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Koller G, Morrell AP, Galão RP, Pickering S, MacMahon E, Johnson J, Ignatyev K, Neil SJD, Elsharkawy S, Fleck R, Machado PMP, Addison O. More than the Eye Can See: Shedding New Light on SARS-CoV-2 Lateral Flow Device-Based Immunoassays. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2021; 13:25694-25700. [PMID: 34048220 PMCID: PMC8188736 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c04283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Containing the global severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic has been an unprecedented challenge due to high horizontal transmissivity and asymptomatic carriage rates. Lateral flow device (LFD) immunoassays were introduced in late 2020 to detect SARS-CoV-2 infection in asymptomatic or presymptomatic individuals rapidly. While LFD technologies have been used for over 60 years, their widespread use as a public health tool during a pandemic is unprecedented. By the end of 2020, data from studies into the efficacy of the LFDs emerged and showed these point-of-care devices to have very high specificity (ability to identify true negatives) but inadequate sensitivity with high false-negative rates. The low sensitivity (<50%) shown in several studies is a critical public health concern, as asymptomatic or presymptomatic carriers may wrongly be assumed to be noninfectious, posing a significant risk of further spread in the community. Here, we show that the direct visual readout of SARS-CoV-2 LFDs is an inadequate approach to discriminate a potentially infective viral concentration in a biosample. We quantified significant immobilized antigen-antibody-labeled conjugate complexes within the LFDs visually scored as negative using high-sensitivity synchrotron X-ray fluorescence imaging. Correlating quantitative X-ray fluorescence measurements and quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) determined numbers of viral copies, we identified that negatively scored samples could contain up to 100 PFU (equivalent here to ∼10 000 RNA copies/test). The study demonstrates where the shortcomings arise in many of the current direct-readout SARS-CoV-2 LFDs, namely, being a deficiency in the readout as opposed to the potential level of detection of the test, which is orders of magnitude higher. The present findings are of importance both to public health monitoring during the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and to the rapid refinement of these tools for immediate and future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garrit Koller
- Centre
for Host Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral &
Craniofacial Sciences, Kingʼs College
London, London, SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander P. Morrell
- Centre
for Oral, Clinical & Translational Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry,
Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, Kingʼs
College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom.
| | - Rui Pedro Galão
- Department
of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, Kingʼs College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Suzanne Pickering
- Department
of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, Kingʼs College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Eithne MacMahon
- Department
of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, Kingʼs College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
- Guyʼs
and St Thomasʼ NHS Foundation Trust, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Joanna Johnson
- Guyʼs
and St Thomasʼ NHS Foundation Trust, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | | | - Stuart J. D. Neil
- Department
of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, Kingʼs College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Sherif Elsharkawy
- Centre
for Oral, Clinical & Translational Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry,
Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, Kingʼs
College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom.
| | - Roland Fleck
- Centre for
Ultrastructural Imaging, Kingʼs College
London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | | | - Owen Addison
- Centre
for Oral, Clinical & Translational Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry,
Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, Kingʼs
College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom.
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2
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Verma J, Subbarao N. A comparative study of human betacoronavirus spike proteins: structure, function and therapeutics. Arch Virol 2021; 166:697-714. [PMID: 33483791 PMCID: PMC7821988 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-021-04961-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Coronaviruses are the paradigm of emerging 21st century zoonotic viruses, triggering numerous outbreaks and a severe global health crisis. The current COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 has affected more than 51 million people across the globe as of 12 November 2020. The crown-like spikes on the surface of the virion are the unique structural feature of viruses in the family Coronaviridae. The spike (S) protein adopts distinct conformations while mediating entry of the virus into the host. This multifunctional protein mediates the entry process by recognizing its receptor on the host cell, followed by the fusion of the viral membrane with the host cell membrane. This review article focuses on the structural and functional comparison of S proteins of the human betacoronaviruses, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Here, we review the current state of knowledge about receptor recognition, the membrane fusion mechanism, structural epitopes, and glycosylation sites of the S proteins of these viruses. We further discuss various vaccines and other therapeutics such as monoclonal antibodies, peptides, and small molecules based on the S protein of these three viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Verma
- School of Computational and Integrative Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Naidu Subbarao
- School of Computational and Integrative Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
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3
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Kaniyala Melanthota S, Banik S, Chakraborty I, Pallen S, Gopal D, Chakrabarti S, Mazumder N. Elucidating the microscopic and computational techniques to study the structure and pathology of SARS-CoVs. Microsc Res Tech 2020; 83:1623-1638. [PMID: 32770582 PMCID: PMC7436590 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.23551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronaviruses (SARS‐CoVs), causative of major outbreaks in the past two decades, has claimed many lives all over the world. The virus effectively spreads through saliva aerosols or nasal discharge from an infected person. Currently, no specific vaccines or treatments exist for coronavirus; however, several attempts are being made to develop possible treatments. Hence, it is important to study the viral structure and life cycle to understand its functionality, activity, and infectious nature. Further, such studies can aid in the development of vaccinations against this virus. Microscopy plays an important role in examining the structure and topology of the virus as well as pathogenesis in infected host cells. This review deals with different microscopy techniques including electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, fluorescence microscopy as well as computational methods to elucidate various prospects of this life‐threatening virus. Structural analysis of SARS‐CoVs aids in understanding its nature, activity, and pathophysiology Revealing the surface morphology of SARS‐CoVs using scanning electron microscope and atomic force microscopy Computational methods help to understand the structure of SARS‐CoVs and their interactions with various inhibitors
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Affiliation(s)
- Sindhoora Kaniyala Melanthota
- Department of Biophysics, Manipal School of Life SciencesManipal Academy of Higher EducationManipalKarnataka576104India
| | - Soumyabrata Banik
- Department of Biophysics, Manipal School of Life SciencesManipal Academy of Higher EducationManipalKarnataka576104India
| | - Ishita Chakraborty
- Department of Biophysics, Manipal School of Life SciencesManipal Academy of Higher EducationManipalKarnataka576104India
| | - Sparsha Pallen
- Department of Bioinformatics, Manipal School of Life SciencesManipal Academy of Higher EducationManipalKarnataka576104India
| | - Dharshini Gopal
- Department of Bioinformatics, Manipal School of Life SciencesManipal Academy of Higher EducationManipalKarnataka576104India
| | - Shweta Chakrabarti
- Department of Bioinformatics, Manipal School of Life SciencesManipal Academy of Higher EducationManipalKarnataka576104India
| | - Nirmal Mazumder
- Department of Biophysics, Manipal School of Life SciencesManipal Academy of Higher EducationManipalKarnataka576104India
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4
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Wrapp D, Wang N, Corbett KS, Goldsmith JA, Hsieh CL, Abiona O, Graham BS, McLellan JS. Cryo-EM structure of the 2019-nCoV spike in the prefusion conformation. Science 2020. [PMID: 32075877 DOI: 10.1126/science:abb2507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The outbreak of a novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) represents a pandemic threat that has been declared a public health emergency of international concern. The CoV spike (S) glycoprotein is a key target for vaccines, therapeutic antibodies, and diagnostics. To facilitate medical countermeasure development, we determined a 3.5-angstrom-resolution cryo-electron microscopy structure of the 2019-nCoV S trimer in the prefusion conformation. The predominant state of the trimer has one of the three receptor-binding domains (RBDs) rotated up in a receptor-accessible conformation. We also provide biophysical and structural evidence that the 2019-nCoV S protein binds angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) with higher affinity than does severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-CoV S. Additionally, we tested several published SARS-CoV RBD-specific monoclonal antibodies and found that they do not have appreciable binding to 2019-nCoV S, suggesting that antibody cross-reactivity may be limited between the two RBDs. The structure of 2019-nCoV S should enable the rapid development and evaluation of medical countermeasures to address the ongoing public health crisis.
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MESH Headings
- Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Betacoronavirus/chemistry
- Betacoronavirus/immunology
- Betacoronavirus/metabolism
- Betacoronavirus/ultrastructure
- Cross Reactions
- Cryoelectron Microscopy
- Image Processing, Computer-Assisted
- Models, Molecular
- Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A/metabolism
- Protein Binding
- Protein Conformation
- Protein Domains
- Protein Multimerization
- Receptors, Coronavirus
- Receptors, Virus/metabolism
- Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus/chemistry
- Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus/immunology
- Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus/ultrastructure
- SARS-CoV-2
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/chemistry
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/immunology
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/metabolism
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/ultrastructure
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Wrapp
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Nianshuang Wang
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Kizzmekia S Corbett
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jory A Goldsmith
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Ching-Lin Hsieh
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Olubukola Abiona
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Barney S Graham
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jason S McLellan
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
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5
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Abstract
Recent history is punctuated by the emergence of highly pathogenic coronaviruses such as SARS- and MERS-CoV into human circulation. Upon infecting host cells, coronaviruses assemble a multi-subunit RNA-synthesis complex of viral non-structural proteins (nsp) responsible for the replication and transcription of the viral genome. Here, we present the 3.1 Å resolution structure of the SARS-CoV nsp12 polymerase bound to its essential co-factors, nsp7 and nsp8, using single particle cryo-electron microscopy. nsp12 possesses an architecture common to all viral polymerases as well as a large N-terminal extension containing a kinase-like fold and is bound by two nsp8 co-factors. This structure illuminates the assembly of the coronavirus core RNA-synthesis machinery, provides key insights into nsp12 polymerase catalysis and fidelity and acts as a template for the design of novel antiviral therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert N Kirchdoerfer
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, HZ-102, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
| | - Andrew B Ward
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, HZ-102, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
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6
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Knoops K, Kikkert M, van den Worm SHE, Zevenhoven-Dobbe JC, van der Meer Y, Koster AJ, Mommaas AM, Snijder EJ. SARS-coronavirus replication is supported by a reticulovesicular network of modified endoplasmic reticulum. PLoS Biol 2008; 6:e226. [PMID: 18798692 PMCID: PMC2535663 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.0060226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 742] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2008] [Accepted: 08/04/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Positive-strand RNA viruses, a large group including human pathogens such as SARS-coronavirus (SARS-CoV), replicate in the cytoplasm of infected host cells. Their replication complexes are commonly associated with modified host cell membranes. Membrane structures supporting viral RNA synthesis range from distinct spherular membrane invaginations to more elaborate webs of packed membranes and vesicles. Generally, their ultrastructure, morphogenesis, and exact role in viral replication remain to be defined. Poorly characterized double-membrane vesicles (DMVs) were previously implicated in SARS-CoV RNA synthesis. We have now applied electron tomography of cryofixed infected cells for the three-dimensional imaging of coronavirus-induced membrane alterations at high resolution. Our analysis defines a unique reticulovesicular network of modified endoplasmic reticulum that integrates convoluted membranes, numerous interconnected DMVs (diameter 200–300 nm), and “vesicle packets” apparently arising from DMV merger. The convoluted membranes were most abundantly immunolabeled for viral replicase subunits. However, double-stranded RNA, presumably revealing the site of viral RNA synthesis, mainly localized to the DMV interior. Since we could not discern a connection between DMV interior and cytosol, our analysis raises several questions about the mechanism of DMV formation and the actual site of SARS-CoV RNA synthesis. Our data document the extensive virus-induced reorganization of host cell membranes into a network that is used to organize viral replication and possibly hide replicating RNA from antiviral defense mechanisms. Together with biochemical studies of the viral enzyme complex, our ultrastructural description of this “replication network” will aid to further dissect the early stages of the coronavirus life cycle and its virus-host interactions. Viruses with a positive-stranded RNA genome replicate in the cytoplasm of infected host cells. Their replication is driven by a membrane-bound viral enzyme complex that is commonly associated with modified intracellular membranes. Little is understood about the formation and architecture of these replication structures and their exact role in viral RNA synthesis. We used electron microscopy and tomography for the three-dimensional imaging of the membrane alterations induced by severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-coronavirus, a member of the virus group with the largest RNA genome known to date. Previously, coronaviruses were reported to induce large numbers of isolated “double-membrane vesicles” (DMVs). However, our present studies reveal an elaborate reticulovesicular network of modified endoplasmic reticulum membranes with which SARS-coronavirus replicative proteins are associated. The lumen of this unique membrane network contains numerous large (diameter 250–300 nm) “inner vesicles,” which were formerly thought to reside in isolated DMVs. Intriguingly, although the interior of these vesicles does not appear to be connected to the cytosol, it labels abundantly for double-stranded RNA, which presumably is present at the site of viral RNA synthesis. The ultrastructural dissection of this elaborate “replication network” shows how coronaviruses extensively reorganize the host cell's membrane infrastructure, to coordinate their replication cycle, and possibly also hide replicating RNA from antiviral defense mechanisms. Positive-strand RNA virus replication is associated with membranes in the host cell's cytoplasm. Here, advanced 3D electron microscopy reveals that SARS-coronavirus induces an elaborate reticulovesicular network of modified ER membranes that supports viral RNA synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kèvin Knoops
- Section Electron Microscopy, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marjolein Kikkert
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sjoerd H. E. van den Worm
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jessika C Zevenhoven-Dobbe
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Yvonne van der Meer
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Abraham J Koster
- Section Electron Microscopy, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - A. Mieke Mommaas
- Section Electron Microscopy, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Eric J Snijder
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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7
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van Hemert MJ, van den Worm SHE, Knoops K, Mommaas AM, Gorbalenya AE, Snijder EJ. SARS-coronavirus replication/transcription complexes are membrane-protected and need a host factor for activity in vitro. PLoS Pathog 2008; 4:e1000054. [PMID: 18451981 PMCID: PMC2322833 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2008] [Accepted: 04/01/2008] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-coronavirus (SARS-CoV) replication and transcription are mediated by a replication/transcription complex (RTC) of which virus-encoded, non-structural proteins (nsps) are the primary constituents. The 16 SARS-CoV nsps are produced by autoprocessing of two large precursor polyproteins. The RTC is believed to be associated with characteristic virus-induced double-membrane structures in the cytoplasm of SARS-CoV-infected cells. To investigate the link between these structures and viral RNA synthesis, and to dissect RTC organization and function, we isolated active RTCs from infected cells and used them to develop the first robust assay for their in vitro activity. The synthesis of genomic RNA and all eight subgenomic mRNAs was faithfully reproduced by the RTC in this in vitro system. Mainly positive-strand RNAs were synthesized and protein synthesis was not required for RTC activity in vitro. All RTC activity, enzymatic and putative membrane-spanning nsps, and viral RNA cosedimented with heavy membrane structures. Furthermore, the pelleted RTC required the addition of a cytoplasmic host factor for reconstitution of its in vitro activity. Newly synthesized subgenomic RNA appeared to be released, while genomic RNA remained predominantly associated with the RTC-containing fraction. RTC activity was destroyed by detergent treatment, suggesting an important role for membranes. The RTC appeared to be protected by membranes, as newly synthesized viral RNA and several replicase/transcriptase subunits were protease- and nuclease-resistant and became susceptible to degradation only upon addition of a non-ionic detergent. Our data establish a vital functional dependence of SARS-CoV RNA synthesis on virus-induced membrane structures. The SARS-coronavirus (SARS-CoV), which causes the life-threatening severe acute respiratory syndrome, replicates in the cytoplasm of infected host cells. A critical early step in the SARS-CoV life cycle is the formation of a replication/transcription complex (RTC) that drives viral genome replication and subgenomic mRNA synthesis. Virus-encoded enzymes form the core of this RTC, which is believed to be associated with characteristic virus-induced membrane structures derived from modified host cell membranes. To investigate the connection between these membrane structures and SARS-CoV RNA synthesis, and to characterize RTC composition and function, we isolated these complexes and developed the first in vitro assay to study their activity. SARS-CoV genomic RNA and all eight subgenomic mRNAs were synthesized in this in vitro reaction. By centrifugation, RTC activity could be isolated from the cytoplasm, together with membrane structures, viral enzymes, and RNA. The activity of these isolated RTCs was dependent on a cytoplasmic host factor. RTC activity was destroyed by detergent treatment, suggesting a critical role for membranes that appeared to protect the complex against protease and nuclease digestion. Our data establish a functional connection between viral RNA synthesis and intracellular membranes and show that host factors play a crucial role in SARS-CoV RNA synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martijn J. van Hemert
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sjoerd H. E. van den Worm
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Kèvin Knoops
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Section Electron Microscopy, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - A. Mieke Mommaas
- Section Electron Microscopy, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander E. Gorbalenya
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Eric J. Snijder
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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8
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Almsherqi ZA, McLachlan CS, Mossop P, Knoops K, Deng Y. Direct template matching reveals a host subcellular membrane gyroid cubic structure that is associated with SARS virus. Redox Rep 2006; 10:167-71. [PMID: 16156956 DOI: 10.1179/135100005x57373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral infection can result in alterations to the host subcellular membrane. This is often reported when using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), resulting in a description of tubuloreticular membrane subcellular ultrastructure rather than a definition based on 3-D morphology. 2-D TEM micrographs depicting subcellular membrane changes are associated with subcellular SARS virion particles [Goldsmith CS, Tatti KM, Ksiazek TG et al. Ultra-structural characterization of SARS coronavirus. Emerg Infect Dis 2004; 10: 320-326]. In the present study, we have defined the 2-D membrane pattern and shape associated with the SARS virus infection. This is by using a direct template matching method to determine what the 3-D structure of the SARS virus associated host membrane change would be. The TEM image for our purposes is defined on 2-D information, such as the membrane having undergone proliferation and from pattern recognition suggesting that the membrane-described pattern is possibly a gyroid type of membrane. Features of the membrane were used to compute and match the gyroid structure with an existing 2-D TEM micrograph, where it was revealed that the membrane structure was indeed a gyroid-based cubic membrane. The 2-D gyroid computer-simulated image that was used to match the electron micrograph of interest was derived from a mathematically well-defined 3-D structure, and it is from this 3-D derivative that allows us to make inferences about the 3-D structure of this membrane. In conclusion, we demonstrate that a 3-D structure can be defined from a 2-D membrane patterned image and that a SARS viral associated membrane change has been identified as cubic membrane morphology. Possible mechanisms for this cubic membrane change are discussed with respect to viral severity, persistence and free radical production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zakaria A Almsherqi
- Department of Physiology, Cubic Membrane Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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9
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Neuman BW, Adair BD, Yoshioka C, Quispe JD, Orca G, Kuhn P, Milligan RA, Yeager M, Buchmeier MJ. Supramolecular architecture of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus revealed by electron cryomicroscopy. J Virol 2006; 80:7918-28. [PMID: 16873249 PMCID: PMC1563832 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00645-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus particles are enveloped and pleomorphic and are thus refractory to crystallization and symmetry-assisted reconstruction. A novel methodology of single-particle image analysis was applied to selected virus features to obtain a detailed model of the oligomeric state and spatial relationships among viral structural proteins. Two-dimensional images of the S, M, and N structural proteins of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus and two other coronaviruses were refined to a resolution of approximately 4 nm. Proteins near the viral membrane were arranged in overlapping lattices surrounding a disordered core. Trimeric glycoprotein spikes were in register with four underlying ribonucleoprotein densities. However, the spikes were dispensable for ribonucleoprotein lattice formation. The ribonucleoprotein particles displayed coiled shapes when released from the viral membrane. Our results contribute to the understanding of the assembly pathway used by coronaviruses and other pleomorphic viruses and provide the first detailed view of coronavirus ultrastructure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin W Neuman
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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10
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Beniac DR, Andonov A, Grudeski E, Booth TF. Architecture of the SARS coronavirus prefusion spike. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2006; 13:751-2. [PMID: 16845391 PMCID: PMC7097490 DOI: 10.1038/nsmb1123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2006] [Accepted: 06/23/2006] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The emergence in 2003 of a new coronavirus (CoV) responsible for the atypical pneumonia termed severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) was a stark reminder that hitherto unknown viruses have the potential to cross species barriers to become new human pathogens. Here we describe the SARS-CoV 'spike' structure determined by single-particle cryo-EM, along with the docked atomic structures of the receptor-binding domain and prefusion core.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Beniac
- Viral Diseases Division, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, R3E 3R2 Manitoba Canada
| | - Anton Andonov
- Viral Diseases Division, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, R3E 3R2 Manitoba Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, R3E 0W3 Manitoba Canada
| | - Elsie Grudeski
- Viral Diseases Division, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, R3E 3R2 Manitoba Canada
| | - Tim F Booth
- Viral Diseases Division, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, R3E 3R2 Manitoba Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, R3E 0W3 Manitoba Canada
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11
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Abstract
In late 2002 a new disease, severe atypical respiratory syndrome (SARS), emerged in China. A hitherto unknown animal coronavirus (CoV) that had crossed the species barrier through close contact of humans with infected animals was identified as the etiological agent. It rapidly adapted to the new host and not only became readily transmissible between humans but also more pathogenic. Air travel spread it rapidly around the world and ultimately the virus infected 8096 people and caused 774 deaths in 26 countries on 5 continents. Aggressive quarantine measures successfully terminated the disease. Currently, there are no SARS cases recorded and most likely the virus no longer circulates in the human population. In this review we present an overview over SARS-Co virus biology, the disease and discuss strategies to develop antiviral drugs and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Stadler
- Chiron Vaccines, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy.
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12
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Abstract
Atomic force microscopy has been used to probe the surface nanostructures of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS‐CoV). Single crown‐like virion was directly visualized and quantitative measurements of the dimensions for the structural proteins were provided. A corona of large, distinctive spikes in the envelope was measured after treatment with hydroxyoctanoic acid. High‐resolution images revealed that the surface of each single SARS‐CoV was surrounded with at least 15 spherical spikes having a diameter of 7.29 ± 0.73 nm, which is in close agreement with that of S glycoproteins earlier predicted through the genomes of SARS‐CoV. This study represents the first direct characterization of the surface ultrastructures of SARS‐CoV particles at the nanometre scale and offers new prospects for mapping viral surface properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiming Lin
- Center for Optoelectronic Biomedicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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13
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanley Perlman
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, 52242 Iowa City, IA USA
| | - Kathryn V. Holmes
- Department of Microbiology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center at Fitzsimons, 80045-8333 Aurora, CO USA
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14
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Taguchi F. [SARS coronavirus]. Nihon Rinsho 2005; 63:2113-20. [PMID: 16363682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
SARS is a new type of infectious pneumonia that emerged in China in November 2002. It spread around the world through an outbreak in Hong Kong in March 2003. Patients were reported in 29 countries, and around 800 people died, although a majority of these cases were in Asian countries. Within a month after the virus that causes SARS was isolated, its entire genome sequence became available. The result is the acknowledgement of a novel coronavirus, now called SARS coronavirus (SCoV), that is different from other already known existing human and animal coronaviruses. Since a number of scientists from distinct fields have participated in the research on this emerging virus, a plenty of information has become available, and now SARS-CoV has become one of the best-studied members among coronaviruses. In this review, I would like describe on SCoV virology by comparison with other well-studied coronaviruses. It covers the taxonomy, structure of virion, viral genome and proteins, unique replication strategy, receptors and viral pathogenesis. In the last part, I mention with my personal speculation about the origin and evolution of SCoV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumihiro Taguchi
- Department of Virolgy III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases
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15
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Ito N, Mossel EC, Narayanan K, Popov VL, Huang C, Inoue T, Peters CJ, Makino S. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 3a protein is a viral structural protein. J Virol 2005; 79:3182-6. [PMID: 15709039 PMCID: PMC548460 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.5.3182-3186.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study showed the association of a severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SCoV) accessory protein, 3a, with plasma membrane and intracellular SCoV particles in infected cells. 3a protein appeared to undergo posttranslational modifications in infected cells and was incorporated into SCoV particles, establishing that 3a protein was a SCoV structural protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoto Ito
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555-1019, USA
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16
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Yilla M, Harcourt BH, Hickman CJ, McGrew M, Tamin A, Goldsmith CS, Bellini WJ, Anderson LJ. SARS-coronavirus replication in human peripheral monocytes/macrophages. Virus Res 2005; 107:93-101. [PMID: 15567038 PMCID: PMC7114182 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2004.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2004] [Revised: 09/03/2004] [Accepted: 09/03/2004] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
A novel coronavirus (CoV) has been described in association with cases of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). The virus, SARS-CoV, differs from the previously described human coronaviruses, 229E and OC43. 229E was previously shown to productively infect human monocytes/macrophages, whereas OC43 poorly infected the cells. In this study, we examined whether SARS-CoV could productively infect purified monocytes/macrophages (PM) derived from human donor cells. Unlike 229E-infected cells, which produced viral titers of 103.5 to 106 TCID50/ml, SARS-CoV replicated poorly in PM, producing titers of 101.75 to 102 TCID50/ml. This finding was similar to results reported for OC43-infected cells, with titers ranging from 101.2 to 102.7 TCID50/ml. Of interest, SARS-CoV proteins were detected only in PM that did not produce significant amounts of interferon (IFN)-α, and in one such case, preliminary electron microscope studies demonstrated that SARS-CoV-like particles could enter the cells, possibly via phagocytosis. These results suggest that SARS-CoV, like human CoV OC43, poorly infects human PM, and production of IFN-α by these cells further limits the infection. Given the importance of monocytes/macrophages to the immune response, it is possible that their infection by SARS-CoV and alteration of this infection by IFN-α may be important to the course of the infection in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamadi Yilla
- Respiratory and Enteric Viruses Branch, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd., MS-C22, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
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17
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Agafonov AP, Gus'kov AA, Ternovoi VA, Ryabchikova EI, Durymanov AG, Vinogradov IV, Maksimov NL, Ignat'ev GM, Nechaeva EA, Netesov SV. Primary characterization of SARS coronavirus strain Frankfurt 1. Dokl Biol Sci 2004; 394:58-60. [PMID: 15088406 PMCID: PMC7088183 DOI: 10.1023/b:dobs.0000017131.06970.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A P Agafonov
- Vector State Scientific Center of Virology and Biotechnology, Kol'tsovo, Novosibirsk Oblast, 630559 Russia
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18
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Abstract
As borders disappear, people and goods are increasingly free to move, creating new challenges to global health. These cannot be met by national governments alone but must be dealt with instead by international organizations and agreements
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Affiliation(s)
- Tikki Pang
- Department of Research Policy & Cooperation at the World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
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19
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He R, Adonov A, Traykova-Adonova M, Cao J, Cutts T, Grudesky E, Deschambaul Y, Berry J, Drebot M, Li X. Potent and selective inhibition of SARS coronavirus replication by aurintricarboxylic acid. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 320:1199-203. [PMID: 15249217 PMCID: PMC7111066 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.06.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2004] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome virus (SARS) is a coronavirus that instigated regional epidemics in Canada and several Asian countries in 2003. The newly identified SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV) can be transmitted among humans and cause severe or even fatal illnesses. As preventive vaccine development takes years to complete and adverse reactions have been reported to some veterinary coronaviral vaccines, anti-viral compounds must be relentlessly pursued. In this study, we analyzed the effect of aurintricarboxylic acid (ATA) on SARS-CoV replication in cell culture, and found that ATA could drastically inhibit SARS-CoV replication, with viral production being 1000-fold less than that in the untreated control. Importantly, when compared with IFNs alpha and beta, viral production was inhibited by more than 1000-fold as compared with the untreated control. In addition, when compared with IFNs alpha and beta, ATA was approximately 10 times more potent than IFN alpha and 100 times more than interferon beta at their highest concentrations reported in the literature previously. Our data indicated that ATA should be considered as a candidate anti-SARS compound for future clinical evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runtao He
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Health Canada, 1015 Arlington St., Winnipeg, MB, Canada R3E 3R2.
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20
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Lin Y, Yan X, Cao W, Wang C, Feng J, Duan J, Xie S. Probing the structure of the SARS coronavirus using scanning electron microscopy. Antivir Ther 2004; 9:287-9. [PMID: 15134191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
A novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV, has been confirmed to be the aetiological agent of SARS. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) images played an important role in initial identification of the pathogen. In order to obtain greater morphological detail of SARS-CoV than could be obtained by TEM, we used ultra-high resolution scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to image the virus particles. We show here the three-dimensional appearance of SARS-CoV. Enhanced detail of the ultrastructure reveals the trimeric structure of the 10-20 nm spikes on the virion surface. These results contribute to characterization of the SARS agent and development of new antiviral strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Lin
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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21
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Affiliation(s)
- James Mark Simmerman
- US Centers for Disease Control, National Center for Infectious Disease, with the International Emerging Infectious Program, Bangkok, Thailand
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Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) was first described during a 2002-2003 global outbreak of severe pneumonia associated with human deaths and person-to-person disease transmission. The etiologic agent was initially identified as a coronavirus by thin-section electron microscopic examination of a virus isolate. Virions were spherical, 78 nm in mean diameter, and composed of a helical nucleocapsid within an envelope with surface projections. We show that infection with the SARS-associated coronavirus resulted in distinct ultrastructural features: double-membrane vesicles, nucleocapsid inclusions, and large granular areas of cytoplasm. These three structures and the coronavirus particles were shown to be positive for viral proteins and RNA by using ultrastructural immunogold and in situ hybridization assays. In addition, ultrastructural examination of a bronchiolar lavage specimen from a SARS patient showed numerous coronavirus-infected cells with features similar to those in infected culture cells. Electron microscopic studies were critical in identifying the etiologic agent of the SARS outbreak and in guiding subsequent laboratory and epidemiologic investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia S Goldsmith
- Infectious Disease Pathology Activity, Division of Viral and Rickettsial Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA.
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23
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Abstract
An isolate of SARS coronavirus (strain 2003VA2774) was obtained from a patient and used to infect Vero E6 cells. The replication cycle of the virus was followed from 1 to 30 h post-infection (p.i.). It was surprising to observe the swift growth of this human virus in Vero cells. Within the first hour of infection, the most obvious ultrastructural change was the proliferation of the Golgi complexes and related vesicles accompanied by swelling of some of the trans-Golgi sacs. Extracellular virus particles were present by 5 h p.i. in about 5 % of the cells and this increased dramatically to about 30 % of the cell population within an hour (6 h p.i.). Swollen Golgi sacs contained virus nucleocapsids at different stages of maturation. These virus precursors were also in large vacuoles and in close association with membrane whorls. The membrane whorls could be the replication complexes, since they appeared rather early in the replication cycle. As infection progressed from 12 to 21 h p.i., the cytoplasm of the infected cells was filled with numerous large, smooth-membraned vacuoles containing a mixture of mature virus and spherical cores. Several of these vacuoles were close to the cell periphery, ready to export out the mature progeny virus particles via exocytosis. By 24 to 30 h p.i., crystalline arrays of the extracellular virus particles were seen commonly at the cell surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- M-L Ng
- Department of Microbiology, 5 Science Drive 2, National University of Singapore, 117597, Singapore
| | - S-H Tan
- Department of Microbiology, 5 Science Drive 2, National University of Singapore, 117597, Singapore
| | - E-E See
- Electron Microscopy Unit, Faculty of Medicine, 5 Science Drive 2, National University of Singapore, 117597, Singapore
| | - E-E Ooi
- Electron Microscopy Unit, Faculty of Medicine, 5 Science Drive 2, National University of Singapore, 117597, Singapore
| | - A-E Ling
- Environmental Health Institute, National Environment Agency, Singapore
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24
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Tratner
- Médecine/sciences, Faculté Xavier-Bichat, 16, rue Henri Huchard, 75018 Paris, France.
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25
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Abstract
An isolate from a patient in the recent severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) outbreak in Singapore was used to infect Vero E6 cells. This study concentrated on the first 30 min of infection. It was discovered that the SARS coronavirus attached, entered, and uncoated the nucleocapsids, all within a 30-min period. At 5 min after infection, several virus particles lined the Vero cell plasma membrane. Virus particles were at various stages of fusion at the cell surface, since entry was not a synchronised process. After entry (10 and 15 min), spherical core particles moved into the cytoplasm within large vacuoles. Quite surprising at such early stages of infection (20 min), a virus-induced change in the infected cells was evident. The induction of myelin-like membrane whorls was obvious within the same vacuoles as the core particles. The significance of this virus-induced change is unknown at this stage. By 25-30 min postinfection (p.i.), the spherical core particles appeared to be disassociating and, in their place, doughnut-shaped electron-dense structures were observed. These could be the virus genomes together with the helical nucleocapsids. They were no longer in large vacuoles but packaged into smaller vacuoles in the cytoplasm, and occasionally in small groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Ng
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, 5 Science Drive 2, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597.
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26
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Zhao JM, Zhou GD, Sun YL, Wang SS, Yang JF, Meng EH, Pan D, Li WS, Zhou XS, Wang YD, Lu JY, Li N, Wang DW, Zhou BC, Zhang TH. [Clinical pathology and pathogenesis of severe acute respiratory syndrome]. Zhonghua Shi Yan He Lin Chuang Bing Du Xue Za Zhi 2003; 17:217-21. [PMID: 15340561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To explore the pathological features and pathogenesis of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) to provide evidence for the clinical treatment and prevention of SARS. METHODS Pathological features of 2 cases of full autopsy and 4 cases of needle biopsy tissue samples from the patients who died from SARS were studied by light and electron microscopy. The distribution and quantity of lymphocyte subpopulations in the lungs and immune organs from SARS patients were analyzed by immunohistochemistry. The location and semi-quantitative analysis of SARS coronavirus in the tissue specimens were studied by electron microscopy, in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS In total of 6 cases, diffuse alveolar damage and alveolar cell proliferation were common. The major pathological changes of 2 autopsy cases of SARS in lung tissues were acute pulmonary interstitial and alveolar exudative inflammation, and 2 autopsy and one biopsy lung tissues showed alveolar hyaline membrane formation. Terminal bronchiolar and alveolar desquamation of lung tissues in one autopsy and 2 biopsy cases were noted. Among 6 cases, 2 biopsy cases presented early pulmonary fibrosis and alveolar organization. Meanwhile, the immune organs, including lymph nodes and spleens from 2 autopsy cases of SARS whose disease courses were less than 12 days showed extensive hemorrhagic necrosis, reactive macrophage/histocyte proliferation, with relative depression of mononuclear and granulocytic clones in the bone marrows. However, spleen and bone marrow biopsy tissue samples from 4 dead SARS cases whose clinical course lasted from 21 to 40 days presented repairing changes. SARS coronaviruses were mainly identified in type I and II alveolar epithelia, macrophages, and endothelia; meanwhile, some renal tubular epithelial cells, cardiomyocytes, mucosal and crypt epithelial cells of gastrointestinal tracts, parenchymal cells in adrenal glands, lymphocytes, testicular epithelial cells and Leydig's cells were also detected by electron microscopy combined with in situ hybridization. The semi-quantitative analysis of lymphocyte subpopulations revealed that the proportion of CD8+ T lymphocytes were about 80% of the total infiltrative inflammatory cells in the pulmonary interstitium, with a few CD4+ lymphocytes CD3+, CD4+, CD8+ or CD20+ lymphocyte subpopulations were obviously decreased and there was imbalance in number and proportion, while CD57+, CD68+, S-100+ and HLA-DR+ cells were relatively increased in lymph nodes and spleens. CONCLUSIONS Histologically, the pulmonary changes could be divided into acute inflammatory exudative, terminal bronchiolar and alveolar desquamative and proliferative repair stages or types during the pathological process of SARS. SARS coronavirus was found in multi-target cells in vivo, which means that SARS coronavirus might cause multi-organ damages which were predominant in lungs. There were varying degrees of decrease and imbalance in number and proportion of lymphocyte subpopulations in the immune organs of the patients with SARS. However, these changes may be reversible. It was found that cellular immune responses were predominant in the lungs of SARS cases, which might play an important role in getting rid of coronaviruses in infected cells and inducing immune mediated injury.
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Onishchenko GG, Vasil'ev NT, Maksimov VA, Markov VI, Merkulov VA, Pistsov MN, Berezhnoĭ AM, Syromiatnikova SI, Zubov VV. [Isolation and identification of the infective agent of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) from a patient with atypical pneumonia]. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 2003:109-12. [PMID: 14565137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/27/2023]
Abstract
The virological, morphological, molecular biological and immunochemical study of the infective agent isolated from the patient with the symptoms of atypical pneumonia, hospitalized in the infectious department of the clinical hospital in Blagoveshchensk, was carried out. Thus the fact of the appearance of SARS virus on the territory of Russia was proved. The isolated infective agent, identified as coronavirus strain CoD, was partly characterized and deposited to the virus collection of the Center of Special Laboratory Diagnostics and Treatment of Quarantine and Exotic Infectious Diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- G G Onishchenko
- Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
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28
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Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) emerged in late 2002 in southern China and rapidly spread to countries around the globe. Three research groups within a World Health Organization (WHO)-coordinated network have independently and simultaneously shown that a novel coronavirus is linked to SARS. A fourth group has completed the Koch's postulates by infecting monkeys with the agent. Sequencing of the complete genome was achieved only weeks after the first isolate of the virus became available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Drosten
- Department of Virology, Bernhard-Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Bernhard-Nocht Strasse 74, 20359 Hamburg, Germany.
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29
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Gu SQ, Zhu QR. [Progresses in studies on SARS-associated coronavirus]. Zhonghua Er Ke Za Zhi 2003; 41:635-9. [PMID: 14744401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
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Affiliation(s)
- K. F. Wong
- Departments of Pathology and Radiology & Imaging, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong, China. E‐mail:
| | - T. S. To
- Departments of Pathology and Radiology & Imaging, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong, China. E‐mail:
| | - John K. C. Chan
- Departments of Pathology and Radiology & Imaging, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong, China. E‐mail:
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32
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Wang CE, Li YC, Wu XH, Cao JT, Yan G, Li JF, Si BY, Yu M, Qin ED, Zhu QY. [Ultrastructural characteristics of SARS associated virus in infected cells]. Zhonghua Bing Li Xue Za Zhi 2003; 32:209-11. [PMID: 12882683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Electron microscopical study of infected cells to identify the pathogenic agent of SARS. METHODS Vero E6 cells infected with lung autopsy samples or nasopharyngeal swabs from SARS patients of Beijing and Guangzhou were inoculated. The supernatant and cultured cells exhibiting identifiable cytopathic effect (CPE) were prepared for electron microscopic study. RESULTS Examination of CPE cells on thin-section revealed characteristic coronavirus particles within the cisternae of endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, vesicles and extracellular space. They were mainly spherical or oval in shape, annular or dense, about 80 nm in diameter. Negative-stain electron microscopy identified coronavirus particles in culture supernatant, 80 - 120 nm in diameter, with club-shaped surface projections. Elongated, rod-, kidney- or other irregular shaped virons with the size of 100 - 200 nm by 60 - 90 nm were also found in the cultured cells infected with the lung samples from the Guangdong patients. Infectious virons entered cells by endocytosis or membrane fusion and released through a budding process. CONCLUSION These data indicate a novel coronavirus as the causative agent of SARS. Most viral particles showed typical characteristics of coronavirus. The potential role of special shape viruses is expected to be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cui-e Wang
- Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China.
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33
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Zhang QF, Cui JM, Huang XJ, Lin W, Tan DY, Xu JW, Yang YF, Zhang JQ, Zhang X, Li H, Zheng HY, Chen QX, Yan XG, Zheng K, Wan ZY, Huang JC. Morphology and morphogenesis of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-associated virus. Sheng Wu Hua Xue Yu Sheng Wu Wu Li Xue Bao (Shanghai) 2003; 35:587-91. [PMID: 12796822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
After infecting the Vero E6 cells by nasal/throat swabs collected from SARS patients, we studied the SARS-associated virus by electron microscopy and molecular biological technique. The results show that the diameter of newly isolated virus is about 50 nm without envelope or 100 nm with envelope. The virus was proved to be a new coronavirus by RT-PCR and it responded positively to convalescent-phase serum specimen from SARS patients, which is the evidence that this new virus is etiologically linked to the outbreak of SARS. The morphogenesis and distribution of the virus are also discussed in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin-Fen Zhang
- State Key Lab for Biocontrol, Zhongshan University, Guangzhou 510275, China
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Ksiazek TG, Erdman D, Goldsmith CS, Zaki SR, Peret T, Emery S, Tong S, Urbani C, Comer JA, Lim W, Rollin PE, Dowell SF, Ling AE, Humphrey CD, Shieh WJ, Guarner J, Paddock CD, Rota P, Fields B, DeRisi J, Yang JY, Cox N, Hughes JM, LeDuc JW, Bellini WJ, Anderson LJ. A novel coronavirus associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome. N Engl J Med 2003; 348:1953-66. [PMID: 12690092 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa030781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2983] [Impact Index Per Article: 142.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A worldwide outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) has been associated with exposures originating from a single ill health care worker from Guangdong Province, China. We conducted studies to identify the etiologic agent of this outbreak. METHODS We received clinical specimens from patients in seven countries and tested them, using virus-isolation techniques, electron-microscopical and histologic studies, and molecular and serologic assays, in an attempt to identify a wide range of potential pathogens. RESULTS None of the previously described respiratory pathogens were consistently identified. However, a novel coronavirus was isolated from patients who met the case definition of SARS. Cytopathological features were noted in Vero E6 cells inoculated with a throat-swab specimen. Electron-microscopical examination revealed ultrastructural features characteristic of coronaviruses. Immunohistochemical and immunofluorescence staining revealed reactivity with group I coronavirus polyclonal antibodies. Consensus coronavirus primers designed to amplify a fragment of the polymerase gene by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) were used to obtain a sequence that clearly identified the isolate as a unique coronavirus only distantly related to previously sequenced coronaviruses. With specific diagnostic RT-PCR primers we identified several identical nucleotide sequences in 12 patients from several locations, a finding consistent with a point-source outbreak. Indirect fluorescence antibody tests and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays made with the new isolate have been used to demonstrate a virus-specific serologic response. This virus may never before have circulated in the U.S. population. CONCLUSIONS A novel coronavirus is associated with this outbreak, and the evidence indicates that this virus has an etiologic role in SARS. Because of the death of Dr. Carlo Urbani, we propose that our first isolate be named the Urbani strain of SARS-associated coronavirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas G Ksiazek
- Special Pathogens Branch, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, USA
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Feldt T, Oette M, Kroidl A, Göbels K, Richter J, Häussinger D. [SARS--the facts. Transmission, diagnosis and managing suspected cases]. MMW Fortschr Med 2003; 145:36-40. [PMID: 12813976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) is a new infectious disease that, in the short period between 1 February and 24 April 2003, has been diagnosed in more than 4000 patients. Its origin was traced to Guandong, a province in southeast China. The culprit organism was identified as a new coronavirus. The clinical presentation is unspecific and includes fever, respiratory symptoms, lymphopenia and pulmonary infiltrates on X-ray. Essential steps to prevent further dissemination of the virus are rapid identification, and treatment in an isolation unit. Despite all the international efforts and the rapid progress in the investigation of SARS coordinated by the World Health Organization (WHO), the epidemic has not yet been brought under control.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Feldt
- Klinik für Gastroenterologie, Hepatologie und Infektiologie, Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf.
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37
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Reich B. [SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome). From which animal does this Coronavirus originate?]. Pneumologie 2003; 57:247-9. [PMID: 12825583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
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