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Harrison KS, Wijesekera N, Robinson AGJ, Santos VC, Oakley RH, Cidlowski JA, Jones C. Impaired glucocorticoid receptor function attenuates herpes simplex virus 1 production during explant-induced reactivation from latency in female mice. J Virol 2023; 97:e0130523. [PMID: 37823644 PMCID: PMC10617412 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01305-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE A correlation exists between stress and increased episodes of human alpha-herpes virus 1 reactivation from latency. Stress increases corticosteroid levels; consequently, the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) is activated. Recent studies concluded that a GR agonist, but not an antagonist, accelerates productive infection and reactivation from latency. Furthermore, GR and certain stress-induced transcription factors cooperatively transactivate promoters that drive the expression of infected cell protein 0 (ICP0), ICP4, and VP16. This study revealed female mice expressing a GR containing a serine to alanine mutation at position 229 (GRS229A) shed significantly lower levels of infectious virus during explant-induced reactivation compared to male GRS229A or wild-type parental C57BL/6 mice. Furthermore, female GRS229A mice contained fewer VP16 + TG neurons compared to male GRS229A mice or wild-type mice during the early stages of explant-induced reactivation from latency. Collectively, these studies revealed that GR transcriptional activity has female-specific effects, whereas male mice can compensate for the loss of GR transcriptional activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly S. Harrison
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Nishani Wijesekera
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Anastasia G. J. Robinson
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Vanessa C. Santos
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Robert H. Oakley
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - John A. Cidlowski
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Clinton Jones
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
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Duggan MR, Peng Z, An Y, Kitner Triolo MH, Shafer AT, Davatzikos C, Erus G, Karikkineth A, Lewis A, Moghekar A, Walker KA. Herpes Viruses in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging: Associations With Brain Volumes, Cognitive Performance, and Plasma Biomarkers. Neurology 2022; 99:e2014-e2024. [PMID: 35985823 PMCID: PMC9651463 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000201036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Although an infectious etiology of Alzheimer disease (AD) has received renewed attention with a particular focus on herpes viruses, the longitudinal effects of symptomatic herpes virus (sHHV) infection on brain structure and cognition remain poorly understood, as does the effect of sHHV on AD/neurodegeneration biomarkers. METHODS We used a longitudinal, community-based cohort to characterize the association of sHHV diagnoses with changes in 3 T MRI brain volume and cognitive performance. In addition, we related sHHV to cross-sectional differences in plasma biomarkers of AD (β-amyloid [Aβ]42/40), astrogliosis (glial fibrillary acidic protein [GFAP]), and neurodegeneration (neurofilament light [NfL]). Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging participants were recruited from the community and assessed with serial brain MRIs and cognitive examinations over an average of 3.4 (SD = 3.2) and 8.6 (SD = 7.7) years, respectively. sHHV classification used International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision codes documented at comprehensive health and functional screening evaluations at each study visit. Linear mixed-effects and multivariable linear regression models were used in analyses. RESULTS A total of 1,009 participants were included in the primary MRI analysis, 98% of whom were cognitively normal at baseline MRI (mean age = 65.7 years; 54.8% female). Having a sHHV diagnosis (N = 119) was associated with longitudinal reductions in white matter volume (annual additional rate of change -0.34 cm3/y; p = 0.035), particularly in the temporal lobe. However, there was no association between sHHV and changes in total brain, total gray matter, or AD signature region volumes. Among the 119 participants with sHHV, exposure to antiviral treatment attenuated declines in occipital white matter (p = 0.04). Although the sHHV group had higher cognitive scores at baseline, sHHV diagnosis was associated with accelerated longitudinal declines in attention (annual additional rate of change -0.01 Z-score/year; p = 0.008). In addition, sHHV diagnosis was associated with elevated plasma GFAP, but not related to Aβ42/40 and NfL levels. DISCUSSION These findings suggest an association of sHHV infection with white matter volume loss, attentional decline, and astrogliosis. Although the findings link sHHV to several neurocognitive features, the results do not support an association between sHHV and AD-specific disease processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Duggan
- From the Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience (M.R.D., Z.P., Y.A., M.H.K.T., A.T.S., K.A.W.), National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD; Section of Biomedical Image Analysis (C.D., G.E.), Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Clinical Research Core (A.K.), National Institute on Aging; and Department of Neurology (A.L., A.M.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Zhongsheng Peng
- From the Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience (M.R.D., Z.P., Y.A., M.H.K.T., A.T.S., K.A.W.), National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD; Section of Biomedical Image Analysis (C.D., G.E.), Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Clinical Research Core (A.K.), National Institute on Aging; and Department of Neurology (A.L., A.M.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Yang An
- From the Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience (M.R.D., Z.P., Y.A., M.H.K.T., A.T.S., K.A.W.), National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD; Section of Biomedical Image Analysis (C.D., G.E.), Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Clinical Research Core (A.K.), National Institute on Aging; and Department of Neurology (A.L., A.M.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.
| | - Melissa H Kitner Triolo
- From the Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience (M.R.D., Z.P., Y.A., M.H.K.T., A.T.S., K.A.W.), National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD; Section of Biomedical Image Analysis (C.D., G.E.), Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Clinical Research Core (A.K.), National Institute on Aging; and Department of Neurology (A.L., A.M.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Andrea T Shafer
- From the Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience (M.R.D., Z.P., Y.A., M.H.K.T., A.T.S., K.A.W.), National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD; Section of Biomedical Image Analysis (C.D., G.E.), Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Clinical Research Core (A.K.), National Institute on Aging; and Department of Neurology (A.L., A.M.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Christos Davatzikos
- From the Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience (M.R.D., Z.P., Y.A., M.H.K.T., A.T.S., K.A.W.), National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD; Section of Biomedical Image Analysis (C.D., G.E.), Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Clinical Research Core (A.K.), National Institute on Aging; and Department of Neurology (A.L., A.M.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Guray Erus
- From the Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience (M.R.D., Z.P., Y.A., M.H.K.T., A.T.S., K.A.W.), National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD; Section of Biomedical Image Analysis (C.D., G.E.), Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Clinical Research Core (A.K.), National Institute on Aging; and Department of Neurology (A.L., A.M.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Ajoy Karikkineth
- From the Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience (M.R.D., Z.P., Y.A., M.H.K.T., A.T.S., K.A.W.), National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD; Section of Biomedical Image Analysis (C.D., G.E.), Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Clinical Research Core (A.K.), National Institute on Aging; and Department of Neurology (A.L., A.M.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Alexandria Lewis
- From the Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience (M.R.D., Z.P., Y.A., M.H.K.T., A.T.S., K.A.W.), National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD; Section of Biomedical Image Analysis (C.D., G.E.), Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Clinical Research Core (A.K.), National Institute on Aging; and Department of Neurology (A.L., A.M.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Abhay Moghekar
- From the Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience (M.R.D., Z.P., Y.A., M.H.K.T., A.T.S., K.A.W.), National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD; Section of Biomedical Image Analysis (C.D., G.E.), Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Clinical Research Core (A.K.), National Institute on Aging; and Department of Neurology (A.L., A.M.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Keenan A Walker
- From the Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience (M.R.D., Z.P., Y.A., M.H.K.T., A.T.S., K.A.W.), National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD; Section of Biomedical Image Analysis (C.D., G.E.), Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Clinical Research Core (A.K.), National Institute on Aging; and Department of Neurology (A.L., A.M.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.
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Lee Y, Maes RK, Kruger JM, Kiupel M, Giessler KS, Soboll Hussey G. Safety and Efficacy of Felid Herpesvirus-1 Deletion Mutants in Cats. Viruses 2021; 13:v13020163. [PMID: 33499363 PMCID: PMC7911815 DOI: 10.3390/v13020163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Felid herpesvirus-1 (FeHV-1) is an important respiratory and ocular pathogen of cats and current vaccines are limited in duration and efficacy because they do not prevent infection, viral nasal shedding and latency. To address these shortcomings, we have constructed FeHV-1 gE-TK- and FeHV-1 PK- deletion mutants (gE-TK- and PK-) using bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) mutagenesis and shown safety and immunogenicity in vitro. Here, we compare the safety and efficacy of a prime boost FeHV-1 gE-TK- and FeHV-1 PK- vaccination regimen with commercial vaccination in cats. Cats in the vaccination groups were vaccinated at 3-week intervals and all cats were challenge infected 3 weeks after the last vaccination. Evaluations included clinical signs, nasal shedding, virus neutralizing antibodies (VN), cytokine mRNA gene expression, post-mortem histology and detection of latency establishment. Vaccination with gE-TK- and PK- mutants was safe and resulted in significantly reduced clinical disease scores, pathological changes, viral nasal shedding, and viral DNA in the trigeminal ganglia (the site of latency) following infection. Both mutants induced VN antibodies and interferons after immunization. In addition, after challenge infection, we observed a reduction of IL-1β expression, and modulation of TNFα, TGFβ and IL10 expression. In conclusion, this study shows the merits of using FeHV-1 deletion mutants for prevention of FeHV-1 infection in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Lee
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, 784 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (Y.L.); (R.K.M.); (M.K.); (K.S.G.)
| | - Roger K. Maes
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, 784 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (Y.L.); (R.K.M.); (M.K.); (K.S.G.)
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Michigan State University, 4125 Beaumont Road, Lansing, MI 48910, USA
| | - John M. Kruger
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, 784 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA;
| | - Matti Kiupel
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, 784 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (Y.L.); (R.K.M.); (M.K.); (K.S.G.)
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Michigan State University, 4125 Beaumont Road, Lansing, MI 48910, USA
| | - Kim S. Giessler
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, 784 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (Y.L.); (R.K.M.); (M.K.); (K.S.G.)
| | - Gisela Soboll Hussey
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, 784 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (Y.L.); (R.K.M.); (M.K.); (K.S.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-517-432-3273
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Doll JR, Hoebe K, Thompson RL, Sawtell NM. Resolution of herpes simplex virus reactivation in vivo results in neuronal destruction. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008296. [PMID: 32134994 PMCID: PMC7058292 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A fundamental question in herpes simplex virus (HSV) pathogenesis is the consequence of viral reactivation to the neuron. Evidence supporting both post-reactivation survival and demise is published. The exceedingly rare nature of this event at the neuronal level in the sensory ganglion has limited direct examination of this important question. In this study, an in-depth in vivo analysis of the resolution of reactivation was undertaken. Latently infected C57BL/6 mice were induced to reactivate in vivo by hyperthermic stress. Infectious virus was detected in a high percentage (60-80%) of the trigeminal ganglia from these mice at 20 hours post-reactivation stimulus, but declined by 48 hours post-stimulus (0-13%). With increasing time post-reactivation stimulus, the percentage of reactivating neurons surrounded by a cellular cuff increased, which correlated with a decrease in detectable infectious virus and number of viral protein positive neurons. Importantly, in addition to intact viral protein positive neurons, fragmented viral protein positive neurons morphologically consistent with apoptotic bodies and containing cleaved caspase-3 were detected. The frequency of this phenotype increased through time post-reactivation. These fragmented neurons were surrounded by Iba1+ cells, consistent with phagocytic removal of dead neurons. Evidence of neuronal destruction post-reactivation prompted re-examination of the previously reported non-cytolytic role of T cells in controlling reactivation. Latently infected mice were treated with anti-CD4/CD8 antibodies prior to induced reactivation. Neither infectious virus titers nor neuronal fragmentation were altered. In contrast, when viral DNA replication was blocked during reactivation, fragmentation was not observed even though viral proteins were expressed. Our data demonstrate that at least a portion of reactivating neurons are destroyed. Although no evidence for direct T cell mediated antigen recognition in this process was apparent, inhibition of viral DNA replication blocked neuronal fragmentation. These unexpected findings raise new questions about the resolution of HSV reactivation in the host nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica R. Doll
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry, and Microbiology,University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Kasper Hoebe
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Richard L. Thompson
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry, and Microbiology,University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Nancy M. Sawtell
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
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Thilakarathne DS, Hartley CA, Diaz-Méndez A, Coppo MJC, Devlin JM. Development and application of a combined molecular and tissue culture-based approach to detect latent infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV) in chickens. J Virol Methods 2019; 277:113797. [PMID: 31821819 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2019.113797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV) causes severe respiratory disease in chickens. ILTV can establish latency and reactivate later in life, but there have been few investigations of ILTV latency. This study aimed to contribute to the methodologies available to detect latent ILTV. A nested PCR was developed which was more sensitive than three other molecular methods investigated in this study. This nested PCR was then used in conjunction with in vitro reactivation culture methods that were optimized and applied to trigeminal ganglia (TG) and tracheal samples from ILTV-vaccinated commercial layer birds (n = 30). ILTV DNA was detected by nested PCR in the upper respiratory tract (URT) or eye of 22 birds. Of the remaining 8 birds, ILTV could be detected by co-culture in TG of 5 birds, with reactivated virus mostly detected 6 days post-explant (dpe). ILTV was also detected in tracheal cultures by 6 dpe. In the ILTV-positive URT samples, the virus could be characterised as vaccine strains SA2 (n = 9) or A20 (n = 5). This study provides evidence for reactivation and shedding of vaccine ILTV in commercial layer birds. Moreover, this study produced a molecular and in-vitro culture method to detect latent viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dulari S Thilakarathne
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Carol A Hartley
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrés Diaz-Méndez
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mauricio J C Coppo
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Joanne M Devlin
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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Hao X, Li F, Lv Q, Xu Y, Han Y, Gao H. Establishment of BALB/C mouse models of influenza A H1N1 aerosol inhalation. J Med Virol 2019; 91:1918-1929. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xin‐Yan Hao
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) & Comparative Medicine Centre, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC); Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Reemerging infectiousBeijing China
| | - Feng‐Di Li
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) & Comparative Medicine Centre, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC); Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Reemerging infectiousBeijing China
| | - Qi Lv
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) & Comparative Medicine Centre, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC); Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Reemerging infectiousBeijing China
| | - Yan‐Feng Xu
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) & Comparative Medicine Centre, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC); Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Reemerging infectiousBeijing China
| | - Yun‐Lin Han
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) & Comparative Medicine Centre, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC); Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Reemerging infectiousBeijing China
| | - Hong Gao
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) & Comparative Medicine Centre, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC); Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Reemerging infectiousBeijing China
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7
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The US11 Gene of Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Promotes Neuroinvasion and Periocular Replication following Corneal Infection. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.02246-18. [PMID: 30760571 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02246-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) cycles between phases of latency in sensory neurons and replication in mucosal sites. HSV-1 encodes two key proteins that antagonize the shutdown of host translation, US11 through preventing PKR activation and ICP34.5 through mediating dephosphorylation of the α subunit of eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2α). While profound attenuation of ICP34.5 deletion mutants has been repeatedly demonstrated, a role for US11 in HSV-1 pathogenesis remains unclear. We therefore generated an HSV-1 strain 17 US11-null virus and examined its properties in vitro and in vivo In U373 glioblastoma cells, US11 cooperated with ICP34.5 to prevent eIF2α phosphorylation late in infection. However, the effect was muted in human corneal epithelial cells (HCLEs), which did not accumulate phosphorylated eIF2α unless both US11 and ICP34.5 were absent. Low levels of phosphorylated eIF2α correlated with continued protein synthesis and with the ability of virus lacking US11 to overcome antiviral immunity in HCLE and U373 cells. Neurovirulence following intracerebral inoculation of mice was not affected by the deletion of US11. In contrast, the time to endpoint criteria following corneal infection was greater for the US11-null virus than for the wild-type virus. Replication in trigeminal ganglia and periocular tissue was promoted by US11, as was periocular disease. The establishment of latency and the frequency of virus reactivation from trigeminal ganglia were unaffected by US11 deletion, although emergence of the US11-null virus occurred with slowed kinetics. Considered together, the data indicate that US11 facilitates the countering of antiviral response of infected cells and promotes the efficient emergence of virus following reactivation.IMPORTANCE Alphaherpesviruses are ubiquitous DNA viruses and include the human pathogens herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) and HSV-2 and are significant causes of ulcerative mucosal sores, infectious blindness, encephalitis, and devastating neonatal disease. Successful primary infection and persistent coexistence with host immune defenses are dependent on the ability of these viruses to counter the antiviral response. HSV-1 and HSV-2 and other primate viruses within the Simplexvirus genus encode US11, an immune antagonist that promotes virus production by preventing shutdown of protein translation. Here we investigated the impact of US11 deletion on HSV-1 growth in vitro and pathogenesis in vivo This work supports a role for US11 in pathogenesis and emergence from latency, elucidating immunomodulation by this medically important cohort of viruses.
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Mancini M, Vidal SM. Insights into the pathogenesis of herpes simplex encephalitis from mouse models. Mamm Genome 2018; 29:425-445. [PMID: 30167845 PMCID: PMC6132704 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-018-9772-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A majority of the world population is infected with herpes simplex viruses (HSV; human herpesvirus types 1 and 2). These viruses, perhaps best known for their manifestation in the genital or oral mucosa, can also cause herpes simplex encephalitis, a severe and often fatal disease of the central nervous system. Antiviral therapies for HSV are only partially effective since the virus can establish latent infections in neurons, and severe pathological sequelae in the brain are common. A better understanding of disease pathogenesis is required to develop new strategies against herpes simplex encephalitis, including the precise viral and host genetic determinants that promote virus invasion into the central nervous system and its associated immunopathology. Here we review the current understanding of herpes simplex encephalitis from the host genome perspective, which has been illuminated by groundbreaking work on rare herpes simplex encephalitis patients together with mechanistic insight from single-gene mouse models of disease. A complex picture has emerged, whereby innate type I interferon-mediated antiviral signaling is a central pathway to control viral replication, and the regulation of immunopathology and the balance between apoptosis and autophagy are critical to disease severity in the central nervous system. The lessons learned from mouse studies inform us on fundamental defense mechanisms at the interface of host–pathogen interactions within the central nervous system, as well as possible rationales for intervention against infections from severe neuropathogenic viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Mancini
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,McGill Research Centre on Complex Traits, McGill University, 3649 Promenade Sir William Osler, Montreal, QC, H3G 0B1, Canada
| | - Silvia M Vidal
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada. .,McGill Research Centre on Complex Traits, McGill University, 3649 Promenade Sir William Osler, Montreal, QC, H3G 0B1, Canada.
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Koyuncu OO, MacGibeny MA, Enquist LW. Latent versus productive infection: the alpha herpesvirus switch. Future Virol 2018; 13:431-443. [PMID: 29967651 DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2018-0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Alpha herpesviruses are common pathogens of mammals. They establish a productive infection in many cell types, but a life-long latent infection occurs in PNS neurons. A vast majority of the human population has latent HSV-1 infections. Currently, there is no cure to clear latent infections. Even though HSV-1 is among the best studied viral pathogens, regulation of latency and reactivation is not well understood due to several challenges including a lack of animal models that precisely recapitulate latency/reactivation episodes; a difficulty in modeling in vitro latency; and a limited understanding of neuronal biology. In this review, we discuss insights gained from in vitro latency models with a focus on the neuronal and viral factors that determine the mode of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orkide O Koyuncu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Margaret A MacGibeny
- Department of Molecular Biology and Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Lynn W Enquist
- Department of Molecular Biology and Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
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10
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Aravantinou M, Mizenina O, Calenda G, Kenney J, Frank I, Lifson JD, Szpara M, Jing L, Koelle DM, Teleshova N, Grasperge B, Blanchard J, Gettie A, Martinelli E, Derby N. Experimental Oral Herpes Simplex Virus-1 (HSV-1) Co-infection in Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV)-Infected Rhesus Macaques. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:2342. [PMID: 29259582 PMCID: PMC5723348 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus 1 and 2 (HSV-1/2) similarly initiate infection in mucosal epithelia and establish lifelong neuronal latency. Anogenital HSV-2 infection augments the risk for sexual human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission and is associated with higher HIV viral loads. However, whether oral HSV-1 infection contributes to oral HIV susceptibility, viremia, or oral complications of HIV infection is unknown. Appropriate non-human primate (NHP) models would facilitate this investigation, yet there are no published studies of HSV-1/SIV co-infection in NHPs. Thus, we performed a pilot study for an oral HSV-1 infection model in SIV-infected rhesus macaques to describe the feasibility of the modeling and resultant immunological changes. Three SIV-infected, clinically healthy macaques became HSV-1-infected by inoculation with 4 × 108 pfu HSV-1 McKrae on buccal, tongue, gingiva, and tonsils after gentle abrasion. HSV-1 DNA was shed in oral swabs for up to 21 days, and shedding recurred in association with intra-oral lesions after periods of no shedding during 56 days of follow up. HSV-1 DNA was detected in explant cultures of trigeminal ganglia collected at euthanasia on day 56. In the macaque with lowest baseline SIV viremia, SIV plasma RNA increased following HSV-1 infection. One macaque exhibited an acute pro-inflammatory response, and all three animals experienced T cell activation and mobilization in blood. However, T cell and antibody responses to HSV-1 were low and atypical. Through rigorous assessesments, this study finds that the virulent HSV-1 strain McKrae resulted in a low level HSV-1 infection that elicited modest immune responses and transiently modulated SIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meropi Aravantinou
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, NY, United States
| | - Olga Mizenina
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, NY, United States
| | - Giulia Calenda
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, NY, United States
| | - Jessica Kenney
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, NY, United States
| | - Ines Frank
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, NY, United States
| | - Jeffrey D. Lifson
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Moriah Szpara
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Lichen Jing
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - David M. Koelle
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Natalia Teleshova
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, NY, United States
| | - Brooke Grasperge
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, Covington, LA, United States
| | - James Blanchard
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, Covington, LA, United States
| | - Agegnehu Gettie
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Elena Martinelli
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, NY, United States
| | - Nina Derby
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, NY, United States
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