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Tanaka M, Fujikawa R, Sekiguchi T, Hernandez J, Johnson OT, Tanaka D, Kumafuji K, Serikawa T, Hoang Trung H, Hattori K, Mashimo T, Kuwamura M, Gestwicki JE, Kuramoto T. A missense mutation in the Hspa8 gene encoding heat shock cognate protein 70 causes neuroaxonal dystrophy in rats. Front Neurosci 2024; 18:1263724. [PMID: 38384479 PMCID: PMC10880117 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2024.1263724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Neuroaxonal dystrophy (NAD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by spheroid (swollen axon) formation in the nervous system. In the present study, we focused on a newly established autosomal recessive mutant strain of F344-kk/kk rats with hind limb gait abnormalities and ataxia from a young age. Histopathologically, a number of axonal spheroids were observed throughout the central nervous system, including the spinal cord (mainly in the dorsal cord), brain stem, and cerebellum in F344-kk/kk rats. Transmission electron microscopic observation of the spinal cord revealed accumulation of electron-dense bodies, degenerated abnormal mitochondria, as well as membranous or tubular structures in the axonal spheroids. Based on these neuropathological findings, F344-kk/kk rats were diagnosed with NAD. By a positional cloning approach, we identified a missense mutation (V95E) in the Hspa8 (heat shock protein family A (Hsp70) member 8) gene located on chromosome 8 of the F344-kk/kk rat genome. Furthermore, we developed the Hspa8 knock-in (KI) rats with the V95E mutation using the CRISPR-Cas system. Homozygous Hspa8-KI rats exhibited ataxia and axonal spheroids similar to those of F344-kk/kk rats. The V95E mutant HSC70 protein exhibited the significant but modest decrease in the maximum hydrolysis rate of ATPase when stimulated by co-chaperons DnaJB4 and BAG1 in vitro, which suggests the functional deficit in the V95E HSC70. Together, our findings provide the first evidence that the genetic alteration of the Hspa8 gene caused NAD in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miyuu Tanaka
- Institute of Laboratory Animals, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, Izumisano, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ryoko Fujikawa
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, Izumisano, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takahiro Sekiguchi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, Izumisano, Osaka, Japan
| | - Jason Hernandez
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and the Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Oleta T. Johnson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and the Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Daisuke Tanaka
- Institute of Laboratory Animals, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kenta Kumafuji
- Institute of Laboratory Animals, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tadao Serikawa
- Institute of Laboratory Animals, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hieu Hoang Trung
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Atsugi, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kosuke Hattori
- Division of Animal Genetics, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoji Mashimo
- Division of Animal Genetics, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Kuwamura
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, Izumisano, Osaka, Japan
| | - Jason E. Gestwicki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and the Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Takashi Kuramoto
- Institute of Laboratory Animals, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Atsugi, Kanagawa, Japan
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2
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Pletan M, Liu X, Cha G, Chen YJ, Knupp J, Tsai B. The atlastin ER morphogenic proteins promote formation of a membrane penetration site during non-enveloped virus entry. J Virol 2023; 97:e0075623. [PMID: 37578227 PMCID: PMC10506488 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00756-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
During entry, non-enveloped viruses penetrate a host membrane to cause infection, although how this is accomplished remains enigmatic. Polyomaviruses (PyVs) are non-enveloped DNA viruses that penetrate the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane to reach the cytosol en route to the nucleus for infection. To penetrate the ER membrane, the prototype PyV simian virus 40 (SV40) induces formation of ER-escape sites, called foci, composed of repeating units of multi-tubular ER junctions where the virus is thought to exit. How SV40 triggers formation of the ER-foci harboring these multi-tubular ER junctions is unclear. Here, we show that the ER morphogenic atlastin 2 (ATL2) and ATL3 membrane proteins play critical roles in SV40 infection. Mechanistically, ATL3 mobilizes to the ER-foci where it deploys its GTPase-dependent membrane fusion activity to promote formation of multi-tubular ER junctions within the ER-foci. ATL3 also engages an SV40-containing membrane penetration complex. By contrast, ATL2 does not reorganize to the ER-foci. Instead, it supports the reticular ER morphology critical for the integrity of the ATL3-dependent membrane complex. Our findings illuminate how two host factors play distinct roles in the formation of an essential membrane penetration site for a non-enveloped virus. IMPORTANCE Membrane penetration by non-enveloped viruses, a critical infection step, remains enigmatic. The non-enveloped PyV simian virus 40 (SV40) penetrates the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane to reach the cytosol en route for infection. During ER-to-cytosol membrane penetration, SV40 triggers formation of ER-associated structures (called ER-foci) that function as the membrane penetration sites. Here, we discover a role of the ATL ER membrane proteins-known to shape the ER morphology-during SV40-induced ER-foci formation. These findings illuminate how a non-enveloped virus hijacks host components to construct a membrane penetration structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madison Pletan
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Xiaofang Liu
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Grace Cha
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Yu-Jie Chen
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Jeffrey Knupp
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Billy Tsai
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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3
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Spriggs CC, Cha G, Li J, Tsai B. Components of the LINC and NPC complexes coordinately target and translocate a virus into the nucleus to promote infection. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010824. [PMID: 36067270 PMCID: PMC9481172 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear entry represents the final and decisive infection step for most DNA viruses, although how this is accomplished by some viruses is unclear. Polyomavirus SV40 transports from the cell surface through the endosome, the endoplasmic reticulum, and the cytosol from where it enters the nucleus to cause infection. Here we elucidate the nuclear entry mechanism of SV40. Our results show that cytosol-localized SV40 is targeted to the nuclear envelope by directly engaging Nesprin-2 of the linker of nucleoskeleton and cytoskeleton (LINC) nuclear membrane complex. Additionally, we identify the NUP188 subunit of the nuclear pore complex (NPC) as a new Nesprin-2-interacting partner. This physical proximity positions the NPC to capture SV40 upon release from Nesprin-2, enabling the channel to facilitate nuclear translocation of the virus. Strikingly, SV40 disassembles during nuclear entry, generating a viral genome-VP1-VP3 subcomplex that efficiently crosses the NPC to enter the nucleus. Our results reveal how two major nuclear membrane protein complexes are exploited to promote targeting and translocation of a virus into the nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsey C. Spriggs
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail: (CCS); (BT)
| | - Grace Cha
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Jiaqian Li
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Billy Tsai
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail: (CCS); (BT)
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4
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Kler S, Zalk R, Upcher A, Kopatz I. Packaging of DNA origami in viral capsids: towards synthetic viruses. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:11535-11542. [PMID: 35861608 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr01316a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We report a new type of nanoparticle, consisting of a nucleic acid core (>7500 nt) folded into a 35 nm DNA origami sphere, encapsulated by a capsid composed of all three SV40 virus capsid proteins. Compared to the prototype reported previously, whose capsid consists of VP1 only, the new nanoparticle closely adopts the unique intracellular pathway of the native SV40, suggesting that the proteins of the synthetic capsid retain their native viral functionality. Some of the challenges in the design of such near-future composite drugs destined for gene delivery are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ran Zalk
- Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science & Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, 84105, Israel.
| | - Alexander Upcher
- Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science & Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, 84105, Israel.
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5
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Pei D, Dalbey RE. Membrane Translocation of Folded Proteins. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102107. [PMID: 35671825 PMCID: PMC9251779 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
An ever-increasing number of proteins have been shown to translocate across various membranes of bacterial as well as eukaryotic cells in their folded states as a part of physiological and/or pathophysiological processes. Herein we provide an overview of the systems/processes that are established or likely to involve the membrane translocation of folded proteins, such as protein export by the twin-arginine translocation (TAT) system in bacteria and chloroplasts, unconventional protein secretion (UPS) and protein import into the peroxisome in eukaryotes, and the cytosolic entry of proteins (e.g., bacterial toxins) and viruses into eukaryotes. We also discuss the various mechanistic models that have previously been proposed for the membrane translocation of folded proteins including pore/channel formation, local membrane disruption, membrane thinning, and transport by membrane vesicles. Finally, we introduce a newly discovered vesicular transport mechanism, vesicle budding and collapse (VBC), and present evidence that VBC may represent a unifying mechanism that drives some (and potentially all) of folded protein translocation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dehua Pei
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 484 West 12(th) Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210.
| | - Ross E Dalbey
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 484 West 12(th) Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210.
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6
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Bagchi P, Liu X, Cho WJ, Tsai B. Lunapark-dependent formation of a virus-induced ER exit site contains multi-tubular ER junctions that promote viral ER-to-cytosol escape. Cell Rep 2021; 37:110077. [PMID: 34879280 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.110077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses rearrange host membranes to support different entry steps. Polyomavirus simian virus 40 (SV40) reorganizes the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane to generate focus structures that enable virus ER-to-cytosol escape, a decisive infection step. The molecular architecture of the ER exit site that might illuminate why it is ideally suited for membrane penetration is unknown. Here 3D focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM) reconstruction reveals that the ER focus structure consists of multi-tubular ER junctions where SV40 preferentially localizes, suggesting that tubular branch points are virus ER-to-cytosol penetration sites. Functional analysis demonstrates that lunapark-an ER membrane protein that typically stabilizes three-way ER junctions-relocates to the ER foci, where it supports focus formation, leading to SV40 ER escape and infection. Our results reveal how a virus repurposes the activity of an ER membrane protein to form a virus-induced ER substructure required for membrane escape and suggest that ER tubular junctions are vulnerable sites exploited by viruses for membrane penetration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parikshit Bagchi
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, BSRB 3043, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Xiaofang Liu
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, BSRB 3043, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Woo Jung Cho
- Biomedical Research Core Facilities, University of Michigan Medical School, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, BSRB, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Billy Tsai
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, BSRB 3043, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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7
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How DNA and RNA Viruses Exploit Host Chaperones to Promote Infection. Viruses 2021; 13:v13060958. [PMID: 34064125 PMCID: PMC8224278 DOI: 10.3390/v13060958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
To initiate infection, a virus enters a host cell typically via receptor-dependent endocytosis. It then penetrates a subcellular membrane, reaching a destination that supports transcription, translation, and replication of the viral genome. These steps lead to assembly and morphogenesis of the new viral progeny. The mature virus finally exits the host cell to begin the next infection cycle. Strikingly, viruses hijack host molecular chaperones to accomplish these distinct entry steps. Here we highlight how DNA viruses, including polyomavirus and the human papillomavirus, exploit soluble and membrane-associated chaperones to enter a cell, penetrating and escaping an intracellular membrane en route for infection. We also describe the mechanism by which RNA viruses—including flavivirus and coronavirus—co-opt cytosolic and organelle-selective chaperones to promote viral endocytosis, protein biosynthesis, replication, and assembly. These examples underscore the importance of host chaperones during virus infection, potentially revealing novel antiviral strategies to combat virus-induced diseases.
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8
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Mayberry CL, Bond AC, Wilczek MP, Mehmood K, Maginnis MS. Sending mixed signals: polyomavirus entry and trafficking. Curr Opin Virol 2021; 47:95-105. [PMID: 33690104 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2021.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Polyomaviruses are mostly non-pathogenic, yet some can cause human disease especially under conditions of immunosuppression, including JC, BK, and Merkel cell polyomaviruses. Direct interactions between viruses and the host early during infection dictate the outcome of disease, many of which remain enigmatic. However, significant work in recent years has contributed to our understanding of how this virus family establishes an infection, largely due to advances made for animal polyomaviruses murine and SV40. Here we summarize the major findings that have contributed to our understanding of polyomavirus entry, trafficking, disassembly, signaling, and immune evasion during the infectious process and highlight major unknowns in these processes that are open areas of study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen L Mayberry
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA
| | - Avery Cs Bond
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA
| | - Michael P Wilczek
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA
| | - Kashif Mehmood
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA
| | - Melissa S Maginnis
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA; Graduate School in Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, The University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA.
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9
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Spriggs CC, Badieyan S, Verhey KJ, Cianfrocco MA, Tsai B. Golgi-associated BICD adaptors couple ER membrane penetration and disassembly of a viral cargo. J Cell Biol 2021; 219:151622. [PMID: 32259203 PMCID: PMC7199864 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201908099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
During entry, viruses must navigate through the host endomembrane system, penetrate cellular membranes, and undergo capsid disassembly to reach an intracellular destination that supports infection. How these events are coordinated is unclear. Here, we reveal an unexpected function of a cellular motor adaptor that coordinates virus membrane penetration and disassembly. Polyomavirus SV40 traffics to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and penetrates a virus-induced structure in the ER membrane called “focus” to reach the cytosol, where it disassembles before nuclear entry to promote infection. We now demonstrate that the ER focus is constructed proximal to the Golgi-associated BICD2 and BICDR1 dynein motor adaptors; this juxtaposition enables the adaptors to directly bind to and disassemble SV40 upon arrival to the cytosol. Our findings demonstrate that positioning of the virus membrane penetration site couples two decisive infection events, cytosol arrival and disassembly, and suggest cargo remodeling as a novel function of dynein adaptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsey C Spriggs
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Somayesadat Badieyan
- Department of Biological Chemistry and the Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Kristen J Verhey
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Michael A Cianfrocco
- Department of Biological Chemistry and the Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Billy Tsai
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
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10
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Mayberry CL, Maginnis MS. Taking the Scenic Route: Polyomaviruses Utilize Multiple Pathways to Reach the Same Destination. Viruses 2020; 12:v12101168. [PMID: 33076363 PMCID: PMC7602598 DOI: 10.3390/v12101168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Members of the Polyomaviridae family differ in their host range, pathogenesis, and disease severity. To date, some of the most studied polyomaviruses include human JC, BK, and Merkel cell polyomavirus and non-human subspecies murine and simian virus 40 (SV40) polyomavirus. Although dichotomies in host range and pathogenesis exist, overlapping features of the infectious cycle illuminate the similarities within this virus family. Of particular interest to human health, JC, BK, and Merkel cell polyomavirus have all been linked to critical, often fatal, illnesses, emphasizing the importance of understanding the underlying viral infections that result in the onset of these diseases. As there are significant overlaps in the capacity of polyomaviruses to cause disease in their respective hosts, recent advancements in characterizing the infectious life cycle of non-human murine and SV40 polyomaviruses are key to understanding diseases caused by their human counterparts. This review focuses on the molecular mechanisms by which different polyomaviruses hijack cellular processes to attach to host cells, internalize, traffic within the cytoplasm, and disassemble within the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), prior to delivery to the nucleus for viral replication. Unraveling the fundamental processes that facilitate polyomavirus infection provides deeper insight into the conserved mechanisms of the infectious process shared within this virus family, while also highlighting critical unique viral features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen L. Mayberry
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA;
| | - Melissa S. Maginnis
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA;
- Graduate School in Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, The University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA
- Correspondence:
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11
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Chen YJ, Williams JM, Arvan P, Tsai B. Reticulon protects the integrity of the ER membrane during ER escape of large macromolecular protein complexes. J Cell Biol 2020; 219:133556. [PMID: 31895406 PMCID: PMC7041682 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201908182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Escape of large macromolecular complexes from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), such as a viral particle or cellular aggregate, likely induces mechanical stress initiated on the luminal side of the ER membrane, which may threaten its integrity. How the ER responds to this threat remains unknown. Here we demonstrate that the cytosolic leaflet ER morphogenic protein reticulon (RTN) protects ER membrane integrity when polyomavirus SV40 escapes the ER to reach the cytosol en route to infection. SV40 coopts an intrinsic RTN function, as we also found that RTN prevents membrane damage during ER escape of a misfolded proinsulin aggregate destined for lysosomal degradation via ER-phagy. Our studies reveal that although ER membrane integrity may be threatened during ER escape of large macromolecular protein complexes, the action of RTN counters this, presumably by deploying its curvature-inducing activity to provide membrane flexibility and stability to limit mechanical stress imposed on the ER membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jie Chen
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Jeffrey M Williams
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Peter Arvan
- Division of Metabolism Endocrinology and Diabetes, Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Billy Tsai
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
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12
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Das A, Barrientos R, Shiota T, Madigan V, Misumi I, McKnight KL, Sun L, Li Z, Meganck RM, Li Y, Kaluzna E, Asokan A, Whitmire JK, Kapustina M, Zhang Q, Lemon SM. Gangliosides are essential endosomal receptors for quasi-enveloped and naked hepatitis A virus. Nat Microbiol 2020; 5:1069-1078. [PMID: 32451473 PMCID: PMC7483933 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-020-0727-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The Picornaviridae are a diverse family of positive-strand RNA viruses that includes numerous human and veterinary pathogens1. Among these, hepatitis A virus (HAV), a common cause of acute hepatitis in humans, is unique in that it is hepatotropic and is released from hepatocytes without lysis in small vesicles that resemble exosomes2,3. These quasi-enveloped virions are infectious and are the only form of virus that can be detected in the blood during acute infection2. By contrast, non-enveloped naked virions are shed in faeces and stripped of membranes by bile salts during passage through the bile ducts to the gut4. How these two distinct types of infectious hepatoviruses enter cells to initiate infection is unclear. Here, we describe a genome-wide forward screen that shows that glucosylceramide synthase and other components of the ganglioside synthetic pathway are crucial host factors that are required for cellular entry by hepatoviruses. We show that gangliosides-preferentially disialogangliosides-function as essential endolysosome receptors that are required for infection by both naked and quasi-enveloped virions. In the absence of gangliosides, both virion types are efficiently internalized through endocytosis, but capsids fail to uncoat and accumulate within LAMP1+ endolysosomes. Gangliosides relieve this block, binding to the capsid at low pH and facilitating a late step in entry involving uncoating and delivery of the RNA genome to the cytoplasm. These results reveal an atypical cellular entry pathway for hepatoviruses that is unique among picornaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anshuman Das
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Departments of Surgery and Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Rodell Barrientos
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, USA
- UNCG Center for Translational Biomedical Research, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC, USA
- US Military HIV Research Program, Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Tomoyuki Shiota
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Victoria Madigan
- Department of Genetics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Broad Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ichiro Misumi
- Department of Genetics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Kevin L McKnight
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Lu Sun
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Zhucui Li
- UNCG Center for Translational Biomedical Research, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC, USA
| | - Rita M Meganck
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - You Li
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Ewelina Kaluzna
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Institute of Human Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Aravind Asokan
- Department of Genetics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Departments of Surgery and Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jason K Whitmire
- Department of Genetics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Maryna Kapustina
- Department of Cell Biology & Physiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Qibin Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, USA
- UNCG Center for Translational Biomedical Research, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC, USA
| | - Stanley M Lemon
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- Department of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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13
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Wang Z, Li Y, Yang X, Zhao J, Cheng Y, Wang J. Mechanism and Complex Roles of HSC70 in Viral Infections. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1577. [PMID: 32849328 PMCID: PMC7396710 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat shock cognate 71-kDa protein (HSC70), a constitutively expressed molecular chaperon within the heat shock protein 70 family, plays crucial roles in maintaining cellular environmental homeostasis through implicating in a wide variety of physiological processes, such as ATP metabolism, protein folding and transporting, antigen processing and presentation, endocytosis, and autophagy. Notably, HSC70 also participates in multiple non-communicable diseases and some pathogen-caused infectious diseases. It is known that virus is an obligatory intracellular parasite and heavily relies on host machineries to self-replication. Undoubtedly, HSC70 is a striking target manipulated by virus to ensure the successful propagation. In this review, we summarize the recent advances of the regulatory mechanisms of HSC70 during viral infections, which will be conducive to further study viral pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeng Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yongtao Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xia Yang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jun Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yuening Cheng
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Jianke Wang
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China.,Department of Microbiology, Molecular Genetics and Immunology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
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14
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Ubqln4 Facilitates Endoplasmic Reticulum-to-Cytosol Escape of a Nonenveloped Virus during Infection. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.00103-20. [PMID: 32161173 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00103-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The nonenveloped polyomavirus simian virus 40 (SV40) must penetrate the host endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane to enter the cytosol in order to promote infection. How this is accomplished is not entirely clear. Here, we demonstrate that the cytosolic chaperone Ubiquilin4 (Ubqln4) binds directly to the ER membrane J proteins B12 and B14. Strategically localized at the ER-cytosol interface, Ubqln4 captures SV40 emerging from the ER, thereby facilitating escape of the virus from the ER into the cytosol, which leads to infection. Strikingly, Ubqln4 engages the J proteins in a J-domain-independent manner, in contrast to the previously reported Hsc70-Hsp105-SGTA-Bag2 cytosolic complex that also mediates SV40 ER-to-cytosol transport. Our results also reveal that the H domain and STI1 motif (1-2) of Ubqln4 support J protein binding, essential for SV40 infection. Together, these data further clarify the molecular basis by which a nonenveloped virus escapes a host membrane during infectious entry.IMPORTANCE How a nonenveloped virus escapes from a host membrane to promote infection remains enigmatic. In the case of the nonenveloped polyomavirus SV40, penetration of the ER membrane to reach the cytosol is a decisive virus infection step. In this study, we found a new host factor called Ubqln4 that facilitates escape of SV40 from the ER into the cytosol, thereby providing a path for the virus to enter the nucleus to cause infection.
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15
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Aviner R, Frydman J. Proteostasis in Viral Infection: Unfolding the Complex Virus-Chaperone Interplay. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2020; 12:cshperspect.a034090. [PMID: 30858229 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a034090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites that rely on their hosts for protein synthesis, genome replication, and viral particle production. As such, they have evolved mechanisms to divert host resources, including molecular chaperones, facilitate folding and assembly of viral proteins, stabilize complex structures under constant mutational pressure, and modulate signaling pathways to dampen antiviral responses and prevent premature host death. Biogenesis of viral proteins often presents unique challenges to the proteostasis network, as it requires the rapid and orchestrated production of high levels of a limited number of multifunctional, multidomain, and aggregation-prone proteins. To overcome such challenges, viruses interact with the folding machinery not only as clients but also as regulators of chaperone expression, function, and subcellular localization. In this review, we summarize the main types of interactions between viral proteins and chaperones during infection, examine evolutionary aspects of this relationship, and discuss the potential of using chaperone inhibitors as broad-spectrum antivirals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranen Aviner
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Judith Frydman
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305.,Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305
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16
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Horníková L, Bruštíková K, Forstová J. Microtubules in Polyomavirus Infection. Viruses 2020; 12:E121. [PMID: 31963741 PMCID: PMC7019765 DOI: 10.3390/v12010121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Microtubules, part of the cytoskeleton, are indispensable for intracellular movement, cell division, and maintaining cell shape and polarity. In addition, microtubules play an important role in viral infection. In this review, we summarize the role of the microtubules' network during polyomavirus infection. Polyomaviruses usurp microtubules and their motors to travel via early and late acidic endosomes to the endoplasmic reticulum. As shown for SV40, kinesin-1 and microtubules are engaged in the release of partially disassembled virus from the endoplasmic reticulum to the cytosol, and dynein apparently assists in the further disassembly of virions prior to their translocation to the cell nucleus-the place of their replication. Polyomavirus gene products affect the regulation of microtubule dynamics. Early T antigens destabilize microtubules and cause aberrant mitosis. The role of these activities in tumorigenesis has been documented. However, its importance for productive infection remains elusive. On the other hand, in the late phase of infection, the major capsid protein, VP1, of the mouse polyomavirus, counteracts T-antigen-induced destabilization. It physically binds microtubules and stabilizes them. The interaction results in the G2/M block of the cell cycle and prolonged S phase, which is apparently required for successful completion of the viral replication cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jitka Forstová
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, 25250 Vestec, Czech Republic; (L.H.); (K.B.)
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17
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Bagchi P. Endoplasmic reticulum in viral infection. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 350:265-284. [PMID: 32138901 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2019.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Virus exploits host cellular machinery to replicate and form new viral progeny and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) plays central role in the interplay between virus and host cell. Here I will discuss how cellular functions of ER being utilized by viruses from different families during different stages of pathogenesis. Flow of knowledge related to this area of research based on interdisciplinary approach, using biochemical and cell biological assays coupled with advanced microscopy strategies, is pushing our understanding of the virus-ER interaction during infection to the next level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parikshit Bagchi
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.
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18
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Chen YJ, Liu X, Tsai B. SV40 Hijacks Cellular Transport, Membrane Penetration, and Disassembly Machineries to Promote Infection. Viruses 2019; 11:v11100917. [PMID: 31590347 PMCID: PMC6832212 DOI: 10.3390/v11100917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
During entry, a virus must be transported through the endomembrane system of the host cell, penetrate a cellular membrane, and undergo capsid disassembly, to reach the cytosol and often the nucleus in order to cause infection. To do so requires the virus to coordinately exploit the action of cellular membrane transport, penetration, and disassembly machineries. How this is accomplished remains enigmatic for many viruses, especially for viruses belonging to the nonenveloped virus family. In this review, we present the current model describing infectious entry of the nonenveloped polyomavirus (PyV) SV40. Insights from SV40 entry are likely to provide strategies to combat PyV-induced diseases, and to illuminate cellular trafficking, membrane transport, and disassembly mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jie Chen
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, BSRB 3043, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Xiaofang Liu
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, BSRB 3043, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Billy Tsai
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, BSRB 3043, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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19
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Abstract
Viruses must navigate the complex endomembranous network of the host cell to cause infection. In the case of a non-enveloped virus that lacks a surrounding lipid bilayer, endocytic uptake from the plasma membrane is not sufficient to cause infection. Instead, the virus must travel within organelle membranes to reach a specific cellular destination that supports exposure or arrival of the virus to the cytosol. This is achieved by viral penetration across a host endomembrane, ultimately enabling entry of the virus into the nucleus to initiate infection. In this review, we discuss the entry mechanisms of three distinct non-enveloped DNA viruses-adenovirus (AdV), human papillomavirus (HPV), and polyomavirus (PyV)-highlighting how each exploit different intracellular transport machineries and membrane penetration apparatus associated with the endosome, Golgi, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane systems to infect a host cell. These processes not only illuminate a highly-coordinated interplay between non-enveloped viruses and their host, but may provide new strategies to combat non-enveloped virus-induced diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsey C Spriggs
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Mara C Harwood
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Billy Tsai
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.
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20
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Bugnon Valdano M, Pim D, Banks L. Choosing the right path: membrane trafficking and infectious entry of small DNA tumor viruses. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2019; 59:112-120. [PMID: 31128386 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2019.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
To infect mammalian cells, all infectious viruses must cross a common set of biophysical membrane barriers to gain access to the cell. The virus capsid proteins attach to a host cell, become endocytosed, and traffic the viral genome to sites of replication. To do this they must interact with the membrane-confined organelles that control endocytosis, endosomal sorting, processing, and degradation of biological molecules. In this review, we highlight some recent advances in our understanding of the mechanisms that small non-enveloped DNA tumor viruses, such as Human Papillomavirus (HPV) and Polyomaviruses (PyV) employ to attain infectious entry. These viruses exploit different pathways to mediate entry, uncoating and subsequent transport to the nucleus via the Trans Golgi Network (TGN) or the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER). Understanding how the viral capsid proteins interact with cellular membranous organelles sheds light on the novel ways by which viruses can hi-jack endocytic transport pathways and provides unique insights into how the highly complex machinery controlling cargo fate determination is regulated within the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Bugnon Valdano
- Tumour Virology Laboratory, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Padriciano-99, I-34149, Trieste, Italy
| | - David Pim
- Tumour Virology Laboratory, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Padriciano-99, I-34149, Trieste, Italy
| | - Lawrence Banks
- Tumour Virology Laboratory, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Padriciano-99, I-34149, Trieste, Italy.
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