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Bruggeman CW, Haasnoot GH, Peterman EJG. Microfluidics and fluorescence microscopy protocol to study the response of C. elegans to chemosensory stimuli. STAR Protoc 2023; 4:102121. [PMID: 36853676 PMCID: PMC9958070 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2023.102121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Here, we present a protocol to use microfluidics in combination with fluorescence microscopy to expose the C. elegans tail to chemosensory stimuli. We describe steps for the preparation of microfluidic chips and sample preparation through the sedation of C. elegans. We detail flow calibration and imaging of C. elegans through fluorescence microscopy to determine their molecular and/or cellular response to chemosensory stimuli. This protocol can also be applied to amphid neurons by inserting the worm in the chip head-first. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Bruggeman et al. (2022).1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine W Bruggeman
- LaserLaB and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Guus H Haasnoot
- LaserLaB and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Erwin J G Peterman
- LaserLaB and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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2
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Temming AR, de Taeye SW, de Graaf EL, de Neef LA, Dekkers G, Bruggeman CW, Koers J, Ligthart P, Nagelkerke SQ, Zimring JC, Kuijpers TW, Wuhrer M, Rispens T, Vidarsson G. Functional Attributes of Antibodies, Effector Cells, and Target Cells Affecting NK Cell-Mediated Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity. J Immunol 2019; 203:3126-3135. [PMID: 31748349 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Ab-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) is one of the most important effector mechanisms of tumor-targeting Abs in current immunotherapies. In ADCC and other Ab-dependent activation of myeloid effector cells, close cell-cell contact (between effector and target cell) and formation of immunological synapses are required. However, we still lack basic knowledge on the principal factors influencing ADCC potential by therapeutic Abs. In this study we investigated the combined roles of five factors affecting human NK cell-mediated ADCC, namely: 1) Ag density, 2) target cell membrane composition, 3) IgG FcγR polymorphism, 4) FcγR-blocking cytophilic Abs, and 5) Ab fucosylation. We demonstrate that the magnitude of NK cell-mediated ADCC responses is predominantly influenced by Ag density and Ab fucosylation. Afucosylation consistently induced efficient ADCC, even at very low Ag density, where fucosylated target Abs did not elicit ADCC. On the side of the effector cell, the FcγRIIIa-Val/Phe158 polymorphism influenced ADCC potency, with NK cells expressing the Val158 variant showing more potent ADCC. In addition, we identified the sialic acid content of the target cell membrane as an important inhibitory factor for ADCC. Furthermore, we found that the presence and glycosylation status of aspecific endogenous Abs bound to NK cell FcγRIIIa (cytophilic Abs) determine the blocking effect on ADCC. These five parameters affect the potency of Abs in vitro and should be further tested as predictors of in vivo capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Robin Temming
- Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Steven W de Taeye
- Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Erik L de Graaf
- Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Louise A de Neef
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Gillian Dekkers
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Christine W Bruggeman
- Department of Blood Cell Research, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jana Koers
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Peter Ligthart
- Erythrocyte Serology, Sanquin, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sietse Q Nagelkerke
- Department of Blood Cell Research, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Pediatric Immunology and Infectious diseases, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands; and
| | - James C Zimring
- Department of Pathology, Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22903
| | - Taco W Kuijpers
- Department of Blood Cell Research, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Pediatric Immunology and Infectious diseases, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands; and
| | - Manfred Wuhrer
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Theo Rispens
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Gestur Vidarsson
- Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands;
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3
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Bruggeman CW, Houtzager J, Dierdorp B, Kers J, Pals ST, Lutter R, van Gulik T, den Haan JMM, van den Berg TK, van Bruggen R, Kuijpers TW. Tissue-specific expression of IgG receptors by human macrophages ex vivo. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0223264. [PMID: 31613876 PMCID: PMC6793881 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently it was discovered that tissue-resident macrophages derive from embryonic precursors, not only from peripheral blood monocytes, and maintain themselves by self-renewal. Most in-vitro studies on macrophage biology make use of in-vitro cultured human monocyte-derived macrophages. Phagocytosis of IgG-opsonized particles by tissue-resident macrophages takes place via interaction with IgG receptors, the Fc-gamma receptors (FcγRs). We investigated the FcγR expression on macrophages both in-vivo and ex-vivo from different human tissues. Upon isolation of primary human macrophages from bone marrow, spleen, liver and lung, we observed that macrophages from all studied tissues expressed high levels of FcγRIII, which was in direct contrast with the low expression on blood monocyte-derived macrophages. Expression levels of FcγRI were highly variable, with bone marrow macrophages showing the lowest and alveolar macrophages the highest expression. Kupffer cells in the liver were the only tissue-resident macrophages that expressed the inhibitory IgG receptor, FcγRIIB. This inhibitory receptor was also found to be expressed by sinusoidal endothelial cells in the liver. In sum, our immunofluorescence data combined with ex-vivo stainings of isolated macrophages indicated that tissue-resident macrophages are remarkably unique and different from monocyte-derived macrophages in their phenotypic expression of IgG receptors. Tissue macrophages show distinct tissue-specific FcγR expression patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine W. Bruggeman
- Department of Blood Cell Research, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Julia Houtzager
- Department of Experimental Surgery, Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Barbara Dierdorp
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jesper Kers
- Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Steven T. Pals
- Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - René Lutter
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas van Gulik
- Department of Experimental Surgery, Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joke M. M. den Haan
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Timo K. van den Berg
- Department of Blood Cell Research, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robin van Bruggen
- Department of Blood Cell Research, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Taco W. Kuijpers
- Department of Blood Cell Research, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Emma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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4
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Treffers LW, van Houdt M, Bruggeman CW, Heineke MH, Zhao XW, van der Heijden J, Nagelkerke SQ, Verkuijlen PJJH, Geissler J, Lissenberg-Thunnissen S, Valerius T, Peipp M, Franke K, van Bruggen R, Kuijpers TW, van Egmond M, Vidarsson G, Matlung HL, van den Berg TK. FcγRIIIb Restricts Antibody-Dependent Destruction of Cancer Cells by Human Neutrophils. Front Immunol 2019; 9:3124. [PMID: 30761158 PMCID: PMC6363688 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.03124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The function of the low-affinity IgG-receptor FcγRIIIb (CD16b), which is uniquely and abundantly expressed on human granulocytes, is not clear. Unlike the other Fcγ receptors (FcγR), it is a glycophosphatidyl inositol (GPI) -anchored molecule and does not have intracellular signaling motifs. Nevertheless, FcγRIIIb can cooperate with other FcγR to promote phagocytosis of antibody-opsonized microbes by human neutrophils. Here we have investigated the role of FcγRIIIb during antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) by neutrophils toward solid cancer cells coated with either trastuzumab (anti-HER2) or cetuximab (anti-EGFR). Inhibiting FcγRIIIb using CD16-F(ab')2 blocking antibodies resulted in substantially enhanced ADCC. ADCC was completely dependent on FcγRIIa (CD32a) and the enhanced ADCC seen after FcγRIIIb blockade therefore suggested that FcγRIIIb was competing with FcγRIIa for IgG on the opsonized target cells. Interestingly, the function of neutrophil FcγRIIIb as a decoy receptor was further supported by using neutrophils from individuals with different gene copy numbers of FCGR3B causing different levels of surface FcγRIIIb expression. Individuals with one copy of FCGR3B showed higher levels of ADCC compared to those with two or more copies. Finally, we show that therapeutic antibodies intended to improve FcγRIIIa (CD16a)-dependent natural killer (NK) cell ADCC due to the lack of fucosylation on the N-linked glycan at position N297 of the IgG1 heavy chain Fc-region, show decreased ADCC as compared to regularly fucosylated antibodies. Together, these data confirm FcγRIIIb as a negative regulator of neutrophil ADCC toward tumor cells and a potential target for enhancing tumor cell destruction by neutrophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise W Treffers
- Sanquin Research, and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Michel van Houdt
- Sanquin Research, and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Christine W Bruggeman
- Sanquin Research, and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Marieke H Heineke
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Xi Wen Zhao
- Sanquin Research, and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Joris van der Heijden
- Sanquin Research, and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sietse Q Nagelkerke
- Sanquin Research, and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Paul J J H Verkuijlen
- Sanquin Research, and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Judy Geissler
- Sanquin Research, and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Thomas Valerius
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy, Department of Internal Medicine II, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Matthias Peipp
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy, Department of Internal Medicine II, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Katka Franke
- Sanquin Research, and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Robin van Bruggen
- Sanquin Research, and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Taco W Kuijpers
- Sanquin Research, and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Marjolein van Egmond
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Gestur Vidarsson
- Sanquin Research, and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Hanke L Matlung
- Sanquin Research, and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Timo K van den Berg
- Sanquin Research, and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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5
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Bruggeman CW, Dekkers G, Visser R, Goes NWM, van den Berg TK, Rispens T, Vidarsson G, Kuijpers TW. IgG Glyco-Engineering to Improve IVIg Potency. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2442. [PMID: 30405631 PMCID: PMC6206079 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIg) are used in the treatment of different autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, such as immune thrombocytopenia and hemolytic anemia. One of the modes of action of IVIg is preventing phagocytosis of autoantibody-opsonized blood cells by saturation of the Fc-gamma receptors of macrophages in spleen and liver. IgG contains a fixed glycan, which is in most cases biantennary, at the asparagine residue at position 297 in the Fc tail. This glycan consists of a core structure of N-acetyl glucosamine (GlcNAc) and mannose groups, variably extended with core fucose, bisecting GlcNAc as well as terminal galactose and sialic acid. This structural glycan influences the binding affinity of IgG to Fc-gamma receptors. By glyco-engineering, we generated monoclonal IgG antibodies with different Fc-tail glycans and tested both their opsonizing and blocking capacity in a phagocytosis assay of IgG-opsonized erythrocytes with human monocyte-derived macrophages. In contrast to a lack of effect in opsono-phagocytosis, these IgG glycovariants differentially inhibited the uptake of opsonized erythrocytes. The level of bisecting GlcNAc and galactosylation had unexpectedly larger impact than core fucosylation, and suggest that targeted modifications different from the core fucose may well improve the immunomodulating efficacy of IVIg treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine W Bruggeman
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Department of Blood Cell Research, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Gillian Dekkers
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Remco Visser
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Naneth W M Goes
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Department of Blood Cell Research, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Timo K van den Berg
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Department of Blood Cell Research, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Theo Rispens
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Department of Immunopathology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Gestur Vidarsson
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Taco W Kuijpers
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Department of Blood Cell Research, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Emma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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6
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Bruggeman CW, Dekkers G, Bentlage AEH, Treffers LW, Nagelkerke SQ, Lissenberg-Thunnissen S, Koeleman CAM, Wuhrer M, van den Berg TK, Rispens T, Vidarsson G, Kuijpers TW. Enhanced Effector Functions Due to Antibody Defucosylation Depend on the Effector Cell Fcγ Receptor Profile. J Immunol 2017; 199:204-211. [PMID: 28566370 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Abs of the IgG isotype are glycosylated in their Fc domain at a conserved asparagine at position 297. Removal of the core fucose of this glycan greatly increases the affinity for FcγRIII, resulting in enhanced FcγRIII-mediated effector functions. Normal plasma IgG contains ∼94% fucosylated Abs, but alloantibodies against, for example, Rhesus D (RhD) and platelet Ags frequently have reduced fucosylation that enhances their pathogenicity. The increased FcγRIII-mediated effector functions have been put to use in various afucosylated therapeutic Abs in anticancer treatment. To test the functional consequences of Ab fucosylation, we produced V-gene-matched recombinant anti-RhD IgG Abs of the four different subclasses (IgG1-4) with and without core fucose (i.e., 20% fucose remaining). Binding to all human FcγR types and their functional isoforms was assessed with surface plasmon resonance. All hypofucosylated anti-RhD IgGs of all IgG subclasses indeed showed enhanced binding affinity for isolated FcγRIII isoforms, without affecting binding affinity to other FcγRs. In contrast, when testing hypofucosylated anti-RhD Abs with FcγRIIIa-expressing NK cells, a 12- and 7-fold increased erythrocyte lysis was observed with the IgG1 and IgG3, respectively, but no increase with IgG2 and IgG4 anti-RhD Abs. Notably, none of the hypofucosylated IgGs enhanced effector function of macrophages, which, in contrast to NK cells, express a complex set of FcγRs, including FcγRIIIa. Our data suggest that the beneficial effects of afucosylated biologicals for clinical use can be particularly anticipated when there is a substantial involvement of FcγRIIIa-expressing cells, such as NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine W Bruggeman
- Department of Blood Cell Research, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands;
| | - Gillian Dekkers
- Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Arthur E H Bentlage
- Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Louise W Treffers
- Department of Blood Cell Research, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sietse Q Nagelkerke
- Department of Blood Cell Research, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Suzanne Lissenberg-Thunnissen
- Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Carolien A M Koeleman
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Manfred Wuhrer
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Timo K van den Berg
- Department of Blood Cell Research, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Theo Rispens
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands; and
| | - Gestur Vidarsson
- Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Taco W Kuijpers
- Department of Blood Cell Research, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Emma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1100 DD Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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