1
|
Tyagi A, Karapurkar JK, Colaco JC, Sarodaya N, Antao AM, Kaushal K, Haq S, Chandrasekaran AP, Das S, Singh V, Hong SH, Suresh B, Kim KS, Ramakrishna S. USP19 Negatively Regulates p53 and Promotes Cervical Cancer Progression. Mol Biotechnol 2024; 66:2032-2045. [PMID: 37572221 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-023-00814-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
p53 is a tumor suppressor gene activated in response to cellular stressors that inhibits cell cycle progression and induces pro-apoptotic signaling. The protein level of p53 is well balanced by the action of several E3 ligases and deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs). Several DUBs have been reported to negatively regulate and promote p53 degradation in tumors. In this study, we identified USP19 as a negative regulator of p53 protein level. We demonstrate a direct interaction between USP19 and p53 by pull down assay. The overexpression of USP19 promoted ubiquitination of p53 and reduced its protein half-life. We also demonstrate that CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout of USP19 in cervical cancer cells elevates p53 protein levels, resulting in reduced colony formation, cell migration, and cell invasion. Overall, our results indicate that USP19 negatively regulates p53 protein levels in cervical cancer progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Apoorvi Tyagi
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, 04763, Seoul, South Korea
| | | | - Jencia Carminha Colaco
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, 04763, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Neha Sarodaya
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, 04763, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ainsley Mike Antao
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, 04763, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kamini Kaushal
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, 04763, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Saba Haq
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, 04763, Seoul, South Korea
| | | | - Soumyadip Das
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, 04763, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Vijai Singh
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science, Rajpur, Indrashil University, 382715, Mehsana, Gujarat, India
| | - Seok-Ho Hong
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Bharathi Suresh
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, 04763, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Kye-Seong Kim
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, 04763, Seoul, South Korea.
- College of Medicine, Hanyang University, 04763, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Suresh Ramakrishna
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, 04763, Seoul, South Korea
- College of Medicine, Hanyang University, 04763, Seoul, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhang Z, Wu Y, Fu J, Yu X, Su Y, Jia S, Cheng H, Shen Y, He X, Ren K, Zheng X, Guan H, Rao F, Zhao L. Proteostatic reactivation of the developmental transcription factor TBX3 drives BRAF/MAPK-mediated tumorigenesis. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4108. [PMID: 38750011 PMCID: PMC11096176 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48173-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
MAPK pathway-driven tumorigenesis, often induced by BRAFV600E, relies on epithelial dedifferentiation. However, how lineage differentiation events are reprogrammed remains unexplored. Here, we demonstrate that proteostatic reactivation of developmental factor, TBX3, accounts for BRAF/MAPK-mediated dedifferentiation and tumorigenesis. During embryonic development, BRAF/MAPK upregulates USP15 to stabilize TBX3, which orchestrates organogenesis by restraining differentiation. The USP15-TBX3 axis is reactivated during tumorigenesis, and Usp15 knockout prohibits BRAFV600E-driven tumor development in a Tbx3-dependent manner. Deleting Tbx3 or Usp15 leads to tumor redifferentiation, which parallels their overdifferentiation tendency during development, exemplified by disrupted thyroid folliculogenesis and elevated differentiation factors such as Tpo, Nis, Tg. The clinical relevance is highlighted in that both USP15 and TBX3 highly correlates with BRAFV600E signature and poor tumor prognosis. Thus, USP15 stabilized TBX3 represents a critical proteostatic mechanism downstream of BRAF/MAPK-directed developmental homeostasis and pathological transformation, supporting that tumorigenesis largely relies on epithelial dedifferentiation achieved via embryonic regulatory program reinitiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenlei Zhang
- Department of Thyroid and Neck Oncology, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, The Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yufan Wu
- Department of Thyroid and Neck Oncology, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, The Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jinrong Fu
- Department of Endocrinology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiujie Yu
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin Central Hospital of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tianjin, China
| | - Yang Su
- School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Shikai Jia
- Department of Thyroid and Neck Oncology, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, The Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Huili Cheng
- Department of Thyroid and Neck Oncology, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, The Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yan Shen
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin Central Hospital of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tianjin, China
| | - Xianghui He
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Kai Ren
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiangqian Zheng
- Department of Thyroid and Neck Tumor, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
| | - Haixia Guan
- Department of Endocrinology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Feng Rao
- School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
| | - Li Zhao
- Department of Thyroid and Neck Tumor, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, The Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hypoxia-induced paclitaxel resistance in cervical cancer modulated by miR-100 targeting of USP15. Gynecol Oncol Rep 2023; 45:101138. [PMID: 36714373 PMCID: PMC9873580 DOI: 10.1016/j.gore.2023.101138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Hypoxia, which occurs during the development of cervical cancer, confers chemotherapy resistance. MicroRNA expression is regulated by hypoxia and is associated with the onset and progression of certain types of cancer. MicroRNA-100 (miR-100) is a microRNA, associated with nasopharyngeal and oral squamous cell carcinomas, whose expression is decreased in cervical cancer. This study aims to ascertain the effect of hypoxia on expression levels of both miR-100 and its target genes, as well as exploring the sensitivity to paclitaxel under hypoxic conditions. Methods We investigated the effect of hypoxia on miR-100 expression. We also explored the regulators of paclitaxel response under hypoxic conditions of cervical cancer. Results Using RT-qPCR, we found that expression of miR-100 in cervical cancer cell lines SiHa and HeLa is significantly higher under hypoxic conditions (1% O2). We also confirmed that human ubiquitin-specific protease 15 (USP15) is the one of the target proteins of miR-100. Hypoxia and overexpression of miR-100 both reduced the activity of the luciferase reporter containing the 3'-untranslated region of USP15, which contains the miR-100 binding site. Furthermore, a western blot analysis showed that hypoxia suppresses the expression of the USP15 protein, while RT-qPCR showed hypoxia-induced downregulation of USP15 mRNA levels. We also discovered that overexpression of miR-100 induces paclitaxel resistance, thereby reducing the drug's therapeutic effect on cell death. Conclusions Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that cervical cancer cells overexpress miR-100 in response to hypoxia and that miR-100 is a facilitator of USP15 downregulation and inactivation.
Collapse
|
4
|
Yang H, Liu X, Zhu X, Zhang M, Wang Y, Ma M, Lv K. GINS1 promotes the proliferation and migration of glioma cells through USP15-mediated deubiquitination of TOP2A. iScience 2022; 25:104952. [PMID: 36065190 PMCID: PMC9440292 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
GINS1 is a GINS complex subunit that functions along with the MCM2-7 complex and Cdc45 in eukaryotic DNA replication. Despite the significance of the GINS complex in the switch between quiescence and proliferation of glioma cells inside and outside the perinecrotic niche, the biological functions and the underlying mechanism of GINS1 remain unclear. Unlike in normal cells and tissues, GINS1 expression level was significantly upregulated in glioma cells and tissues. High expression of GINS1 predicted an advanced clinical grade and a poor survival. Functional assays revealed that GINS1 aggravated glioma malignant phenotypes in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, this study identified that GINS1 physically interacts with TOP2A. GINS1 promotes glioma cell proliferation and migration through USP15-mediated deubiquitination of TOP2A protein. Our results delineate the clinical significance of GINS1 in glioma and the regulatory mechanisms involved in glioma cell proliferation and migration. This work provides potential therapeutic targets for glioma treatment. GINS1 expression was upregulated and associated with poor clinical outcome in glioma GINS1 aggravated glioma malignant phenotypes in vitro and in vivo GINS1 physically interacts with TOP2A GINS1 regulates glioma progression through USP15-mediated deubiquitination of TOP2A
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Yang
- Department of Central Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College (Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College), Wuhu 241001, China
- Key Laboratory of Non-coding RNA Transformation Research of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241001, China
- Non-coding RNA Research Center of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241001, China
- Anhui Province Clinical Research Center for Critical Respiratory Medicine, Wuhu 241001, China
| | - Xiaocen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Non-coding RNA Transformation Research of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241001, China
- Non-coding RNA Research Center of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241001, China
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College (Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College), Wuhu 241001, China
| | - Xiaolong Zhu
- Department of Central Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College (Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College), Wuhu 241001, China
- Key Laboratory of Non-coding RNA Transformation Research of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241001, China
- Non-coding RNA Research Center of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241001, China
| | - Mengying Zhang
- Department of Central Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College (Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College), Wuhu 241001, China
- Key Laboratory of Non-coding RNA Transformation Research of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241001, China
- Non-coding RNA Research Center of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241001, China
| | - Yingying Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College (Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College), Wuhu 241001, China
| | - Mingzhe Ma
- Department of Gastric Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- Corresponding author
| | - Kun Lv
- Department of Central Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College (Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College), Wuhu 241001, China
- Key Laboratory of Non-coding RNA Transformation Research of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241001, China
- Non-coding RNA Research Center of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241001, China
- Anhui Province Clinical Research Center for Critical Respiratory Medicine, Wuhu 241001, China
- Corresponding author
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Messa L, Celegato M, Bertagnin C, Mercorelli B, Alvisi G, Banks L, Palù G, Loregian A. The Dimeric Form of HPV16 E6 Is Crucial to Drive YAP/TAZ Upregulation through the Targeting of hScrib. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13164083. [PMID: 34439242 PMCID: PMC8393709 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13164083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Understanding the mechanisms of action of HPV oncoproteins is pivotal for the rationale development of anti-cancer drugs to treat HPV-related malignancies. The aim of the present study was to explore more in detail the mechanism of action of the HPV16 oncoprotein E6 that directly fosters the YAP/TAZ signaling pathway, a conserved cascade highly active in HPV-related cancers. We confirmed previous evidence about the importance of the PDZ-protein targeting in this process, highlighting here the importance of hScrib degradation, and discovered that the targeting of the Scribble module involves the dimeric form of HPV16 E6. The findings here presented extend our knowledge about the mechanism through which the oncoprotein E6 targets a PDZ-host factor to degradation in cancer cells. Abstract Human papillomavirus is the most common viral infectious agent responsible for cancer development in humans. High-risk strains are known to induce cancer through the expression of the viral oncogenes E6 and E7, yet we have only a partial understanding of the precise mechanisms of action of these viral proteins. Here we investigated the molecular mechanism through which the oncoprotein E6 alters the Hippo-YAP/TAZ pathway to trigger YAP/TAZ induction in cancer cells. By employing E6 overexpression systems combined with protein–protein interaction studies and loss-of-function approaches, we discovered that the E6-mediated targeting of hScrib, which supports YAP/TAZ upregulation, intimately requires E6 homodimerization. We show that the self-association of E6, previously reported only in vitro, takes place in the cytoplasm and, as a dimer, E6 targets the fraction of hScrib at the cell cortex for proteasomal degradation. Thus, E6 homodimerization emerges as an important event in the mechanism of E6-mediated hScrib targeting to sustain downstream YAP/TAZ upregulation, unraveling for the first time the key role of E6 homodimerization in the context of its transforming functions and thus paving the way for the possible development of E6 dimerization inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Messa
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, 35121 Padua, Italy; (L.M.); (M.C.); (C.B.); (B.M.); (G.A.); (G.P.)
| | - Marta Celegato
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, 35121 Padua, Italy; (L.M.); (M.C.); (C.B.); (B.M.); (G.A.); (G.P.)
| | - Chiara Bertagnin
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, 35121 Padua, Italy; (L.M.); (M.C.); (C.B.); (B.M.); (G.A.); (G.P.)
| | - Beatrice Mercorelli
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, 35121 Padua, Italy; (L.M.); (M.C.); (C.B.); (B.M.); (G.A.); (G.P.)
| | - Gualtiero Alvisi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, 35121 Padua, Italy; (L.M.); (M.C.); (C.B.); (B.M.); (G.A.); (G.P.)
| | - Lawrence Banks
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, 34149 Trieste, Italy;
| | - Giorgio Palù
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, 35121 Padua, Italy; (L.M.); (M.C.); (C.B.); (B.M.); (G.A.); (G.P.)
| | - Arianna Loregian
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, 35121 Padua, Italy; (L.M.); (M.C.); (C.B.); (B.M.); (G.A.); (G.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-049-8272363
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Basukala O, Sarabia-Vega V, Banks L. Human papillomavirus oncoproteins and post-translational modifications: generating multifunctional hubs for overriding cellular homeostasis. Biol Chem 2021; 401:585-599. [PMID: 31913845 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2019-0408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are major human carcinogens, causing around 5% of all human cancers, with cervical cancer being the most important. These tumors are all driven by the two HPV oncoproteins E6 and E7. Whilst their mechanisms of action are becoming increasingly clear through their abilities to target essential cellular tumor suppressor and growth control pathways, the roles that post-translational modifications (PTMs) of E6 and E7 play in the regulation of these activities remain unclear. Here, we discuss the direct consequences of some of the most common PTMs of E6 and E7, and how this impacts upon the multi-functionality of these viral proteins, and thereby contribute to the viral life cycle and to the induction of malignancy. Furthermore, it is becoming increasingly clear that these modifications, may, in some cases, offer novel routes for therapeutic intervention in HPV-induced disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Om Basukala
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, AREA Science Park, Padriciano 99, I-34149Trieste, Italy
| | - Vanessa Sarabia-Vega
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, AREA Science Park, Padriciano 99, I-34149Trieste, Italy
| | - Lawrence Banks
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, AREA Science Park, Padriciano 99, I-34149Trieste, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
The Multifaceted Roles of USP15 in Signal Transduction. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094728. [PMID: 33946990 PMCID: PMC8125482 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitination and deubiquitination are protein post-translational modification processes that have been recognized as crucial mediators of many complex cellular networks, including maintaining ubiquitin homeostasis, controlling protein stability, and regulating several signaling pathways. Therefore, some of the enzymes involved in ubiquitination and deubiquitination, particularly E3 ligases and deubiquitinases, have attracted attention for drug discovery. Here, we review recent findings on USP15, one of the deubiquitinases, which regulates diverse signaling pathways by deubiquitinating vital target proteins. Even though several basic previous studies have uncovered the versatile roles of USP15 in different signaling networks, those have not yet been systematically and specifically reviewed, which can provide important information about possible disease markers and clinical applications. This review will provide a comprehensive overview of our current understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of USP15 on different signaling pathways for which dynamic reverse ubiquitination is a key regulator.
Collapse
|
8
|
Scarth JA, Patterson MR, Morgan EL, Macdonald A. The human papillomavirus oncoproteins: a review of the host pathways targeted on the road to transformation. J Gen Virol 2021; 102:001540. [PMID: 33427604 PMCID: PMC8148304 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistent infection with high-risk human papillomaviruses (HR-HPVs) is the causal factor in over 99 % of cervical cancer cases, and a significant proportion of oropharyngeal and anogenital cancers. The key drivers of HPV-mediated transformation are the oncoproteins E5, E6 and E7. Together, they act to prolong cell-cycle progression, delay differentiation and inhibit apoptosis in the host keratinocyte cell in order to generate an environment permissive for viral replication. The oncoproteins also have key roles in mediating evasion of the host immune response, enabling infection to persist. Moreover, prolonged infection within the cellular environment established by the HR-HPV oncoproteins can lead to the acquisition of host genetic mutations, eventually culminating in transformation to malignancy. In this review, we outline the many ways in which the HR-HPV oncoproteins manipulate the host cellular environment, focusing on how these activities can contribute to carcinogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James A. Scarth
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, LS2 9JT, UK
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Molly R. Patterson
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, LS2 9JT, UK
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Ethan L. Morgan
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, LS2 9JT, UK
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, LS2 9JT, UK
- Present address: Tumour Biology Section, Head and Neck Surgery Branch, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Andrew Macdonald
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, LS2 9JT, UK
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, LS2 9JT, UK
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Park S, Auyeung A, Lee DL, Lambert PF, Carchman EH, Sherer NM. HIV-1 Protease Inhibitors Slow HPV16-Driven Cell Proliferation through Targeted Depletion of Viral E6 and E7 Oncoproteins. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:949. [PMID: 33668328 PMCID: PMC7956332 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13050949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
High-risk human papillomavirus strain 16 (HPV16) causes oral and anogenital cancers through the activities of two viral oncoproteins, E6 and E7, that dysregulate the host p53 and pRb tumor suppressor pathways, respectively. The maintenance of HPV16-positive cancers requires constitutive expression of E6 and E7. Therefore, inactivating these proteins could provide the basis for an anticancer therapy. Herein we demonstrate that a subset of aspartyl protease inhibitor drugs currently used to treat HIV/AIDS cause marked reductions in HPV16 E6 and E7 protein levels using two independent cell culture models: HPV16-transformed CaSki cervical cancer cells and NIKS16 organotypic raft cultures (a 3-D HPV16-positive model of epithelial pre-cancer). Treatment of CaSki cells with some (lopinavir, ritonavir, nelfinavir, and saquinavir) but not other (indinavir and atazanavir) protease inhibitors reduced E6 and E7 protein levels, correlating with increased p53 protein levels and decreased cell viability. Long-term (>7 day) treatment of HPV16-positive NIKS16 raft cultures with saquinavir caused epithelial atrophy with no discernible effects on HPV-negative rafts, demonstrating selectivity. Saquinavir also reduced HPV16's effects on markers of the cellular autophagy pathway in NIKS16 rafts, a hallmark of HPV-driven pre-cancers. Taken together, these data suggest HIV-1 protease inhibitors be studied further in the context of treating or preventing HPV16-positive cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soyeong Park
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Deptartment of Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA; (S.P.); (D.L.L.); (P.F.L.)
- Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA; (A.A.); (E.H.C.)
| | - Andrew Auyeung
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA; (A.A.); (E.H.C.)
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53792, USA
| | - Denis L. Lee
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Deptartment of Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA; (S.P.); (D.L.L.); (P.F.L.)
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA; (A.A.); (E.H.C.)
| | - Paul F. Lambert
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Deptartment of Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA; (S.P.); (D.L.L.); (P.F.L.)
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA; (A.A.); (E.H.C.)
| | - Evie H. Carchman
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA; (A.A.); (E.H.C.)
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53792, USA
| | - Nathan M. Sherer
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Deptartment of Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA; (S.P.); (D.L.L.); (P.F.L.)
- Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA; (A.A.); (E.H.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Kapadia BB, Gartenhaus RB. DUBbing Down Translation: The Functional Interaction of Deubiquitinases with the Translational Machinery. Mol Cancer Ther 2020; 18:1475-1483. [PMID: 31481479 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-19-0307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cancer cells revamp the regulatory processes that control translation to induce tumor-specific translational programs that can adapt to a hostile microenvironment as well as withstand anticancer therapeutics. Translational initiation has been established as a common downstream effector of numerous deregulated signaling pathways that together culminate in prooncogenic expression. Other mechanisms, including ribosomal stalling and stress granule assembly, also appear to be rewired in the malignant phenotype. Therefore, better understanding of the underlying perturbations driving oncogenic translation in the transformed state will provide innovative therapeutic opportunities. This review highlights deubiquitinating enzymes that are activated/dysregulated in hematologic malignancies, thereby altering the translational output and contributing to tumorigenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ronald B Gartenhaus
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland. .,Veterans Administration Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Kumar A, Rathi E, Hariharapura RC, Kini SG. Is viral E6 oncoprotein a viable target? A critical analysis in the context of cervical cancer. Med Res Rev 2020; 40:2019-2048. [PMID: 32483862 DOI: 10.1002/med.21697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
An understanding of the pathology of cervical cancer (CC) mediated by E6/E7 oncoproteins of high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) was developed by late 80's. But if we look at the present scenario, not a single drug could be developed to inhibit these oncoproteins and in turn, be used specifically for the treatment of CC. The readers are advised not to presume the "viability of E6 protein" as mentioned in the title relates to just druggability of E6. The viability aspect will cover almost everything a researcher should know to develop E6 inhibitors until the preclinical stage. Herein, we have analysed the achievements and shortcomings of the scientific community in the last four decades in targeting HPV E6 against CC. Role of all HPV proteins has been briefly described for better perspective with a little detailed discussion of the role of E6. We have reviewed the articles from 1985 onward, reporting in vitro inhibition of E6. Recently, many computational studies have reported potent E6 inhibitors and these have also been reviewed. Subsequently, a critical analysis has been reported to cover the in vitro assay protocols and in vivo models to develop E6 inhibitors. A paragraph has been devoted to the role of public policy to fight CC employing vaccines and whether the vaccine against HPV has quenched the zeal to develop drugs against it. The review concludes with the challenges and the way forward.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Avinash Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Ekta Rathi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Raghu Chandrashekar Hariharapura
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Suvarna G Kini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Đukić A, Lulić L, Thomas M, Skelin J, Bennett Saidu NE, Grce M, Banks L, Tomaić V. HPV Oncoproteins and the Ubiquitin Proteasome System: A Signature of Malignancy? Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9020133. [PMID: 32085533 PMCID: PMC7168213 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9020133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) E6 and E7 oncoproteins are critical for development and maintenance of the malignant phenotype in HPV-induced cancers. These two viral oncoproteins interfere with a plethora of cellular pathways, including the regulation of cell cycle and the control of apoptosis, which are critical in maintaining normal cellular functions. E6 and E7 bind directly with certain components of the Ubiquitin Proteasome System (UPS), enabling them to manipulate a number of important cellular pathways. These activities are the means by which HPV establishes an environment supporting the normal viral life cycle, however in some instances they can also lead to the development of malignancy. In this review, we have discussed how E6 and E7 oncoproteins from alpha and beta HPV types interact with the components of the UPS, and how this interplay contributes to the development of cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anamaria Đukić
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (A.Đ.); (L.L.); (J.S.); (N.E.B.S.); (M.G.)
| | - Lucija Lulić
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (A.Đ.); (L.L.); (J.S.); (N.E.B.S.); (M.G.)
| | - Miranda Thomas
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, AREA Science Park, Padriciano 99, I-34149 Trieste, Italy; (M.T.); (L.B.)
| | - Josipa Skelin
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (A.Đ.); (L.L.); (J.S.); (N.E.B.S.); (M.G.)
| | - Nathaniel Edward Bennett Saidu
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (A.Đ.); (L.L.); (J.S.); (N.E.B.S.); (M.G.)
| | - Magdalena Grce
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (A.Đ.); (L.L.); (J.S.); (N.E.B.S.); (M.G.)
| | - Lawrence Banks
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, AREA Science Park, Padriciano 99, I-34149 Trieste, Italy; (M.T.); (L.B.)
| | - Vjekoslav Tomaić
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (A.Đ.); (L.L.); (J.S.); (N.E.B.S.); (M.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +385-1-4561110; Fax: +385-1-4561010
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Li S, Hong X, Wei Z, Xie M, Li W, Liu G, Guo H, Yang J, Wei W, Zhang S. Ubiquitination of the HPV Oncoprotein E6 Is Critical for E6/E6AP-Mediated p53 Degradation. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2483. [PMID: 31749782 PMCID: PMC6842930 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
High-risk Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) types are associated with more than 90% of premalignant and malignant squamous lesions of the uterine cervix. The E6 oncoprotein of high-risk HPVs is a key determinant in cell transformation because it induces the degradation of the host pro-apoptotic tumor suppressor p53. E6 recruits the intracellular ubiquitin ligase E6AP and subsequently induces proteasome-dependent p53 degradation. Neither E6 nor E6AP alone interact with p53; however, the precise mechanism of the functional regulation of the E6/E6AP/p53 complex is unclear. Here, we showed that the high-risk HPV E6 proteins are ubiquitinated during E6/E6AP/p53 complex assembly and degraded by the proteasome system. Increasing p53 expression enhanced E6/E6AP/p53 assembly and facilitated E6 ubiquitination and degradation. The dominant negative mutant of p53 R175H, which does not efficiently bind E6, decreased E6 ubiquitination and increased stability. Furthermore, we showed that the ubiquitin ligase E6AP is essential for E6 ubiquitination, and downregulation of E6AP expression increased E6 stability. We also showed that p53 R175H inhibited E6-mediated p53 degradation. Consistently, the host deubiquitinating enzyme USP15 removed ubiquitin chains from E6 proteins and inhibited E6-mediated p53 degradation. Crucially, ectopic expression of either p53 R175H or USP15 promoted p53-triggered apoptosis in human cervical cancer cells. Considering the importance of ubiquitinated E6 on p53 degradation, the disruption of E6 ubiquitination represents an attractive pharmacological intervention against HPV-positive human cervical cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siying Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaoling Hong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhentong Wei
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Min Xie
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wanying Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Guanchen Liu
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Haoran Guo
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jiaxin Yang
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wei Wei
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Songling Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Wang A, Zhu F, Liang R, Li D, Li B. Regulation of T cell differentiation and function by ubiquitin-specific proteases. Cell Immunol 2019; 340:103922. [PMID: 31078284 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2019.103922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
T cells play critical roles in immune responses to pathogens, autoimmunity, and antitumor immunity. During the past few decades, increasing numbers of studies have demonstrated the significance of protein ubiquitination in T cell-mediated immunity. Several E3 ubiquitin ligases and deubiquitinases (DUBs) have been identified as either positive or negative regulators of T cell development and function. In this review, we mainly focus on the roles of DUBs (especially ubiquitin-specific proteases (USPs)) in modulating T cell differentiation and function, as well as the molecular mechanisms. Understanding how T cell development and function is regulated by ubiquitination and deubiquitination will provide novel strategies for treating infection, autoimmune diseases, and cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aiting Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Unit of Molecular Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Fangming Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Unit of Molecular Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-energy Crops, School of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Rui Liang
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Dan Li
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Bin Li
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
USP15 Participates in Hepatitis C Virus Propagation through Regulation of Viral RNA Translation and Lipid Droplet Formation. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.01708-18. [PMID: 30626683 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01708-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) utilizes cellular factors for efficient propagation. Ubiquitin is covalently conjugated to the substrate to alter its stability or to modulate signal transduction. In this study, we examined the importance of ubiquitination for HCV propagation. We found that inhibition of deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs) or overexpression of nonspecific DUBs impaired HCV replication, suggesting that ubiquitination regulates HCV replication. To identify specific DUBs involved in HCV propagation, we set up RNA interference (RNAi) screening against DUBs and successfully identified ubiquitin-specific protease 15 (USP15) as a novel host factor for HCV propagation. Our studies showed that USP15 is involved in translation of HCV RNA and production of infectious HCV particles. In addition, deficiency of USP15 in human hepatic cell lines (Huh7 and Hep3B/miR-122 cells) but not in a nonhepatic cell line (293T cells) impaired HCV propagation, suggesting that USP15 participates in HCV propagation through the regulation of hepatocyte-specific functions. Moreover, we showed that loss of USP15 had no effect on innate immune responses in vitro and in vivo We also found that USP15-deficient Huh7 cells showed reductions in the amounts of lipid droplets (LDs), and the addition of palmitic acids restored the production of infectious HCV particles. Taken together, these data suggest that USP15 participates in HCV propagation by regulating the translation of HCV RNA and the formation of LDs.IMPORTANCE Although ubiquitination has been shown to play important roles in the HCV life cycle, the roles of deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs), which cleave ubiquitin chains from their substrates, in HCV propagation have not been investigated. Here, we identified USP15 as a DUB regulating HCV propagation. USP15 showed no interaction with viral proteins and no participation in innate immune responses. Deficiency of USP15 in Huh7 cells resulted in suppression of the translation of HCV RNA and reduction in the amounts of lipid droplets, and the addition of fatty acids partially restored the production of infectious HCV particles. These data suggest that USP15 participates in HCV propagation in hepatic cells through the regulation of viral RNA translation and lipid metabolism.
Collapse
|
16
|
Kim SY, Baek KH. TGF-β signaling pathway mediated by deubiquitinating enzymes. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:653-665. [PMID: 30349992 PMCID: PMC11105597 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2949-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Ubiquitination is a reversible cellular process mediated by ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes, whereas deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs) detach the covalently conjugated ubiquitin from target substrates to counter ubiquitination. DUBs play a crucial role in regulating various signal transduction pathways and biological processes including apoptosis, cell proliferation, DNA damage repair, metastasis, differentiation, etc. Since the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling pathway participates in various cellular functions such as inflammation, metastasis and embryogenesis, aberrant regulation of TGF-β signaling induces abnormal cellular functions resulting in numerous diseases. This review focuses on DUBs regulating the TGF-β signaling pathway. We discuss the molecular mechanisms of DUBs involved in TGF-β signaling pathway, and biological and therapeutic implications for various diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soo-Yeon Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, 335 Pangyo-Ro, Bundang-Gu, Seongnam, Gyeonggi, 13488, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Hyun Baek
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, 335 Pangyo-Ro, Bundang-Gu, Seongnam, Gyeonggi, 13488, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Teyra J, Singer AU, Schmitges FW, Jaynes P, Kit Leng Lui S, Polyak MJ, Fodil N, Krieger JR, Tong J, Schwerdtfeger C, Brasher BB, Ceccarelli DFJ, Moffat J, Sicheri F, Moran MF, Gros P, Eichhorn PJA, Lenter M, Boehmelt G, Sidhu SS. Structural and Functional Characterization of Ubiquitin Variant Inhibitors of USP15. Structure 2019; 27:590-605.e5. [PMID: 30713027 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2019.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The multi-domain deubiquitinase USP15 regulates diverse eukaryotic processes and has been implicated in numerous diseases. We developed ubiquitin variants (UbVs) that targeted either the catalytic domain or each of three adaptor domains in USP15, including the N-terminal DUSP domain. We also designed a linear dimer (diUbV), which targeted the DUSP and catalytic domains, and exhibited enhanced specificity and more potent inhibition of catalytic activity than either UbV alone. In cells, the UbVs inhibited the deubiquitination of two USP15 substrates, SMURF2 and TRIM25, and the diUbV inhibited the effects of USP15 on the transforming growth factor β pathway. Structural analyses revealed that three distinct UbVs bound to the catalytic domain and locked the active site in a closed, inactive conformation, and one UbV formed an unusual strand-swapped dimer and bound two DUSP domains simultaneously. These inhibitors will enable the study of USP15 function in oncology, neurology, immunology, and inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joan Teyra
- The Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Alex U Singer
- The Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Frank W Schmitges
- The Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Patrick Jaynes
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sarah Kit Leng Lui
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Maria J Polyak
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Corbin Therapeutics, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Nassima Fodil
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Corbin Therapeutics, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jonathan R Krieger
- SPARC BioCentre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Jiefei Tong
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, 686 Bay Street, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | | | - Bradley B Brasher
- Boston Biochem, a Bio-Techne Brand, 840 Memorial Drive, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Derek F J Ceccarelli
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Jason Moffat
- The Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Frank Sicheri
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Michael F Moran
- SPARC BioCentre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada; Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, 686 Bay Street, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Philippe Gros
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Pieter J A Eichhorn
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Martin Lenter
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co KG, Biberach, Germany
| | | | - Sachdev S Sidhu
- The Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Lopez SJ, Segal DJ, LaSalle JM. UBE3A: An E3 Ubiquitin Ligase With Genome-Wide Impact in Neurodevelopmental Disease. Front Mol Neurosci 2019; 11:476. [PMID: 30686997 PMCID: PMC6338038 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
UBE3A is an E3 ubiquitin ligase encoded by an imprinted gene whose maternal deletion or duplication leads to distinct neurodevelopment disorders Angelman and Dup15q syndromes. Despite the known genetic basis of disease, how changes in copy number of a ubiquitin ligase gene can have widespread impact in early brain development is poorly understood. Previous studies have identified a wide array of UBE3A functions, interaction partners, and ubiquitin targets, but no central pathway fully explains its critical role in neurodevelopment. Here, we review recent UBE3A studies that have begun to investigate mechanistic, cellular pathways and the genome-wide impacts of alterations in UBE3A expression levels to gain broader insight into how UBE3A affects the developing brain. These studies have revealed that UBE3A is a multifunctional protein with important nuclear and cytoplasmic regulatory functions that impact proteasome function, Wnt signaling, circadian rhythms, imprinted gene networks, and chromatin. Synaptic functions of UBE3A interact with light exposures and mTOR signaling and are most critical in GABAergic neurons. Understanding the genome-wide influences of UBE3A will help uncover its role in early brain development and ultimately lead to identification of key therapeutic targets for UBE3A-related neurodevelopmental disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Jesse Lopez
- Department of Medical Immunology and Microbiology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States.,Genome Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States.,MIND Institute, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States.,Integrative Genetics and Genomics, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - David J Segal
- Genome Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States.,MIND Institute, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States.,Integrative Genetics and Genomics, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Janine M LaSalle
- Department of Medical Immunology and Microbiology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States.,Genome Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States.,MIND Institute, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States.,Integrative Genetics and Genomics, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Li Y, Shi F, Hu J, Xie L, Bode AM, Cao Y. The Role of Deubiquitinases in Oncovirus and Host Interactions. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2019; 2019:2128410. [PMID: 31396277 PMCID: PMC6668545 DOI: 10.1155/2019/2128410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Infection-related cancer comprises one-sixth of the global cancer burden. Oncoviruses can directly or indirectly contribute to tumorigenesis. Ubiquitination is a dynamic and reversible posttranslational modification that participates in almost all cellular processes. Hijacking of the ubiquitin system by viruses continues to emerge as a central theme around the viral life cycle. Deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs) maintain ubiquitin homeostasis by removing ubiquitin modifications from target proteins, thereby altering protein function, stability, and signaling pathways, as well as acting as key mediators between the virus and its host. In this review, we focus on the multiple functions of DUBs in RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs) and stimulator of interferon genes (STING)-mediated antiviral signaling pathways, oncoviruses regulation of NF-κB activation, oncoviral life cycle, and the potential of DUB inhibitors as therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yueshuo Li
- 1Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Invasion, Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
- 2Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
- 3Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Chinese Ministry of Health, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Feng Shi
- 1Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Invasion, Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
- 2Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
- 3Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Chinese Ministry of Health, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Jianmin Hu
- 1Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Invasion, Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
- 2Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
- 3Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Chinese Ministry of Health, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Longlong Xie
- 1Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Invasion, Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
- 2Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
- 3Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Chinese Ministry of Health, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Ann M. Bode
- 4The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN 55912, USA
| | - Ya Cao
- 1Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Invasion, Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
- 2Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
- 3Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Chinese Ministry of Health, Changsha 410078, China
- 5Research Center for Technologies of Nucleic Acid-Based Diagnostics and Therapeutics Hunan Province, Changsha 410078, China
- 6Molecular Imaging Research Center of Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China
- 7National Joint Engineering Research Center for Genetic Diagnostics of Infectious Diseases and Cancer, Changsha 410078, China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Kiran S, Dar A, Singh SK, Lee KY, Dutta A. The Deubiquitinase USP46 Is Essential for Proliferation and Tumor Growth of HPV-Transformed Cancers. Mol Cell 2018; 72:823-835.e5. [PMID: 30415951 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2018.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
High-risk human papilloma viruses (HPVs) cause cervical, anal, and oropharyngeal cancers, unlike the low-risk HPVs, which cause benign lesions. E6 oncoproteins from the high-risk strains are essential for cell proliferation and transformation in HPV-induced cancers. We report that a cellular deubiquitinase, USP46, is selectively recruited by the E6 of high-risk, but not low-risk, HPV to deubiqutinate and stabilize Cdt2/DTL. Stabilization of Cdt2, a component of the CRL4Cdt2 E3 ubiquitin ligase, limits the level of Set8, an epigenetic writer, and promotes cell proliferation. USP46 is essential for the proliferation of HPV-transformed cells, but not of cells without HPV. Cdt2 is elevated in human cervical cancers and knockdown of USP46 inhibits HPV-transformed tumor growth in xenografts. Recruitment of a cellular deubiquitinase to stabilize key cellular proteins is an important activity of oncogenic E6, and the importance of E6-USP46-Cdt2-Set8 pathway in HPV-induced cancers makes USP46 a target for the therapy of such cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shashi Kiran
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Ashraf Dar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Samarendra K Singh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Kyung Yong Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Anindya Dutta
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Chiang C, Pauli EK, Biryukov J, Feister KF, Meng M, White EA, Münger K, Howley PM, Meyers C, Gack MU. The Human Papillomavirus E6 Oncoprotein Targets USP15 and TRIM25 To Suppress RIG-I-Mediated Innate Immune Signaling. J Virol 2018; 92:e01737-17. [PMID: 29263274 PMCID: PMC5827370 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01737-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) is a key pattern recognition receptor that senses viral RNA and interacts with the mitochondrial adaptor MAVS, triggering a signaling cascade that results in the production of type I interferons (IFNs). This signaling axis is initiated by K63-linked ubiquitination of RIG-I mediated by the E3 ubiquitin ligase TRIM25, which promotes the interaction of RIG-I with MAVS. USP15 was recently identified as an upstream regulator of TRIM25, stabilizing the enzyme through removal of degradative K48-linked polyubiquitin, ultimately promoting RIG-I-dependent cytokine responses. Here, we show that the E6 oncoprotein of human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV16) as well as of other HPV types form a complex with TRIM25 and USP15 in human cells. In the presence of E6, the K48-linked ubiquitination of TRIM25 was markedly increased, and in line with this, TRIM25 degradation was enhanced. Our results further showed that E6 inhibited the TRIM25-mediated K63-linked ubiquitination of RIG-I and its CARD-dependent interaction with MAVS. HPV16 E6, but not E7, suppressed the RIG-I-mediated induction of IFN-β, chemokines, and IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs). Finally, CRISPR-Cas9 gene targeting in human keratinocytes showed that the TRIM25-RIG-I-MAVS triad is important for eliciting an antiviral immune response to HPV16 infection. Our study thus identifies a novel immune escape mechanism that is conserved among different HPV strains and further indicates that the RIG-I signaling pathway plays an important role in the innate immune response to HPV infection.IMPORTANCE Persistent infection and tumorigenesis by HPVs are known to require viral manipulation of a variety of cellular processes, including those involved in innate immune responses. Here, we show that the HPV E6 oncoprotein antagonizes the activation of the cytoplasmic innate immune sensor RIG-I by targeting its upstream regulatory enzymes TRIM25 and USP15. We further show that the RIG-I signaling cascade is important for an antiviral innate immune response to HPV16 infection, providing evidence that RIG-I, whose role in sensing RNA virus infections has been well characterized, also plays a crucial role in the antiviral host response to small DNA viruses of the Papillomaviridae family.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Chiang
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Eva-Katharina Pauli
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jennifer Biryukov
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Katharina F Feister
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Melissa Meng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Elizabeth A White
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Karl Münger
- Department of Developmental, Molecular and Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Peter M Howley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Craig Meyers
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Michaela U Gack
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
The deubiquitylase USP15 regulates topoisomerase II alpha to maintain genome integrity. Oncogene 2018; 37:2326-2342. [PMID: 29429988 PMCID: PMC5916918 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-017-0092-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Revised: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Ubiquitin-specific protease 15 (USP15) is a widely expressed deubiquitylase that has been implicated in diverse cellular processes in cancer. Here we identify topoisomerase II (TOP2A) as a novel protein that is regulated by USP15. TOP2A accumulates during G2 and functions to decatenate intertwined sister chromatids at prophase, ensuring the replicated genome can be accurately divided into daughter cells at anaphase. We show that USP15 is required for TOP2A accumulation, and that USP15 depletion leads to the formation of anaphase chromosome bridges. These bridges fail to decatenate, and at mitotic exit form micronuclei that are indicative of genome instability. We also describe the cell cycle-dependent behaviour for two major isoforms of USP15, which differ by a short serine-rich insertion that is retained in isoform-1 but not in isoform-2. Although USP15 is predominantly cytoplasmic in interphase, we show that both isoforms move into the nucleus at prophase, but that isoform-1 is phosphorylated on its unique S229 residue at mitotic entry. The micronuclei phenotype we observe on USP15 depletion can be rescued by either USP15 isoform and requires USP15 catalytic activity. Importantly, however, an S229D phospho-mimetic mutant of USP15 isoform-1 cannot rescue either the micronuclei phenotype, or accumulation of TOP2A. Thus, S229 phosphorylation selectively abrogates this role of USP15 in maintaining genome integrity in an isoform-specific manner. Finally, we show that USP15 isoform-1 is preferentially upregulated in a panel of non-small cell lung cancer cell lines, and propose that isoform imbalance may contribute to genome instability in cancer. Our data provide the first example of isoform-specific deubiquitylase phospho-regulation and reveal a novel role for USP15 in guarding genome integrity.
Collapse
|
23
|
Ubiquitin Specific Peptidase 15 (USP15) suppresses glioblastoma cell growth via stabilization of HECTD1 E3 ligase attenuating WNT pathway activity. Oncotarget 2017; 8:110490-110502. [PMID: 29299163 PMCID: PMC5746398 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.22798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Expression based prediction of new genomic alterations in glioblastoma identified the de-ubiquitinase Ubiquitin Specific Peptidase 15 (USP15) as potential tumor suppressor gene associated with genomic deletions (11%). Ectopic expression of USP15 in glioblastoma cell-lines reduced colony formation and growth in soft agar, while overexpression of its functional mutant had the opposite effect. Evaluation of the protein binding network of USP15 by Mass Spectrometry in glioblastoma cells uncovered eight novel interacting proteins, including HECT Domain Containing E3 Ubiquitin Protein Ligase 1 (HECTD1), whose mouse homologue has been associated with an inhibitory effect on the WNT-pathway. USP15 de-ubiquitinated and thereby stabilized HECTD1 in glioblastoma cells, while depletion of USP15 led to decreased HECTD1 protein levels. Expression of USP15 in glioblastoma cells attenuated WNT-pathway activity, while expression of the functional mutant enhanced the activity. Modulation of HECTD1 expression pheno-copied the effects observed for USP15. In accordance, human glioblastoma display a weak but significant negative correlation between USP15 and AXIN2 expression. Taken together, the data provide evidence that USP15 attenuates the canonical WNT pathway mediated by stabilization of HECTD1, supporting a tumor suppressing role of USP15 in a subset of glioblastoma.
Collapse
|
24
|
Comparative Profiling of Ubiquitin Proteasome System Interplay with Influenza A Virus PB2 Polymerase Protein Recapitulating Virus Evolution in Humans. mSphere 2017; 2:mSphere00330-17. [PMID: 29202037 PMCID: PMC5700371 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00330-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza A viruses (IAVs) are responsible for mild-to-severe seasonal respiratory illness of public health concern worldwide, and the risk of avian strain outbreaks in humans is a constant threat. Elucidating the requisites of IAV adaptation to humans is thus of prime importance. In this study, we explored how PB2 replication proteins of IAV strains with different levels of virulence in humans hijack a major protein modification pathway of the human host cell, the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS). We found that the PB2 protein engages in an extended interplay with the UPS that evolved along with the virus’s adaptation to humans. This suggests that UPS hijacking underlies the efficient infection of humans and can be used as an indicator for evaluation of the potential of avian IAVs to infect humans. Several UPS factors were found to be necessary for infection with circulating IAV strains, pointing to potential targets for therapeutic approaches. The optimized exploitation of cell resources is one cornerstone of a successful infection. Differential mapping of host-pathogen protein-protein interactions (PPIs) on the basis of comparative interactomics of multiple strains is an effective strategy to highlight correlations between host proteome hijacking and biological or pathogenic traits. Here, we developed an interactomic pipeline to deliver high-confidence comparative maps of PPIs between a given pathogen and the human ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS). This subarray of the human proteome represents a range of essential cellular functions and promiscuous targets for many viruses. The screening pipeline was applied to the influenza A virus (IAV) PB2 polymerase proteins of five strains representing different levels of virulence in humans. An extensive PB2-UPS interplay has been detected that recapitulates the evolution of IAVs in humans. Functional validation with several IAV strains, including the seasonal H1N1pdm09 and H3N2 viruses, confirmed the biological relevance of most identified UPS factors and revealed strain-independent and strain-specific effects of UPS factor invalidation on IAV infection. This strategy is applicable to proteins from any other virus or pathogen, providing a valuable resource with which to explore the UPS-pathogen interplay and its relationship with pathogenicity. IMPORTANCE Influenza A viruses (IAVs) are responsible for mild-to-severe seasonal respiratory illness of public health concern worldwide, and the risk of avian strain outbreaks in humans is a constant threat. Elucidating the requisites of IAV adaptation to humans is thus of prime importance. In this study, we explored how PB2 replication proteins of IAV strains with different levels of virulence in humans hijack a major protein modification pathway of the human host cell, the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS). We found that the PB2 protein engages in an extended interplay with the UPS that evolved along with the virus’s adaptation to humans. This suggests that UPS hijacking underlies the efficient infection of humans and can be used as an indicator for evaluation of the potential of avian IAVs to infect humans. Several UPS factors were found to be necessary for infection with circulating IAV strains, pointing to potential targets for therapeutic approaches.
Collapse
|
25
|
Thomas M, Banks L. Viral oncoproteins and ubiquitination: accessing a cellular toolbox for modifying protein function. FEBS J 2017; 284:3168-3170. [PMID: 28972311 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Human Papillomavirus oncoproteins directly target components of the Ubiquitin Proteasome System (UPS) and allow perturbation of multiple cellular processes linked to the control of apoptosis, transcription and innate immunity. This activity primarily creates an environment favourable for viral replication, but can contribute towards malignancy, thus highlighting the roles that manipulation of the UPS can play in the development of human cancers.
Collapse
|
26
|
Poirson J, Biquand E, Straub ML, Cassonnet P, Nominé Y, Jones L, van der Werf S, Travé G, Zanier K, Jacob Y, Demeret C, Masson M. Mapping the interactome of HPV E6 and E7 oncoproteins with the ubiquitin-proteasome system. FEBS J 2017; 284:3171-3201. [PMID: 28786561 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Protein ubiquitination and its reverse reaction, deubiquitination, regulate protein stability, protein binding activity, and their subcellular localization. These reactions are catalyzed by the enzymes E1, E2, and E3 ubiquitin (Ub) ligases and deubiquitinases (DUBs). The Ub-proteasome system (UPS) is targeted by viruses for the sake of their replication and to escape host immune response. To identify novel partners of human papillomavirus 16 (HPV16) E6 and E7 proteins, we assembled and screened a library of 590 cDNAs related to the UPS by using the Gaussia princeps luciferase protein complementation assay. HPV16 E6 was found to bind to the homology to E6AP C terminus-type Ub ligase (E6AP), three really interesting new gene (RING)-type Ub ligases (MGRN1, LNX3, LNX4), and the DUB Ub-specific protease 15 (USP15). Except for E6AP, the binding of UPS factors did not require the LxxLL-binding pocket of HPV16 E6. LNX3 bound preferentially to all high-risk mucosal HPV E6 tested, whereas LNX4 bound specifically to HPV16 E6. HPV16 E7 was found to bind to several broad-complex tramtrack and bric-a-brac domain-containing proteins (such as TNFAIP1/KCTD13) that are potential substrate adaptors of Cullin 3-RING Ub ligases, to RING-type Ub ligases implicated in innate immunity (RNF135, TRIM32, TRAF2, TRAF5), to the substrate adaptor DCAF15 of Cullin 4-RING Ub ligase and to some DUBs (USP29, USP33). The binding to UPS factors did not require the LxCxE motif but rather the C-terminal region of HPV16 E7 protein. The identified UPS factors interacted with most of E7 proteins across different HPV types. This study establishes a strategy for the rapid identification of interactions between host or pathogen proteins and the human ubiquitination system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juline Poirson
- Ecole Supérieure de Biotechnologie Strasbourg, UMR-7242, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Elise Biquand
- UMR 3569, CNRS, Unité de Génétique Moléculaire des Virus à ARN, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Laure Straub
- Ecole Supérieure de Biotechnologie Strasbourg, UMR-7242, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Patricia Cassonnet
- UMR 3569, CNRS, Unité de Génétique Moléculaire des Virus à ARN, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Yves Nominé
- UMR 7104-Inserm U964, CNRS, IGBMC-CBI, Equipe labellisée Ligue 2015, Illkirch, France
| | - Louis Jones
- Biostatistiques et biologie intégrative (C3BI), Institut Pasteur, Centre de bioinformatique, Paris, France
| | - Sylvie van der Werf
- UMR 3569, CNRS, Unité de Génétique Moléculaire des Virus à ARN, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Gilles Travé
- UMR 7104-Inserm U964, CNRS, IGBMC-CBI, Equipe labellisée Ligue 2015, Illkirch, France
| | - Katia Zanier
- Ecole Supérieure de Biotechnologie Strasbourg, UMR-7242, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Yves Jacob
- UMR 3569, CNRS, Unité de Génétique Moléculaire des Virus à ARN, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Caroline Demeret
- UMR 3569, CNRS, Unité de Génétique Moléculaire des Virus à ARN, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Murielle Masson
- Ecole Supérieure de Biotechnologie Strasbourg, UMR-7242, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Alternative exon skipping biases substrate preference of the deubiquitylase USP15 for mysterin/RNF213, the moyamoya disease susceptibility factor. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44293. [PMID: 28276505 PMCID: PMC5343593 DOI: 10.1038/srep44293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The deubiquitylating enzyme USP15 plays significant roles in multiple cellular pathways including TGF-β signaling, RNA splicing, and innate immunity. Evolutionarily conserved skipping of exon 7 occurs during transcription of the mRNAs encoding USP15 and its paralogue USP4, yielding two major isoforms for each gene. Exon 7 of USP15 encodes a serine-rich stretch of 29 amino acid residues located in the inter-region linker that connects the N-terminal putative regulatory region and the C-terminal enzymatic region. Previous findings suggested that the variation in the linker region leads to functional differences between the isoforms of the two deubiquitylating enzymes, but to date no direct evidence regarding such functional divergence has been published. We found that the long isoform of USP15 predominantly recognizes and deubiquitylates mysterin, a large ubiquitin ligase associated with the onset of moyamoya disease. This observation represents the first experimental evidence that the conserved exon skipping alters the substrate specificity of this class of deubiquitylating enzymes. In addition, we found that the interactomes of the short and long isoforms of USP15 only partially overlapped. Thus, USP15, a key gene in multiple cellular processes, generates two functionally different isoforms via evolutionarily conserved exon skipping.
Collapse
|
28
|
The Regulations of Deubiquitinase USP15 and Its Pathophysiological Mechanisms in Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18030483. [PMID: 28245560 PMCID: PMC5372499 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18030483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Deubiquitinases (DUBs) play a critical role in ubiquitin-directed signaling by catalytically removing the ubiquitin from substrate proteins. Ubiquitin-specific protease 15 (USP15), a member of the largest subfamily of cysteine protease DUBs, contains two conservative cysteine (Cys) and histidine (His) boxes. USP15 harbors two zinc-binding motifs that are essential for recognition of poly-ubiquitin chains. USP15 is grouped into the same category with USP4 and USP11 due to high degree of homology in an N-terminal region consisting of domains present in ubiquitin-specific proteases (DUSP) domain and ubiquitin-like (UBL) domain. USP15 cooperates with COP9 signalosome complex (CSN) to maintain the stability of cullin-ring ligase (CRL) adaptor proteins by removing the conjugated ubiquitin chains from RBX1 subunit of CRL. USP15 is also implicated in the stabilization of the human papillomavirus type 16 E6 oncoprotein, adenomatous polyposis coli, and IκBα. Recently, reports have suggested that USP15 acts as a key regulator of TGF-β receptor-signaling pathways by deubiquitinating the TGF-β receptor itself and its downstream transducers receptor-regulated SMADs (R-SMADs), including SMAD1, SMAD2, and SMAD3, thus activating the TGF-β target genes. Although the importance of USP15 in pathologic processes remains ambiguous so far, in this review, we endeavor to summarize the literature regarding the relationship of the deubiquitinating action of USP15 with the proteins involved in the regulation of Parkinson’s disease, virus infection, and cancer-related signaling networks.
Collapse
|
29
|
Su ZJ, Cao JS, Wu YF, Chen WN, Lin X, Wu YL, Lin X. Deubiquitylation of hepatitis B virus X protein (HBx) by ubiquitin-specific peptidase 15 (USP15) increases HBx stability and its transactivation activity. Sci Rep 2017; 7:40246. [PMID: 28074857 PMCID: PMC5225491 DOI: 10.1038/srep40246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus X protein (HBx) plays important roles in viral replication and the development of hepatocellular carcinoma. HBx is a rapid turnover protein and ubiquitin-proteasome pathway has been suggested to influence HBx stability as treatment with proteasome inhibitors increases the levels of HBx protein and causes accumulation of the polyubiquitinated forms of HBx. Deubiquitinases (DUBs) are known to act by removing ubiquitin moieties from proteins and thereby reverse their stability and/or activity. However, no information is available regarding the involvement of DUBs in regulation of ubiquitylation-dependent proteasomal degradation of HBx protein. This study identified the deubiquitylating enzyme USP15 as a critical regulator of HBx protein level. USP15 was found to directly interact with HBx via binding to the HBx region between amino acid residues 51 and 80. USP15 increased HBx protein levels in a dose-dependent manner and siRNA-mediated knockdown of endogenous USP15 reduced HBx protein levels. Increased HBx stability and steady-state level by USP15 were attributable to reduced HBx ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation. Importantly, the transcriptional transactivation function of HBx is enhanced by overexpression of USP15. These results suggest that USP15 plays an essential role in stabilizing HBx and subsequently affects the biological function of HBx.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Jun Su
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Hospital of Quanzhou Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Jia-Shou Cao
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yan-Fang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Wan-Nan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xinjian Lin
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yun-Li Wu
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Tumor Microbiology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xu Lin
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Hospital of Quanzhou Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
TGF-β upregulates the translation of USP15 via the PI3K/AKT pathway to promote p53 stability. Oncogene 2016; 36:2715-2723. [PMID: 27893708 PMCID: PMC5442427 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2016.424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2014] [Revised: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Crosstalk between transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) signaling and p53 has a critical role in cancer progression. TGF-β signals via Smad and non-Smad pathways. Under normal conditions, wild-type p53 forms a complex with Smad2/3 and co-activates transcription of a variety of tumor suppressor genes, resulting in tumor suppressive effects. Thus, p53 stability is essential in progression of tumor suppressive responses mediated by TGF-β signaling. However, it remains unknown whether p53 stability is regulated by TGF-β. In the current study, we identify that USP15 binds to and stabilizes p53 through deubiquitination in U2OS and HEK293 cells. TGF-β promotes the translation of USP15 through activation of mammalian target of rapamycin by the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/AKT pathway. Upregulation of USP15 translation links the crosstalk between TGF-β signaling and p53 stability, allowing this cytokine to have a critical role in cancer progression.
Collapse
|
31
|
Proteomic analysis of the gamma human papillomavirus type 197 E6 and E7 associated cellular proteins. Virology 2016; 500:71-81. [PMID: 27771561 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2016.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Revised: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Gamma HPV197 was the most frequently identified HPV when human skin cancer specimens were analyzed by deep sequencing (Arroyo Muhr et al., Int. J. Cancer 136: 2546-55, 2015). To gain insight into the biological activities of HPV197, we investigated the cellular interactomes of HPV197 E6 and E7. HPV197 E6 protein interacts with a broad spectrum of cellular LXXLL domain proteins, including UBE3A and MAML1. HPV197 E6 also binds and inhibits the TP53 tumor suppressor and interacts with the CCR4-NOT ubiquitin ligase and deadenylation complex. Despite lacking a canonical retinoblastoma (RB1) tumor suppressor binding site, HPV197 E7 binds RB1 and activates E2F transcription. Hence, HPV197 E6 and E7 proteins interact with a similar set of cellular proteins as E6 and E7 proteins encoded by HPVs that have been linked to human carcinogenesis and/or have transforming activities in vitro.
Collapse
|
32
|
Tomaić V. Functional Roles of E6 and E7 Oncoproteins in HPV-Induced Malignancies at Diverse Anatomical Sites. Cancers (Basel) 2016; 8:cancers8100095. [PMID: 27775564 PMCID: PMC5082385 DOI: 10.3390/cancers8100095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Approximately 200 human papillomaviruses (HPVs) infect human epithelial cells, of which the alpha and beta types have been the most extensively studied. Alpha HPV types mainly infect mucosal epithelia and a small group of these causes over 600,000 cancers per year worldwide at various anatomical sites, especially anogenital and head-and-neck cancers. Of these the most important is cervical cancer, which is the leading cause of cancer-related death in women in many parts of the world. Beta HPV types infect cutaneous epithelia and may contribute towards the initiation of non-melanoma skin cancers. HPVs encode two oncoproteins, E6 and E7, which are directly responsible for the development of HPV-induced carcinogenesis. They do this cooperatively by targeting diverse cellular pathways involved in the regulation of cell cycle control, of apoptosis and of cell polarity control networks. In this review, the biological consequences of papillomavirus targeting of various cellular substrates at diverse anatomical sites in the development of HPV-induced malignancies are highlighted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vjekoslav Tomaić
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Padriciano 99, I-34149 Trieste, Italy.
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
He Z, Wang F, Ma J, Sen S, Zhang J, Gwack Y, Zhou Y, Sun Z. Ubiquitination of RORγt at Lysine 446 Limits Th17 Differentiation by Controlling Coactivator Recruitment. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:1148-58. [PMID: 27430721 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The transcription factor retinoid acid-related orphan receptor γ t (RORγt) directs the differentiation of Th17 cells. Th17 cells mediate pathological immune responses responsible for autoimmune diseases, including psoriasis and multiple sclerosis. Previous studies focused on RORγt target genes and their function in Th17 differentiation. In this study, we assessed posttranscriptional regulation of RORγt and identified a functional ubiquitination site, K446. Mutation of K446 to arginine to prevent ubiquitination greatly enhanced recruitment of steroid receptor coactivator 1 (SRC1), a coactivator critical for RORγt activity. Correspondingly, the K446 to arginine mutation potentiated Th17 differentiation. We also showed that ubiquitin-specific protease (USP)15 interacted with RORγt, removed ubiquitin from K446, and stimulated RORγt activity by enhancing coactivator SRC1 recruitment. Knockdown of USP15 or expression of inactive USP15 impaired Th17 differentiation, suggesting a positive role for USP15-mediated deubiquitination of RORγt in Th17 differentiation. Therefore, ubiquitination of K446 limits RORγt-mediated Th17 differentiation by inhibiting the recruitment of coactivator SRC1. Our study will inform the development of treatments that target RORγt ubiquitination pathways to limit Th17-mediated autoimmunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiheng He
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010
| | - Fei Wang
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010
| | - Jian Ma
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010
| | - Subha Sen
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010; Irell & Manella Graduate School of Biological Sciences, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010
| | - Yousang Gwack
- Department of Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095; and
| | - Yu Zhou
- Research Center for Liver Disease, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089
| | - Zuoming Sun
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010;
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
MicroRNA-124 negatively regulates LPS-induced TNF-α production in mouse macrophages by decreasing protein stability. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2016; 37:889-97. [PMID: 27063215 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2016.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM MicroRNAs play pivotal roles in regulation of both innate and adaptive immune responses. In the present study, we investigated the effects of microRNA-124 (miR-124) on production of the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated mouse macrophages. METHODS Mouse macrophage cell line RAW264.7 was stimulated with LPS (100 ng/mL). The levels of miR-124 and TNF-α mRNA were evaluated using q-PCR. ELISA and Western blotting were used to detect TNF-α protein level in cell supernatants and cells, respectively. 3'-UTR luciferase reporter assays were used to analyze the targets of miR-124. For in vivo experiments, mice were injected with LPS (30 mg/kg, ip). RESULTS LPS stimulation significantly increased the mRNA level of miR-124 in RAW264.7 macrophages in vitro and mice in vivo. In RAW264.7 macrophages, knockdown of miR-124 with miR-124 inhibitor dose-dependently increased LPS-stimulated production of TNF-α protein and prolonged the half-life of TNF-α protein, but did not change TNF-α mRNA levels, whereas overexpression of miR-124 with miR-124 mimic produced the opposite effects. Furthermore, miR-124 was found to directly target two components of deubiquitinating enzymes: ubiquitin-specific proteases (USP) 2 and 14. Knockdown of USP2 or USP14 accelerated protein degradation of TNF-α, and abolished the effect of miR-124 on TNF-α protein stability. CONCLUSION miR-124, targeting USP2 and USP14, negatively regulates LPS-induced TNF-α production in mouse macrophages, suggesting miR-124 as a new therapeutic target in inflammation-related diseases.
Collapse
|
35
|
Homologous Recombination Repair Factors Rad51 and BRCA1 Are Necessary for Productive Replication of Human Papillomavirus 31. J Virol 2015; 90:2639-52. [PMID: 26699641 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02495-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED High-risk human papillomavirus 31 (HPV31)-positive cells exhibit constitutive activation of the ATM-dependent DNA damage response (DDR), which is necessary for productive viral replication. In response to DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), ATM activation leads to DNA repair through homologous recombination (HR), which requires the principal recombinase protein Rad51, as well as BRCA1. Previous studies from our lab demonstrated that Rad51 and BRCA1 are expressed at high levels in HPV31-positive cells and localize to sites of viral replication. These results suggest that HPV may utilize ATM activity to increase HR activity as a means to facilitate viral replication. In this study, we demonstrate that high-risk HPV E7 expression alone is sufficient for the increase in Rad51 and BRCA1 protein levels. We have found that this increase occurs, at least in part, at the level of transcription. Studies analyzing protein stability indicate that HPV may also protect Rad51 and BRCA1 from turnover, contributing to the overall increase in cellular levels. We also demonstrate that Rad51 is bound to HPV31 genomes, with binding increasing per viral genome upon productive replication. We have found that depletion of Rad51 and BRCA1, as well as inhibition of Rad51's recombinase activity, abrogates productive viral replication upon differentiation. Overall, these results indicate that Rad51 and BRCA1 are required for the process of HPV31 genome amplification and suggest that productive replication occurs in a manner dependent upon recombination. IMPORTANCE Productive replication of HPV31 requires activation of an ATM-dependent DNA damage response, though how ATM activity contributes to replication is unclear. Rad51 and BRCA1 play essential roles in repair of double-strand breaks, as well as the restart of stalled replication forks through homologous recombination (HR). Given that ATM activity is required to initiate HR repair, coupled with the requirement of Rad51 and BRCA1 for productive viral replication, our findings suggest that HPV may utilize ATM activity to ensure localization of recombination factors to productively replicating viral genomes. The finding that E7 increases the levels of Rad51 and BRCA1 suggests that E7 contributes to productive replication by providing DNA repair factors required for viral DNA synthesis. Our studies not only imply a role for recombination in the regulation of productive HPV replication but provide further insight into how HPV manipulates the DDR to facilitate the productive phase of the viral life cycle.
Collapse
|
36
|
Galligan J, Martinez-Noël G, Arndt V, Hayes S, Chittenden TW, Harper JW, Howley PM. Proteomic analysis and identification of cellular interactors of the giant ubiquitin ligase HERC2. J Proteome Res 2015; 14:953-66. [PMID: 25476789 PMCID: PMC4324439 DOI: 10.1021/pr501005v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
HERC2 is a large E3 ubiquitin ligase with multiple structural domains that has been implicated in an array of cellular processes. Mutations in HERC2 are linked to developmental delays and impairment caused by nervous system dysfunction, such as Angelman Syndrome and autism-spectrum disorders. However, HERC2 cellular activity and regulation remain poorly understood. We used a broad proteomic approach to survey the landscape of cellular proteins that interact with HERC2. We identified nearly 300 potential interactors, a subset of which we validated binding to HERC2. The potential HERC2 interactors included the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 complex, the intracellular transport COPI coatomer complex, the glycogen regulator phosphorylase kinase, beta-catenin, PI3 kinase, and proteins involved in fatty acid transport and iron homeostasis. Through a complex bioinformatic analysis of potential interactors, we linked HERC2 to cellular processes including intracellular protein trafficking and transport, metabolism of cellular energy, and protein translation. Given its size, multidomain structure, and association with various cellular activities, HERC2 may function as a scaffold to integrate protein complexes and bridge critical cellular pathways. This work provides a significant resource with which to interrogate HERC2 function more deeply and evaluate its contributions to mechanisms governing cellular homeostasis and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey
T. Galligan
- Department
of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard
Medical School, 77 Avenue
Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Gustavo Martinez-Noël
- Department
of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard
Medical School, 77 Avenue
Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Verena Arndt
- Department
of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard
Medical School, 77 Avenue
Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Sebastian Hayes
- Department
of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, 240 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Thomas W. Chittenden
- Research
Computing Group, Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street #500, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Complex Biological
Systems Alliance, 17 Peterson Road, North Andover, Massachusetts 01845, United States
| | - J. Wade Harper
- Department
of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, 240 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Peter M. Howley
- Department
of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard
Medical School, 77 Avenue
Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Angelman syndrome-associated ubiquitin ligase UBE3A/E6AP mutants interfere with the proteolytic activity of the proteasome. Cell Death Dis 2015; 6:e1625. [PMID: 25633294 PMCID: PMC4669770 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Revised: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Angelman syndrome, a severe neurodevelopmental disease, occurs primarily due to genetic defects, which cause lack of expression or mutations in the wild-type E6AP/UBE3A protein. A proportion of the Angelman syndrome patients bear UBE3A point mutations, which do not interfere with the expression of the full-length protein, however, these individuals still develop physiological conditions of the disease. Interestingly, most of these mutations are catalytically defective, thereby indicating the importance of UBE3A enzymatic activity role in the Angelman syndrome pathology. In this study, we show that Angelman syndrome-associated mutants interact strongly with the proteasome via the S5a proteasomal subunit, resulting in an overall inhibitory effect on the proteolytic activity of the proteasome. Our results suggest that mutated catalytically inactive forms of UBE3A may cause defects in overall proteasome function, which could have an important role in the Angelman syndrome pathology.
Collapse
|
38
|
Herhaus L, Al-Salihi MA, Dingwell KS, Cummins TD, Wasmus L, Vogt J, Ewan R, Bruce D, Macartney T, Weidlich S, Smith JC, Sapkota GP. USP15 targets ALK3/BMPR1A for deubiquitylation to enhance bone morphogenetic protein signalling. Open Biol 2015; 4:140065. [PMID: 24850914 PMCID: PMC4042855 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.140065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein kinase ALK3/BMPR1A mediates bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signalling through phosphorylation and activation of SMADs 1/5/8. SMAD6, a transcriptional target of BMP, negatively regulates the BMP pathway by recruiting E3 ubiquitin ligases and targeting ALK3 for ubiquitin-mediated degradation. Here, we identify a deubiquitylating enzyme USP15 as an interactor of SMAD6 and ALK3. We show that USP15 enhances BMP-induced phosphorylation of SMAD1 by interacting with and deubiquitylating ALK3. RNAi-mediated depletion of USP15 increases ALK3 K48-linked polyubiquitylation, and reduces both BMP-induced SMAD1 phosphorylation and transcription of BMP target genes. We also show that loss of USP15 expression from mouse myoblast cells inhibits BMP-induced osteoblast differentiation. Furthermore, USP15 modulates BMP-induced phosphorylation of SMAD1 and transcription during Xenopus embryogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lina Herhaus
- Medical Research Council Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, University of Dundee, Dow St., Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Mazin A Al-Salihi
- Medical Research Council Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, University of Dundee, Dow St., Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Kevin S Dingwell
- Division of Systems Biology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill NW7 1AA, UK
| | - Timothy D Cummins
- Medical Research Council Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, University of Dundee, Dow St., Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Lize Wasmus
- Medical Research Council Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, University of Dundee, Dow St., Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Janis Vogt
- Medical Research Council Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, University of Dundee, Dow St., Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Richard Ewan
- Medical Research Council Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, University of Dundee, Dow St., Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - David Bruce
- Medical Research Council Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, University of Dundee, Dow St., Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Thomas Macartney
- Medical Research Council Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, University of Dundee, Dow St., Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Simone Weidlich
- Medical Research Council Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, University of Dundee, Dow St., Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - James C Smith
- Division of Systems Biology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill NW7 1AA, UK
| | - Gopal P Sapkota
- Medical Research Council Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, University of Dundee, Dow St., Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
The role of ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like modification systems in papillomavirus biology. Viruses 2014; 6:3584-611. [PMID: 25254385 PMCID: PMC4189040 DOI: 10.3390/v6093584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Revised: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are small DNA viruses that are important etiological agents of a spectrum of human skin lesions from benign to malignant. Because of their limited genome coding capacity they express only a small number of proteins, only one of which has enzymatic activity. Additionally, the HPV productive life cycle is intimately tied to the epithelial differentiation program and they must replicate in what are normally non-replicative cells, thus, these viruses must reprogram the cellular environment to achieve viral reproduction. Because of these limitations and needs, the viral proteins have evolved to co-opt cellular processes primarily through protein-protein interactions with critical host proteins. The ubiquitin post-translational modification system and the related ubiquitin-like modifiers constitute a widespread cellular regulatory network that controls the levels and functions of thousands of proteins, making these systems an attractive target for viral manipulation. This review describes the interactions between HPVs and the ubiquitin family of modifiers, both to regulate the viral proteins themselves and to remodel the host cell to facilitate viral survival and reproduction.
Collapse
|
40
|
Timani KA, Liu Y, Suvannasankha A, He JJ. Regulation of ubiquitin-proteasome system-mediated Tip110 protein degradation by USP15. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2014; 54:10-9. [PMID: 24984263 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2014.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2014] [Revised: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Tip110 is a nuclear protein and has been shown to function in tumor antigenicity, regulation of gene transcription, pre-mRNA splicing, stem cell proliferation and differentiation, and embryonic development. To characterize the in vivo functions of Tip110, a transgene cassette expressing human Tip110 protein (hTip110) was used to generate hTip110 transgenic (Tg) mice. Unexpectedly, only Tip110 mRNA but not Tip110 protein was expressed in Tg MEF and tissues. Treatment of Tg MEF with proteasome inhibitors led to detection of hTip110 protein, which prompted us to investigate the regulatory mechanisms of Tip110 degradation in mouse cells. We found that hTip110 was more sensitive to ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS)-mediated protein degradation than mouse Tip110 (mTip110), likely resulting from more hTip110 ubiquitination. Using affinity chromatography and proteomics, we identified USP15, a deubiquitinating enzyme, to be associated with Tip110. Tip110 expression led to re-distribution of USP15 from the cytoplasm to the nucleus and complete co-localization of Tip110 with USP15 in the nucleus, whereas USP15 expression resulted in hTip110 deubiquitination. Interestingly, USP15 knockdown restored hTip110 protein expression in Tg MEF and USP15 expression had little effects. Taken together, these results provide insights into the regulatory mechanism of human Tip110 degradation by USP15.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Amine Timani
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd., Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA.
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd., Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| | - Attaya Suvannasankha
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Johnny J He
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd., Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Zou Q, Jin J, Hu H, Li HS, Romano S, Xiao Y, Nakaya M, Zhou X, Cheng X, Yang P, Lozano G, Zhu C, Watowich SS, Ullrich SE, Sun SC. USP15 stabilizes MDM2 to mediate cancer-cell survival and inhibit antitumor T cell responses. Nat Immunol 2014; 15:562-70. [PMID: 24777531 PMCID: PMC4032322 DOI: 10.1038/ni.2885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Deubiquitinases (DUBs) are a new class of drug targets, although the physiological function of only few DUBs has been characterized. Here we identified the DUB USP15 as a crucial negative regulator of T cell activation. USP15 stabilized the E3 ubiquitin ligase MDM2, which in turn negatively regulated T cell activation by targeting the degradation of the transcription factor NFATc2. USP15 deficiency promoted T cell activation in vitro and enhanced T cell responses to bacterial infection and tumor challenge in vivo. USP15 also stabilized MDM2 in cancer cells and regulated p53 function and cancer-cell survival. Our results suggest that inhibition of USP15 may both induce tumor cell apoptosis and boost antitumor T cell responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zou
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jin Jin
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Hongbo Hu
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Haiyan S Li
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Simona Romano
- 1] Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA. [2] Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Yichuan Xiao
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Mako Nakaya
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Xiaofei Zhou
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Xuhong Cheng
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Peirong Yang
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Guillermina Lozano
- 1] Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA. [2] The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Chengming Zhu
- 1] Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA. [2] The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Stephanie S Watowich
- 1] Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA. [2] The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Stephen E Ullrich
- 1] Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA. [2] The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Shao-Cong Sun
- 1] Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA. [2] The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, Texas, USA
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Nanduri B, Suvarnapunya AE, Venkatesan M, Edelmann MJ. Deubiquitinating enzymes as promising drug targets for infectious diseases. Curr Pharm Des 2013; 19:3234-47. [PMID: 23151130 DOI: 10.2174/1381612811319180008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2012] [Accepted: 11/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs) remove ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like modifications from proteins and they have been known to contribute to processes relevant in microbial infection, such as immune responses pathways. Numerous viral and bacterial DUBs have been identified, and activities of several host DUBs are known to be modulated during the infection process, either by a pathogen or by a host. Recently there have been attempts to take advantage of this feature and design therapeutic inhibitors of DUBs that can be used to limit the spread of infection. This review is focused on exploring the potential of DUBs in the treatment of infectious diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bindu Nanduri
- Institute for Genomics, Biocomputing and Biotechnology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
USP15 negatively regulates Nrf2 through deubiquitination of Keap1. Mol Cell 2013; 51:68-79. [PMID: 23727018 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2013.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2011] [Revised: 04/01/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Nrf2 is a master regulator of the antioxidant response. Under basal conditions, Nrf2 is polyubiquitinated by the Keap1-Cul3 E3 ligase and degraded by the 26S proteasome. In response to Nrf2 inducers there is a switch in polyubiquitination from Nrf2 to Keap1. Currently, regulation of the Nrf2-Keap1 pathway by ubiquitination is largely understood. However, the mechanism responsible for removal of ubiquitin conjugated to Nrf2 or Keap1 remains unknown. Here we report that the deubiquitinating enzyme, USP15, specifically deubiquitinates Keap1, which suppresses the Nrf2 pathway. We demonstrated that deubiquitinated Keap1 incorporates into the Keap1-Cul3-E3 ligase complex more efficiently, enhancing the complex stability and enzymatic activity. Consequently, there is an increase in Nrf2 protein degradation and a reduction in Nrf2 target gene expression. Furthermore, USP15-siRNA enhances chemoresistance of cells through upregulation of Nrf2. These findings further our understanding of how the Nrf2-Keap1 pathway is regulated, which is imperative in targeting this pathway for chemoprevention or chemotherapy.
Collapse
|
44
|
Vande Pol SB, Klingelhutz AJ. Papillomavirus E6 oncoproteins. Virology 2013; 445:115-37. [PMID: 23711382 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2013.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Revised: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Papillomaviruses induce benign and malignant epithelial tumors, and the viral E6 oncoprotein is essential for full transformation. E6 contributes to transformation by associating with cellular proteins, docking on specific acidic LXXLL peptide motifs found on these proteins. This review examines insights from recent studies of human and animal E6 proteins that determine the three-dimensional structure of E6 when bound to acidic LXXLL peptides. The structure of E6 is related to recent advances in the purification and identification of E6 associated protein complexes. These E6 protein-complexes, together with other proteins that bind to E6, alter a broad array of biological outcomes including modulation of cell survival, cellular transcription, host cell differentiation, growth factor dependence, DNA damage responses, and cell cycle progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Scott B Vande Pol
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22901, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Faronato M, Patel V, Darling S, Dearden L, Clague MJ, Urbé S, Coulson JM. The deubiquitylase USP15 stabilizes newly synthesized REST and rescues its expression at mitotic exit. Cell Cycle 2013; 12:1964-77. [PMID: 23708518 PMCID: PMC3735711 DOI: 10.4161/cc.25035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Reversible ubiquitylation of proteins contributes to their integrity, abundance and activity. The RE1-silencing transcription factor (REST) plays key physiological roles and is dysregulated in a spectrum of disease. It is rapidly turned over and is phosphorylated, polyubiquitylated and degraded en masse during neuronal differentiation and cell cycle progression. Through siRNA screening we identified the deubiquitylase USP15 as a key regulator of cellular REST. Both antagonism of REST polyubiquitylation and rescue of endogenous REST levels are dependent on the deubiquitylase activity of USP15. However, USP15 depletion does not destabilize pre-existing REST, but rather specifically impairs de novo REST synthesis. Indeed, we find that a small fraction of endogenous USP15 is associated with polysomes. In accordance with these findings, USP15 does not antagonize the degradation of phosphorylated REST at mitosis. Instead it is required for the rapid accumulation of newly synthesized REST on mitotic exit, thus playing a key role in its cell cycle oscillations. Importantly, this study reveals a novel role for a DUB in specifically promoting new protein synthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monica Faronato
- Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
White EA, Howley PM. Proteomic approaches to the study of papillomavirus-host interactions. Virology 2013; 435:57-69. [PMID: 23217616 PMCID: PMC3522865 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2012.09.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2012] [Accepted: 09/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The identification of interactions between viral and host cellular proteins has provided major insights into papillomavirus research, and these interactions are especially relevant to the role of papillomaviruses in the cancers with which they are associated. Recent advances in mass spectrometry technology and data processing now allow the systematic identification of such interactions. This has led to an improved understanding of the different pathologies associated with the many papillomavirus types, and the diverse nature of these viruses is reflected in the spectrum of interactions with host proteins. Here we review a history of proteomic approaches, particularly as applied to the papillomaviruses, and summarize current techniques. Current proteomic studies on the papillomaviruses use yeast-two-hybrid or affinity purification-mass spectrometry approaches. We detail the advantages and disadvantages of each and describe current examples of papillomavirus proteomic studies, with a particular focus on the HPV E6 and E7 oncoproteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A. White
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, NRB Room 950, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Peter M. Howley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, NRB Room 950, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Martínez-Noël G, Galligan JT, Sowa ME, Arndt V, Overton TM, Harper JW, Howley PM. Identification and proteomic analysis of distinct UBE3A/E6AP protein complexes. Mol Cell Biol 2012; 32:3095-106. [PMID: 22645313 PMCID: PMC3434508 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00201-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2012] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The E6AP ubiquitin ligase catalyzes the high-risk human papillomaviruses' E6-mediated ubiquitylation of p53, contributing to the neoplastic progression of cells infected by these viruses. Defects in the activity and the dosage of E6AP are linked to Angelman syndrome and to autism spectrum disorders, respectively, highlighting the need for precise control of the enzyme. With the exception of HERC2, which modulates the ubiquitin ligase activity of E6AP, little is known about the regulation or function of E6AP normally. Using a proteomic approach, we have identified and validated several new E6AP-interacting proteins, including HIF1AN, NEURL4, and mitogen-activated protein kinase 6 (MAPK6). E6AP exists as part of several different protein complexes, including the proteasome and an independent high-molecular-weight complex containing HERC2, NEURL4, and MAPK6. In examining the functional consequence of its interaction with the proteasome, we found that UBE3C (another proteasome-associated ubiquitin ligase), but not E6AP, contributes to proteasomal processivity in mammalian cells. We also found that E6 associates with the HERC2-containing high-molecular-weight complex through its binding to E6AP. These proteomic studies reveal a level of complexity for E6AP that has not been previously appreciated and identify a number of new cellular proteins through which E6AP may be regulated or functioning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Martínez-Noël
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jeffrey T. Galligan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mathew E. Sowa
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Verena Arndt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Thomas M. Overton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - J. Wade Harper
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Peter M. Howley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Zanier K, Sidi AOMO, Boulade-Ladame C, Rybin V, Chappelle A, Atkinson A, Kieffer B, Travé G. Solution structure analysis of the HPV16 E6 oncoprotein reveals a self-association mechanism required for E6-mediated degradation of p53. Structure 2012; 20:604-17. [PMID: 22483108 PMCID: PMC3325491 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2012.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2011] [Revised: 01/31/2012] [Accepted: 02/09/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The viral oncoprotein E6 is an essential factor for cervical cancers induced by "high-risk" mucosal HPV. Among other oncogenic activities, E6 recruits the ubiquitin ligase E6AP to promote the ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of p53. E6 is prone to self-association, which long precluded its structural analysis. Here we found that E6 specifically dimerizes through its N-terminal domain and that disruption of the dimer interface strongly increases E6 solubility. This allowed us to raise structural data covering the entire HPV16 E6 protein, including the high-resolution NMR structures of the two zinc-binding domains of E6 and a robust data-driven model structure of the N-terminal domain homodimer. Interestingly, homodimer interface mutations that disrupt E6 self-association also inactivate E6-mediated p53 degradation. These data suggest that E6 needs to self-associate via its N-terminal domain to promote the polyubiquitination of p53 by E6AP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katia Zanier
- Institut de Recherche de l’Ecole de Biotechnologie de Strasbourg (IREBS), Boulevard Sébastien Brant, BP 10413, 67412 Illkirch, France
| | - Abdellahi ould M’hamed ould Sidi
- Institut de Recherche de l’Ecole de Biotechnologie de Strasbourg (IREBS), Boulevard Sébastien Brant, BP 10413, 67412 Illkirch, France
| | - Charlotte Boulade-Ladame
- Institut de Recherche de l’Ecole de Biotechnologie de Strasbourg (IREBS), Boulevard Sébastien Brant, BP 10413, 67412 Illkirch, France
| | - Vladimir Rybin
- European Molecular Biology Laboratories (EMBL), Heidelberg, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anne Chappelle
- Institut de Recherche de l’Ecole de Biotechnologie de Strasbourg (IREBS), Boulevard Sébastien Brant, BP 10413, 67412 Illkirch, France
| | - Andrew Atkinson
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), 1 rue Laurent Fries, BP 163, 67404 Illkirch, France
| | - Bruno Kieffer
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), 1 rue Laurent Fries, BP 163, 67404 Illkirch, France
| | - Gilles Travé
- Institut de Recherche de l’Ecole de Biotechnologie de Strasbourg (IREBS), Boulevard Sébastien Brant, BP 10413, 67412 Illkirch, France
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Harper S, Besong TMD, Emsley J, Scott DJ, Dreveny I. Structure of the USP15 N-terminal domains: a β-hairpin mediates close association between the DUSP and UBL domains. Biochemistry 2011; 50:7995-8004. [PMID: 21848306 DOI: 10.1021/bi200726e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Ubiquitin specific protease 15 (USP15) functions in COP9 signalosome mediated regulation of protein degradation and cellular signaling through catalyzing the ubiquitin deconjugation reaction of a discrete number of substrates. It influences the stability of adenomatous polyposis coli, IκBα, caspase-3, and the human papillomavirus type 16 E6. USP15 forms a subfamily with USP4 and USP11 related through a shared presence of N-terminal "domain present in ubiquitin specific proteases" (DUSP) and "ubiquitin-like" (UBL) domains (DU subfamily). Here we report the 1.5 Å resolution crystal structure of the human USP15 N-terminal domains revealing a 80 Å elongated arrangement with the DU domains aligned in tandem. This architecture is generated through formation of a defined interface that is dominated by an intervening β-hairpin structure (DU finger) that engages in an intricate hydrogen-bonding network between the domains. The UBL domain is closely related to ubiquitin among β-grasp folds but is characterized by the presence of longer loop regions and different surface characteristics, indicating that this domain is unlikely to act as ubiquitin mimic. Comparison with the related murine USP4 DUSP-UBL crystal structure reveals that the main DU interdomain contacts are conserved. Analytical ultracentrifugation, small-angle X-ray scattering, and gel filtration experiments revealed that USP15 DU is monomeric in solution. Our data provide a framework to advance study of the structure and function of the DU subfamily.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Harper
- Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park Campus, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Kühnle S, Kogel U, Glockzin S, Marquardt A, Ciechanover A, Matentzoglu K, Scheffner M. Physical and functional interaction of the HECT ubiquitin-protein ligases E6AP and HERC2. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:19410-6. [PMID: 21493713 PMCID: PMC3103319 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.205211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2010] [Revised: 04/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Deregulation of the ubiquitin-protein ligase E6AP contributes to the development of the Angelman syndrome and to cervical carcinogenesis suggesting that the activity of E6AP needs to be under tight control. However, how E6AP activity is regulated at the post-translational level under non-pathologic conditions is poorly understood. In this study, we report that the giant protein HERC2, which is like E6AP a member of the HECT family of ubiquitin-protein ligases, binds to E6AP. The interaction is mediated by the RCC1-like domain 2 of HERC2 and a region spanning amino acid residues 150-200 of E6AP. Furthermore, we provide evidence that HERC2 stimulates the ubiquitin-protein ligase activity of E6AP in vitro and within cells and that this stimulatory effect does not depend on the ubiquitin-protein ligase activity of HERC2. Thus, the data obtained indicate that HERC2 acts as a regulator of E6AP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simone Kühnle
- From the Department of Biology and Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology, and
| | - Ulrike Kogel
- From the Department of Biology and Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology, and
| | - Sandra Glockzin
- From the Department of Biology and Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology, and
| | - Andreas Marquardt
- Proteomics Facility, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany and
| | - Aaron Ciechanover
- the Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | | | - Martin Scheffner
- From the Department of Biology and Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology, and
| |
Collapse
|