1
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Oskam N, Damelang T, Streutker M, Ooijevaar-de Heer P, Nouta J, Koeleman C, Van Coillie J, Wuhrer M, Vidarsson G, Rispens T. Factors affecting IgG4-mediated complement activation. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1087532. [PMID: 36776883 PMCID: PMC9910309 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1087532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Of the four human immunoglobulin G (IgG) subclasses, IgG4 is considered the least inflammatory, in part because it poorly activates the complement system. Regardless, in IgG4 related disease (IgG4-RD) and in autoimmune disorders with high levels of IgG4 autoantibodies, the presence of these antibodies has been linked to consumption and deposition of complement components. This apparent paradox suggests that conditions may exist, potentially reminiscent of in vivo deposits, that allow for complement activation by IgG4. Furthermore, it is currently unclear how variable glycosylation and Fab arm exchange may influence the ability of IgG4 to activate complement. Here, we used well-defined, glyco-engineered monoclonal preparations of IgG4 and determined their ability to activate complement in a controlled system. We show that IgG4 can activate complement only at high antigen and antibody concentrations, via the classical pathway. Moreover, elevated or reduced Fc galactosylation enhanced or diminished complement activation, respectively, with no apparent contribution from the lectin pathway. Fab glycans slightly reduced complement activation. Lastly, we show that bispecific, monovalent IgG4 resulting from Fab arm exchange is a less potent activator of complement than monospecific IgG4. Taken together, these results imply that involvement of IgG4-mediated complement activation in pathology is possible but unlikely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nienke Oskam
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Department of Immunopathology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Timon Damelang
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Department of Immunopathology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Immunohematology Experimental, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Marij Streutker
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Department of Immunopathology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Pleuni Ooijevaar-de Heer
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Department of Immunopathology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jan Nouta
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Carolien Koeleman
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Julie Van Coillie
- Department of Immunohematology Experimental, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Manfred Wuhrer
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Gestur Vidarsson
- Department of Immunohematology Experimental, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Theo Rispens
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Department of Immunopathology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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2
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The Fab region of IgG impairs the internalization pathway of FcRn upon Fc engagement. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6073. [PMID: 36241613 PMCID: PMC9568614 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33764-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Binding to the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) extends serum half-life of IgG, and antagonizing this interaction is a promising therapeutic approach in IgG-mediated autoimmune diseases. Fc-MST-HN, designed for enhanced FcRn binding capacity, has not been evaluated in the context of a full-length antibody, and the structural properties of the attached Fab regions might affect the FcRn-mediated intracellular trafficking pathway. Here we present a comprehensive comparative analysis of the IgG salvage pathway between two full-size IgG1 variants, containing wild type and MST-HN Fc fragments, and their Fc-only counterparts. We find no evidence of Fab-regions affecting FcRn binding in cell-free assays, however, cellular assays show impaired binding of full-size IgG to FcRn, which translates into improved intracellular FcRn occupancy and intracellular accumulation of Fc-MST-HN compared to full size IgG1-MST-HN. The crystal structure of Fc-MST-HN in complex with FcRn provides a plausible explanation why the Fab disrupts the interaction only in the context of membrane-associated FcRn. Importantly, we find that Fc-MST-HN outperforms full-size IgG1-MST-HN in reducing IgG levels in cynomolgus monkeys. Collectively, our findings identify the cellular membrane context as a critical factor in FcRn biology and therapeutic targeting.
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3
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Brinkhaus M, van der Kooi EJ, Bentlage AEH, Ooijevaar-de Heer P, Derksen NIL, Rispens T, Vidarsson G. Human IgE does not bind to human FcRn. Sci Rep 2022; 12:62. [PMID: 34996950 PMCID: PMC8741920 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-03852-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) is known to mediate placental transfer of IgG from mother to unborn. IgE is widely known for triggering immune responses to environmental antigens. Recent evidence suggests FcRn-mediated transplacental passage of IgE during pregnancy. However, direct interaction of FcRn and IgE was not investigated. Here, we compared binding of human IgE and IgG variants to recombinant soluble human FcRn with β2-microglobulin (sFcRn) in surface plasmon resonance (SPR) at pH 7.4 and pH 6.0. No interaction was found between human IgE and human sFcRn. These results imply that FcRn can only transport IgE indirectly, and thereby possibly transfer allergenic sensitivity from mother to fetus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Brinkhaus
- Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Plesmanlaan 125, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Elvera J van der Kooi
- Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Plesmanlaan 125, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Arthur E H Bentlage
- Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Plesmanlaan 125, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pleuni Ooijevaar-de Heer
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ninotska I L Derksen
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Theo Rispens
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gestur Vidarsson
- Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Plesmanlaan 125, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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4
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Afucosylated IgG Targets FcγRIV for Enhanced Tumor Therapy in Mice. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13102372. [PMID: 34069226 PMCID: PMC8156657 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13102372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Cancer treatments are increasingly based on therapeutic antibodies to clear tumors. While in vivo mouse models are useful to predict effectiveness of human antibodies it is not completely clear how useful these models are to test antibodies engineered with enhanced effector functions designed for humans. One of the changes considered for many new antibody-based drugs is the removal of fucose (resulting in afucosylated IgG) which enhances IgG-Fc receptor (FcγR) mediated effector functions in humans through FcγRIIIa. Here we show that afucosylated human IgG1 also have enhanced effector functions against peritoneal metastasis of melanoma cells in mice through the evolutionary related mouse FcγRIV. This shows that afucosylated human IgG is functionally recognized across species and shows that mouse tumor models can be used to assess the therapeutic potential of afucosylated IgG1. Abstract Promising strategies for maximizing IgG effector functions rely on the introduction of natural and non-immunogenic modifications. The Fc domain of IgG antibodies contains an N-linked oligosaccharide at position 297. Human IgG antibodies lacking the core fucose in this glycan have enhanced binding to human (FcγR) IIIa/b, resulting in enhanced antibody dependent cell cytotoxicity and phagocytosis through these receptors. However, it is not yet clear if glycan-enhancing modifications of human IgG translate into more effective treatment in mouse models. We generated humanized hIgG1-TA99 antibodies with and without core-fucose. C57Bl/6 mice that were injected intraperitoneally with B16F10-gp75 mouse melanoma developed significantly less metastasis outgrowth after treatment with afucosylated hIgG1-TA99 compared to mice treated with wildtype hhIgG1-TA99. Afucosylated human IgG1 showed stronger interaction with the murine FcγRIV, the mouse orthologue of human FcγRIIIa, indicating that this glycan change is functionally conserved between the species. In agreement with this, no significant differences were observed in tumor outgrowth in FcγRIV-/- mice treated with human hIgG1-TA99 with or without the core fucose. These results confirm the potential of using afucosylated therapeutic IgG to increase their efficacy. Moreover, we show that afucosylated human IgG1 antibodies act across species, supporting that mouse models can be suitable to test afucosylated antibodies.
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5
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Aaen KH, Anthi AK, Sandlie I, Nilsen J, Mester S, Andersen JT. The neonatal Fc receptor in mucosal immune regulation. Scand J Immunol 2021; 93:e13017. [PMID: 33351196 DOI: 10.1111/sji.13017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) was first recognized for its role in transfer of maternal IgG to the foetus or newborn, providing passive immunity early in life. However, it has become clear that the receptor is versatile, widely expressed and plays an indispensable role in both immunological and non-immunological processes throughout life. The receptor rescues immunoglobulin G (IgG) and albumin from intracellular degradation and shuttles the ligands across polarized cell barriers, in all cases via a pH-dependent binding-and-release mechanism. These processes secure distribution and high levels of both IgG and albumin throughout the body. At mucosal sites, FcRn transports IgG across polarized epithelial cells where it retrieves IgG in complex with luminal antigens that is delivered to tissue-localized immune cells. In dendritic cells (DCs), FcRn orchestrates processing of IgG-opsonized immune complexes (ICs) in concert with classical Fcγ receptors, which results in antigen presentation and cross-presentation of antigenic peptides on MHC class II and I to CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, respectively. Hence, FcRn regulates transport of the ligands within and across different types of cells, but also processing of IgG-ICs by immune cells. As such, the receptor is involved in immune surveillance and protection against infections. In this brief review, we highlight how FcRn expressed by hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic cells contributes to immune regulation at mucosal barriers-biology that can be utilized in development of biologics and subunit vaccines for non-invasive delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Hovden Aaen
- Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Aina Karen Anthi
- Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Inger Sandlie
- Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jeannette Nilsen
- Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Simone Mester
- Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jan Terje Andersen
- Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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6
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de Taeye SW, Bentlage AEH, Mebius MM, Meesters JI, Lissenberg-Thunnissen S, Falck D, Sénard T, Salehi N, Wuhrer M, Schuurman J, Labrijn AF, Rispens T, Vidarsson G. FcγR Binding and ADCC Activity of Human IgG Allotypes. Front Immunol 2020; 11:740. [PMID: 32435243 PMCID: PMC7218058 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) is an Fc-dependent effector function of IgG important for anti-viral immunity and anti-tumor therapies. NK-cell mediated ADCC is mainly triggered by IgG-subclasses IgG1 and IgG3 through the IgG-Fc-receptor (FcγR) IIIa. Polymorphisms in the immunoglobulin gamma heavy chain gene likely form a layer of variation in the strength of the ADCC-response, but this has never been studied in detail. We produced all 27 known IgG allotypes and assessed FcγRIIIa binding and ADCC activity. While all IgG1, IgG2, and IgG4 allotypes behaved similarly within subclass, large allotype-specific variation was found for IgG3. ADCC capacity was affected by residues 291, 292, and 296 in the CH2 domain through altered affinity or avidity for FcγRIIIa. Furthermore, allotypic variation in hinge length affected ADCC, likely through altered proximity at the immunological synapse. Thus, these functional differences between IgG allotypes have important implications for therapeutic applications and susceptibility to infectious-, allo- or auto-immune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven W de Taeye
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Department of Immunopathology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Arthur E H Bentlage
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | | | - Suzanne Lissenberg-Thunnissen
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - David Falck
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Thomas Sénard
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Nima Salehi
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Department of Immunopathology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Manfred Wuhrer
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | | | | | - Theo Rispens
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Department of Immunopathology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Gestur Vidarsson
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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7
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Temming AR, de Taeye SW, de Graaf EL, de Neef LA, Dekkers G, Bruggeman CW, Koers J, Ligthart P, Nagelkerke SQ, Zimring JC, Kuijpers TW, Wuhrer M, Rispens T, Vidarsson G. Functional Attributes of Antibodies, Effector Cells, and Target Cells Affecting NK Cell-Mediated Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 203:3126-3135. [PMID: 31748349 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Ab-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) is one of the most important effector mechanisms of tumor-targeting Abs in current immunotherapies. In ADCC and other Ab-dependent activation of myeloid effector cells, close cell-cell contact (between effector and target cell) and formation of immunological synapses are required. However, we still lack basic knowledge on the principal factors influencing ADCC potential by therapeutic Abs. In this study we investigated the combined roles of five factors affecting human NK cell-mediated ADCC, namely: 1) Ag density, 2) target cell membrane composition, 3) IgG FcγR polymorphism, 4) FcγR-blocking cytophilic Abs, and 5) Ab fucosylation. We demonstrate that the magnitude of NK cell-mediated ADCC responses is predominantly influenced by Ag density and Ab fucosylation. Afucosylation consistently induced efficient ADCC, even at very low Ag density, where fucosylated target Abs did not elicit ADCC. On the side of the effector cell, the FcγRIIIa-Val/Phe158 polymorphism influenced ADCC potency, with NK cells expressing the Val158 variant showing more potent ADCC. In addition, we identified the sialic acid content of the target cell membrane as an important inhibitory factor for ADCC. Furthermore, we found that the presence and glycosylation status of aspecific endogenous Abs bound to NK cell FcγRIIIa (cytophilic Abs) determine the blocking effect on ADCC. These five parameters affect the potency of Abs in vitro and should be further tested as predictors of in vivo capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Robin Temming
- Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Steven W de Taeye
- Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Erik L de Graaf
- Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Louise A de Neef
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Gillian Dekkers
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Christine W Bruggeman
- Department of Blood Cell Research, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jana Koers
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Peter Ligthart
- Erythrocyte Serology, Sanquin, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sietse Q Nagelkerke
- Department of Blood Cell Research, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Pediatric Immunology and Infectious diseases, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands; and
| | - James C Zimring
- Department of Pathology, Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22903
| | - Taco W Kuijpers
- Department of Blood Cell Research, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Pediatric Immunology and Infectious diseases, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands; and
| | - Manfred Wuhrer
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Theo Rispens
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Gestur Vidarsson
- Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands;
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8
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Acevedo OA, Díaz FE, Beals TE, Benavente FM, Soto JA, Escobar-Vera J, González PA, Kalergis AM. Contribution of Fcγ Receptor-Mediated Immunity to the Pathogenesis Caused by the Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:75. [PMID: 30984626 PMCID: PMC6450440 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The human Respiratory Syncytial Virus (hRSV) is the leading cause of severe acute lower respiratory tract infections (ALRTIs) in humans at all ages and is the main cause of hospitalization due to pneumonia, asthma, and bronchiolitis in infants. hRSV symptoms mainly develop due to an excessive host immune and inflammatory response in the respiratory tissue. hRSV infection during life is frequent and likely because of non-optimal immunological memory is developed against this virus. Vaccine development against this pathogen has been delayed after the detrimental effects produced in children by vaccination with a formalin-inactivated hRSV preparation (FI-hRSV), which caused enhanced disease upon natural viral infection. Since then, several studies have focused on understanding the mechanisms underlying such disease exacerbation. Along these lines, several studies have suggested that antibodies elicited by immunization with FI-hRSV show low neutralizing capacity and promote the formation of immune complexes containing hRSV (hRSV-ICs), which contribute to hRSV pathogenesis through the engagement of Fc gamma receptors (FcγRs) expressed on the surface of immune cells. Furthermore, a role for FcγRs is supported by studies evaluating the contribution of these molecules to hRSV-induced disease. These studies have shown that FcγRs can modulate viral clearance by the host and the inflammatory response triggered by hRSV infection. In addition, ICs can facilitate viral entry into host cells expressing FcγRs, thus extending hRSV infectivity. In this article, we discuss current knowledge relative to the contribution of hRSV-ICs and FcγRs to the pathogenesis caused by hRSV and their putative role in the exacerbation of the disease caused by this virus after FI-hRSV vaccination. A better understanding FcγRs involvement in the immune response against hRSV will contribute to the development of new prophylactic or therapeutic tools to promote virus clearance with limited inflammatory damage to the airways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orlando A Acevedo
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Fabián E Díaz
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Tomas E Beals
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Felipe M Benavente
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jorge A Soto
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jorge Escobar-Vera
- Laboratorio de Genética, Departamento Biomédico, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Pablo A González
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alexis M Kalergis
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Departamento de Endocrinología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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9
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van der Rijst MVE, Lissenberg-Thunnissen SN, Ligthart PC, Visser R, Jongerius JM, Voorn L, Veldhuisen B, Vidarsson G, van den Akker E, van der Schoot CE. Development of a recombinant anti-Vel immunoglobulin M to identify Vel-negative donors. Transfusion 2019; 59:1359-1366. [PMID: 30702752 DOI: 10.1111/trf.15147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alloimmunization against the high-frequency Vel blood group antigen may result in transfusion reactions or hemolytic disease of fetus and newborn. Patients with anti-Vel alloantibodies require Vel-negative blood but Vel-negative individuals are rare (1:4000). Identification of Vel-negative donors ensures availability of Vel-negative blood; however, accurate Vel blood group typing is difficult due to variable Vel antigen expression and limited availability of anti-Vel typing sera. We report the production of a recombinant anti-Vel that also identifies weak Vel expression. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS A recombinant anti-Vel monoclonal antibody was produced by cloning the variable regions from an anti-Vel-specific B cell isolated from an alloimmunized patient into a vector harboring the constant regions of immunoglobulin (Ig)G1-kappa or IgM-kappa. Antibody Vel specificity was tested by reactivity to SMIM1-transfected HEK293T cells and by testing various red blood cells (RBCs) of donors with normal, weak, or no Vel expression. High-throughput donor screening applicability was tested using an automated blood group analyzer. RESULTS A Vel-specific IgM class antibody was produced. The antibody was able to distinguish between Vel-negative and very weak Vel antigen-expressing RBCs by direct agglutination and in high-throughput settings using a fully automated blood group analyzer and performed better than currently used human anti-Vel sera. High-throughput screening of 13,288 blood donations identified three new Vel-negative donors. CONCLUSION We generated a directly agglutinating recombinant anti-Vel IgM, M3F5S-IgM, functional in manual, automated agglutination assays and flow cytometry settings. This IgM anti-Vel will improve diagnostics by facilitating the identification of Vel-negative blood donors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marea V E van der Rijst
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, AUMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, AUMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Peter C Ligthart
- Department of Immunohematology Diagnostic Services, Sanquin, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Remco Visser
- Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, AUMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - John M Jongerius
- Department of Research and Lab Services, National Screening Laboratory Sanquin, Sanquin, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Lesley Voorn
- Department of Research and Lab Services, National Screening Laboratory Sanquin, Sanquin, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Barbera Veldhuisen
- Department of Immunohematology Diagnostic Services, Sanquin, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gestur Vidarsson
- Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, AUMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Emile van den Akker
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, AUMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - C Ellen van der Schoot
- Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, AUMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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10
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Bruggeman CW, Dekkers G, Visser R, Goes NWM, van den Berg TK, Rispens T, Vidarsson G, Kuijpers TW. IgG Glyco-Engineering to Improve IVIg Potency. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2442. [PMID: 30405631 PMCID: PMC6206079 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIg) are used in the treatment of different autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, such as immune thrombocytopenia and hemolytic anemia. One of the modes of action of IVIg is preventing phagocytosis of autoantibody-opsonized blood cells by saturation of the Fc-gamma receptors of macrophages in spleen and liver. IgG contains a fixed glycan, which is in most cases biantennary, at the asparagine residue at position 297 in the Fc tail. This glycan consists of a core structure of N-acetyl glucosamine (GlcNAc) and mannose groups, variably extended with core fucose, bisecting GlcNAc as well as terminal galactose and sialic acid. This structural glycan influences the binding affinity of IgG to Fc-gamma receptors. By glyco-engineering, we generated monoclonal IgG antibodies with different Fc-tail glycans and tested both their opsonizing and blocking capacity in a phagocytosis assay of IgG-opsonized erythrocytes with human monocyte-derived macrophages. In contrast to a lack of effect in opsono-phagocytosis, these IgG glycovariants differentially inhibited the uptake of opsonized erythrocytes. The level of bisecting GlcNAc and galactosylation had unexpectedly larger impact than core fucosylation, and suggest that targeted modifications different from the core fucose may well improve the immunomodulating efficacy of IVIg treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine W Bruggeman
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Department of Blood Cell Research, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Gillian Dekkers
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Remco Visser
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Naneth W M Goes
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Department of Blood Cell Research, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Timo K van den Berg
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Department of Blood Cell Research, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Theo Rispens
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Department of Immunopathology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Gestur Vidarsson
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Taco W Kuijpers
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Department of Blood Cell Research, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Emma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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11
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Brandsma AM, Schwartz SL, Wester MJ, Valley CC, Blezer GLA, Vidarsson G, Lidke KA, Ten Broeke T, Lidke DS, Leusen JHW. Mechanisms of inside-out signaling of the high-affinity IgG receptor FcγRI. Sci Signal 2018; 11:11/540/eaaq0891. [PMID: 30042128 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aaq0891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Fc receptors (FcRs) are an important bridge between the innate and adaptive immune system. Fc gamma receptor I (FcγRI; CD64), the high-affinity receptor for immunoglobulin G (IgG), plays roles in inflammation, autoimmune responses, and immunotherapy. Stimulation of myeloid cells with cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-α ( TNFα) and interferon-γ ( IFNγ), increases the binding of FcγRI to immune complexes (ICs), such as antibody-opsonized pathogens or tumor cells, through a process known as "inside-out" signaling. Using super-resolution imaging, we found that stimulation of cells with IL-3 also enhanced the clustering of FcγRI both before and after exposure to ICs. This increased clustering was dependent on an intact actin cytoskeleton. We found that chemical inhibition of the activity of the phosphatase PP1 reduced FcγRI inside-out signaling, although the phosphorylation of FcγRI itself was unaffected. Furthermore, the antibody-dependent cytotoxic activity of human neutrophils toward CD20-expressing tumor cells was increased after stimulation with TNFα and IFNγ. These results suggest that nanoscale reorganization of FcγRI, stimulated by cytokine-induced, inside-out signaling, enhances FcγRI cellular effector functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianne M Brandsma
- Immunotherapy Laboratory, Laboratory for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Samantha L Schwartz
- Department of Pathology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87102, USA
| | - Michael J Wester
- Department of Pathology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87102, USA
| | - Christopher C Valley
- Department of Pathology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87102, USA
| | - Gittan L A Blezer
- Immunotherapy Laboratory, Laboratory for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Gestur Vidarsson
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Department of Experimental Hematology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Keith A Lidke
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Toine Ten Broeke
- Immunotherapy Laboratory, Laboratory for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Diane S Lidke
- Department of Pathology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87102, USA
| | - Jeanette H W Leusen
- Immunotherapy Laboratory, Laboratory for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands.
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12
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van de Bovenkamp FS, Derksen NIL, van Breemen MJ, de Taeye SW, Ooijevaar-de Heer P, Sanders RW, Rispens T. Variable Domain N-Linked Glycans Acquired During Antigen-Specific Immune Responses Can Contribute to Immunoglobulin G Antibody Stability. Front Immunol 2018; 9:740. [PMID: 29706962 PMCID: PMC5906590 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunoglobulin G (IgG) can contain N-linked glycans in the variable domains, the so-called Fab glycans, in addition to the Fc glycans in the CH2 domains. These Fab glycans are acquired following introduction of N-glycosylation sites during somatic hypermutation and contribute to antibody diversification. We investigated whether Fab glycans may—in addition to affecting antigen binding—contribute to antibody stability. By analyzing thermal unfolding profiles of antibodies with or without Fab glycans, we demonstrate that introduction of Fab glycans can improve antibody stability. Strikingly, removal of Fab glycans naturally acquired during antigen-specific immune responses can deteriorate antibody stability, suggesting in vivo selection of stable, glycosylated antibodies. Collectively, our data show that variable domain N-linked glycans acquired during somatic hypermutation can contribute to IgG antibody stability. These findings indicate that introducing Fab glycans may represent a mechanism to improve therapeutic/diagnostic antibody stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fleur S van de Bovenkamp
- Sanquin Research, Department of Immunopathology, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ninotska I L Derksen
- Sanquin Research, Department of Immunopathology, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Mariëlle J van Breemen
- Academic Medical Centre, Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Steven W de Taeye
- Sanquin Research, Department of Immunopathology, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Academic Medical Centre, Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Pleuni Ooijevaar-de Heer
- Sanquin Research, Department of Immunopathology, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Rogier W Sanders
- Academic Medical Centre, Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Theo Rispens
- Sanquin Research, Department of Immunopathology, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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13
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Bloemendaal FM, Levin AD, Wildenberg ME, Koelink PJ, McRae BL, Salfeld J, Lum J, van der Neut Kolfschoten M, Claassens JW, Visser R, Bentlage A, D'Haens GRAM, Verbeek JS, Vidarsson G, van den Brink GR. Anti-Tumor Necrosis Factor With a Glyco-Engineered Fc-Region Has Increased Efficacy in Mice With Colitis. Gastroenterology 2017; 153:1351-1362.e4. [PMID: 28756234 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2017.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Although tumor necrosis factor (TNF) antagonists reduce many clinical features of inflammatory bowel disease, complete mucosal healing occurs in fewer than 50% of patients. The Fc-region of monoclonal antibodies against TNF has immunosuppressive properties via effects on macrophage polarization. We examined the interaction between the anti-TNF Fc-region and Fcγ receptors (FcγR), and whether the absence of the Fc core fucose (which increases binding to FcγRIIIa) increases the efficacy of anti-TNF in mice with colitis. METHODS We generated Rag1-/- mice that lack all activating FcγRs (FcγRI, FcγRIII, and FcγRIV; called FcγR-/-Rag1-/- mice). We produced hypo-fucosylated antibodies against mouse and human TNF (adalimumab). Colitis was induced in mice by transfer of CD4+CD45RBhi to FcγR-/-Rag1-/- or Rag1-/- littermates; mice were given different antibodies against TNF or isotype (control) antibodies and disease activity index scores were determined. Colon tissues were collected and analyzed by histology. Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated from blood of healthy donors. T-cell proliferation and proportions of CD206+ (immune regulatory) macrophages were measured in mixed lymphocyte reactions. Human PBMCs were genotyped for FCGR3A158 (the FcγRIIIa-158F allotype displays a lower Fc binding affinity) using the TaqMan single nucleotide polymorphism genotype assay. RESULTS Rag1-/- mice with colitis given anti-TNF had near complete mucosal healing and Rag1-/- mice given an isotype control antibody developed severe colitis. In contrast, FcγR-/-Rag1-/- mice were refractory to the effects of anti-TNF: their histological colitis scores were as severe as those from FcγR-/-Rag1-/- mice given a control antibody. Colons from Rag1-/- mice that received anti-TNF had an increased number of CD206+ macrophages compared with Rag1-/- mice given control antibody; in FcγR-/-Rag1-/- mice given anti-TNF these numbers were as low as FcγR-/-Rag1-/- given the control antibody. In human PBMCs, anti-TNF increased the number of CD206+ macrophages: this required expression of FcγRIIIa; numbers of these cells were reduced in PBMCs with the low-affinity FcγRIIIa-158F genotype. A hypo-fucosylated form of adalimumab bound human FcγRIIIa with a higher affinity than control adalimumab. When hypo-fucosylated adalimumab was added to PBMCs, a larger number of CD206+ macrophages formed and T-cell proliferation was reduced, compared with addition of a control adalimumab. Hypo-fucosylated adalimumab increased the number of CD206+ macrophages in PMBCs that expressed the low-affinity FcγRIIIa. In mice with colitis, hypo-fucosylated anti-TNF significantly increased the number of CD206+ macrophages in the colon compared with control anti-TNF and was more effective in reducing colitis severity as measured by histology. CONCLUSIONS In a study of the in vitro and in vivo mechanisms of anti-TNF, we found FcγR engagement by anti-TNF to be required for reduction of colitis in mice and development of CD206+ macrophages. A hypo-fucosylated form of anti-TNF binds FcγRIIIa with higher affinity and induces development of CD206+ macrophages in human PBMCs, especially PBMCs that express low-affinity FcγRIIIa. Hypo-fucosylated anti-TNF might be more effective in patients with inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicia M Bloemendaal
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alon D Levin
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Manon E Wildenberg
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pim J Koelink
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Jenifer Lum
- Janssen Prevention Center, Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Jill W Claassens
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Remco Visser
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Department Experimental Immunohematology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Arthur Bentlage
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Department Experimental Immunohematology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Geert R A M D'Haens
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J Sjef Verbeek
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gestur Vidarsson
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Department Experimental Immunohematology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gijs R van den Brink
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Research Center, Stevenage, United Kingdom.
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14
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In Vitro Enhancement of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection by Maternal Antibodies Does Not Explain Disease Severity in Infants. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.00851-17. [PMID: 28794038 PMCID: PMC5640862 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00851-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of severe respiratory illness in infants. At this young age, infants typically depend on maternally transferred antibodies (matAbs) and their innate immune system for protection against infections. RSV-specific matAbs are thought to protect from severe illness, yet severe RSV disease occurs mainly below 6 months of age, when neutralizing matAb levels are present. To investigate this discrepancy, we asked if disease severity is related to antibody properties other than neutralization. Some antibody effector functions are mediated via their Fc binding region. However, it has been shown that this binding may lead to antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) of infection or reduction of neutralization, both possibly leading to more disease. In this study, we first showed that high levels of ADE of RSV infection occur in monocytic THP-1 cells in the presence of RSV antibodies and that neutralization by these antibodies was reduced in Vero cells when they were transduced with Fc gamma receptors. We then demonstrated that antibodies from cotton rats with formalin-inactivated (FI)-RSV-induced pulmonary pathology were capable of causing ADE. Human matAbs also caused ADE and were less neutralizing in vitro in cells that carry Fc receptors. However, these effects were unrelated to disease severity because they were seen both in uninfected controls and in infants hospitalized with different levels of RSV disease severity. We conclude that ADE and reduction of neutralization are unlikely to be involved in RSV disease in infants with neutralizing matAbs.IMPORTANCE It is unclear why severity of RSV disease peaks at the age when infants have neutralizing levels of maternal antibodies. Additionally, the exact reason for FI-RSV-induced enhanced disease, as seen in the 1960s vaccine trials, is still unclear. We hypothesized that antibodies present under either of these conditions could contribute to disease severity. Antibodies can have effects that may lead to more disease instead of protection. We investigated two of those effects: antibody-dependent enhancement of infection (ADE) and neutralization reduction. We show that ADE occurs in vitro with antibodies from FI-RSV-immunized RSV-infected cotton rats. Moreover, passively acquired maternal antibodies from infants had the capacity to induce ADE and reduction of neutralization. However, no clear association with disease severity was seen, ruling out that these properties explain disease in the presence of maternal antibodies. Our data contribute to a better understanding of the impact of antibodies on RSV disease in infants.
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15
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Rheumatoid factors do not preferentially bind to ACPA-IgG or IgG with altered galactosylation. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2017; 56:2025-2030. [DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/kex284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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16
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Dekkers G, Treffers L, Plomp R, Bentlage AEH, de Boer M, Koeleman CAM, Lissenberg-Thunnissen SN, Visser R, Brouwer M, Mok JY, Matlung H, van den Berg TK, van Esch WJE, Kuijpers TW, Wouters D, Rispens T, Wuhrer M, Vidarsson G. Decoding the Human Immunoglobulin G-Glycan Repertoire Reveals a Spectrum of Fc-Receptor- and Complement-Mediated-Effector Activities. Front Immunol 2017; 8:877. [PMID: 28824618 PMCID: PMC5539844 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosylation of the immunoglobulin G (IgG)-Fc tail is required for binding to Fc-gamma receptors (FcγRs) and complement-component C1q. A variety of IgG1-glycoforms is detected in human sera. Several groups have found global or antigen-specific skewing of IgG glycosylation, for example in autoimmune diseases, viral infections, and alloimmune reactions. The IgG glycoprofiles seem to correlate with disease outcome. Additionally, IgG-glycan composition contributes significantly to Ig-based therapies, as for example IVIg in autoimmune diseases and therapeutic antibodies for cancer treatment. The effect of the different glycan modifications, especially of fucosylation, has been studied before. However, the contribution of the 20 individual IgG glycoforms, in which the combined effect of all 4 modifications, to the IgG function has never been investigated. Here, we combined six glyco-engineering methods to generate all 20 major human IgG1-glycoforms and screened their functional capacity for FcγR and complement activity. Bisection had no effect on FcγR or C1q-binding, and sialylation had no- or little effect on FcγR binding. We confirmed that hypo-fucosylation of IgG1 increased binding to FcγRIIIa and FcγRIIIb by ~17-fold, but in addition we showed that this effect could be further increased to ~40-fold for FcγRIIIa upon simultaneous hypo-fucosylation and hyper-galactosylation, resulting in enhanced NK cell-mediated antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. Moreover, elevated galactosylation and sialylation significantly increased (independent of fucosylation) C1q-binding, downstream complement deposition, and cytotoxicity. In conclusion, fucosylation and galactosylation are primary mediators of functional changes in IgG for FcγR- and complement-mediated effector functions, respectively, with galactose having an auxiliary role for FcγRIII-mediated functions. This knowledge could be used not only for glycan profiling of clinically important (antigen-specific) IgG but also to optimize therapeutic antibody applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillian Dekkers
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Department Experimental Immunohematology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Louise Treffers
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Department Blood Cell Research, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Rosina Plomp
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Arthur E H Bentlage
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Department Experimental Immunohematology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Marcella de Boer
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Department Experimental Immunohematology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Carolien A M Koeleman
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Suzanne N Lissenberg-Thunnissen
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Department Experimental Immunohematology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Remco Visser
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Department Experimental Immunohematology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Mieke Brouwer
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Department Immunopathology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Hanke Matlung
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Department Blood Cell Research, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Timo K van den Berg
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Department Blood Cell Research, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Taco W Kuijpers
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Department Blood Cell Research, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Diana Wouters
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Department Immunopathology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Theo Rispens
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Department Immunopathology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Manfred Wuhrer
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Gestur Vidarsson
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Department Experimental Immunohematology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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17
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Bruggeman CW, Dekkers G, Bentlage AEH, Treffers LW, Nagelkerke SQ, Lissenberg-Thunnissen S, Koeleman CAM, Wuhrer M, van den Berg TK, Rispens T, Vidarsson G, Kuijpers TW. Enhanced Effector Functions Due to Antibody Defucosylation Depend on the Effector Cell Fcγ Receptor Profile. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 199:204-211. [PMID: 28566370 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Abs of the IgG isotype are glycosylated in their Fc domain at a conserved asparagine at position 297. Removal of the core fucose of this glycan greatly increases the affinity for FcγRIII, resulting in enhanced FcγRIII-mediated effector functions. Normal plasma IgG contains ∼94% fucosylated Abs, but alloantibodies against, for example, Rhesus D (RhD) and platelet Ags frequently have reduced fucosylation that enhances their pathogenicity. The increased FcγRIII-mediated effector functions have been put to use in various afucosylated therapeutic Abs in anticancer treatment. To test the functional consequences of Ab fucosylation, we produced V-gene-matched recombinant anti-RhD IgG Abs of the four different subclasses (IgG1-4) with and without core fucose (i.e., 20% fucose remaining). Binding to all human FcγR types and their functional isoforms was assessed with surface plasmon resonance. All hypofucosylated anti-RhD IgGs of all IgG subclasses indeed showed enhanced binding affinity for isolated FcγRIII isoforms, without affecting binding affinity to other FcγRs. In contrast, when testing hypofucosylated anti-RhD Abs with FcγRIIIa-expressing NK cells, a 12- and 7-fold increased erythrocyte lysis was observed with the IgG1 and IgG3, respectively, but no increase with IgG2 and IgG4 anti-RhD Abs. Notably, none of the hypofucosylated IgGs enhanced effector function of macrophages, which, in contrast to NK cells, express a complex set of FcγRs, including FcγRIIIa. Our data suggest that the beneficial effects of afucosylated biologicals for clinical use can be particularly anticipated when there is a substantial involvement of FcγRIIIa-expressing cells, such as NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine W Bruggeman
- Department of Blood Cell Research, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands;
| | - Gillian Dekkers
- Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Arthur E H Bentlage
- Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Louise W Treffers
- Department of Blood Cell Research, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sietse Q Nagelkerke
- Department of Blood Cell Research, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Suzanne Lissenberg-Thunnissen
- Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Carolien A M Koeleman
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Manfred Wuhrer
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Timo K van den Berg
- Department of Blood Cell Research, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Theo Rispens
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands; and
| | - Gestur Vidarsson
- Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Taco W Kuijpers
- Department of Blood Cell Research, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Emma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1100 DD Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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18
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Dekkers G, Bentlage AEH, Stegmann TC, Howie HL, Lissenberg-Thunnissen S, Zimring J, Rispens T, Vidarsson G. Affinity of human IgG subclasses to mouse Fc gamma receptors. MAbs 2017; 9:767-773. [PMID: 28463043 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2017.1323159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human IgG is the main antibody class used in antibody therapies because of its efficacy and longer half-life, which are completely or partly due to FcγR-mediated functions of the molecules. Preclinical testing in mouse models are frequently performed using human IgG, but no detailed information on binding of human IgG to mouse FcγRs is available. The orthologous mouse and human FcγRs share roughly 60-70% identity, suggesting some incompatibility. Here, we report binding affinities of all mouse and human IgG subclasses to mouse FcγR. Human IgGs bound to mouse FcγR with remarkably similar binding strengths as we know from binding to human ortholog receptors, with relative affinities IgG3>IgG1>IgG4>IgG2 and FcγRI>>FcγRIV>FcγRIII>FcγRIIb. This suggests human IgG subclasses to have similar relative FcγR-mediated biological activities in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillian Dekkers
- a Department of Experimental Immunohematology , Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Arthur E H Bentlage
- a Department of Experimental Immunohematology , Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Tamara C Stegmann
- a Department of Experimental Immunohematology , Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Heather L Howie
- b Department of Transfusion Medicine , Bloodworks Northwest Research Institute , Seattle , Washington , USA
| | - Suzanne Lissenberg-Thunnissen
- a Department of Experimental Immunohematology , Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - James Zimring
- b Department of Transfusion Medicine , Bloodworks Northwest Research Institute , Seattle , Washington , USA
| | - Theo Rispens
- c Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center , University of Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Gestur Vidarsson
- a Department of Experimental Immunohematology , Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam , The Netherlands
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González AE, Lay MK, Jara EL, Espinoza JA, Gómez RS, Soto J, Rivera CA, Abarca K, Bueno SM, Riedel CA, Kalergis AM. Aberrant T cell immunity triggered by human Respiratory Syncytial Virus and human Metapneumovirus infection. Virulence 2016; 8:685-704. [PMID: 27911218 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2016.1265725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Human Respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) and human metapneumovirus (hMPV) are the two major etiological viral agents of lower respiratory tract diseases, affecting mainly infants, young children and the elderly. Although the infection of both viruses trigger an antiviral immune response that mediate viral clearance and disease resolution in immunocompetent individuals, the promotion of long-term immunity appears to be deficient and reinfection are common throughout life. A possible explanation for this phenomenon is that hRSV and hMPV, can induce aberrant T cell responses, which leads to exacerbated lung inflammation and poor T and B cell memory immunity. The modulation of immune response exerted by both viruses include different strategies such as, impairment of immunological synapse mediated by viral proteins or soluble factors, and the induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines by epithelial cells, among others. All these viral strategies contribute to the alteration of the adaptive immunity in order to increase the susceptibility to reinfections. In this review, we discuss current research related to the mechanisms underlying the impairment of T and B cell immune responses induced by hRSV and hMPV infection. In addition, we described the role each virulence factor involved in immune modulation caused by these viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea E González
- a Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy , Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología , Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Margarita K Lay
- b Departamento de Biotecnología , Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Recursos Biológicos, Universidad de Antofagasta , Antofagasta , Chile
| | - Evelyn L Jara
- a Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy , Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología , Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Janyra A Espinoza
- a Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy , Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología , Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Roberto S Gómez
- a Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy , Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología , Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Jorge Soto
- a Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy , Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología , Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Claudia A Rivera
- a Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy , Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología , Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Katia Abarca
- c Departamento de Pediatría , Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Susan M Bueno
- a Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy , Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología , Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago , Chile.,d INSERM UMR1064 , Nantes , France
| | - Claudia A Riedel
- e Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy , Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas , Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andrés Bello , Santiago , Chile
| | - Alexis M Kalergis
- a Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy , Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología , Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago , Chile.,c Departamento de Pediatría , Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago , Chile.,f Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy , Departamento de Endocrinología , Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago , Chile
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20
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Dekkers G, Plomp R, Koeleman CAM, Visser R, von Horsten HH, Sandig V, Rispens T, Wuhrer M, Vidarsson G. Multi-level glyco-engineering techniques to generate IgG with defined Fc-glycans. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36964. [PMID: 27872474 PMCID: PMC5131652 DOI: 10.1038/srep36964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunoglobulin G (IgG) mediates its immune functions through complement and cellular IgG-Fc receptors (FcγR). IgG contains an evolutionary conserved N-linked glycan at position Asn297 in the Fc-domain. This glycan consists of variable levels of fucose, galactose, sialic acid, and bisecting N-acetylglucosamine (bisection). Of these variations, the lack of fucose strongly enhances binding to the human FcγRIII, a finding which is currently used to improve the efficacy of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies. The influence of the other glycan traits is largely unknown, mostly due to lack of glyco-engineering tools. We describe general methods to produce recombinant proteins of any desired glycoform in eukaryotic cells. Decoy substrates were used to decrease the level of fucosylation or galactosylation, glycosyltransferases were transiently overexpressed to enhance bisection, galactosylation and sialylation and in vitro sialylation was applied for enhanced sialylation. Combination of these techniques enable to systematically explore the biological effect of these glycosylation traits for IgG and other glycoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillian Dekkers
- Sanquin Research, Department Experimental Immunohematology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rosina Plomp
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Carolien A. M. Koeleman
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Remco Visser
- Sanquin Research, Department Experimental Immunohematology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hans H. von Horsten
- ProBioGen AG, Berlin, Germany
- HTW-Berlin University of Applied Sciences, Life Science Engineering, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Theo Rispens
- Sanquin Research, Department Immunopathology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Manfred Wuhrer
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gestur Vidarsson
- Sanquin Research, Department Experimental Immunohematology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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21
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Stapleton NM, Einarsdóttir HK, Stemerding AM, Vidarsson G. The multiple facets of FcRn in immunity. Immunol Rev 2016; 268:253-68. [PMID: 26497526 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The neonatal Fc receptor, FcRn, is best known for its role in transporting IgG in various tissues, providing newborns with humoral immunity, and for prolonging the half-life of IgG. Recent findings implicate the involvement of FcRn in a far wider range of biological and immunological processes, as FcRn has been found to bind and extend the half-life of albumin; to be involved in IgG transport and antigen sampling at mucosal surfaces; and to be crucial for efficient IgG-mediated phagocytosis. Herein, the function of FcRn will be reviewed, with emphasis on its recently documented significance for IgG polymorphisms affecting the half-life and biodistribution of IgG3, on its role in phagocyte biology, and the subsequent role for the presentation of antigens to lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigel M Stapleton
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Helga K Einarsdóttir
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Gestur Vidarsson
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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22
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Converting monoclonal antibody-based immunotherapies from passive to active: bringing immune complexes into play. Emerg Microbes Infect 2016; 5:e92. [PMID: 27530750 PMCID: PMC5034104 DOI: 10.1038/emi.2016.97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), which currently constitute the main class of biotherapeutics, are now recognized as major medical tools that are increasingly being considered to fight severe viral infections. Indeed, the number of antiviral mAbs developed in recent years has grown exponentially. Although their direct effects on viral blunting have been studied in detail, their potential immunomodulatory actions have been overlooked until recently. The ability of antiviral mAbs to modulate antiviral immune responses in infected organisms has recently been revealed. More specifically, upon recognition of their cognate antigens, mAbs form immune complexes (ICs) that can be recognized by the Fc receptors expressed on different immune cells of infected individuals. This binding may be followed by the modulation of the host immune responses. Harnessing this immunomodulatory property may facilitate improvements in the therapeutic potential of antiviral mAbs. This review focuses on the role of ICs formed with different viral determinants and mAbs in the induction of antiviral immune responses in the context of both passive immunotherapies and vaccination strategies. Potential deleterious effects of ICs on the host immune response are also discussed.
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23
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van Mechelen L, Luytjes W, de Haan CAM, Wicht O. RSV neutralization by palivizumab, but not by monoclonal antibodies targeting other epitopes, is augmented by Fc gamma receptors. Antiviral Res 2016; 132:1-5. [PMID: 27185625 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2016.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Palivizumab efficiently blocks respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection in vitro. However, virus neutralization assays generally omit Fc region-mediated effects. We investigated the neutralization activity of RSV-specific monoclonal antibodies on cells with Fc receptors. Subneutralizing concentrations of antibodies resulted in antibody-dependent enhancement of RSV infection in monocytic cells. Contrary to antibodies targeting other epitopes, the neutralization by palivizumab was augmented in cells with Fc receptors. This unrecognized characteristic of palivizumab may be relevant for its performance in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenny van Mechelen
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Willem Luytjes
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis A M de Haan
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Oliver Wicht
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands; Laboratory of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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24
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Sonneveld ME, Natunen S, Sainio S, Koeleman CAM, Holst S, Dekkers G, Koelewijn J, Partanen J, van der Schoot CE, Wuhrer M, Vidarsson G. Glycosylation pattern of anti-platelet IgG is stable during pregnancy and predicts clinical outcome in alloimmune thrombocytopenia. Br J Haematol 2016; 174:310-20. [PMID: 27017954 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.14053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Fetal or neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia (FNAIT) is a potentially life-threatening disease where fetal platelets are destroyed by maternal anti-platelet IgG alloantibodies. The clinical outcome varies from asymptomatic, to petechiae or intracranial haemorrhage, but no marker has shown reliable correlation with severity, making screening for FNAIT impractical and highly inefficient. We recently found IgG Fc-glycosylation towards platelet and red blood cell antigens to be skewed towards decreased fucosylation, increased galactosylation and sialylation. The lowered core-fucosylation increases the affinity of the pathogenic antibodies to FcγRIIIa and FcγRIIIb, and hence platelet destruction. Here we analysed the N-linked glycans of human platelet antigen (HPA)-1a specific IgG1 with mass spectrometry in large series of FNAIT cases (n = 166) including longitudinal samples (n = 26). Besides a significant decrease in Fc-fucosylation after the first pregnancy (P = 0·0124), Fc-glycosylation levels remained stable during and after pregnancy and in subsequent pregnancies. Multiple logistic regression analysis identified anti-HPA-1a -fucosylation (P = 0·006) combined with galactosylation (P = 0·021) and antibody level (P = 0·038) correlated with bleeding severity, making these parameters a feasible marker in screening for severe cases of FNAIT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myrthe E Sonneveld
- Department of Experimental Immunohaematology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Suvi Natunen
- Finnish Red Cross Blood Service, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Carolien A M Koeleman
- Centre for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Stephanie Holst
- Centre for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gillian Dekkers
- Department of Experimental Immunohaematology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joke Koelewijn
- Department of Experimental Immunohaematology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - C Ellen van der Schoot
- Department of Experimental Immunohaematology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Manfred Wuhrer
- Centre for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gestur Vidarsson
- Department of Experimental Immunohaematology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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25
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Gómez RS, Ramirez BA, Céspedes PF, Cautivo KM, Riquelme SA, Prado CE, González PA, Kalergis AM. Contribution of Fcγ receptors to human respiratory syncytial virus pathogenesis and the impairment of T-cell activation by dendritic cells. Immunology 2016; 147:55-72. [PMID: 26451966 PMCID: PMC4693880 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Revised: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) is the leading cause of infant hospitalization related to respiratory disease. Infection with hRSV produces abundant infiltration of immune cells into the airways, which combined with an exacerbated pro-inflammatory immune response can lead to significant damage to the lungs. Human RSV re-infection is extremely frequent, suggesting that this virus may have evolved molecular mechanisms that interfere with host adaptive immunity. Infection with hRSV can be reduced by administering a humanized neutralizing antibody against the virus fusion protein in high-risk infants. Although neutralizing antibodies against hRSV effectively block the infection of airway epithelial cells, here we show that both, bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (DCs) and lung DCs undergo infection with IgG-coated virus (hRSV-IC), albeit abortive. Yet, this is enough to negatively modulate DC function. We observed that such a process is mediated by Fcγ receptors (FcγRs) expressed on the surface of DCs. Remarkably, we also observed that in the absence of hRSV-specific antibodies FcγRIII knockout mice displayed significantly less cellular infiltration in the lungs after hRSV infection, compared with wild-type mice, suggesting a potentially harmful, IgG-independent role for this receptor in hRSV disease. Our findings support the notion that FcγRs can contribute significantly to the modulation of DC function by hRSV and hRSV-IC. Further, we provide evidence for an involvement of FcγRIII in the development of hRSV pathogenesis.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptive Immunity
- Animals
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/metabolism
- Antiviral Agents/pharmacology
- Cells, Cultured
- Coculture Techniques
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Dendritic Cells/drug effects
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/metabolism
- Dendritic Cells/virology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Immunoglobulin G/immunology
- Immunoglobulin G/metabolism
- Lung/drug effects
- Lung/immunology
- Lung/metabolism
- Lung/virology
- Lymphocyte Activation/drug effects
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Palivizumab/pharmacology
- Receptors, IgG/deficiency
- Receptors, IgG/genetics
- Receptors, IgG/immunology
- Receptors, IgG/metabolism
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/drug therapy
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/genetics
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/immunology
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/metabolism
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/virology
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human/drug effects
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human/immunology
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human/pathogenicity
- Signal Transduction
- T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/virology
- Viral Load
- Virus Replication
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto S. Gómez
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and ImmunotherapyDepartamento de Genética Molecular y MicrobiologíaFacultad de Ciencias BiológicasPontificia Universidad Católica de ChileSantiago de ChileChile
| | - Bruno A. Ramirez
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and ImmunotherapyDepartamento de Genética Molecular y MicrobiologíaFacultad de Ciencias BiológicasPontificia Universidad Católica de ChileSantiago de ChileChile
| | - Pablo F. Céspedes
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and ImmunotherapyDepartamento de Genética Molecular y MicrobiologíaFacultad de Ciencias BiológicasPontificia Universidad Católica de ChileSantiago de ChileChile
| | - Kelly M. Cautivo
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and ImmunotherapyDepartamento de Genética Molecular y MicrobiologíaFacultad de Ciencias BiológicasPontificia Universidad Católica de ChileSantiago de ChileChile
| | - Sebastián A. Riquelme
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and ImmunotherapyDepartamento de Genética Molecular y MicrobiologíaFacultad de Ciencias BiológicasPontificia Universidad Católica de ChileSantiago de ChileChile
- INSERM U1064NantesFrance
| | - Carolina E. Prado
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and ImmunotherapyDepartamento de Genética Molecular y MicrobiologíaFacultad de Ciencias BiológicasPontificia Universidad Católica de ChileSantiago de ChileChile
| | - Pablo A. González
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and ImmunotherapyDepartamento de Genética Molecular y MicrobiologíaFacultad de Ciencias BiológicasPontificia Universidad Católica de ChileSantiago de ChileChile
| | - Alexis M. Kalergis
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and ImmunotherapyDepartamento de Genética Molecular y MicrobiologíaFacultad de Ciencias BiológicasPontificia Universidad Católica de ChileSantiago de ChileChile
- INSERM U1064NantesFrance
- Departamento de ReumatologíaFacultad de Medicina. Pontificia Universidad Católica de ChileSantiago de ChileChile
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26
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Vissers M, Schreurs I, Jans J, Heldens J, de Groot R, de Jonge MI, Ferwerda G. Antibodies enhance CXCL10 production during RSV infection of infant and adult immune cells. Cytokine 2015; 76:458-464. [PMID: 26253531 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2015.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2015] [Revised: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) bronchiolitis is a major burden in infants below three months of age, when the primary immune response is mainly dependent on innate immunity and maternal antibodies. We investigated the influence of antibodies on innate immunity during RSV infection. PBMCs from infants and adults were stimulated with live RSV and inactivated RSV in combination with antibody-containing and antibody-depleted serum. The immune response was determined by transcriptome analysis and chemokine levels were measured using ELISA and flow cytometry. Microarray data showed that CXCL10 gene transcription was RSV dependent, whereas CXCL11 and IFNα were upregulated in an antibody-dependent manner. Although the presence of antibodies reduces RSV infection rate, it enhances the innate immune response. In adult immune cells, antibodies enhance CXCL10, CXCL11, IFNα and IFNγ production in response to RSV infection. Contrary, in infant immune cells only CXCL10 was enhanced in an antibody-dependent manner. Monocytes are the main source of CXCL10 and they produce CXCL10 in both an antibody- and virus-dependent manner. This study shows that antibodies enhance CXCL10 production in infant immune cells. CXCL10 has been implicated in exuberating the inflammatory response during viral infections and antibodies could therefore play a role in the pathogenesis of RSV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marloes Vissers
- Laboratory of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Inge Schreurs
- Laboratory of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jop Jans
- Laboratory of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jacco Heldens
- Laboratory of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald de Groot
- Laboratory of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Marien I de Jonge
- Laboratory of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Gerben Ferwerda
- Laboratory of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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27
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Plomp R, Dekkers G, Rombouts Y, Visser R, Koeleman CAM, Kammeijer GSM, Jansen BC, Rispens T, Hensbergen PJ, Vidarsson G, Wuhrer M. Hinge-Region O-Glycosylation of Human Immunoglobulin G3 (IgG3). Mol Cell Proteomics 2015; 14:1373-84. [PMID: 25759508 PMCID: PMC4424406 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m114.047381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Revised: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunoglobulin G (IgG) is one of the most abundant proteins present in human serum and a fundamental component of the immune system. IgG3 represents ∼8% of the total amount of IgG in human serum and stands out from the other IgG subclasses because of its elongated hinge region and enhanced effector functions. This study reports partial O-glycosylation of the IgG3 hinge region, observed with nanoLC-ESI-IT-MS(/MS) analysis after proteolytic digestion. The repeat regions within the IgG3 hinge were found to be in part O-glycosylated at the threonine in the triple repeat motif. Non-, mono- and disialylated core 1-type O-glycans were detected in various IgG3 samples, both poly- and monoclonal. NanoLC-ESI-IT-MS/MS with electron transfer dissociation fragmentation and CE-MS/MS with CID fragmentation were used to determine the site of IgG3 O-glycosylation. The O-glycosylation site was further confirmed by the recombinant production of mutant IgG3 in which potential O-glycosylation sites had been knocked out. For IgG3 samples from six donors we found similar O-glycan structures and site occupancies, whereas for the same samples the conserved N-glycosylation of the Fc CH2 domain showed considerable interindividual variation. The occupancy of each of the three O-glycosylation sites was found to be ∼10% in six serum-derived IgG3 samples and ∼13% in two monoclonal IgG3 allotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosina Plomp
- From the ‡Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics
| | | | - Yoann Rombouts
- From the ‡Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, §Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Bas C Jansen
- From the ‡Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics
| | - Theo Rispens
- ¶¶Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research, and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Manfred Wuhrer
- From the ‡Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, **Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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28
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Yamaji Y, Nakayama T. Recombinant measles viruses expressing respiratory syncytial virus proteins induced virus-specific CTL responses in cotton rats. Vaccine 2014; 32:4529-4536. [PMID: 24951869 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Revised: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a common cause of serious lower respiratory tract illnesses in infants. Natural infections with RSV provide limited protection against reinfection because of inefficient immunological responses that do not induce long-term memory. RSV natural infection has been shown to induce unbalanced immune response. The effective clearance of RSV is known to require the induction of a balanced Th1/Th2 immune response, which involves the induction of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL). In our previous study, recombinant AIK-C measles vaccine strains MVAIK/RSV/F and MVAIK/RSV/G were developed, which expressed the RSV fusion (F) protein or glycoprotein (G). These recombinant viruses elicited antibody responses against RSV in cotton rats, and no infectious virus was recovered, but small amounts of infiltration of inflammatory cells were observed in the lungs following RSV challenge. In the present study, recombinant AIK-C measles vaccine strains MVAIK/RSV/M2-1 and MVAIK/RSV/NP were developed, expressing RSV M2-1 or Nucleoprotein (NP), respectively. These viruses exhibited temperature-sensitivity (ts), which was derived from AIK-C, and expressed respective RSV antigens. The intramuscular inoculation of cotton rats with the recombinant measles virus led to the induction of CD8(+) IFN-γ(+) cells. No infectious virus was recovered from a lung homogenate following the challenge. A Histological examination of the lungs revealed a significant reduction in inflammatory reactions without alveolar damage. These results support the recombinant measles viruses being effective vaccine candidates against RSV that induce RSV-specific CTL responses with or without the development of an antibody response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiaki Yamaji
- Laboratory of Viral Infection I, Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences, Kitasato University, Shirokane 5-9-1, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Nakayama
- Laboratory of Viral Infection I, Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences, Kitasato University, Shirokane 5-9-1, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan.
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29
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Abstract
Immunoglobulin G (IgG) formed during pregnancy against human platelet antigens (HPAs) of the fetus mediates fetal or neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia (FNAIT). Because antibody titer or isotype does not strictly correlate with disease severity, we investigated by mass spectrometry variations in the glycosylation at Asn297 in the IgG Fc because the composition of this glycan can be highly variable, affecting binding to phagocyte IgG-Fc receptors (FcγR). We found markedly decreased levels of core fucosylation of anti-HPA-1a-specific IgG1 from FNAIT patients (n = 48), but not in total serum IgG1. Antibodies with a low amount of fucose displayed higher binding affinity to FcγRIIIa and FcγRIIIb, but not to FcγRIIa, compared with antibodies with a high amount of Fc fucose. Consequently, these antibodies with a low amount of Fc fucose showed enhanced phagocytosis of platelets using FcγRIIIb(+) polymorphonuclear cells or FcγRIIIa(+) monocytes as effector cells, but not with FcγRIIIa(-) monocytes. In addition, the degree of anti-HPA-1a fucosylation correlated positively with the neonatal platelet counts in FNAIT, and negatively to the clinical disease severity. In contrast to the FNAIT patients, no changes in core fucosylation were observed for anti-HLA antibodies in refractory thrombocytopenia (post platelet transfusion), indicating that the level of fucosylation may be antigen dependent and/or related to the immune milieu defined by pregnancy.
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