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Verma J, Subbarao N. A comparative study of human betacoronavirus spike proteins: structure, function and therapeutics. Arch Virol 2021; 166:697-714. [PMID: 33483791 PMCID: PMC7821988 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-021-04961-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Coronaviruses are the paradigm of emerging 21st century zoonotic viruses, triggering numerous outbreaks and a severe global health crisis. The current COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 has affected more than 51 million people across the globe as of 12 November 2020. The crown-like spikes on the surface of the virion are the unique structural feature of viruses in the family Coronaviridae. The spike (S) protein adopts distinct conformations while mediating entry of the virus into the host. This multifunctional protein mediates the entry process by recognizing its receptor on the host cell, followed by the fusion of the viral membrane with the host cell membrane. This review article focuses on the structural and functional comparison of S proteins of the human betacoronaviruses, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Here, we review the current state of knowledge about receptor recognition, the membrane fusion mechanism, structural epitopes, and glycosylation sites of the S proteins of these viruses. We further discuss various vaccines and other therapeutics such as monoclonal antibodies, peptides, and small molecules based on the S protein of these three viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Verma
- School of Computational and Integrative Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Naidu Subbarao
- School of Computational and Integrative Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
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Park WB, Kwon NJ, Choe PG, Choi SJ, Oh HS, Lee SM, Chong H, Kim JI, Song KH, Bang JH, Kim ES, Kim HB, Park SW, Kim NJ, Oh MD. Isolation of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus from a Patient of the 2015 Korean Outbreak. J Korean Med Sci 2016; 31:315-20. [PMID: 26839489 PMCID: PMC4729515 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2016.31.2.315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
During the 2015 outbreak of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in Korea, 186 persons were infected, resulting in 38 fatalities. We isolated MERS-CoV from the oropharyngeal sample obtained from a patient of the outbreak. Cytopathic effects showing detachment and rounding of cells were observed in Vero cell cultures 3 days after inoculation of the sample. Spherical virus particles were observed by transmission electron microscopy. Full-length genome sequence of the virus isolate was obtained and phylogenetic analyses showed that it clustered with clade B of MERS-CoV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan Beom Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Laboratory of Infection & Immunity, Seoul National University Hospital Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul, Korea
| | | | - Pyoeng Gyun Choe
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Su-Jin Choi
- Laboratory of Infection & Immunity, Seoul National University Hospital Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hong Sang Oh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang Min Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | | | - Jong-Il Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyoung-Ho Song
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Hwan Bang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eu Suk Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hong-Bin Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang Won Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Nam Joong Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Laboratory of Infection & Immunity, Seoul National University Hospital Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul, Korea
| | - Myoung-don Oh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Laboratory of Infection & Immunity, Seoul National University Hospital Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul, Korea
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