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Tan WS, Rong E, Dry I, Lillico SG, Law A, Digard P, Whitelaw B, Dalziel RG. GARP and EARP are required for efficient BoHV-1 replication as identified by a genome wide CRISPR knockout screen. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011822. [PMID: 38055775 PMCID: PMC10727446 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The advances in gene editing bring unprecedented opportunities in high throughput functional genomics to animal research. Here we describe a genome wide CRISPR knockout library, btCRISPRko.v1, targeting all protein coding genes in the cattle genome. Using it, we conducted genome wide screens during Bovine Herpes Virus type 1 (BoHV-1) replication and compiled a list of pro-viral and anti-viral candidates. These candidates might influence multiple aspects of BoHV-1 biology such as viral entry, genome replication and transcription, viral protein trafficking and virion maturation in the cytoplasm. Some of the most intriguing examples are VPS51, VPS52 and VPS53 that code for subunits of two membrane tethering complexes, the endosome-associated recycling protein (EARP) complex and the Golgi-associated retrograde protein (GARP) complex. These complexes mediate endosomal recycling and retrograde trafficking to the trans Golgi Network (TGN). Simultaneous loss of both complexes in MDBKs resulted in greatly reduced production of infectious BoHV-1 virions. We also found that viruses released by these deficient cells severely lack VP8, the most abundant tegument protein of BoHV-1 that are crucial for its virulence. In combination with previous reports, our data suggest vital roles GARP and EARP play during viral protein packaging and capsid re-envelopment in the cytoplasm. It also contributes to evidence that both the TGN and the recycling endosomes are recruited in this process, mediated by these complexes. The btCRISPRko.v1 library generated here has been controlled for quality and shown to be effective in host gene discovery. We hope it will facilitate efforts in the study of other pathogens and various aspects of cell biology in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenfang S. Tan
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Enguang Rong
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Inga Dry
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Simon G. Lillico
- Division of Functional Genetics and Development, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
- Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health, the Roslin Institute, Easter Bush Campus, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Andy Law
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Digard
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Bruce Whitelaw
- Division of Functional Genetics and Development, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
- Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health, the Roslin Institute, Easter Bush Campus, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Robert G. Dalziel
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
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2
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Davola ME, Cormier O, Vito A, El-Sayes N, Collins S, Salem O, Revill S, Ask K, Wan Y, Mossman K. Oncolytic BHV-1 Is Sufficient to Induce Immunogenic Cell Death and Synergizes with Low-Dose Chemotherapy to Dampen Immunosuppressive T Regulatory Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15041295. [PMID: 36831636 PMCID: PMC9953776 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15041295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunogenic cell death (ICD) can switch immunologically "cold" tumors "hot", making them sensitive to immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy. Many therapeutic platforms combine multiple modalities such as oncolytic viruses (OVs) and low-dose chemotherapy to induce ICD and improve prognostic outcomes. We previously detailed many unique properties of oncolytic bovine herpesvirus type 1 (oBHV) that suggest widespread clinical utility. Here, we show for the first time, the ability of oBHV monotherapy to induce bona fide ICD and tumor-specific activation of circulating CD8+ T cells in a syngeneic murine model of melanoma. The addition of low-dose mitomycin C (MMC) was necessary to fully synergize with ICI through early recruitment of CD8+ T cells and reduced infiltration of highly suppressive PD-1+ Tregs. Cytokine and gene expression analyses within treated tumors suggest that the addition of MMC to oBHV therapy shifts the immune response from predominantly anti-viral, as evidenced by a high level of interferon-stimulated genes, to one that stimulates myeloid cells, antigen presentation and adaptive processes. Collectively, these data provide mechanistic insights into how oBHV-mediated therapy modalities overcome immune suppressive tumor microenvironments to enable the efficacy of ICI therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Eugenia Davola
- Department of Medicine, Centre for Discovery in Cancer Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Olga Cormier
- Department of Medicine, Centre for Discovery in Cancer Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Alyssa Vito
- Department of Medicine, Centre for Discovery in Cancer Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Nader El-Sayes
- Department of Medicine, Centre for Discovery in Cancer Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Susan Collins
- Department of Medicine, Centre for Discovery in Cancer Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Omar Salem
- Department of Medicine, Centre for Discovery in Cancer Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Spencer Revill
- Department of Medicine, Centre for Discovery in Cancer Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
- Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, St. Joseph’s Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, ON L8N 4A6, Canada
| | - Kjetil Ask
- Department of Medicine, Centre for Discovery in Cancer Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
- Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, St. Joseph’s Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, ON L8N 4A6, Canada
| | - Yonghong Wan
- Department of Medicine, Centre for Discovery in Cancer Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Karen Mossman
- Department of Medicine, Centre for Discovery in Cancer Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-905-525-9140 (ext. 23542)
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3
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Nisar M, Paracha RZ, Adil S, Qureshi SN, Janjua HA. An Extensive Review on Preclinical and Clinical Trials of Oncolytic Viruses Therapy for Pancreatic Cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 12:875188. [PMID: 35686109 PMCID: PMC9171400 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.875188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapy resistance and peculiar tumor microenvironment, which diminish or mitigate the effects of therapies, make pancreatic cancer one of the deadliest malignancies to manage and treat. Advanced immunotherapies are under consideration intending to ameliorate the overall patient survival rate in pancreatic cancer. Oncolytic viruses therapy is a new type of immunotherapy in which a virus after infecting and lysis the cancer cell induces/activates patients’ immune response by releasing tumor antigen in the blood. The current review covers the pathways and molecular ablation that take place in pancreatic cancer cells. It also unfolds the extensive preclinical and clinical trial studies of oncolytic viruses performed and/or undergoing to design an efficacious therapy against pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryum Nisar
- School of Interdisciplinary Engineering & Sciences (SINES), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Rehan Zafar Paracha
- School of Interdisciplinary Engineering & Sciences (SINES), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Sidra Adil
- School of Interdisciplinary Engineering & Sciences (SINES), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Hussnain Ahmed Janjua
- Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Sector H-12, Islamabad, Pakistan
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4
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Xie R, Bi X, Shang B, Zhou A, Shi H, Shou J. Efficacy and safety of oncolytic viruses in advanced or metastatic cancer: a network meta-analysis. Virol J 2021; 18:158. [PMID: 34332591 PMCID: PMC8325792 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-021-01630-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oncolytic viruses (OVs) have shown prospects in advanced and metastatic cancer, and many clinical trials have been carried out. To compare OV therapies comprehensively and provide a categorized profile and ranking of efficacy and safety, a network meta-analysis was conducted. METHODS A total of 5948 studies were screened and 13 randomized controlled trials with 1939 patients, of whom 1106 patients received OV therapies, comparing four OVs (NTX-010, pexastimogene devacirepvec (Pexa-Vec), talimogene laherparepvec (T-VEC), and pelareorep) were included in a Bayesian network meta-analysis. Eligible studies reported at least one of the following clinical outcome measures: objective response rate (ORR) and grade ≥ 3 adverse events. RESULTS Compared to systemic treatments alone, talimogene laherparepvec (T-VEC) (OR 7.00, 95% CI 1.90-26.00) and T-VEC plus systemic treatment (2.90, 0.80-11.00) showed better objective response rates (ORRs), whereas Pexa-Vec 1 * 109 pfu plus systemic treatment (0.91, 0.26-3.00) and pelareorep plus systemic treatment (1.10, 0.61-2.00) were found to be comparable. The grade ≥ 3 adverse event ranking of the treatments from worst to best was as follows: T-VEC (ranking probability 24%), Pexa-Vec 1 * 109 pfu plus systemic treatment (21%), Pexa-Vec 1 * 109 pfu (17%), T-VEC plus systemic treatment (13%), pelareorep plus systemic treatment (13%), systemic treatments (18%), Pexa-Vec 1 * 108 pfu (12%), and NTX-010 (20%). CONCLUSIONS Compared with other oncolytic virus therapies for patients with advanced or metastatic cancer, T-VEC and T-VEC plus systemic treatment appear to provide the best ORR therapy in terms of monotherapy and combination respectively, but should be given with caution to grade ≥ 3 adverse events. Conversely, combining OVs with chemotherapy or target agents was demonstrated not to improve efficacy compared with chemotherapy or target agents alone. Combining OV therapies with immune-checkpoint inhibitors, instead of chemotherapy or target agents, tended to provide better ORRs without causing severe adverse events. This study will guide treatment choice and optimize future trial designs for investigations of advanced or metastatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiyang Xie
- Department of Urology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Panjiayuan Nanli #17, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100021 China
| | - Xingang Bi
- Department of Urology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Panjiayuan Nanli #17, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100021 China
| | - Bingqing Shang
- Department of Urology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Panjiayuan Nanli #17, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100021 China
| | - Aiping Zhou
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China
| | - Hongzhe Shi
- Department of Urology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Panjiayuan Nanli #17, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100021 China
| | - Jianzhong Shou
- Department of Urology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Panjiayuan Nanli #17, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100021 China
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5
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Cai J, Lin K, Cai W, Lin Y, Liu X, Guo L, Zhang J, Xu W, Lin Z, Wong CW, Sander M, Hu J, Yan G, Zhu W, Liang J. Tumors driven by RAS signaling harbor a natural vulnerability to oncolytic virus M1. Mol Oncol 2020; 14:3153-3168. [PMID: 33037696 PMCID: PMC7718955 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses are potent anticancer agents that replicate within and kill cancer cells rather than normal cells, and their selectivity is largely determined by oncogenic mutations. M1, a novel oncolytic virus strain, has been shown to target cancer cells, but the relationship between its cancer selectivity and oncogenic signaling pathways is poorly understood. Here, we report that RAS mutation promotes the replication and oncolytic effect of M1 in cancer, and we further provide evidence that the inhibition of the RAS/RAF/MEK signaling axis suppresses M1 infection and the subsequent cytopathic effects. Transcriptome analysis revealed that the inhibition of RAS signaling upregulates the type I interferon antiviral response, and further RNA interference screen identified CDKN1A as a key downstream factor that inhibits viral infection. Gain- and loss-of-function experiments confirmed that CDKN1A inhibited the replication and oncolytic effect of M1 virus. Subsequent TCGA data mining and tissue microarray (TMA) analysis revealed that CDKN1A is commonly deficient in human cancers, suggesting extensive clinical application prospects for M1. Our report indicates that virotherapy is feasible for treating undruggable RAS-driven cancers and provides reliable biomarkers for personalized cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Cai
- Department of PharmacologyZhongshan School of MedicineSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Kaiying Lin
- Department of PharmacologyZhongshan School of MedicineSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Wei Cai
- Department of PharmacologyZhongshan School of MedicineSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Yuan Lin
- Department of PharmacologyZhongshan School of MedicineSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Xincheng Liu
- Department of PharmacologyZhongshan School of MedicineSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Li Guo
- Department of PharmacologyZhongshan School of MedicineSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Jifu Zhang
- Guangzhou Virotech Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.GuangzhouChina
| | - Wencang Xu
- Guangzhou Virotech Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.GuangzhouChina
| | - Ziqing Lin
- Guangzhou Virotech Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.GuangzhouChina
| | - Chun Wa Wong
- Department of PharmacologyZhongshan School of MedicineSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Max Sander
- Guangzhou Virotech Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.GuangzhouChina
| | - Jun Hu
- Department of PharmacologyZhongshan School of MedicineSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Guangmei Yan
- Department of PharmacologyZhongshan School of MedicineSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Wenbo Zhu
- Department of PharmacologyZhongshan School of MedicineSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Jiankai Liang
- Department of PharmacologyZhongshan School of MedicineSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
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6
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Cai J, Zhu W, Lin Y, Hu J, Liu X, Xu W, Liu Y, Hu C, He S, Gong S, Yan G, Liang J. Lonidamine potentiates the oncolytic efficiency of M1 virus independent of hexokinase 2 but via inhibition of antiviral immunity. Cancer Cell Int 2020; 20:532. [PMID: 33292203 PMCID: PMC7607643 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-020-01598-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Viruses are obligate parasites that depend on host cells to provide the energy and molecular precursors necessary for successful infection. The main component of virus-induced metabolic reprogramming is the activation of glycolysis, which provides biomolecular resources for viral replication. However, little is known about the crosstalk between oncolytic viruses and host glycolytic processes. Methods A MTT assay was used to detect M1 virus-induced cell killing. Flow cytometry was used to monitor infection of M1 virus expressing the GFP reporter gene. qPCR and western blotting were used to detect gene expression. RNA sequencing was performed to evaluate gene expression under different drug treatments. Scanning electron microscopy was performed to visualize the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Caspase activity was detected. Last, a mouse xenograft model was established to evaluate the antitumor effect in vivo. Most data were analyzed with a two-tailed Student’s t test or one-way ANOVA with Dunnett’s test for pairwise comparisons. Tumor volumes were analyzed by repeated measures of ANOVA. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to compare nonnormally distributed data. Results Here, we showed that the glucose analog 2-deoxy-d-glucose (2-DG) inhibited infection by M1 virus, which we identified as a novel type of oncolytic virus, and decreased its oncolytic effect, indicating the dependence of M1 replication on glycolysis. In contrast, lonidamine, a reported hexokinase 2 (HK2) inhibitor, enhanced the infection and oncolytic effect of M1 virus independent of HK2. Further transcriptomic analysis revealed that downregulation of the antiviral immune response contributes to the lonidamine-mediated potentiation of the infection and oncolytic effect of M1 virus, and that MYC is the key factor in the pool of antiviral immune response factors inhibited by lonidamine. Moreover, lonidamine potentiated the irreversible ER stress-mediated apoptosis induced by M1 virus. Enhancement of M1′s oncolytic effect by lonidamine was also identified in vivo. Conclusions This research demonstrated the dependence of M1 virus on glycolysis and identified a candidate synergist for M1 virotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Cai
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, 74 Zhongshan Road II, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Wenbo Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, 74 Zhongshan Road II, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Yuan Lin
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, 74 Zhongshan Road II, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Jun Hu
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, 74 Zhongshan Road II, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Xincheng Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, 74 Zhongshan Road II, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Wencang Xu
- Guangzhou Virotech Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, 510663, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Cheng Hu
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Songmin He
- Guangzhou Virotech Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, 510663, China
| | - Shoufang Gong
- Guangzhou Virotech Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, 510663, China
| | - Guangmei Yan
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, 74 Zhongshan Road II, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Jiankai Liang
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, 74 Zhongshan Road II, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
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7
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Yue D, Chen Z, Yang F, Ye F, Lin S, He B, Cheng Y, Wang J, Chen Z, Lin X, Yang J, Chen H, Zhang Z, You Y, Sun H, Wen A, Wang L, Zheng Y, Cao Y, Li Y, Lu G. Crystal structure of bovine herpesvirus 1 glycoprotein D bound to nectin-1 reveals the basis for its low-affinity binding to the receptor. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaba5147. [PMID: 32426511 PMCID: PMC7220272 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aba5147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1) has received increasing attention for its potential oncolytic applications. BHV-1 recognizes nectin-1 for cell entry via viral glycoprotein D (gD) but represents a low-affinity nectin-1 binding virus. The molecular basis underlying this low receptor-binding affinity, however, remains unknown. Here, the crystal structures of BHV-1 gD in the free and nectin-1-bound forms are presented. While showing an overall resembled nectin-1 binding mode to other alphaherpesvirus gDs, BHV-1 gD has a unique G-strand/α2-helix interloop that disturbs gD/nectin-1 interactions. Residue R188 residing in this loop is observed to otherwise cause strong steric hindrance with the bound receptor, making a large conformational change of the loop a prerequisite for nectin-1 engagement. Subsequently, substitution of R188 with glycine markedly enhances the affinity of the BHV-1-gD/nectin-1 interaction (by about fivefold). These structural and functional data delineate the receptor-recognition basis for BHV-1, which might facilitate BHV-1-based oncolytic design in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Yue
- West China Hospital Emergency Department (WCHED), State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Zhujun Chen
- West China Hospital Emergency Department (WCHED), State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Fanli Yang
- West China Hospital Emergency Department (WCHED), State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Fei Ye
- West China Hospital Emergency Department (WCHED), State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Sheng Lin
- West China Hospital Emergency Department (WCHED), State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Bin He
- West China Hospital Emergency Department (WCHED), State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Yanwei Cheng
- West China Hospital Emergency Department (WCHED), State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.,Department of Emergency, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, People's Hospital of Henan University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450003, China
| | - Jichao Wang
- West China Hospital Emergency Department (WCHED), State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Zimin Chen
- West China Hospital Emergency Department (WCHED), State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Xi Lin
- West China Hospital Emergency Department (WCHED), State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Jing Yang
- West China Hospital Emergency Department (WCHED), State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Hua Chen
- West China Hospital Emergency Department (WCHED), State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Zhonglin Zhang
- West China Hospital Emergency Department (WCHED), State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Yu You
- West China Hospital Emergency Department (WCHED), State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Honglu Sun
- West China Hospital Emergency Department (WCHED), State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Ao Wen
- West China Hospital Emergency Department (WCHED), State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Lingling Wang
- West China Hospital Emergency Department (WCHED), State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Yue Zheng
- West China Hospital Emergency Department (WCHED), State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Yu Cao
- West China Hospital Emergency Department (WCHED), State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.,Disaster Medicine Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Yuhua Li
- West China Hospital Emergency Department (WCHED), State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.,Department of Arbovirus Vaccine, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, 102629, China.,Corresponding author. (Y.L.); (G.L.)
| | - Guangwen Lu
- West China Hospital Emergency Department (WCHED), State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.,Corresponding author. (Y.L.); (G.L.)
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8
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Tunneling Nanotubes as a Novel Route of Cell-to-Cell Spread of Herpesviruses. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.00090-18. [PMID: 29491165 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00090-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Various types of intercellular connections that are essential for communication between cells are often utilized by pathogens. Recently, a new type of cellular connection, consisting of long, thin, actin-rich membrane extensions named tunneling nanotubes (TNTs), has been shown to play an important role in cell-to-cell spread of HIV and influenza virus. In the present report, we show that TNTs are frequently formed by cells infected by an alphaherpesvirus, bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1). Viral proteins, such as envelope glycoprotein E (gE), capsid protein VP26, and tegument protein Us3, as well as cellular organelles (mitochondria) were detected by immunofluorescence and live-cell imaging of nanotubes formed by bovine primary fibroblasts and oropharynx cells (KOP cells). Time-lapse confocal studies of live cells infected with fluorescently labeled viruses showed that viral particles were transmitted via TNTs. This transfer also occurred in the presence of neutralizing antibodies, which prevented free entry of BoHV-1. We conclude that TNT formation contributes to successful cell-to-cell spread of BoHV-1 and demonstrate for the first time the participation of membrane nanotubes in intercellular transfer of a herpesvirus in live cells.IMPORTANCE Efficient transmission of viral particles between cells is an important factor in successful infection by herpesviruses. Herpesviruses can spread by the free-entry mode or direct cell-to-cell transfer via cell junctions and long extensions of neuronal cells. In this report, we show for the first time that an alphaherpesvirus can also spread between various types of cells using tunneling nanotubes, intercellular connections that are utilized by HIV and other viruses. Live-cell monitoring revealed that viral transmission occurs between the cells of the same type as well as between epithelial cells and fibroblasts. This newly discovered route of herpesviruses spread may contribute to efficient transmission despite the presence of host immune responses, especially after reactivation from latency that developed after primary infection. Long-range communication provided by TNTs may facilitate the spread of herpesviruses between many tissues and organs of an infected organism.
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9
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Howells A, Marelli G, Lemoine NR, Wang Y. Oncolytic Viruses-Interaction of Virus and Tumor Cells in the Battle to Eliminate Cancer. Front Oncol 2017; 7:195. [PMID: 28944214 PMCID: PMC5596080 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2017.00195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses (OVs) are an emerging treatment option for many cancer types and have recently been the focus of extensive research aiming to develop their therapeutic potential. The ultimate aim is to design a virus which can effectively replicate within the host, specifically target and lyse tumor cells and induce robust, long lasting tumor-specific immunity. There are a number of viruses which are either naturally tumor-selective or can be modified to specifically target and eliminate tumor cells. This means they are able to infect only tumor cells and healthy tissue remains unharmed. This specificity is imperative in order to reduce the side effects of oncolytic virotherapy. These viruses can also be modified by various methods including insertion and deletion of specific genes with the aim of improving their efficacy and safety profiles. In this review, we have provided an overview of the various virus species currently being investigated for their oncolytic potential and the positive and negative effects of a multitude of modifications used to increase their infectivity, anti-tumor immunity, and treatment safety, in particular focusing on the interaction of tumor cells and OVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anwen Howells
- Centre for Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Giulia Marelli
- Centre for Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas R Lemoine
- Centre for Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom.,National Centre for International Research in Cell and Gene Therapy, Sino-British Research Centre for Molecular Oncology, Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yaohe Wang
- Centre for Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom.,National Centre for International Research in Cell and Gene Therapy, Sino-British Research Centre for Molecular Oncology, Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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10
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Thunuguntla P, El-Mayet FS, Jones C. Bovine herpesvirus 1 can efficiently infect the human (SH-SY5Y) but not the mouse neuroblastoma cell line (Neuro-2A). Virus Res 2017; 232:1-5. [PMID: 28104451 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2017.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1) is a significant bovine pathogen that establishes a life-long latent infection in sensory neurons. Previous attempts to develop immortalized bovine neuronal cells were unsuccessful. Consequently, our understanding of the BoHV-1 latency-reactivation cycle has relied on studying complex virus-host interactions in calves. In this study, we tested whether BoHV-1 can infect human (SH-SY5Y) or mouse (Neuro-2A) neuroblastoma cells. We provide new evidence that BoHV-1 efficiently infects SH-SY5Y cells and yields virus titers approximately 100 fold less than bovine kidney cells. Conversely, virus titers from productively infected Neuro-2A cells were approximately 10,000 fold less than bovine kidney cells. Using a β-Gal expressing virus (gC-Blue), we demonstrate that infection of Neuro-2A cells (actively dividing or differentiated) does not result in efficient virus spread, unlike bovine kidney or SH-SY5Y cells. Additional studies demonstrated that lytic cycle viral gene expression (bICP4 and gE) was readily detected in SH-SY5Y cells: conversely bICP4 was not readily detected in productively infected Neuro-2A cells. Finally, infection of SH-SY5Y and bovine kidney cells, but not Neuro-2A cells, led to rapid activation of the Akt protein kinase. These studies suggest that the Neuro-2A cell line may be a novel cell culture model to identify factors that regulate BoHV-1 productive infection in neuronal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasanth Thunuguntla
- Oklahoma State University, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Stillwater, OK 74078, United States
| | - Fouad S El-Mayet
- Oklahoma State University, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Stillwater, OK 74078, United States; Benha University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Virology, Moshtohor 13736, Kaliobyia, Egypt
| | - Clinton Jones
- Oklahoma State University, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Stillwater, OK 74078, United States.
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11
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Holay N, Kim Y, Lee P, Gujar S. Sharpening the Edge for Precision Cancer Immunotherapy: Targeting Tumor Antigens through Oncolytic Vaccines. Front Immunol 2017; 8:800. [PMID: 28751892 PMCID: PMC5507961 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy represents a promising, modern-age option for treatment of cancers. Among the many immunotherapies being developed, oncolytic viruses (OVs) are slowly moving to the forefront of potential clinical therapeutic agents, especially considering the fact that the first oncolytic virus was recently approved by the Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of melanoma. OVs were originally discovered for their ability to kill cancer cells, but they have emerged as unconventional cancer immunotherapeutics due to their ability to activate a long-term antitumor immune response. This immune response not only eliminates cancer cells but also offers potential for preventing cancer recurrence. A fundamental requirement for the generation of such a strong antitumor T cell response is the recognition of an immunogenic tumor antigen by the antitumor T cell. Several tumor antigens capable of activating these antitumor T cells have been identified and are now being expressed through genetically engineered OVs to potentiate antitumor immunity. With the emergence of novel technologies for identifying tumor antigens and immunogenic epitopes in a myriad of cancers, design of "oncolytic vaccines" expressing highly specific tumor antigens provides a great strategy for targeting tumors. Here, we highlight the various OVs engineered to target tumor antigens and discuss multiple studies and strategies used to develop oncolytic vaccine regimens. We also contend how, going forward, a combination of technologies for identifying novel immunogenic tumor antigens and rational design of oncolytic vaccines will pave the way for the next generation of clinically efficacious cancer immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namit Holay
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Youra Kim
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Patrick Lee
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Shashi Gujar
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Centre for Innovative and Collaborative Health Sciences Research, Quality and System Performance, IWK Health Centre, Halifax, NS, Canada
- *Correspondence: Shashi Gujar,
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12
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Hastie E, Cataldi M, Moerdyk MJ, Felt SA, Steuerwald N, Grdzelishvili VZ. Novel biomarkers of resistance of pancreatic cancer cells to oncolytic vesicular stomatitis virus. Oncotarget 2016; 7:61601-61618. [PMID: 27533247 PMCID: PMC5308675 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) based recombinant viruses (such as VSV-ΔM51) are effective oncolytic viruses (OVs) against a majority of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) cell lines. However, some PDAC cell lines are highly resistant to VSV-ΔM51. We recently showed that treatment of VSV-resistant PDAC cells with ruxolitinib (JAK1/2 inhibitor) or TPCA-1 (IKK-β inhibitor) breaks their resistance to VSV-ΔM51. Here we compared the global effect of ruxolitinib or TPCA-1 treatment on cellular gene expression in PDAC cell lines highly resistant to VSV-ΔM51. Our study identified a distinct subset of 22 interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) downregulated by both ruxolitinib and TPCA-1. Further RNA and protein analyses demonstrated that 4 of these genes (MX1, EPSTI1, XAF1, and GBP1) are constitutively co-expressed in VSV-resistant, but not in VSV-permissive PDACs, thus serving as potential biomarkers to predict OV therapy success. Moreover, shRNA-mediated knockdown of one of such ISG, MX1, showed a positive effect on VSV-ΔM51 replication in resistant PDAC cells, suggesting that at least some of the identified ISGs contribute to resistance of PDACs to VSV-ΔM51. As certain oncogene and tumor suppressor gene variants are often associated with increased tropism of OVs to cancer cells, we also analyzed genomic DNA in a set of PDAC cell lines for frequently occurring cancer associated mutations. While no clear correlation was found between such mutations and resistance of PDACs to VSV-ΔM51, the analysis generated valuable genotypic data for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Hastie
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA
| | - Marcela Cataldi
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA
| | - Megan J. Moerdyk
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA
| | - Sébastien A. Felt
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA
| | - Nury Steuerwald
- Cannon Research Center, Carolinas Healthcare System, Charlotte, NC, USA
| | - Valery Z. Grdzelishvili
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA
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13
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Cardoso TC, Rosa ACG, Ferreira HL, Okamura LH, Oliveira BRSM, Vieira FV, Silva-Frade C, Gameiro R, Flores EF. Bovine herpesviruses induce different cell death forms in neuronal and glial-derived tumor cell cultures. J Neurovirol 2016; 22:725-735. [PMID: 27311457 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-016-0444-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Revised: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses have the ability to infect tumor cells and leave healthy cells intact. In this study, bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV1; Los Angeles, Cooper, and SV56/90 strains) and bovine herpesvirus 5 (BHV5; SV507/99 and GU9457818 strains) were used to infect two neuronal tumor cell lineages: neuro2a (mouse neuroblastoma cells) and C6 (rat glial cells). BHV1 and BHV5 strains infected both cell lines and positively correlated with viral antigen detection (p < 0.005). When neuro2a cells were infected by Los Angeles, SV507/99, and GU9457818 strains, 40 % of infected cells were under early apoptosis and necroptosis pathways. Infected C6 cells were >40 % in necroptosis phase when infected by BHV5 (GU9457818 strain). Blocking caspase activation did not interfere with cell death. However, when necroptosis was blocked, 60-80 % of both infected cells with either virus switched to early apoptosis pathway with no interference with virus replication. Moreover, reactive oxygen species production and mitochondrial membrane dysfunction were detected at high levels in both infected cell lines. In spite of apoptosis and necroptosis blockage, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFA) and virus transcription were positively correlated for all viral strains studied. Thus, these results contribute to the characterization of BHV1 and BHV5 as potential oncolytic viruses for non-human cells. Nonetheless, the mechanisms underlying their oncolytic activity in human cells are still to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tereza C Cardoso
- DAPSA Department, Laboratory of Animal Virology and Cell Culture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Araçatuba, São Paulo, 16050-680, Brazil.
| | - Ana Carolina G Rosa
- DAPSA Department, Laboratory of Animal Virology and Cell Culture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Araçatuba, São Paulo, 16050-680, Brazil
| | - Helena L Ferreira
- DAPSA Department, Laboratory of Animal Virology and Cell Culture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Araçatuba, São Paulo, 16050-680, Brazil
- FZEA-USP, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Av. Duque de Caxias Norte, 225, Pirassununga, SP, CEP 13635-900, Brazil
| | - Lucas H Okamura
- DAPSA Department, Laboratory of Animal Virology and Cell Culture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Araçatuba, São Paulo, 16050-680, Brazil
| | - Bruna R S M Oliveira
- DAPSA Department, Laboratory of Animal Virology and Cell Culture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Araçatuba, São Paulo, 16050-680, Brazil
| | - Flavia V Vieira
- DAPSA Department, Laboratory of Animal Virology and Cell Culture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Araçatuba, São Paulo, 16050-680, Brazil
| | - Camila Silva-Frade
- DAPSA Department, Laboratory of Animal Virology and Cell Culture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Araçatuba, São Paulo, 16050-680, Brazil
| | - Roberto Gameiro
- DAPSA Department, Laboratory of Animal Virology and Cell Culture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Araçatuba, São Paulo, 16050-680, Brazil
| | - Eduardo F Flores
- Virology Section, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, 97115-900, RS, Brazil
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14
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Kohlhapp FJ, Kaufman HL. Molecular Pathways: Mechanism of Action for Talimogene Laherparepvec, a New Oncolytic Virus Immunotherapy. Clin Cancer Res 2015; 22:1048-54. [PMID: 26719429 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-15-2667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses are native or engineered viruses that preferentially replicate in and lyse cancer cells. Selective tumor cell replication is thought to depend on infection of neoplastic cells, which harbor low levels of protein kinase R (PKR) and dysfunctional type I IFN signaling elements. These changes allow more efficient viral replication, and with selected deletion of specific viral genes, replication in normal cells with activated PKR may not be possible. Direct tumor cell lysis, release of soluble tumor antigens, and danger-associated molecular factors are all thought to help prime and promote tumor-specific immunity. Talimogene laherparepvec (T-VEC) is a genetically modified herpes simplex virus, type I and is the first oncolytic virus to demonstrate a clinical benefit in patients with melanoma. T-VEC has also been evaluated for the treatment of head and neck cancer, pancreatic cancer, and likely other types of cancer will be targeted in the near future. T-VEC has been modified for improved safety, tumor-selective replication, and induction of host immunity by deletion of several viral genes and expression of human granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor. Although the mechanism of action for T-VEC is incompletely understood, the safety profile of T-VEC and ability to promote immune responses suggest future combination studies with other immunotherapy approaches including checkpoint blockade through PD-1, PD-L1, and CTLA-4 to be a high priority for clinical development. Oncolytic viruses also represent unique regulatory and biosafety challenges but offer a potential new class of agents for the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick J Kohlhapp
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Howard L Kaufman
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey.
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15
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Abstract
Oncolytic viruses represent a new class of therapeutic agents that promote anti-tumour responses through a dual mechanism of action that is dependent on selective tumour cell killing and the induction of systemic anti-tumour immunity. The molecular and cellular mechanisms of action are not fully elucidated but are likely to depend on viral replication within transformed cells, induction of primary cell death, interaction with tumour cell antiviral elements and initiation of innate and adaptive anti-tumour immunity. A variety of native and genetically modified viruses have been developed as oncolytic agents, and the approval of the first oncolytic virus by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is anticipated in the near future. This Review provides a comprehensive overview of the basic biology supporting oncolytic viruses as cancer therapeutic agents, describes oncolytic viruses in advanced clinical trials and discusses the unique challenges in the development of oncolytic viruses as a new class of drugs for the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard L. Kaufman
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, 195 Little Albany Street, Room 2004, New Brunswick, 08901 New Jersey USA
| | - Frederick J. Kohlhapp
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, 195 Little Albany Street, Room 2004, New Brunswick, 08901 New Jersey USA
| | - Andrew Zloza
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, 195 Little Albany Street, Room 2004, New Brunswick, 08901 New Jersey USA
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16
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Peters C, Rabkin SD. Designing Herpes Viruses as Oncolytics. MOLECULAR THERAPY-ONCOLYTICS 2015; 2:S2372-7705(16)30012-2. [PMID: 26462293 PMCID: PMC4599707 DOI: 10.1038/mto.2015.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Oncolytic herpes simplex virus (oHSV) was one of the first genetically-engineered oncolytic viruses. Because herpes simplex virus (HSV) is a natural human pathogen that can cause serious disease, it is incumbent that it be genetically-engineered or significantly attenuated for safety. Here we present a detailed explanation of the functions of HSV-1 genes frequently mutated to endow oncolytic activity. These genes are non-essential for growth in tissue culture cells but are important for growth in post-mitotic cells, interfering with intrinsic antiviral and innate immune responses or causing pathology, functions dispensable for replication in cancer cells. Understanding the function of these genes leads to informed creation of new oHSVs with better therapeutic efficacy. Virus infection and replication can also be directed to cancer cells through tumor-selective receptor binding and transcriptional- or post-transcriptional miRNA-targeting, respectively. In addition to the direct effects of oHSV on infected cancer cells and tumors, oHSV can be 'armed' with transgenes that are: reporters, to track virus replication and spread; cytotoxic, to kill uninfected tumor cells; immune modulatory, to stimulate anti-tumor immunity; or tumor microenvironment altering, to enhance virus spread or to inhibit tumor growth. In addition to HSV-1, other alphaherpesviruses are also discussed for their oncolytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cole Peters
- Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, and Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston MA
| | - Samuel D Rabkin
- Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, and Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston MA
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17
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Cuddington BP, Mossman KL. Oncolytic bovine herpesvirus type 1 as a broad spectrum cancer therapeutic. Curr Opin Virol 2015; 13:11-6. [PMID: 25846987 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2015.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Revised: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses selectively replicate in tumor cells and elicit antitumor effects in vivo by both direct and indirect methods. They are attractive avenues of cancer therapy due to the absence of toxic side effects often seen in current treatment modalities. Bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BHV-1) holds promise as a broad-spectrum oncolytic vector that is able to infect and kill human tumor cells from a variety of histological origins, including cancer-initiating cells. In the majority of cases, BHV-1 elicits tumor cell death in the absence of a productive infection. In vivo, BHV-1 affects the incidence of secondary lesions in cotton rats bearing subcutaneous breast adenocarcinomas. These recent studies contribute to the characterization of BHV-1 as an oncolytic virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Breanne P Cuddington
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Karen L Mossman
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
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18
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Cuddington B, Verschoor M, Mossman K. Handling of the cotton rat in studies for the pre-clinical evaluation of oncolytic viruses. J Vis Exp 2014:e52232. [PMID: 25490047 DOI: 10.3791/52232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses are a novel anticancer therapy with the ability to target tumor cells, while leaving healthy cells intact. For this strategy to be successful, recent studies have shown that involvement of the host immune system is essential. Therefore, oncolytic virotherapy should be evaluated within the context of an immunocompetent model. Furthermore, the study of antitumor therapies in tolerized animal models may better recapitulate results seen in clinical trials. Cotton rats, commonly used to study respiratory viruses, are an attractive model to study oncolytic virotherapy as syngeneic models of mammary carcinoma and osteosarcoma are well established. However, there is a lack of published information on the proper handling procedure for these highly excitable rodents. The handling and capture approach outlined minimizes animal stress to facilitate experimentation. This technique hinges upon the ability of the researcher to keep calm during handling and perform procedures in a timely fashion. Finally, we describe how to prepare cotton rat mammary tumor cells for consistent subcutaneous tumor formation, and how to perform intratumoral and intraperitoneal injections. These methods can be applied to a wide range of studies furthering the development of the cotton rat as a relevant pre-clinical model to study antitumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Breanne Cuddington
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University
| | - Meghan Verschoor
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University
| | - Karen Mossman
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University;
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19
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Conrad SJ, Essani K. Oncoselectivity in Oncolytic Viruses against Colorectal Cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.4236/jct.2014.513118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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