen over 3'-sialyllactose and fucose, which bound in the mM range. Binding stoichiometry was analyzed by native MS showing the presence of four B antigens or two 3'-sialyllactose in the complex. Epitope mapping of 3'-sialyllactose revealed direct interaction of α2,3-linked sialic acid with the P domain. The ability of HuNoV to engage multiple carbohydrates emphasizes the multivalent nature of norovirus glycan-specificity. Our findings reveal direct binding of a GII.4 HuNoV P dimer to α2,3-linked sialic acid and support a broader role of ganglioside binding in norovirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Wegener
- University of Lübeck, Institute of Virology and Cell Biology,Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Álvaro Mallagaray
- University of Lübeck, Institute of Chemistry,Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Tobias Schöne
- University of Lübeck, Institute of Chemistry,Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Thomas Peters
- University of Lübeck, Institute of Chemistry,Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Julia Lockhauserbäumer
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology,Martinistrasse 52, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hao Yan
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology,Martinistrasse 52, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Charlotte Uetrecht
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Martinistrasse 52, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
- European XFEL GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Grant S Hansman
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), CHS Foundation at the University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 242, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Taube
- University of Lübeck, Institute of Virology and Cell Biology,Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
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The Double Face of Mucin-Type O-Glycans in Lectin-Mediated Infection and Immunity. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23051151. [PMID: 29751628 PMCID: PMC6100456 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23051151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial human blood group antigens (HBGAs) on O-glycans play roles in pathogen binding and the initiation of infection, while similar structures on secretory mucins exert protective functions. These double-faced features of O-glycans in infection and innate immunity are reviewed based on two instructive examples of bacterial and viral pathogens. Helicobacter pylori represents a class 1 carcinogen in the human stomach. By expressing blood group antigen-binding adhesin (BabA) and LabA adhesins that bind to Lewis-b and LacdiNAc, respectively, H. pylori colocalizes with the mucin MUC5AC in gastric surface epithelia, but not with MUC6, which is cosecreted with trefoil factor family 2 (TFF2) by deep gastric glands. Both components of the glandular secretome are concertedly up-regulated upon infection. While MUC6 expresses GlcNAc-capped glycans as natural antibiotics for H. pylori growth control, TFF2 may function as a probiotic lectin. In viral infection human noroviruses of the GII genogroup interact with HBGAs via their major capsid protein, VP1. HBGAs on human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) may exert protective functions by binding to the P2 domain pocket on the capsid. We discuss structural details of the P2 carbohydrate-binding pocket in interaction with blood group H/Lewis-b HMOs and fucoidan-derived oligofucoses as effective interactors for the most prevalent norovirus strains, GII.4 and GII.17.
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Steyer A, Konte T, Sagadin M, Kolenc M, Škoberne A, Germ J, Dovč-Drnovšek T, Arnol M, Poljšak-Prijatelj M. Intrahost Norovirus Evolution in Chronic Infection Over 5 Years of Shedding in a Kidney Transplant Recipient. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:371. [PMID: 29552005 PMCID: PMC5840165 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Noroviruses are the leading cause of acute gastroenteritis, and they can affect humans of all age groups. In immunocompromised patients, norovirus infections can develop into chronic diarrhea or show prolonged asymptomatic virus shedding. Chronic norovirus infections are frequently reported for solid organ transplant recipients, with rapid intrahost norovirus evolution seen. In this report, we describe a case of chronic norovirus infection in an immunocompromised patient who was followed up for over 5 years. The purpose of the study was to specify the norovirus evolution in a chronically infected immunocompromised host and identify possible selection sites in norovirus capsid protein. During the follow-up period, 25 sequential stool samples were collected and nine of them were selected to generate amplicons covering viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) and viral capsid protein (VP1) genes. Amplicons were sequenced using next-generation sequencing. Single nucleotide polymorphisms were defined, which demonstrated a nearly 3-fold greater mutation rate in the VP1 genome region compared to the RdRp genome region (7.9 vs. 2.8 variable sites/100 nucleotides, respectively). This indicates that mutations in the virus genome were not accumulated randomly, but are rather the result of mutant selection during the infection cycle. Using ShoRAH software we were able to reconstruct haplotypes occurring in each of the nine selected samples. The deduced amino-acid haplotype sequences were aligned and the positions were analyzed for selective pressure using the Datamonkey program. Only 12 out of 25 positive selection sites were within the commonly described epitopes A, B, C, and D of the VP1 protein. New positive selection sites were determined that have not been described before and might reflect adaptation of the norovirus toward optimal histo-blood-group antigen binding, or modification of the norovirus antigenic properties. These data provide new insights into norovirus evolutionary dynamics and indicate new putative epitope “hot-spots” of modified and optimized norovirus–host interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrej Steyer
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tilen Konte
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Martin Sagadin
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Marko Kolenc
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Andrej Škoberne
- Department of Nephrology, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Julija Germ
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | - Miha Arnol
- Department of Nephrology, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Mateja Poljšak-Prijatelj
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Morozov V, Hansman G, Hanisch FG, Schroten H, Kunz C. Human Milk Oligosaccharides as Promising Antivirals. Mol Nutr Food Res 2018; 62:e1700679. [PMID: 29336526 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201700679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are diverse unconjugated carbohydrates that are highly abundant in human breast milk. These glycans are investigated in the context of exhibiting multiple functions in infant growth and development. They seem to provide protection against infectious diseases, including a number of poorly manageable viral infections. Although the potential mechanism of the HMO antiviral protection is rather broad, much of the current experimental work has focused on studying of HMO antiadhesive properties. HMOs may mimic structures of viral receptors and block adherence to target cells, thus preventing infection. Still, the potential of HMOs as a source for new antiviral drugs is relatively unexploited. This can be partly attributed to the extreme complexity of the virus-carbohydrate interactions and technical difficulties in HMO isolation, characterization, and manufacturing procedures. Fortunately, we are currently entering a period of major technological advances that have enabled deeper insights into carbohydrate mediated viral entry, rational selection of HMOs as anti-entry inhibitors, and even evaluation of individual synthetic HMO structures. Here, we provide an up-to-date review on glycan binding studies for rotaviruses, noroviruses, influenza viruses, and human immunodeficiency viruses. We also discuss the preventive and therapeutic potential of HMOs as anti-entry inhibitors and address challenges on the route from fundamental studies to clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasily Morozov
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases Unit, University Children's Hospital Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Grant Hansman
- Schaller Research Group at the University of Heidelberg and the DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Franz-Georg Hanisch
- Institute of Biochemistry II, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Horst Schroten
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases Unit, University Children's Hospital Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Clemens Kunz
- Institute of Nutritional Science, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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Craft KM, Townsend SD. The Human Milk Glycome as a Defense Against Infectious Diseases: Rationale, Challenges, and Opportunities. ACS Infect Dis 2018; 4:77-83. [PMID: 29140081 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.7b00209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Each year over 3 million people die from infectious diseases with most of these deaths being poor and young children who live in low- and middle-income countries. Infectious diseases emerge for a multitude of reasons. On the social front, reasons include a breakdown of public health standards, international travel, and immigration (for financial, civil, and social reasons). At the molecular level, the modern rise of infectious diseases is tied to the juxtaposition of drug-resistant pathogens and a lack of new antimicrobials. The consequence is the possibility that humankind will return to the preantibiotic era wherein millions of people will perish from what should be trivial illnesses. Given the stakes, it is imperative that the chemistry community take leadership in delivering new antibiotic leads for clinical development. We believe this can happen through innovation in two areas. First is the development of novel chemical scaffolds to treat infections caused by multidrug-resistant pathogens. The second area, which is not exclusive to the first, is the generation of antibiotics that do not cause collateral damage to the host or the host's microbiome. Both can be enabled through advances in chemical synthesis. It is with this general philosophy in mind that we hypothesized human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) could serve as novel chemical scaffolds for antibacterial development. We provide herein a personal account of our laboratory's progress toward the goal of using HMOs as a defense against infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly M. Craft
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, 7330 Stevenson Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Steven D. Townsend
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, 7330 Stevenson Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
- Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, 896 Preston Research Building, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
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50
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Laucirica DR, Triantis V, Schoemaker R, Estes MK, Ramani S. Milk Oligosaccharides Inhibit Human Rotavirus Infectivity in MA104 Cells. J Nutr 2017; 147:1709-1714. [PMID: 28637685 PMCID: PMC5572490 DOI: 10.3945/jn.116.246090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Oligosaccharides in milk act as soluble decoy receptors and prevent pathogen adhesion to the infant gut. Milk oligosaccharides reduce infectivity of a porcine rotavirus strain; however, the effects on human rotaviruses are less well understood.Objective: In this study, we determined the effect of specific and abundant milk oligosaccharides on the infectivity of 2 globally dominant human rotavirus strains.Methods: Four milk oligosaccharides-2'-fucosyllactose (2'FL), 3'-sialyllactose (3'SL), 6'-sialyllactose (6'SL), and galacto-oligosaccharides-were tested for their effects on the infectivity of human rotaviruses G1P[8] and G2P[4] through fluorescent focus assays on African green monkey kidney epithelial cells (MA104 cells). Oligosaccharides were added at different time points in the infectivity assays. Infections in the absence of oligosaccharides served as controls.Results: When compared with infections in the absence of glycans, all oligosaccharides substantially reduced the infectivity of both human rotavirus strains in vitro; however, virus strain-specific differences in effects were observed. Compared with control infections, the maximum reduction in G1P[8] infectivity was seen with 2'FL when added after the onset of infection (62% reduction, P < 0.01), whereas the maximum reduction in G2P[4] infectivity was seen with the mixture of 3'SL + 6'SL when added during infection (73% reduction, P < 0.01). The mixture of 3'SL + 6'SL at the same ratio as is present in breast milk was more potent in reducing G2P[4] infectivity (73% reduction, P < 0.01) than when compared with 3'SL (47% reduction) or 6'SL (40% reduction) individually. For all oligosaccharides the reduction in infectivity was mediated by an effect on the virus and not on the cells.Conclusions: Milk oligosaccharides reduce the infectivity of human rotaviruses in MA104 cells, primarily through an effect on the virus. Although breastfed infants are directly protected, the addition of specific oligosaccharides to infant formula may confer these benefits to formula-fed infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Laucirica
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; and
| | | | | | - Mary K Estes
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; and
| | - Sasirekha Ramani
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; and
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