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Russell ML, Fish CS, Drescher S, Cassidy NAJ, Chanana P, Benki-Nugent S, Slyker J, Mbori-Ngacha D, Bosire R, Richardson B, Wamalwa D, Maleche-Obimbo E, Overbaugh J, John-Stewart G, Matsen FA, Lehman DA. Using viral sequence diversity to estimate time of HIV infection in infants. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011861. [PMID: 38117834 PMCID: PMC10732395 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Age at HIV acquisition may influence viral pathogenesis in infants, and yet infection timing (i.e. date of infection) is not always known. Adult studies have estimated infection timing using rates of HIV RNA diversification, however, it is unknown whether adult-trained models can provide accurate predictions when used for infants due to possible differences in viral dynamics. While rates of viral diversification have been well defined for adults, there are limited data characterizing these dynamics for infants. Here, we performed Illumina sequencing of gag and pol using longitudinal plasma samples from 22 Kenyan infants with well-characterized infection timing. We used these data to characterize viral diversity changes over time by designing an infant-trained Bayesian hierarchical regression model that predicts time since infection using viral diversity. We show that diversity accumulates with time for most infants (median rate within pol = 0.00079 diversity/month), and diversity accumulates much faster than in adults (compare previously-reported adult rate within pol = 0.00024 diversity/month [1]). We find that the infant rate of viral diversification varies by individual, gene region, and relative timing of infection, but not by set-point viral load or rate of CD4+ T cell decline. We compare the predictive performance of this infant-trained Bayesian hierarchical regression model with simple linear regression models trained using the same infant data, as well as existing adult-trained models [1]. Using an independent dataset from an additional 15 infants with frequent HIV testing to define infection timing, we demonstrate that infant-trained models more accurately estimate time since infection than existing adult-trained models. This work will be useful for timing HIV acquisition for infants with unknown infection timing and for refining our understanding of how viral diversity accumulates in infants, both of which may have broad implications for the future development of infant-specific therapeutic and preventive interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena L. Russell
- Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutch Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Carolyn S. Fish
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Sara Drescher
- University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Noah A. J. Cassidy
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Pritha Chanana
- Bioinformatics Shared Resource, Fred Hutch Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Sarah Benki-Nugent
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Slyker
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Dorothy Mbori-Ngacha
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Rose Bosire
- Centre for Clinical Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Barbra Richardson
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutch Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Dalton Wamalwa
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Julie Overbaugh
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Grace John-Stewart
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Frederick A. Matsen
- Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutch Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Statistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Dara A. Lehman
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
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Liu C, Liang Z, Kong X. Efficacy Analysis of Combinatorial siRNAs against HIV Derived from One Double Hairpin RNA Precursor. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1651. [PMID: 28900421 PMCID: PMC5581867 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Combinatorial small interfering RNA duplexes (siRNAs) have the potential to be a gene therapy against HIV-1, and some studies have reported that transient combinatorial siRNA expression represses HIV replication, but the effects of long-term siRNA expression on HIV replication have not been studied in detail. In this study, HIV-1 replication under the influence of stable combinatorial siRNA expression from a single RNA transcript was analyzed. First, a series of cassettes encoding short hairpin RNA (shRNA)/long hairpin RNA (lhRNA)/double long hairpins (dlhRNA) was constructed and subjected to an analysis of inhibitory efficacy. Next, an optimized dlhRNA encoding cassette was selected and inserted into lentiviral delivery vector FG12. Transient dlhRNA expression reduced replication of HIV-1 in TZM-bl cells and CD4+ T cells successfully. HIV-1 susceptible TZM-bl cells were transducted with the dlhRNA expressing lentiviral vector and sorted by fluorescence-activated cell sorting to obtain stable dlhRNA expressing cells. The generation of four anti-HIV siRNAs in these dlhRNA expressing cells was verified by stem-loop RT-PCR assay. dlhRNA expression did not activate a non-specific interferon response. The dlhRNA expressing cells were also challenged with HIV-1 NL4-3, which revealed that stable expression of combinatorial siRNAs repressed HIV-1 replication for 8 days, after which HIV-1 overcame the inhibitory effect of siRNA expression by expressing mutant versions of RNAi targets. The results of this evaluation of the long-term inhibitory effects of combinatorial siRNAs against HIV-1 provide a reference for researchers who utilize combinatorial RNA interference against HIV-1 or other error-prone viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Liu
- Medical Molecular Virology Laboratory, School of Medicine, Nankai UniversityTianjin, China
| | - Zhipin Liang
- Medical Molecular Virology Laboratory, School of Medicine, Nankai UniversityTianjin, China
| | - Xiaohong Kong
- Medical Molecular Virology Laboratory, School of Medicine, Nankai UniversityTianjin, China
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Mother-to-Child HIV Transmission Bottleneck Selects for Consensus Virus with Lower Gag-Protease-Driven Replication Capacity. J Virol 2017. [PMID: 28637761 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00518-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
In the large majority of cases, HIV infection is established by a single variant, and understanding the characteristics of successfully transmitted variants is relevant to prevention strategies. Few studies have investigated the viral determinants of mother-to-child transmission. To determine the impact of Gag-protease-driven viral replication capacity on mother-to-child transmission, the replication capacities of 148 recombinant viruses encoding plasma-derived Gag-protease from 53 nontransmitter mothers, 48 transmitter mothers, and 47 infected infants were assayed in an HIV-1-inducible green fluorescent protein reporter cell line. All study participants were infected with HIV-1 subtype C. There was no significant difference in replication capacities between the nontransmitter (n = 53) and transmitter (n = 44) mothers (P = 0.48). Infant-derived Gag-protease NL4-3 recombinant viruses (n = 41) were found to have a significantly lower Gag-protease-driven replication capacity than that of viruses derived from the mothers (P < 0.0001 by a paired t test). High percent similarities to consensus subtype C Gag, p17, p24, and protease sequences were also found in the infants (n = 28) in comparison to their mothers (P = 0.07, P = 0.002, P = 0.03, and P = 0.02, respectively, as determined by a paired t test). These data suggest that of the viral quasispecies found in mothers, the HIV mother-to-child transmission bottleneck favors the transmission of consensus-like viruses with lower viral replication capacities.IMPORTANCE Understanding the characteristics of successfully transmitted HIV variants has important implications for preventative interventions. Little is known about the viral determinants of HIV mother-to-child transmission (MTCT). We addressed the role of viral replication capacity driven by Gag, a major structural protein that is a significant determinant of overall viral replicative ability and an important target of the host immune response, in the MTCT bottleneck. This study advances our understanding of the genetic bottleneck in MTCT by revealing that viruses transmitted to infants have a lower replicative ability as well as a higher similarity to the population consensus (in this case HIV subtype C) than those of their mothers. Furthermore, the observation that "consensus-like" virus sequences correspond to lower in vitro replication abilities yet appear to be preferentially transmitted suggests that viral characteristics favoring transmission are decoupled from those that enhance replicative capacity.
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Song H, Hora B, Giorgi EE, Kumar A, Cai F, Bhattacharya T, Perelson AS, Gao F. Transmission of Multiple HIV-1 Subtype C Transmitted/founder Viruses into the Same Recipients Was not Determined by Modest Phenotypic Differences. Sci Rep 2016; 6:38130. [PMID: 27909304 PMCID: PMC5133561 DOI: 10.1038/srep38130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A severe bottleneck exists during HIV-1 mucosal transmission. However, viral properties that determine HIV-1 transmissibility are not fully elucidated. We identified multiple transmitted/founder (T/F) viruses in six HIV-1-infected subjects by analyzing whole genome sequences. Comparison of biological phenotypes of different T/F viruses from the same individual allowed us to more precisely identify critical determinants for viral transmissibility since they were transmitted under similar conditions. All T/F viruses used coreceptor CCR5, while no T/F viruses used CXCR4 or GPR15. However, the efficiency for different T/F viruses from the same individual to use CCR5 was significantly variable, and the differences were even more significant for usage of coreceptors FPRL1, CCR3 and APJ. Resistance to IFN-α was also different between T/F viruses in 2 of 3 individuals. The relative fitness between T/F viruses from the same subject was highly variable (2-6%). Importantly, the levels of coreceptor usage efficiency, resistance to IFN-α and viral fitness were not associated with proportions of T/F viruses in each individual during acute infection. Our results show that the modest but significant differences in coreceptor usage efficiency, IFN-α sensitivity and viral fitness each alone may not play a critical role in HIV-1 transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongshuo Song
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Bhavna Hora
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Elena E. Giorgi
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | - Amit Kumar
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Fangping Cai
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Tanmoy Bhattacharya
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | - Alan S. Perelson
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | - Feng Gao
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
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5
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Wahl A, Baker C, Spagnuolo RA, Stamper LW, Fouda GG, Permar SR, Hinde K, Kuhn L, Bode L, Aldrovandi GM, Garcia JV. Breast Milk of HIV-Positive Mothers Has Potent and Species-Specific In Vivo HIV-Inhibitory Activity. J Virol 2015; 89:10868-78. [PMID: 26292320 PMCID: PMC4621099 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01702-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Despite the nutritional and health benefits of breast milk, breast milk can serve as a vector for mother-to-child HIV transmission. Most HIV-infected infants acquire HIV through breastfeeding. Paradoxically, most infants breastfed by HIV-positive women do not become infected. This is potentially attributed to anti-HIV factors in breast milk. Breast milk of HIV-negative women can inhibit HIV infection. However, the HIV-inhibitory activity of breast milk from HIV-positive mothers has not been evaluated. In addition, while significant differences in breast milk composition between transmitting and nontransmitting HIV-positive mothers have been correlated with transmission risk, the HIV-inhibitory activity of their breast milk has not been compared. This knowledge may significantly impact the design of prevention approaches in resource-limited settings that do not deny infants of HIV-positive women the health benefits of breast milk. Here, we utilized bone marrow/liver/thymus humanized mice to evaluate the in vivo HIV-inhibitory activity of breast milk obtained from HIV-positive transmitting and nontransmitting mothers. We also assessed the species specificity and biochemical characteristics of milk's in vivo HIV-inhibitory activity and its ability to inhibit other modes of HIV infection. Our results demonstrate that breast milk of HIV-positive mothers has potent HIV-inhibitory activity and indicate that breast milk can prevent multiple routes of infection. Most importantly, this activity is unique to human milk. Our results also suggest multiple factors in breast milk may contribute to its HIV-inhibitory activity. Collectively, our results support current recommendations that HIV-positive mothers in resource-limited settings exclusively breastfeed in combination with antiretroviral therapy. IMPORTANCE Approximately 240,000 children become infected with HIV annually, the majority via breastfeeding. Despite daily exposure to virus in breast milk, most infants breastfed by HIV-positive women do not acquire HIV. The low risk of breastfeeding-associated HIV transmission is likely due to antiviral factors in breast milk. It is well documented that breast milk of HIV-negative women can inhibit HIV infection. Here, we demonstrate, for the first time, that breast milk of HIV-positive mothers (nontransmitters and transmitters) inhibits HIV transmission. We also demonstrate that breast milk can prevent multiple routes of HIV acquisition and that this activity is unique to human milk. Collectively, our results support current guidelines which recommend that HIV-positive women in resource-limited settings exclusively breastfeed in combination with infant or maternal antiretroviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Wahl
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Caroline Baker
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Rae Ann Spagnuolo
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Lisa W Stamper
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Genevieve G Fouda
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Sallie R Permar
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Katie Hinde
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Louise Kuhn
- Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center and Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Lars Bode
- Division of Neonatal Medicine and Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Grace M Aldrovandi
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - J Victor Garcia
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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6
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Liu B, Liu C, Zhao X, Shen W, Qian L, Wei Y, Kong X. Establishment of a cell line with stable expression of mCherry-EGFP tandem fluorescent-tagged LC3B for studying the impact of HIV-1 infection on autophagic flux. J Virol Methods 2014; 209:95-102. [PMID: 25241145 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2014.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Revised: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence indicates that HIV-1 infection has an impact on cell autophagy, and a susceptible cell line is required for studying the relationship of HIV-1 with autophagy. However, there is limited information on the optimal cell line to evaluate the changes of autophagy affected by HIV infection. In this study cell line TZM-tfLC3B was constructed to express mCherry-EGFP tandem fluorescent tagged LC3B (tfLC3B) by stable transfection of tfLC3B as well as allowing X4/R5 tropic HIV-1 replication. The monitoring of autophagic flux in TZM-tfLC3B was achieved by observing fluorescent puncta. HIV-1 virus-like particles lacking replicative nucleic acid could induce autophagy in TZM-tfLC3B in an envelope glycoprotein dependent manner. These data suggest that TZM-tfLC3B will be a useful tool for studying the HIV-1-induced autophagy modulation of host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Liu
- Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Medicine, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, China.
| | - Chang Liu
- Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Medicine, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, China.
| | - Xuechao Zhao
- Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Medicine, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, China.
| | - Wenyuan Shen
- Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Medicine, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, China.
| | - Lingyu Qian
- Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Medicine, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, China.
| | - Yuquan Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 17, Section 3, Renmin South Road, Chengdu, China.
| | - Xiaohong Kong
- Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Medicine, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, China.
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7
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Liang Z, Wang X, Li H, Liu B, Zhao X, Liu C, Kong XH. Silencing of HIV-1 gag gene from epidemic strains among men who have sex with men (MSM) in Tianjin, China by a broad-spectrum short hairpin RNA. Virusdisease 2014; 25:294-301. [DOI: 10.1007/s13337-014-0209-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Wang CR, Zhou R, Ng TB, Wong JH, Qiao WT, Liu F. First report on isolation of methyl gallate with antioxidant, anti-HIV-1 and HIV-1 enzyme inhibitory activities from a mushroom (Pholiota adiposa). ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2014; 37:626-637. [PMID: 24572641 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2014.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Revised: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a compound with antioxidant and anti-HIV activities designated as HEB was first isolated from the edible mushroom Pholiota adiposa by extraction with ethanol and ethyl acetate. HEB was then purified by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and identified to be methyl gallate (C8H8O5, 184.1 Da) based on data from its mass spectrum (MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrum. HEB displayed strong antioxidant potency in inhibiting, at 1.36 mM concentration, erythrocyte hemolysis and scavenging DPPH radicals and superoxide anion (O2(-)) by 82.4%, 85.6% and 71.4%, respectively. Besides exhibiting a low cytotoxicity, compound HEB demonstrated significant anti-HIV activity in that it inhibited HIV-1 replication in TZM-BL cells infected by pseudovirus with an IC50 value of 11.9 μM. Further study disclosed that HEB inhibited the viral entry process and activities of key enzymes essential for the HIV-1 life cycle. HEB inhibited HIV-1 reverse transcriptase and integrase activities with an IC50 value of 80.1 μM and 228.5 μM, respectively, and at 10 mM concentration inhibited HIV-1 protease activity by 17.1% which was higher than that achieved by the positive control pepstatin A. Interestingly, this study first revealed that H2O2 stimulation not only activated cell oxidative stress responses, but also accelerated HIV-1 long terminal repeat (LTR) promotion in TZM-BL cells, which was significantly reduced by HEB from 18.2% to about 2%. It implied a direct relationship between the antioxidant and anti-HIV activities of the natural active constituent HEB. Nuclear transcription factor kappa B (NF-κB) signal pathways plays an important role in oxidative stress responses. Meanwhile, there is κB target sequence in HIV promoter LTR which is significant for virus replication and gene expression. In this study, Western Blot assay showed that HEB could inhibit the activation of NF-κB signal pathway stimulated by H2O2 in mouse spleen cells through suppressing NF-κB (p65) translocation into nucleus and NF-kappa-B inhibitor (IκB) degradation in cytoplasm. In summary, the antioxidant HEB from P. adiposa could inhibit HIV-1 replication through multiple target sites. The data suggest that natural antioxidant compounds might have a potential for treatment of AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Rong Wang
- Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, Tianjin 300191, China
| | - Rong Zhou
- Department of Microbiology, College of Life Science, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Tzi Bun Ng
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Jack Ho Wong
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wen Tao Qiao
- Department of Microbiology, College of Life Science, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Fang Liu
- Department of Microbiology, College of Life Science, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
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HIV-1 autologous antibody neutralization associates with mother to child transmission. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69274. [PMID: 23874931 PMCID: PMC3714266 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The HIV-1 characteristics associated with mother to child transmission (MTCT) are still poorly understood and if known would indicate where intervention strategies should be targeted. In contrast to horizontally infected individuals, exposed infants possess inherited antibodies (Abs) from their mother with the potential to protect against infection. We investigated the HIV-1 gp160 envelope proteins from seven transmitting mothers (TM) whose children were infected either during gestation or soon after delivery and from four non-transmitting mothers (NTM) with similar viral loads and CD4 counts. Using pseudo-typed viruses we tested gp160 envelope glycoproteins for TZM-bl infectivity, CD4 and CCR5 interactions, DC-SIGN capture and transfer and neutralization with an array of common neutralizing Abs (NAbs) (2F5, 2G12, 4E10 and b12) as well as mother and infant plasma. We found no viral correlates associated with HIV-1 MTCT nor did we find differences in neutralization with the panel of NAbs. We did, however, find that TM possessed significantly higher plasma neutralization capacities than NTM (P = 0.002). Furthermore, we found that in utero (IU) TM had a higher neutralization capacity than mothers transmitting either peri-partum (PP) or via breastfeeding (BF) (P = 0.002). Plasma from children infected IU neutralized viruses carrying autologous gp160 viral envelopes as well as those from their corresponding mothers whilst plasma from children infected PP and/or BF demonstrated poor neutralizing capacity. Our results demonstrate heightened autologous NAb responses against gp120/gp41 can associate with a greater risk of HIV-1 MTCT and more specifically in those infants infected IU. Although the number of HIV-1 transmitting pairs is low our results indicate that autologous NAb responses in mothers and infants do not protect against MTCT and may in fact be detrimental when considering IU HIV-1 transmissions.
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10
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Guo H, Liu C, Liu B, Wood C, Kong X. Analysis of primary resistance mutations to HIV-1 entry inhibitors in therapy naive subtype C HIV-1 infected mother-infant pairs from Zambia. J Clin Virol 2013; 58:233-9. [PMID: 23809473 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2013.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Revised: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Small molecular CCR5 inhibitors represent a new class of drugs for treating HIV-1 infection. The evaluation of the primary resistance mutations associated with entry inhibitors during HIV-1 perinatal transmission is required because they may have a profound impact on the clinical management in MTCT. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the primary resistance mutations to maraviroc and vicriviroc during perinatal transmission and analyze the sensitivity of Env derived from mother-infant pairs to maraviroc. STUDY DESIGN Nine MIPs infected by subtype C HIV-1 were recruited to analyze the prevalence and transmission of primary resistance mutations to maraviroc and vicriviroc. Moreover, Env derived from six MIPs were employed to construct provirus clones and to analyze the sensitivity to maraviroc. RESULTS Mutations A316T, conferring partial resistance to maraviroc, T307I and R315Q, both conferring partial resistance to vicriviroc are prevalent in mother and infant cohorts, indicating the transmission of primary resistance mutations during HIV-1 perinatal transmission. However, the mutations of acutely infected mothers seem to directly transmit to their corresponding infants, while some mutations at low frequency of chronically infected mothers would be lost during transmission. Moreover, provirus clones derived from acutely infected MIPs are less susceptible to maraviroc than those from chronically infected MIPs. CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests that the transmission mode of primary resistance mutations and the sensitivity to maraviroc are dependent on infection status of MIPs either acutely or chronically infected. These results may indicate that higher dose of maraviroc could be needed for treatment of acutely infected MIPs compared to chronically infected MIPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Guo
- Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
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11
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Smith SA, Wood C, West JT. HIV-1 Env C2-V4 diversification in a slow-progressor infant reveals a flat but rugged fitness landscape. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63094. [PMID: 23638182 PMCID: PMC3639246 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) fitness has been associated with virus entry, a process mediated by the envelope glycoprotein (Env). We previously described Env genetic diversification in a Zambian, subtype C infected, slow-progressor child (1157i) in parallel with an evolving neutralizing antibody response. Because of the role the Variable-3 loop (V3) plays in transmission, cell tropism, neutralization sensitivity, and fitness, longitudinally isolated 1157i C2-V4 alleles were cloned into HIV-1NL4-3-eGFP and -DsRed2 infectious molecular clones. The fluorescent reporters allowed for dual-infection competitions between all patient-derived C2-V4 chimeras to quantify the effect of V3 diversification and selection on fitness. 'Winners' and 'losers' were readily discriminated among the C2-V4 alleles. Exceptional sensitivity for detection of subtle fitness differences was revealed through analysis of two alleles differing in a single synonymous amino acid. However, when the outcomes of N = 33 competitions were averaged for each chimera, the aggregate analysis showed that despite increasing diversification and divergence with time, natural selection of C2-V4 sequences in this individual did not appear to be producing a 'survival of the fittest' evolutionary pattern. Rather, we detected a relatively flat fitness landscape consistent with mutational robustness. Fitness outcomes were then correlated with individual components of the entry process. Env incorporation into particles correlated best with fitness, suggesting a role for Env avidity, as opposed to receptor/coreceptor affinity, in defining fitness. Nevertheless, biochemical analyses did not identify any step in HIV-1 entry as a dominant determinant of fitness. Our results lead us to conclude that multiple aspects of entry contribute to maintaining adequate HIV-1 fitness, and there is no surrogate analysis for determining fitness. The capacity for subtle polymorphisms in Env to nevertheless significantly impact viral fitness suggests fitness is best defined by head-to-head competition.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Abigail Smith
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Charles Wood
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - John T. West
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
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12
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Phylogenetic inferences on HIV-1 transmission: implications for the design of prevention and treatment interventions. AIDS 2013; 27:1045-57. [PMID: 23902920 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0b013e32835cffd9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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13
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Russell ES, Ojeda S, Fouda GG, Meshnick SR, Montefiori D, Permar SR, Swanstrom R. Short communication: HIV type 1 subtype C variants transmitted through the bottleneck of breastfeeding are sensitive to new generation broadly neutralizing antibodies directed against quaternary and CD4-binding site epitopes. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2013; 29:511-5. [PMID: 23075434 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2012.0197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 subtype C can occur in utero, intrapartum, or via breast milk exposure. While not well understood, there are putative differences in the mechanisms involved with the distinct routes of vertical HIV transmission. Here, we address the question of whether specific viral characteristics are common to variants transmitted through breastfeeding that may facilitate evasion of innate or adaptive immune responses. We amplified the envelope gene (env) from the plasma of six infants during acute infection who were infected with HIV-1 subtype C through breastfeeding, and from three available matched maternal samples. We sequenced the full-length env genes in these subjects revealing heterogeneous viral populations in the mothers and homogeneous populations in the infants. In five infants, the viral population arose from a single variant, while two variants were detected in the remaining infant. Infant env sequences had fewer N-linked glycosylation sites and shorter sequences than those of the available matched maternal samples. Though the small size of the study precluded our ability to test statistical significance, these results are consistent with selection for virus with shorter variable loops and fewer glycosylation sites during transmission of HIV-1 subtype C in other settings. Transmitted envs were resistant to neutralization by antibodies 2G12 and 2F5, but were generally sensitive to the more broadly neutralizing PG9, PG16, and VRC01, indicating that this new generation of broadly neutralizing monoclonal antibodies could be efficacious in passive immunization strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth S. Russell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Suany Ojeda
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Genevieve G. Fouda
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical School, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Steven R. Meshnick
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - David Montefiori
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical School, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Sallie R. Permar
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical School, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Ronald Swanstrom
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- UNC Center for Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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14
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Liang Z, Guo Z, Wang X, Kong X, Liu C. Two retroviruses packaged in one cell line can combined inhibit the replication of HIV-1 in TZM-bl cells. Virol Sin 2012. [PMID: 23188559 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-012-3263-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The cellular protein tetherin tethers the HIV-1 viral particles on the cellular membrane to inhibit the replication of HIV-1. However, the HIV-1 accessory protein Vpu counteracts the antiviral function of tetherin. In this study, two retroviral vector plasmids were constructed. One inhibited the vpu gene expression; the other one over-expressed the tetherin. Both retroviral vector plasmids could be packaged in the packaging cell line PT67 to obtain the corresponding retroviruses. The retroviral vector plasmids' functions of tetherin over-expression or vpu-RNAi were detected at the cell level. Retroviral vector plasmids were transfected to PT67 cells at different ratios from 0T3V to 3T0V, and then mixed retroviruses were harvested. The antiviral functions of mixed retroviruses were detected in HIV-1 infected TZM-bl cells. The results showed that packaged mixed retroviruses could repress the replication of HIV-1 in TZM-bl cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhipin Liang
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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15
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Guo H, Abrahamyan LG, Liu C, Waltke M, Geng Y, Chen Q, Wood C, Kong X. Comparative analysis of the fusion efficiency elicited by the envelope glycoprotein V1-V5 regions derived from human immunodeficiency virus type 1 transmitted perinatally. J Gen Virol 2012; 93:2635-2645. [PMID: 22956734 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.046771-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the properties of viruses preferentially establishing infection during perinatal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is critical for the development of effective measures to prevent transmission. A previous study demonstrated that the newly transmitted viruses (in infants) of chronically infected mother-infant pairs (MIPs) were fitter in terms of growth, which was imparted by their envelope (Env) glycoprotein V1-V5 regions, than those in the corresponding chronically infected mothers. In order to investigate whether the higher fitness of transmitted viruses was conferred by their higher entry efficiency directed by the V1-V5 regions during perinatal transmission, the fusogenicity of Env containing V1-V5 regions derived from transmitted and non-tranmsmitted viruses of five chronically infected MIPs and two acutely infected MIPs was analysed using two different cell-cell fusion assays. The results showed that, in one chronically infected MIP, a higher fusion efficiency was induced by the infant Env V1-V5 compared with that of the corresponding mother. Moreover, the V4-V5 regions played an important role in discriminating the transmitted and non-transmitted viruses in this pair. However, neither a consistent pattern nor significant differences in fusogenicity mediated by the V1-V5 regions between maternal and infant variants was observed in the other MIPs. This study suggests that there is no consistent and significant correlation between viral fitness selection and entry efficiency directed by the V1-V5 regions during perinatal transmission. Other factors such as the route and timing of transmission may also be involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics (Tianjin), College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, PR China.,Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Levon G Abrahamyan
- Nebraska Center for Virology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68508, USA
| | - Chang Liu
- Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Mackenzie Waltke
- Nebraska Center for Virology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68508, USA
| | - Yunqi Geng
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics (Tianjin), College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Qimin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics (Tianjin), College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Charles Wood
- Nebraska Center for Virology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68508, USA
| | - Xiaohong Kong
- Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, PR China
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16
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Duri K, Gumbo F, Kristiansen K, Mapingure M, Munjoma M, Chirenje M, Rusakaniko S, Stray-Pedersen B, Műller F. Phylogenetic analysis of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 subtype C env gp120 sequences among four drug-naive families following subsequent heterosexual and vertical transmissions. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2012; 28:885-93. [PMID: 22206228 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2011.0217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
Abstract
To characterize phylogenetic relatedness of plasma HIV-1 RNA subtype C env gp120 viral variants capable of establishing an infection following heterosexual and subsequent vertical transmission events a 650-base pair fragment within the C2-V5 subregion was sequenced from four HIV-1-infected families each consisting of biological parent(s), index children (first), and subsequent (second) siblings. None of the family members had received antiretroviral therapy at the time of sample collection. Sequence alignment and analysis were done using Gene Doc, Clustal X, and MEGA software programs. Second siblings' sequences were homogeneous and clustered in a single branch while first siblings' sequences were more heterogeneous, clustering in separate branches, suggestive of more than one donor variants responsible for the infection or evolution from founder variant(s) could have occurred. While the directionality for heterosexual transmission could not be determined, homogeneous viral variants were a unique characteristic of maternal variants as opposed to the more heterogeneous paternal variants. Analysis of families' sequences demonstrated a localized expansion of the subtype C infection. We demonstrated that families' sequences clustered quite closely with other regional HIV-1 subtype C sequences supported by a bootstrap value of 86%, confirming the difficulty of classifying subtype C sequences on a geographic basis. Data are indicative of several mechanisms that may be involved in both vertical and heterosexual transmission. Larger studies are warranted to address the caveats of this study and build on the strengths. Our study could be the beginning of family-based HIV-1 intervention research in Zimbabwe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerina Duri
- Department of Immunology, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Felicity Gumbo
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Knut Kristiansen
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Munyaradzi Mapingure
- Department of Bioinformatics, Letten Foundation Research Centre, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Marshall Munjoma
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Mike Chirenje
- Department of Community Medicine, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | | | - Babill Stray-Pedersen
- Division of Women and Children, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet and Institute of Clinical Medicine, Oslo, Norway
| | - Fredrik Műller
- Department of Microbiology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
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17
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Dinh PX, Panda D, Das PB, Das SC, Das A, Pattnaik AK. A single amino acid change resulting in loss of fluorescence of eGFP in a viral fusion protein confers fitness and growth advantage to the recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus. Virology 2012; 432:460-9. [PMID: 22832124 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2012.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2012] [Revised: 05/25/2012] [Accepted: 07/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Using a recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus encoding eGFP fused in-frame with an essential viral replication protein, the phosphoprotein P, we show that during passage in culture, the virus mutates the nucleotide C289 within eGFP of the fusion protein PeGFP to A or T, resulting in R97S/C amino acid substitution and loss of fluorescence. The resultant non-fluorescent virus exhibits increased fitness and growth advantage over its fluorescent counterpart. The growth advantage of the non-fluorescent virus appears to be due to increased transcription and replication activities of the PeGFP protein carrying the R97S/C substitution. Further, our results show that the R97S/C mutation occurs prior to accumulation of mutations that can result in loss of expression of the gene inserted at the G-L gene junction. These results suggest that fitness gain is more important for the recombinant virus than elimination of expression of the heterologous gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phat X Dinh
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68583-0900, USA
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18
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Neutralizing antibody escape during HIV-1 mother-to-child transmission involves conformational masking of distal epitopes in envelope. J Virol 2012; 86:9566-82. [PMID: 22740394 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00953-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 variants transmitted to infants are often resistant to maternal neutralizing antibodies (NAbs), suggesting that they have escaped maternal NAb pressure. To define the molecular basis of NAb escape that contributes to selection of transmitted variants, we analyzed 5 viruses from 2 mother-to-child transmission pairs, in which the infant virus, but not the maternal virus, was resistant to neutralization by maternal plasma near transmission. We generated chimeric viruses between maternal and infant envelope clones obtained near transmission and examined neutralization by maternal plasma. The molecular determinants of NAb escape were distinct, even when comparing two maternal variants to the transmitted infant virus within one pair, in which insertions in V4 of gp120 and substitutions in HR2 of gp41 conferred neutralization resistance. In another pair, deletions and substitutions in V1 to V3 conferred resistance, but neither V1/V2 nor V3 alone was sufficient. Although the sequence determinants of escape were distinct, all of them involved modifications of potential N-linked glycosylation sites. None of the regions that mediated escape were major linear targets of maternal NAbs because corresponding peptides failed to compete for neutralization. Instead, these regions disrupted multiple distal epitopes targeted by HIV-1-specific monoclonal antibodies, suggesting that escape from maternal NAbs occurred through conformational masking of distal epitopes. This strategy likely allows HIV-1 to utilize relatively limited changes in the envelope to preserve the ability to infect a new host while simultaneously evading multiple NAb specificities present in maternal plasma.
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19
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Glycosylation of simian immunodeficiency virus influences immune-tissue targeting during primary infection, leading to immunodeficiency or viral control. J Virol 2012; 86:9323-36. [PMID: 22718828 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00948-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycans of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) play pivotal roles in modulating virus-target cell interactions. We have previously reported that, whereas SIVmac239 is pathogenic, its deglycosylated essentially nonpathogenic mutant (Δ5G) serves as a live-attenuated vaccine, although both replicate similarly during primary infection. These findings prompted us to determine whether such a polarized clinical outcome was due to differences in the immune tissues targeted by these viruses, where functionally and phenotypically different memory CD4(+) T cells reside. The results showed that Δ5G replicates in secondary lymphoid tissue (SLT) at 1- to 2-log-lower levels than SIVmac239, whereas SIVmac239-infected but not Δ5G-infected animals deplete CXCR3(+) CCR5(+) transitional memory (TrM) CD4(+) T cells. An early robust Δ5G replication was localized to small intestinal tissue, especially the lamina propria (effector site) rather than isolated lymphoid follicles (inductive site) and was associated with the induction and depletion of CCR6(+) CXCR3(-) CCR5(+) effector memory CD4(+) T cells. These results suggest that differential glycosylation of Env dictates the type of tissue-resident CD4(+) T cells that are targeted, which leads to pathogenic infection of TrM-Th1 cells in SLT and nonpathogenic infection of Th17 cells in the small intestine, respectively.
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20
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Wahl A, Swanson MD, Nochi T, Olesen R, Denton PW, Chateau M, Garcia JV. Human breast milk and antiretrovirals dramatically reduce oral HIV-1 transmission in BLT humanized mice. PLoS Pathog 2012; 8:e1002732. [PMID: 22737068 PMCID: PMC3380612 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2012] [Accepted: 04/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, over 15% of new HIV infections occur in children. Breastfeeding is a major contributor to HIV infections in infants. This represents a major paradox in the field because in vitro, breast milk has been shown to have a strong inhibitory effect on HIV infectivity. However, this inhibitory effect has never been demonstrated in vivo. Here, we address this important paradox using the first humanized mouse model of oral HIV transmission. We established that reconstitution of the oral cavity and upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract of humanized bone marrow/liver/thymus (BLT) mice with human leukocytes, including the human cell types important for mucosal HIV transmission (i.e. dendritic cells, macrophages and CD4+ T cells), renders them susceptible to oral transmission of cell-free and cell-associated HIV. Oral transmission of HIV resulted in systemic infection of lymphoid and non-lymphoid tissues that is characterized by the presence of HIV RNA in plasma and a gradual decline of CD4+ T cells in peripheral blood. Consistent with infection of the oral cavity, we observed virus shedding into saliva. We then evaluated the role of human breast milk on oral HIV transmission. Our in vivo results demonstrate that breast milk has a strong inhibitory effect on oral transmission of both cell-free and cell-associated HIV. Finally, we evaluated the effect of antiretrovirals on oral transmission of HIV. Our results show that systemic antiretrovirals administered prior to exposure can efficiently prevent oral HIV transmission in BLT mice. Infected children acquire HIV from their mother in utero, intrapartum or by ingesting their mother's breast milk which can contain both HIV particles (cell-free) and HIV-infected cells (cell-associated). Although breastfeeding is attributed to a significant number of HIV infections in children, most breastfed infants remain uninfected despite prolonged and repeated exposure to HIV. This limited transmission has led to two apparently contradictory roles for milk in HIV infection: vector of transmission or vehicle of protection? Milk has a strong inhibitory effect on HIV infection in vitro. However, this has never been demonstrated in an in vivo system. In the present study, we address this paradox in a bone marrow/liver/thymus (or BLT) humanized mouse model of oral transmission of cell-free and cell-associated HIV. We demonstrate that human breast milk has potent HIV inhibitory activity that can prevent oral transmission of cell-free and cell-associated HIV in vivo. Our results provide key insight into oral HIV transmission and the protective role of milk. However, since transmission can and does occur in some instances after continued exposure to HIV in milk, we demonstrate that oral HIV transmission can be efficiently prevented in BLT humanized mice by the systemic administration of antiretrovirals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Wahl
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Michael D. Swanson
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Tomonori Nochi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Rikke Olesen
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby, Denmark
| | - Paul W. Denton
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Morgan Chateau
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - J. Victor Garcia
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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21
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Envelope glycoproteins of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 variants issued from mother-infant pairs display a wide spectrum of biological properties. Virology 2012; 426:12-21. [PMID: 22310702 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2012.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2011] [Revised: 01/16/2012] [Accepted: 01/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Several studies have shown that the early virus population present in HIV-1 infected infants usually is homogeneous when compared to the highly diversified viral population present at delivery in their mothers. We explored the antigenic and functional properties of pseudotyped viruses expressing gp120 encoded by env clones issued from four mother-infant pairs infected by CRF01_AE viruses. We compared their sensitivity to neutralization and to entry inhibitors, their infectivity levels and the Env processing and incorporation levels. We found that both transmitted viruses present in infants and the variants present in their chronically infected mothers display a wide spectrum of biological properties that could not distinguish between them. In contrast, we found that all the transmitted viruses in the infants were more sensitive to neutralization by PG9 and PG16 than the maternal variants, an observation that may have implications for the development of prophylactic strategies to prevent mother-to-child transmission.
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22
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Chen XQ, Liu C, Kong XH. The role of HIV replicative fitness in perinatal transmission of HIV. Virol Sin 2011; 26:147-55. [PMID: 21667335 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-011-3180-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2011] [Accepted: 03/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Perinatal transmission of Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), also called mother-to-child transmission (MTCT), accounts for 90% of infections in infants worldwide and occurs in 30%-45% of children born to untreated HIV-1 infected mothers. Among HIV-1 infected mothers, some viruses are transmitted from mothers to their infants while others are not. The relationship between virologic properties and the pathogenesis caused by HIV-1 remains unclear. Previous studies have demonstrated that one obvious source of selective pressure in the perinatal transmission of HIV-1 is maternal neutralizing antibodies. Recent studies have shown that viruses which are successfully transmitted to the child have growth advantages over those not transmitted, when those two viruses are grown together. Furthermore, the higher fitness is determined by the gp120 protein of the virus envelope. This suggests that the selective transmission of viruses with higher fitness occurred exclusively, regardless of transmission routes. There are many factors contributing to the selective transmission and HIV replicative fitness is an important one that should not be neglected. This review summarizes current knowledge of the role of HIV replicative fitness in HIV MTCT transmission and the determinants of viral fitness upon MTCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Qing Chen
- Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
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23
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Arnott A, Jardine D, Wilson K, Gorry PR, Merlin K, Grey P, Law MG, Dax EM, Kelleher AD, Smith DE, McPhee DA. High viral fitness during acute HIV-1 infection. PLoS One 2010; 5. [PMID: 20844589 PMCID: PMC2936565 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0012631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2010] [Accepted: 08/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Several clinical studies have shown that, relative to disease progression, HIV-1 isolates that are less fit are also less pathogenic. The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between viral fitness and control of viral load (VL) in acute and early HIV-1 infection. Samples were obtained from subjects participating in two clinical studies. In the PULSE study, antiretroviral therapy (ART) was initiated before, or no later than six months following seroconversion. Subjects then underwent multiple structured treatment interruptions (STIs). The PHAEDRA study enrolled and monitored a cohort of individuals with documented evidence of primary infection. The subset chosen were individuals identified no later than 12 months following seroconversion to HIV-1, who were not receiving ART. The relative fitness of primary isolates obtained from study participants was investigated ex vivo. Viral DNA production was quantified using a novel real time PCR assay. Following intermittent ART, the fitness of isolates obtained from 5 of 6 PULSE subjects decreased over time. In contrast, in the absence of ART the fitness of paired isolates obtained from 7 of 9 PHAEDRA subjects increased over time. However, viral fitness did not correlate with plasma VL. Most unexpected was the high relative fitness of isolates obtained at Baseline from PULSE subjects, before initiating ART. It is widely thought that the fitness of strains present during the acute phase is low relative to strains present during chronic HIV-1 infection, due to the bottleneck imposed upon transmission. The results of this study provide evidence that the relative fitness of strains present during acute HIV-1 infection may be higher than previously thought. Furthermore, that viral fitness may represent an important clinical parameter to be considered when deciding whether to initiate ART during early HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Arnott
- National Serology Reference Laboratory, St Vincent’s Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Darren Jardine
- National Serology Reference Laboratory, St Vincent’s Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kim Wilson
- National Serology Reference Laboratory, St Vincent’s Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Paul R. Gorry
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kate Merlin
- National Centre in HIV Epidemiology and Clinical Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Patricia Grey
- National Centre in HIV Epidemiology and Clinical Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Matthew G. Law
- National Centre in HIV Epidemiology and Clinical Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Elizabeth M. Dax
- National Serology Reference Laboratory, St Vincent’s Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Anthony D. Kelleher
- National Centre in HIV Epidemiology and Clinical Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- St. Vincent’s Centre for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Don E. Smith
- National Centre in HIV Epidemiology and Clinical Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Dale A. McPhee
- National Serology Reference Laboratory, St Vincent’s Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail:
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24
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Zhang H, Rola M, West JT, Tully DC, Kubis P, He J, Kankasa C, Wood C. Functional properties of the HIV-1 subtype C envelope glycoprotein associated with mother-to-child transmission. Virology 2010; 400:164-74. [PMID: 20096914 PMCID: PMC2844456 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2009.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2009] [Revised: 11/16/2009] [Accepted: 12/14/2009] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the properties of viruses capable of establishing infection during perinatal transmission of HIV-1 is critical for designing effective means of limiting transmission. We previously demonstrated that the newly transmitted viruses (in infant) were more fit in growth, as imparted by their envelope glycoproteins, than those in their corresponding mothers. Here, we further characterized the viral envelope glycoproteins from six mother-infant transmission pairs and determined whether any specific envelope functions correlate with HIV-1 subtype C perinatal transmission. We found that most newly transmitted viruses were less susceptible to neutralization by their maternal plasma compared to contemporaneous maternal viruses. However, the newly transmitted variants were sensitive to neutralization by pooled heterologous plasma but in general were resistant to IgG1 b12. Neither Env processing nor incorporation efficiency was predictive of viral transmissibility. These findings provide further insight into the characteristics of perinatally transmissible HIV-1 and may have implications for intervention approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zhang
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE
- The School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE
| | - Marzena Rola
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE
- The School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE
| | - John T. West
- University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - Damien C. Tully
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE
- The School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE
| | - Piotr Kubis
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE
- The School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE
| | - Jun He
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE
- The School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE
| | - Chipepo Kankasa
- Department of Pediatrics, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Charles Wood
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE
- The School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE
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Restricted genetic diversity of HIV-1 subtype C envelope glycoprotein from perinatally infected Zambian infants. PLoS One 2010; 5:e9294. [PMID: 20174636 PMCID: PMC2823783 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0009294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2009] [Accepted: 01/29/2010] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 remains a significant problem in the resource-constrained settings where anti-retroviral therapy is still not widely available. Understanding the earliest events during HIV-1 transmission and characterizing the newly transmitted or founder virus is central to intervention efforts. In this study, we analyzed the viral env quasispecies of six mother-infant transmission pairs (MIPs) and characterized the genetic features of envelope glycoprotein that could influence HIV-1 subtype C perinatal transmission. Methodology and Findings The V1-V5 region of env was amplified from 6 MIPs baseline samples and 334 DNA sequences in total were analyzed. A comparison of the viral population derived from the mother and infant revealed a severe genetic bottleneck occurring during perinatal transmission, which was characterized by low sequence diversity in the infant. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that most likely in all our infant subjects a single founder virus was responsible for establishing infection. Furthermore, the newly transmitted viruses from the infant had significantly fewer potential N-linked glycosylation sites in Env V1-V5 region and showed a propensity to encode shorter variable loops compared to the nontransmitted viruses. In addition, a similar intensity of selection was seen between mothers and infants with a higher rate of synonymous (dS) compared to nonsynonymous (dN) substitutions evident (dN/dS<1). Conclusions Our results indicate that a strong genetic bottleneck occurs during perinatal transmission of HIV-1 subtype C. This is evident through population diversity and phylogenetic patterns where a single viral variant appears to be responsible for infection in the infants. As a result the newly transmitted viruses are less diverse and harbored significantly less glycosylated envelope. This suggests that viruses with the restricted glycosylation in envelope glycoprotein appeared to be preferentially transmitted during HIV-1 subtype C perinatal transmission. In addition, our findings also indicated that purifying selection appears to predominate in shaping the early intrahost evolution of HIV-1 subtype C envelope sequences.
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Treurnicht FK, Seoighe C, Martin DP, Wood N, Abrahams MR, Rosa DDA, Bredell H, Woodman Z, Hide W, Mlisana K, Karim SA, Gray CM, Williamson C. Adaptive changes in HIV-1 subtype C proteins during early infection are driven by changes in HLA-associated immune pressure. Virology 2009; 396:213-25. [PMID: 19913270 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2009.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2009] [Revised: 07/21/2009] [Accepted: 10/04/2009] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
It is unresolved whether recently transmitted human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV) have genetic features that specifically favour their transmissibility. To identify potential "transmission signatures", we compared 20 full-length HIV-1 subtype C genomes from primary infections, with 66 sampled from ethnically and geographically matched individuals with chronic infections. Controlling for recombination and phylogenetic relatedness, we identified 39 sites at which amino acid frequency spectra differed significantly between groups. These sites were predominantly located within Env, Pol and Gag (14/39, 9/39 and 6/39 respectively) and were significantly clustered (33/39) within known immunoreactive peptides. Within 6 months of infection, we detected reversion-to-consensus mutations at 14 sites and potential CTL escape mutations at seven. Here we provide evidence that frequent reversion mutations probably allows the virus to recover replicative fitness which, together with immune escape driven by the HLA alleles of the new hosts, differentiate sequences from chronic infections from those sampled shortly after transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- F K Treurnicht
- Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IIDMM), Division of Medical Virology, University of Cape Town, South Africa
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To provide an update on the origin of the HIV epidemic and insights into how the immune response is shaping virus evolution. RECENT FINDINGS Characterization of archival samples showed that by the 1960s, HIV had already diverged within humans. It is now estimated that HIV has been in humans since at least the early 1900s. However, despite the potential for different divergent viruses to spread, surprisingly few viruses successfully expanded to cause the global epidemic. In approximately 80% of cases, productive infection is the result of infection with only a single virus or single virus-infected cell. After transmission, HIV evolves at a rapid rate driven by the immune pressure until the virus reaches a delicate survival balance: on one hand avoiding elimination through the development of cytotoxic T-cell immune escape mutations, and on the other sacrificing replication fitness as these mutations may come with a severe fitness cost to the virus. People infected with these 'attenuated' cytotoxic T-cell escape viruses can have a survival advantage. Cytotoxic T-cell responses are molding HIV diversity at a population level resulting in a loss of some of the common immune epitopes. SUMMARY Insights into the origin of HIV and its evolution between populations and within individuals is essential to understanding HIV pathogenesis and imperative for the design of effective biomedical interventions such as vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zenda Woodman
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Division of Medical Virology, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, South Africa
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