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Webb NE, Sevareid CM, Sanchez C, Tobin NH, Aldrovandi GM. Natural Variation in HIV-1 Entry Kinetics Map to Specific Residues and Reveal an Interdependence Between Attachment and Fusion. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.25.600587. [PMID: 38979136 PMCID: PMC11230229 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.25.600587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
HIV-1 entry kinetics reflect the fluid motion of the HIV envelope glycoprotein through at least three major structural configurations that drive virus-cell membrane fusion. The lifetime of each state is an important component of potency for inhibitors that target them. We used the time-of-addition inhibitor assay and a novel analytical strategy to define the kinetics of pre-hairpin exposure (using T20) and co-receptor engagement (via. maraviroc), through a characteristic delay metric, across a variety of naturally occurring HIV Env isolates. Among 257 distinct HIV-1 envelope isolates we found a remarkable breadth of T20 and maraviroc delays ranging from as early as 30 seconds to as late as 60 minutes. The most extreme delays were observed among transmission-linked clade C isolates. We identified four single-residue determinants of late T20 and maraviroc delays that are associated with either receptor engagement or gp41 function. Comparison of these delays with T20 sensitivity suggest co-receptor engagement and fusogenic activity in gp41 act cooperatively but sequentially to drive entry. Our findings support current models of entry where co-receptor engagement drives gp41 eclipse and have strong implications for the design of entry inhibitors and antibodies that target transient entry states. Author Summary The first step of HIV-1 infection is entry, where virus-cell membrane fusion is driven by the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein through a series of conformational changes. Some of the most broadly active entry inhibitors work by binding conformations that exist only transiently during entry. The lifetimes of these states and the kinetics of entry are important elements of inhibitor activity for which little is known. We demonstrate a remarkable range of kinetics among 257 diverse HIV-1 isolates and find that this phenotype is highly flexible, with multiple single-residue determinants. Examination of the kinetics of two conformational landmarks shed light on novel kinetic features that offer new details about the role of co-receptor engagement and provide a framework to explain entry inhibitor synergy.
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Schauenburg D, Zech F, Heck AJ, von Maltitz P, Harms M, Führer S, Alleva N, Münch J, Kuan SL, Kirchhoff F, Weil T. Peptide Bispecifics Inhibiting HIV-1 Infection by an Orthogonal Chemical and Supramolecular Strategy. Bioconjug Chem 2023; 34:1645-1652. [PMID: 37665137 PMCID: PMC10515486 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.3c00314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Viral infections pose a significant threat to human health, and effective antiviral strategies are urgently needed. Antiviral peptides have emerged as a promising class of therapeutic agents due to their unique properties and mechanisms of action. While effective on their own, combining antiviral peptides may allow us to enhance their potency and to prevent viral resistance. Here, we developed an orthogonal chemical strategy to prepare a heterodimeric peptide conjugate assembled on a protein-based nanoplatform. Specifically, we combined the optimized version of two peptides inhibiting HIV-1 by distinct mechanisms. Virus-inhibitory peptide (VIRIP) is a 20 amino acid fragment of α1-antitrypsin that inhibits HIV-1 by targeting the gp41 fusion peptide. Endogenous peptide inhibitor of CXCR4 (EPI-X4) is a 16-residue fragment of human serum albumin that prevents HIV-1 entry by binding to the viral CXCR4 co-receptor. Optimized forms of both peptides are assembled on supramolecular nanoplatforms through the streptavidin-biotin interaction. We show that the construct consisting of the two different peptides (SAv-VIR-102C9-EPI-X4 JM#173-C) shows increased activity against CCR5- and CXCR4-tropic HIV-1 variants. Our results are a proof of concept that peptides with different modes of action can be assembled on nanoplatforms to enhance their antiviral activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Schauenburg
- Max-Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Fabian Zech
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Meyerhofstr. 1, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Astrid Johanna Heck
- Max-Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Pascal von Maltitz
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Meyerhofstr. 1, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Mirja Harms
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Meyerhofstr. 1, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Siska Führer
- Max-Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Nico Alleva
- Max-Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Jan Münch
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Meyerhofstr. 1, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Seah Ling Kuan
- Max-Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Frank Kirchhoff
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Meyerhofstr. 1, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Tanja Weil
- Max-Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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Endogenous Peptide Inhibitors of HIV Entry. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1366:65-85. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-16-8702-0_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Nardacci R, Colavita F, Castilletti C, Lapa D, Matusali G, Meschi S, Del Nonno F, Colombo D, Capobianchi MR, Zumla A, Ippolito G, Piacentini M, Falasca L. Evidences for lipid involvement in SARS-CoV-2 cytopathogenesis. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:263. [PMID: 33712574 PMCID: PMC7952828 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-03527-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 remains to be completely understood, and detailed SARS-CoV-2 cellular cytopathic effects requires definition. We performed a comparative ultrastructural study of SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 infection in Vero E6 cells and in lungs from deceased COVID-19 patients. SARS-CoV-2 induces rapid death associated with profound ultrastructural changes in Vero cells. Type II pneumocytes in lung tissue showed prominent altered features with numerous vacuoles and swollen mitochondria with presence of abundant lipid droplets. The accumulation of lipids was the most striking finding we observed in SARS-CoV-2 infected cells, both in vitro and in the lungs of patients, suggesting that lipids can be involved in SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis. Considering that in most cases, COVID-19 patients show alteration of blood cholesterol and lipoprotein homeostasis, our findings highlight a peculiar important topic that can suggest new approaches for pharmacological treatment to contrast the pathogenicity of SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Nardacci
- Laboratory of Electron Microscopy, National Institute for Infectious Diseases "Lazzaro Spallanzani", IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Colavita
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute for Infectious Diseases "Lazzaro Spallanzani", IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Concetta Castilletti
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute for Infectious Diseases "Lazzaro Spallanzani", IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniele Lapa
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute for Infectious Diseases "Lazzaro Spallanzani", IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Matusali
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute for Infectious Diseases "Lazzaro Spallanzani", IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Meschi
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute for Infectious Diseases "Lazzaro Spallanzani", IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Franca Del Nonno
- Pathology Unit, National Institute for Infectious Diseases "Lazzaro Spallanzani", IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniele Colombo
- Pathology Unit, National Institute for Infectious Diseases "Lazzaro Spallanzani", IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Capobianchi
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute for Infectious Diseases "Lazzaro Spallanzani", IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Alimuddin Zumla
- Department of Infection, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, UCL Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Giuseppe Ippolito
- Scientific Direction; National Institute for Infectious Diseases "Lazzaro Spallanzani", IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Mauro Piacentini
- Laboratory of Electron Microscopy, National Institute for Infectious Diseases "Lazzaro Spallanzani", IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Falasca
- Laboratory of Electron Microscopy, National Institute for Infectious Diseases "Lazzaro Spallanzani", IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
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Datta S, Hett EC, Vora KA, Hazuda DJ, Oslund RC, Fadeyi OO, Emili A. The chemical biology of coronavirus host-cell interactions. RSC Chem Biol 2021; 2:30-46. [PMID: 34458775 PMCID: PMC8340996 DOI: 10.1039/d0cb00197j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is responsible for the current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic that has led to a global economic disruption and collapse. With several ongoing efforts to develop vaccines and treatments for COVID-19, understanding the molecular interaction between the coronavirus, host cells, and the immune system is critical for effective therapeutic interventions. Greater insight into these mechanisms will require the contribution and combination of multiple scientific disciplines including the techniques and strategies that have been successfully deployed by chemical biology to tease apart complex biological pathways. We highlight in this review well-established strategies and methods to study coronavirus-host biophysical interactions and discuss the impact chemical biology will have on understanding these interactions at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suprama Datta
- Center for Network Systems Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine Boston MA USA
| | - Erik C Hett
- Exploratory Science Center, Merck & Co., Inc. Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | - Kalpit A Vora
- Infectious Diseases and Vaccine Research, Merck & Co., Inc. West Point Pennsylvania USA
| | - Daria J Hazuda
- Exploratory Science Center, Merck & Co., Inc. Cambridge Massachusetts USA
- Infectious Diseases and Vaccine Research, Merck & Co., Inc. West Point Pennsylvania USA
| | - Rob C Oslund
- Exploratory Science Center, Merck & Co., Inc. Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | | | - Andrew Emili
- Center for Network Systems Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine Boston MA USA
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In Vitro Evaluation of a Peptide-Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticle Drug Release System against HIV-1. INORGANICS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/inorganics8070042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been shown that the optimized VIR-576 derivative of the natural HIV-1 entry inhibitor targeting the viral gp41 fusion peptide is safe and effective in infected individuals. However, high doses of this peptide were required, and stability, as well as delivery, must be improved for clinical application. Here, we examined the loading and release of VIR-576 into/from mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) in vitro. We found that a moderately high peptide loading of 11.5 wt % could be achieved by adsorption from PBS buffer (pH 7.2), i.e., under mild, fully peptide-compatible conditions. The release rate of peptide into the same buffer was slow and the equilibrium concentration as indicated by the adsorption isotherm could not be reached even within 50 h at the particle concentrations studied. However, a faster release was observed at lower particle concentrations, indicating that partial particle dissolution had a positive influence on peptide release. To determine the antiviral activity of VIR-576-loaded MSNs, TZM-bl indicator cells were exposed to HIV-1 and the infection rates were followed as a function of time and VIR-576 concentration. The inhibitory activity observed for VIR-576 released from the MSNs was virtually identical to that of free VIR-576 at the 48 h time point, indicating that (a) VIR-576 was released in an active form from the MSNs, and (b) the release rate in the presence of serum proteins was clearly higher than that observed under protein-free conditions. These observations are discussed based on competitive peptide/protein adsorption, as well as potential influences of serum proteins on the dissolution-reprecipitation of silica under conditions where the total silica concentration is above the saturation level for dissolved silica. Our results highlight the need for studying drug release kinetics in the presence of serum proteins, in order to allow for a better extrapolation of in vitro data to in vivo conditions. Furthermore, due to the high peptide loadings that can be achieved using MSNs as carriers, such a formulation appears promising for local release applications. For systemic administration, however, peptides with a higher potency would be needed, due to their high molar masses limiting the drug loading in terms of moles per gram carrier.
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Tabish TA, Narayan RJ, Edirisinghe M. Rapid and label-free detection of COVID-19 using coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy. MRS COMMUNICATIONS 2020; 10:566-572. [PMID: 33398237 PMCID: PMC7773019 DOI: 10.1557/mrc.2020.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
From the 1918 influenza pandemic (H1N1) until the recent 2019 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic, no efficient diagnostic tools have been developed for sensitive identification of viral pathogens. Rigorous, early, and accurate detection of viral pathogens is not only linked to preventing transmission but also to timely treatment and monitoring of drug resistance. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), the gold standard method for microbiology and virology testing, suffers from both false-negative and false-positive results arising from the detection limit, contamination of samples/templates, exponential DNA amplification, and variation of viral ribonucleic acid sequences within a single individual during the course of the infection. Rapid, sensitive, and label-free detection of SARS-CoV-2 can provide a first line of defense against the current pandemic. A promising technique is non-linear coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy, which has the ability to capture rich spatiotemporal structural and functional information at a high acquisition speed in a label-free manner from a biological system. Raman scattering is a process in which the distinctive spectral signatures associated with light-sample interaction provide information on the chemical composition of the sample. In this prospective, we briefly discuss the development and future prospects of CARS for real-time multiplexed label-free detection of SARS-CoV-2 pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanveer A. Tabish
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, Bloomsbury, WC1E 6DD UK
| | - Roger J. Narayan
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27599-7115 USA
| | - Mohan Edirisinghe
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7JE UK
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Rodríguez-Izquierdo I, Natalia C, García F, Los Ángeles Muñoz-Fernandez MD. G2-S16 sulfonate dendrimer as new therapy for treatment failure in HIV-1 entry inhibitors. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2019; 14:1095-1107. [PMID: 31066644 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2018-0364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Polyanionic carbosilane dendrimers have been shown to be safe and block human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection in a multifunctional manner. The aim of this study is to evaluate the appearance of HIV-1 resistance mutations after treatment with polyanionic carbosilane dendrimers. Materials & methods: A resistance mutation assay was performed on MT2 cells, viral quantity was measured by ELISA HIVp24gag and titration was carried out on TZM.bl. Next generation sequencing for HIV-1 Env was performed on G1-S4 or G2-S16 dendrimers supernatants. Results: Data showed the appearance of mutation resistance to G1-S4 treatment, inducing three significant mutations. G2-S16 did not generate any mutations and, furthermore, inhibited G1-S4-resistant viruses. Conclusion: G1-S4 treatment generates significant mutations in HIV-1NL4.3. G2-S16 does not generate resistance-associated mutation, suggesting that G2-S16 is safe as a HIV-entry inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Rodríguez-Izquierdo
- Laboratorio InmunoBiología Molecular, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón (HGUGM), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Spanish HIV-HGM BioBank, Madrid, Spain
| | - Chueca Natalia
- Servicio de Microbiología Hospital Universitario San Cecilio, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria IBS, Granada Spain
| | - Federico García
- Servicio de Microbiología Hospital Universitario San Cecilio, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria IBS, Granada Spain
| | - María de Los Ángeles Muñoz-Fernandez
- Laboratorio InmunoBiología Molecular, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón (HGUGM), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Spanish HIV-HGM BioBank, Madrid, Spain.,Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials & Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
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