1
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Zhao XY, Xu DE, Wu ML, Liu JC, Shi ZL, Ma QH. Regulation and function of endoplasmic reticulum autophagy in neurodegenerative diseases. Neural Regen Res 2025; 20:6-20. [PMID: 38767472 PMCID: PMC11246128 DOI: 10.4103/nrr.nrr-d-23-00995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum, a key cellular organelle, regulates a wide variety of cellular activities. Endoplasmic reticulum autophagy, one of the quality control systems of the endoplasmic reticulum, plays a pivotal role in maintaining endoplasmic reticulum homeostasis by controlling endoplasmic reticulum turnover, remodeling, and proteostasis. In this review, we briefly describe the endoplasmic reticulum quality control system, and subsequently focus on the role of endoplasmic reticulum autophagy, emphasizing the spatial and temporal mechanisms underlying the regulation of endoplasmic reticulum autophagy according to cellular requirements. We also summarize the evidence relating to how defective or abnormal endoplasmic reticulum autophagy contributes to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. In summary, this review highlights the mechanisms associated with the regulation of endoplasmic reticulum autophagy and how they influence the pathophysiology of degenerative nerve disorders. This review would help researchers to understand the roles and regulatory mechanisms of endoplasmic reticulum-phagy in neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Yun Zhao
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
- Institute of Neuroscience & Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - De-En Xu
- Department of Neurology, Jiangnan University Medical Center, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ming-Lei Wu
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
- Institute of Neuroscience & Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ji-Chuan Liu
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
- Institute of Neuroscience & Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zi-Ling Shi
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
- Institute of Neuroscience & Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Quan-Hong Ma
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
- Institute of Neuroscience & Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
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2
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Metzler AD, Tang H. Zika Virus Neuropathogenesis-Research and Understanding. Pathogens 2024; 13:555. [PMID: 39057782 PMCID: PMC11279898 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13070555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV), a mosquito-borne flavivirus, is prominently associated with microcephaly in babies born to infected mothers as well as Guillain-Barré Syndrome in adults. Each cell type infected by ZIKV-neuronal cells (radial glial cells, neuronal progenitor cells, astrocytes, microglia cells, and glioblastoma stem cells) and non-neuronal cells (primary fibroblasts, epidermal keratinocytes, dendritic cells, monocytes, macrophages, and Sertoli cells)-displays its own characteristic changes to their cell physiology and has various impacts on disease. Here, we provide an in-depth review of the ZIKV life cycle and its cellular targets, and discuss the current knowledge of how infections cause neuropathologies, as well as what approaches researchers are currently taking to further advance such knowledge. A key aspect of ZIKV neuropathogenesis is virus-induced neuronal apoptosis via numerous mechanisms including cell cycle dysregulation, mitochondrial fragmentation, ER stress, and the unfolded protein response. These, in turn, result in the activation of p53-mediated intrinsic cell death pathways. A full spectrum of infection models including stem cells and co-cultures, transwells to simulate blood-tissue barriers, brain-region-specific organoids, and animal models have been developed for ZIKV research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hengli Tang
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
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3
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Sarkar R, Chhabra S, Tanwar M, Agarwal N, Kalia M. Japanese encephalitis virus hijacks ER-associated degradation regulators for its replication. J Gen Virol 2024; 105. [PMID: 38787366 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Flaviviruses target their replication on membranous structures derived from the ER, where both viral and host proteins play crucial structural and functional roles. Here, we have characterized the involvement of the ER-associated degradation (ERAD) pathway core E3 ligase complex (SEL1L-HRD1) regulator proteins in the replication of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV). Through high-resolution immunofluorescence imaging of JEV-infected HeLa cells, we observe that the virus replication complexes marked by NS1 strongly colocalize with the ERAD adapter SEL1L, lectin OS9, ER-membrane shuttle factor HERPUD1, E3 ubiquitin ligase HRD1 and rhomboid superfamily member DERLIN1. NS5 positive structures also show strong overlap with SEL1L. While these effectors show significant transcriptional upregulation, their protein levels remain largely stable in infected cells. siRNA mediated depletion of OS9, SEL1L, HERPUD1 and HRD1 significantly inhibit viral RNA replication and titres, with SEL1L depletion showing the maximum attenuation of replication. By performing protein translation arrest experiments, we show that SEL1L, and OS9 are stabilised upon JEV infection. Overall results from this study suggest that these ERAD effector proteins are crucial host-factors for JEV replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riya Sarkar
- Virology Research Group, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, 121001, India
- Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, 121001, India
- Present address: Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Simran Chhabra
- Virology Research Group, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, 121001, India
| | - Mukesh Tanwar
- Virology Research Group, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, 121001, India
| | - Nisheeth Agarwal
- Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, 121001, India
| | - Manjula Kalia
- Virology Research Group, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, 121001, India
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4
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Shi L, Yang C, Zhang M, Li K, Wang K, Jiao L, Liu R, Wang Y, Li M, Wang Y, Ma L, Hu S, Bian X. Dissecting the mechanism of atlastin-mediated homotypic membrane fusion at the single-molecule level. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2488. [PMID: 38509071 PMCID: PMC10954664 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46919-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Homotypic membrane fusion of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is mediated by dynamin-like GTPase atlastin (ATL). This fundamental process relies on GTP-dependent domain rearrangements in the N-terminal region of ATL (ATLcyto), including the GTPase domain and three-helix bundle (3HB). However, its conformational dynamics during the GTPase cycle remain elusive. Here, we combine single-molecule FRET imaging and molecular dynamics simulations to address this conundrum. Different from the prevailing model, ATLcyto can form a loose crossover dimer upon GTP binding, which is tightened by GTP hydrolysis for membrane fusion. Furthermore, the α-helical motif between the 3HB and transmembrane domain, which is embedded in the surface of the lipid bilayer and self-associates in the crossover dimer, is required for ATL function. To recycle the proteins, Pi release, which disassembles the dimer, activates frequent relative movements between the GTPase domain and 3HB, and subsequent GDP dissociation alters the conformational preference of the ATLcyto monomer for entering the next reaction cycle. Finally, we found that two disease-causing mutations affect human ATL1 activity by destabilizing GTP binding-induced loose crossover dimer formation and the membrane-embedded helix, respectively. These results provide insights into ATL-mediated homotypic membrane fusion and the pathological mechanisms of related disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Frontiers Science Center for Cell Responses, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Chenguang Yang
- National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Mingyuan Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Kangning Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Frontiers Science Center for Cell Responses, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Keying Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Li Jiao
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Ruming Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Yunyun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Frontiers Science Center for Cell Responses, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Ming Li
- National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Yong Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
- The Provincial International Science and Technology Cooperation Base on Engineering Biology, International Campus of Zhejiang University, Haining, 314400, China.
| | - Lu Ma
- National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.
| | - Shuxin Hu
- National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.
| | - Xin Bian
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Frontiers Science Center for Cell Responses, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.
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5
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Song MS, Lee DK, Lee CY, Park SC, Yang J. Host Subcellular Organelles: Targets of Viral Manipulation. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1638. [PMID: 38338917 PMCID: PMC10855258 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Viruses have evolved sophisticated mechanisms to manipulate host cell processes and utilize intracellular organelles to facilitate their replication. These complex interactions between viruses and cellular organelles allow them to hijack the cellular machinery and impair homeostasis. Moreover, viral infection alters the cell membrane's structure and composition and induces vesicle formation to facilitate intracellular trafficking of viral components. However, the research focus has predominantly been on the immune response elicited by viruses, often overlooking the significant alterations that viruses induce in cellular organelles. Gaining a deeper understanding of these virus-induced cellular changes is crucial for elucidating the full life cycle of viruses and developing potent antiviral therapies. Exploring virus-induced cellular changes could substantially improve our understanding of viral infection mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Seok Song
- Department of Physiology and Convergence Medical Science, Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Kun Lee
- Department of Physiology and Convergence Medical Science, Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea
| | - Chung-Young Lee
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Cheol Park
- Artificial Intelligence and Robotics Laboratory, Myongji Hospital, Goyang 10475, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinsung Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Convergence Medical Science, Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea
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6
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Bryce S, Stolzer M, Crosby D, Yang R, Durand D, Lee TH. Human atlastin-3 is a constitutive ER membrane fusion catalyst. J Cell Biol 2023; 222:e202211021. [PMID: 37102997 PMCID: PMC10140384 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202211021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Homotypic membrane fusion catalyzed by the atlastin (ATL) GTPase sustains the branched endoplasmic reticulum (ER) network in metazoans. Our recent discovery that two of the three human ATL paralogs (ATL1/2) are C-terminally autoinhibited implied that relief of autoinhibition would be integral to the ATL fusion mechanism. An alternative hypothesis is that the third paralog ATL3 promotes constitutive ER fusion with relief of ATL1/2 autoinhibition used conditionally. However, published studies suggest ATL3 is a weak fusogen at best. Contrary to expectations, we demonstrate here that purified human ATL3 catalyzes efficient membrane fusion in vitro and is sufficient to sustain the ER network in triple knockout cells. Strikingly, ATL3 lacks any detectable C-terminal autoinhibition, like the invertebrate Drosophila ATL ortholog. Phylogenetic analysis of ATL C-termini indicates that C-terminal autoinhibition is a recent evolutionary innovation. We suggest that ATL3 is a constitutive ER fusion catalyst and that ATL1/2 autoinhibition likely evolved in vertebrates as a means of upregulating ER fusion activity on demand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Bryce
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Maureen Stolzer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Daniel Crosby
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Ruijin Yang
- Department of Computational Biology, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Dannie Durand
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Computational Biology, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Tina H. Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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7
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Woo TT, Williams JM, Tsai B. How host ER membrane chaperones and morphogenic proteins support virus infection. J Cell Sci 2023; 136:jcs261121. [PMID: 37401530 PMCID: PMC10357032 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.261121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The multi-functional endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is exploited by viruses to cause infection. Morphologically, this organelle is a highly interconnected membranous network consisting of sheets and tubules whose levels are dynamic, changing in response to cellular conditions. Functionally, the ER is responsible for protein synthesis, folding, secretion and degradation, as well as Ca2+ homeostasis and lipid biosynthesis, with each event catalyzed by defined ER factors. Strikingly, these ER host factors are hijacked by viruses to support different infection steps, including entry, translation, replication, assembly and egress. Although the full repertoire of these ER factors that are hijacked is unknown, recent studies have uncovered several ER membrane machineries that are exploited by viruses - ranging from polyomavirus to flavivirus and coronavirus - to facilitate different steps of their life cycle. These discoveries should provide better understanding of virus infection mechanisms, potentially leading to the development of more effective anti-viral therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tai-Ting Woo
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, BSRB 3043, Ann Arbor, MI 48109,USA
| | - Jeffrey M. Williams
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, BSRB 3043, Ann Arbor, MI 48109,USA
| | - Billy Tsai
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, BSRB 3043, Ann Arbor, MI 48109,USA
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8
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Sow AA, Pahmeier F, Ayotte Y, Anton A, Mazeaud C, Charpentier T, Angelo L, Woo S, Cerikan B, Falzarano D, Abrahamyan L, Lamarre A, Labonté P, Cortese M, Bartenschlager R, LaPlante SR, Chatel-Chaix L. N-Phenylpyridine-3-Carboxamide and 6-Acetyl-1H-Indazole Inhibit the RNA Replication Step of the Dengue Virus Life Cycle. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2023; 67:e0133122. [PMID: 36700643 PMCID: PMC9933715 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01331-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV) is a Flavivirus that causes the most prevalent arthropod-borne viral disease. Clinical manifestation of DENV infection ranges from asymptomatic to severe symptoms that can lead to death. Unfortunately, no antiviral treatments against DENV are currently available. In order to identify novel DENV inhibitors, we screened a library of 1,604 chemically diversified fragment-based compounds using DENV reporter viruses that allowed quantification of viral replication in infected cells. Following a validation screening, the two best inhibitor candidates were N-phenylpyridine-3-carboxamide (NPP3C) and 6-acetyl-1H-indazole (6A1HI). The half maximal effective concentration of NPP3C and 6A1H1 against DENV were 7.1 μM and 6.5 μM, respectively. 6A1H1 decreased infectious DENV particle production up to 1,000-fold without any cytotoxicity at the used concentrations. While 6A1HI was DENV-specific, NPP3C also inhibited the replication of other flaviviruses such as West Nile virus and Zika virus. Structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies with 151 analogues revealed key structural elements of NPP3C and 6A1HI required for their antiviral activity. Time-of-drug-addition experiments identified a postentry step as a target of these compounds. Consistently, using a DENV subgenomic replicon, we demonstrated that these compounds specifically impede the viral RNA replication step and exhibit a high genetic barrier-to-resistance. In contrast, viral RNA translation and the de novo biogenesis of DENV replication organelles were not affected. Overall, our data unveil NPP3C and 6A1H1 as novel DENV inhibitors. The information revealed by our SAR studies will help chemically optimize NPP3C and 6A1H1 in order to improve their anti-flaviviral potency and to challenge them in in vivo models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aïssatou Aïcha Sow
- Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Felix Pahmeier
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Center for Integrative Infectious Disease Research (CIID), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Yann Ayotte
- Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Anaïs Anton
- Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Clément Mazeaud
- Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Tania Charpentier
- Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Léna Angelo
- Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Simon Woo
- Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Berati Cerikan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Center for Integrative Infectious Disease Research (CIID), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Darryl Falzarano
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Levon Abrahamyan
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Alain Lamarre
- Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Patrick Labonté
- Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mirko Cortese
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Center for Integrative Infectious Disease Research (CIID), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Naples, Italy
| | - Ralf Bartenschlager
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Center for Integrative Infectious Disease Research (CIID), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Heidelberg partner site, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Steven R. LaPlante
- Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Laurent Chatel-Chaix
- Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laval, Quebec, Canada
- Center of Excellence in Orphan Diseases Research-Foundation Courtois, Quebec, Canada
- Réseau Intersectoriel de Recherche en Santé de l’Université du Québec, Quebec, Canada
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9
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The Involvement of Atlastin in Dengue Virus and Wolbachia Infection in Aedes aegypti and Its Regulation by aae-miR-989. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0225822. [PMID: 36165808 PMCID: PMC9603060 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02258-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-shaping atlastin proteins (ATLs) have been demonstrated to play a functional role during flavivirus replication in mammalian cells. For dengue virus (DENV), atlastin is required in the formation of the replication organelles and RNA replication, virion assembly, production of the infectious virus particles, and trafficking or directing the association of vesicle packets with furin. Here, we investigated the involvement of atlastin in DENV replication in the mosquito Aedes aegypti and explored the possibility of its manipulation by the endosymbiotic bacterium Wolbachia to interfere with DENV replication. Results showed the expression of Ae. aegypti atlastin gene (AaATL) was upregulated in DENV-infected Aag2 cells, and its silencing led to reduced DENV replication. Contrary to our assumption that AaATL could be downregulated by Wolbachia, we did not find evidence for that in Wolbachia-infected cell lines, but this was the case in mosquitoes. Further, silencing AaATL did not have any effect on Wolbachia density. Our results also suggest that aae-miR-989 miRNA negatively regulates AaATL. The oversupply of the miRNA mimic led to reduced DENV replication consistent with the positive role of AaATL in DENV replication. Overall, the results favor AaATL's involvement in DENV replication; however, there is no support that the protein is involved in Wolbachia-mediated DENV inhibition. In addition, the results contribute to discerning further possible overlapping functions of ATLs in mosquitoes and mammalian cells. IMPORTANCE Atlastin is a protein associated with the endoplasmic reticulum and has been shown to play a role in replication of flaviviruses in mammalian cells. This study aimed to investigate the role of mosquito Aedes aegypti atlastin (AaATL) in dengue virus replication and maintenance of Wolbachia, an endosymbiotic bacterium, in the mosquito. Our results suggest that AaATL facilitates dengue virus replication in mosquito cells, considering silencing the gene led to reductions in virus replication and virion production. Further, AaATL was found to be regulated by a mosquito microRNA, aae-miR-989. Despite an effect on dengue virus, AaATL silencing did not affect Wolbachia replication and maintenance in mosquito cells. The results shed light on the role of atlastins in mosquito-pathogen interactions and their overlapping roles in mosquito and mammalian cells.
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10
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Zhao Y, Wu P, Liu L, Ma B, Pan M, Huang Y, Du N, Yu H, Sui L, Wang ZD, Hou Z, Liu Q. Characterization and subcellular localization of Alongshan virus proteins. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1000322. [PMID: 36238596 PMCID: PMC9551281 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1000322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Alongshan virus (ALSV) in the Jingmenvirus group within the family Flaviviridae is a newly discovered tick-borne virus associated with human disease, whose genome includes four segments and encodes four structural proteins (VP1a, VP1b, VP2, VP3, and VP4) and two non-structural proteins (NSP1 and NSP2). Here, we characterized the subcellular distribution and potential function of ALSV proteins in host cells. We found that viral proteins exhibited diverse subcellular distribution in multiple tissue-deriving cells and induced various morphological changes in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and NSP2, VP1b, VP2, and VP4 were all co-localized in the ER. The nuclear transfer and co-localization of VP4 and calnexin (a marker protein of ER), which were independent of their interaction, were unique to HepG2 cells. Expression of NSP1 could significantly reduce mitochondria quantity by inducing mitophagy. These findings would contribute to better understanding of the pathogenesis of emerging segmented flaviviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinghua Zhao
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Ping Wu
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Li Liu
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Baohua Ma
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Mingming Pan
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Yuan Huang
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Nianyan Du
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Hongyan Yu
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Liyan Sui
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Center of Infectious Diseases and Pathogen Biology, Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of the Ministry of Education, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ze-Dong Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Center of Infectious Diseases and Pathogen Biology, Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of the Ministry of Education, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhijun Hou
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
- *Correspondence: Zhijun Hou,
| | - Quan Liu
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Center of Infectious Diseases and Pathogen Biology, Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of the Ministry of Education, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- School of Life Sciences and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
- Quan Liu,
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11
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Fishburn AT, Pham OH, Kenaston MW, Beesabathuni NS, Shah PS. Let's Get Physical: Flavivirus-Host Protein-Protein Interactions in Replication and Pathogenesis. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:847588. [PMID: 35308381 PMCID: PMC8928165 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.847588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Flaviviruses comprise a genus of viruses that pose a significant burden on human health worldwide. Transmission by both mosquito and tick vectors, and broad host tropism contribute to the presence of flaviviruses globally. Like all viruses, they require utilization of host molecular machinery to facilitate their replication through physical interactions. Their RNA genomes are translated using host ribosomes, synthesizing viral proteins that cooperate with each other and host proteins to reshape the host cell into a factory for virus replication. Thus, dissecting the physical interactions between viral proteins and their host protein targets is essential in our comprehension of how flaviviruses replicate and how they alter host cell behavior. Beyond replication, even single interactions can contribute to immune evasion and pathogenesis, providing potential avenues for therapeutic intervention. Here, we review protein interactions between flavivirus and host proteins that contribute to virus replication, immune evasion, and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam T Fishburn
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Oanh H Pham
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Matthew W Kenaston
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Nitin S Beesabathuni
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States.,Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Priya S Shah
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States.,Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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12
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Rubio-Miranda JÁ, Cázares-Raga FE, Coy-Arechavaleta AS, Viettri M, Cortes-Martínez L, Lagunes-Guillén A, Chavez-Munguía B, Ludert JE, Hernández-Hernández FDLC. Septin 2 interacts with dengue virus replication complex proteins and participates in virus replication in mosquito cells. Virology 2022; 570:67-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2022.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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13
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Reggiori F, Molinari M. ER-phagy: mechanisms, regulation and diseases connected to the lysosomal clearance of the endoplasmic reticulum. Physiol Rev 2022; 102:1393-1448. [PMID: 35188422 PMCID: PMC9126229 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00038.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
ER-phagy (reticulo-phagy) defines the degradation of portions of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) within lysosomes or vacuoles. It is part of the self-digestion (i.e., auto-phagic) programs recycling cytoplasmic material and organelles, which rapidly mobilize metabolites in cells confronted with nutrient shortage. Moreover, selective clearance of ER subdomains participates to the control of ER size and activity during ER stress, the re-establishment of ER homeostasis after ER stress resolution and the removal of ER parts, in which aberrant and potentially cytotoxic material has been segregated. ER-phagy relies on the individual and/or concerted activation of the ER-phagy receptors, ER peripheral or integral membrane proteins that share the presence of LC3/Atg8-binding motifs in their cytosolic domains. ER-phagy involves the physical separation of portions of the ER from the bulk ER network, and their delivery to the endolysosomal/vacuolar catabolic district. This last step is accomplished by a variety of mechanisms including macro-ER-phagy (in which ER fragments are sequestered by double-membrane autophagosomes that eventually fuse with lysosomes/vacuoles), micro-ER-phagy (in which ER fragments are directly engulfed by endosomes/lysosomes/vacuoles), or direct fusion of ER-derived vesicles with lysosomes/vacuoles. ER-phagy is dysfunctional in specific human diseases and its regulators are subverted by pathogens, highlighting its crucial role for cell and organism life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fulvio Reggiori
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, grid.4830.fUniversity of Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Maurizio Molinari
- Protein Folding and Quality Control, grid.7722.0Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Bellinzona, Switzerland
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14
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Li J, Gao E, Xu C, Wang H, Wei Y. ER-Phagy and Microbial Infection. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:771353. [PMID: 34912806 PMCID: PMC8667338 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.771353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an essential organelle in cells that synthesizes, folds and modifies membrane and secretory proteins. It has a crucial role in cell survival and growth, thus requiring strict control of its quality and homeostasis. Autophagy of the ER fragments, termed ER-phagy or reticulophagy, is an essential mechanism responsible for ER quality control. It transports stress-damaged ER fragments as cargo into the lysosome for degradation to eliminate unfolded or misfolded protein aggregates and membrane lipids. ER-phagy can also function as a host defense mechanism when pathogens infect cells, and its deficiency facilitates viral infection. This review briefly describes the process and regulatory mechanisms of ER-phagy, and its function in host anti-microbial defense during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Li
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory for Cell Homeostasis and Cancer Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Guangzhou, China
| | - Enfeng Gao
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory for Cell Homeostasis and Cancer Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chenguang Xu
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory for Cell Homeostasis and Cancer Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongna Wang
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory for Cell Homeostasis and Cancer Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Guangzhou, China.,GMU-GIBH Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongjie Wei
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory for Cell Homeostasis and Cancer Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Guangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, Guangzhou, China
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15
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Hengphasatporn K, Kaewmalai B, Jansongsaeng S, Badavath VN, Saelee T, Chokmahasarn T, Khotavivattana T, Shigeta Y, Rungrotmongkol T, Boonyasuppayakorn S. Alkyne-Tagged Apigenin, a Chemical Tool to Navigate Potential Targets of Flavonoid Anti-Dengue Leads. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26226967. [PMID: 34834059 PMCID: PMC8618255 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26226967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A flavonoid is a versatile core structure with various cellular, immunological, and pharmacological effects. Recently, flavones have shown anti-dengue activities by interfering with viral translation and replication. However, the molecular target is still elusive. Here we chemically modified apigenin by adding an alkyne moiety into the B-ring hydroxyl group. The alkyne serves as a chemical tag for the alkyne-azide cycloaddition reaction for subcellular visualization. The compound located at the perinuclear region at 1 and 6 h after infection. Interestingly, the compound signal started shifting to vesicle-like structures at 6 h and accumulated at 24 and 48 h after infection. Moreover, the compound treatment in dengue-infected cells showed that the compound restricted the viral protein inside the vesicles, especially at 48 h. As a result, the dengue envelope proteins spread throughout the cells. The alkyne-tagged apigenin showed a more potent efficacy at the EC50 of 2.36 ± 0.22, and 10.55 ± 3.37 µM, respectively, while the cytotoxicities were similar to the original apigenin at the CC50 of 70.34 ± 11.79, and 82.82 ± 11.68 µM, respectively. Molecular docking confirmed the apigenin binding to the previously reported target, ribosomal protein S9, at two binding sites. The network analysis, homopharma, and molecular docking revealed that the estrogen receptor 1 and viral NS1 were potential targets at the late infection stage. The interactions could attenuate dengue productivity by interfering with viral translation and suppressing the viral proteins from trafficking to the cell surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kowit Hengphasatporn
- Center for Computational Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan; (K.H.); (Y.S.)
| | - Benyapa Kaewmalai
- Applied Medical Virology Research Unit, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (B.K.); (V.N.B.); (T.S.)
- Interdisciplinary Program in Microbiology, Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Somruedee Jansongsaeng
- Center of Excellence for Natural Product, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (S.J.); (T.C.); (T.K.)
| | - Vishnu Nayak Badavath
- Applied Medical Virology Research Unit, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (B.K.); (V.N.B.); (T.S.)
| | - Thanaphon Saelee
- Applied Medical Virology Research Unit, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (B.K.); (V.N.B.); (T.S.)
| | - Thamonwan Chokmahasarn
- Center of Excellence for Natural Product, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (S.J.); (T.C.); (T.K.)
| | - Tanatorn Khotavivattana
- Center of Excellence for Natural Product, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (S.J.); (T.C.); (T.K.)
| | - Yasuteru Shigeta
- Center for Computational Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan; (K.H.); (Y.S.)
| | - Thanyada Rungrotmongkol
- Structural and Computational Biology Research Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand;
- Program in Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Siwaporn Boonyasuppayakorn
- Applied Medical Virology Research Unit, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (B.K.); (V.N.B.); (T.S.)
- Correspondence:
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16
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Kelly CM, Byrnes LJ, Neela N, Sondermann H, O'Donnell JP. The hypervariable region of atlastin-1 is a site for intrinsic and extrinsic regulation. J Cell Biol 2021; 220:212648. [PMID: 34546351 PMCID: PMC8563291 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202104128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Atlastin (ATL) GTPases catalyze homotypic membrane fusion of the peripheral endoplasmic reticulum (ER). GTP-hydrolysis–driven conformational changes and membrane tethering are prerequisites for proper membrane fusion. However, the molecular basis for regulation of these processes is poorly understood. Here we establish intrinsic and extrinsic modes of ATL1 regulation that involve the N-terminal hypervariable region (HVR) of ATLs. Crystal structures of ATL1 and ATL3 exhibit the HVR as a distinct, isoform-specific structural feature. Characterizing the functional role of ATL1’s HVR uncovered its positive effect on membrane tethering and on ATL1’s cellular function. The HVR is post-translationally regulated through phosphorylation-dependent modification. A kinase screen identified candidates that modify the HVR site specifically, corresponding to the modifications on ATL1 detected in cells. This work reveals how the HVR contributes to efficient and potentially regulated activity of ATLs, laying the foundation for the identification of cellular effectors of ATL-mediated membrane processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn M Kelly
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
| | - Laura J Byrnes
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
| | - Niharika Neela
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
| | - Holger Sondermann
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY.,CSSB Centre for Structural Systems Biology, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Hamburg, Germany.,Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - John P O'Donnell
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY.,Cell Biology Division, Medical Research Counsil (MRC) Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
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17
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Zoladek J, Legros V, Jeannin P, Chazal M, Pardigon N, Ceccaldi PE, Gessain A, Jouvenet N, Afonso PV. Zika Virus Requires the Expression of Claudin-7 for Optimal Replication in Human Endothelial Cells. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:746589. [PMID: 34616388 PMCID: PMC8488266 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.746589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) infection has been associated with a series of neurological pathologies. In patients with ZIKV-induced neurological disorders, the virus is detectable in the central nervous system. Thus, ZIKV is capable of neuroinvasion, presumably through infection of the endothelial cells that constitute the blood-brain barrier (BBB). We demonstrate that susceptibility of BBB endothelial cells to ZIKV infection is modulated by the expression of tight-junction protein claudin-7 (CLDN7). Downregulation of CLDN7 reduced viral RNA yield, viral protein production, and release of infectious viral particles in several endothelial cell types, but not in epithelial cells, indicating that CLDN7 implication in viral infection is cell-type specific. The proviral activity of CLDN7 in endothelial cells is ZIKV-specific since related flaviviruses were not affected by CLDN7 downregulation. Together, our data suggest that CLDN7 facilitates ZIKV infection in endothelial cells at a post-internalization stage and prior to RNA production. Our work contributes to a better understanding of the mechanisms exploited by ZIKV to efficiently infect and replicate in endothelial cells and thus of its ability to cross the BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jim Zoladek
- Unité Épidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes, Institut Pasteur, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 3569, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Vincent Legros
- Unité Épidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes, Institut Pasteur, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 3569, Université de Paris, Paris, France.,VetAgro Sup, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), Lyon, France
| | - Patricia Jeannin
- Unité Épidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes, Institut Pasteur, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 3569, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Maxime Chazal
- Unité Signalisation Antivirale, Institut Pasteur, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 3569, Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Pardigon
- Groupe Arbovirus, Unité Environnement et Risques Infectieux, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Pierre-Emmanuel Ceccaldi
- Unité Épidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes, Institut Pasteur, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 3569, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Antoine Gessain
- Unité Épidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes, Institut Pasteur, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 3569, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Nolwenn Jouvenet
- Unité Signalisation Antivirale, Institut Pasteur, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 3569, Paris, France
| | - Philippe V Afonso
- Unité Épidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes, Institut Pasteur, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 3569, Université de Paris, Paris, France
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18
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He L, Qian X, Cui Y. Advances in ER-Phagy and Its Diseases Relevance. Cells 2021; 10:cells10092328. [PMID: 34571977 PMCID: PMC8465915 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
As an important form of selective autophagy in cells, ER-phagy (endoplasmic reticulum-selective autophagy), the autophagic degradation of endoplasmic reticulum (ER), degrades ER membranes and proteins to maintain cellular homeostasis. The relationship between ER-phagy and human diseases, including neurodegenerative disorders, cancer, and other metabolic diseases has been unveiled by extensive research in recent years. Starting with the catabolic process of ER-phagy and key mediators in this pathway, this paper reviews the advances in the mechanism of ER-phagy and its diseases relevance. We hope to provide some enlightenment for further study on ER-phagy and the development of novel therapeutic strategies for related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingang He
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China; (L.H.); (X.Q.)
- Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Xuehong Qian
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China; (L.H.); (X.Q.)
- Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Yixian Cui
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China; (L.H.); (X.Q.)
- Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-27-87267099
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19
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Tran PTH, Asghar N, Johansson M, Melik W. Roles of the Endogenous Lunapark Protein during Flavivirus Replication. Viruses 2021; 13:v13071198. [PMID: 34206552 PMCID: PMC8310331 DOI: 10.3390/v13071198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of eukaryotic cells is a dynamic organelle, which undergoes continuous remodeling. At the three-way tubular junctions of the ER, the lunapark (LNP) protein acts as a membrane remodeling factor to stabilize these highly curved membrane junctions. In addition, during flavivirus infection, the ER membrane is invaginated to form vesicles (Ve) for virus replication. Thus, LNP may have roles in the generation or maintenance of the Ve during flavivirus infection. In this study, our aim was to characterize the functions of LNP during flavivirus infection and investigate the underlying mechanisms of these functions. To specifically study virus replication, we generated cell lines expressing replicons of West Nile virus (Kunjin strain) or Langat virus. By using these replicon platforms and electron microscopy, we showed that depletion of LNP resulted in reduced virus replication, which is due to its role in the generation of the Ve. By using biochemical assays and high-resolution microscopy, we found that LNP is recruited to the Ve and the protein interacts with the nonstructural protein (NS) 4B. Therefore, these data shed new light on the interactions between flavivirus and host factors during viral replication.
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20
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Morita E, Suzuki Y. Membrane-Associated Flavivirus Replication Complex-Its Organization and Regulation. Viruses 2021; 13:v13061060. [PMID: 34205058 PMCID: PMC8228428 DOI: 10.3390/v13061060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Flavivirus consists of a large number of arthropod-borne viruses, many of which cause life-threatening diseases in humans. A characteristic feature of flavivirus infection is to induce the rearrangement of intracellular membrane structure in the cytoplasm. This unique membranous structure called replication organelle is considered as a microenvironment that provides factors required for the activity of the flaviviral replication complex. The replication organelle serves as a place to coordinate viral RNA amplification, protein translation, and virion assembly and also to protect the viral replication complex from the cellular immune defense system. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of how the formation and function of membrane-associated flaviviral replication organelle are regulated by cellular factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiji Morita
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, 3 Bunkyo-cho, Hirosaki-shi 036-8561, Japan
- Correspondence: (E.M.); (Y.S.); Tel.: +81-172-39-3586 (E.M.); +81-72-684-7367 (Y.S.)
| | - Youichi Suzuki
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 2-7 Daigaku-machi, Takatsuki 569-8686, Japan
- Correspondence: (E.M.); (Y.S.); Tel.: +81-172-39-3586 (E.M.); +81-72-684-7367 (Y.S.)
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21
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Ci Y, Shi L. Compartmentalized replication organelle of flavivirus at the ER and the factors involved. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:4939-4954. [PMID: 33846827 PMCID: PMC8041242 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03834-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Flaviviruses are positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses that pose a considerable threat to human health. Flaviviruses replicate in compartmentalized replication organelles derived from the host endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The characteristic architecture of flavivirus replication organelles includes invaginated vesicle packets and convoluted membrane structures. Multiple factors, including both viral proteins and host factors, contribute to the biogenesis of the flavivirus replication organelle. Several viral nonstructural (NS) proteins with membrane activity induce ER rearrangement to build replication compartments, and other NS proteins constitute the replication complexes (RC) in the compartments. Host protein and lipid factors facilitate the formation of replication organelles. The lipid membrane, proteins and viral RNA together form the functional compartmentalized replication organelle, in which the flaviviruses efficiently synthesize viral RNA. Here, we reviewed recent advances in understanding the structure and biogenesis of flavivirus replication organelles, and we further discuss the function of virus NS proteins and related host factors as well as their roles in building the replication organelle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yali Ci
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China. .,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China.
| | - Lei Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China. .,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China.
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22
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Molinari M. ER-phagy responses in yeast, plants, and mammalian cells and their crosstalk with UPR and ERAD. Dev Cell 2021; 56:949-966. [PMID: 33765438 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2021.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
ER-phagy, literally endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-eating, defines the constitutive or regulated clearance of ER portions within metazoan endolysosomes or yeast and plant vacuoles. The advent of electron microscopy led to the first observations of ER-phagy over 60 years ago, but only recently, with the discovery of a set of regulatory proteins named ER-phagy receptors, has it been dissected mechanistically. ER-phagy receptors are activated by a variety of pleiotropic and ER-centric stimuli. They promote ER fragmentation and engage luminal, membrane-bound, and cytosolic factors, eventually driving lysosomal clearance of select ER domains along with their content. After short historical notes, this review introduces the concept of ER-phagy responses (ERPRs). ERPRs ensure lysosomal clearance of ER portions expendable during nutrient shortage, nonfunctional, present in excess, or containing misfolded proteins. They cooperate with unfolded protein responses (UPRs) and with ER-associated degradation (ERAD) in determining ER size, function, and homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Molinari
- Università della Svizzera italiana (USI), Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Research in Biomedicine, CH-6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland; School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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23
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Hernandez-Gonzalez M, Larocque G, Way M. Viral use and subversion of membrane organization and trafficking. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:jcs252676. [PMID: 33664154 PMCID: PMC7610647 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.252676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Membrane trafficking is an essential cellular process conserved across all eukaryotes, which regulates the uptake or release of macromolecules from cells, the composition of cellular membranes and organelle biogenesis. It influences numerous aspects of cellular organisation, dynamics and homeostasis, including nutrition, signalling and cell architecture. Not surprisingly, malfunction of membrane trafficking is linked to many serious genetic, metabolic and neurological disorders. It is also often hijacked during viral infection, enabling viruses to accomplish many of the main stages of their replication cycle, including entry into and egress from cells. The appropriation of membrane trafficking by viruses has been studied since the birth of cell biology and has helped elucidate how this integral cellular process functions. In this Review, we discuss some of the different strategies viruses use to manipulate and take over the membrane compartments of their hosts to promote their replication, assembly and egress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Hernandez-Gonzalez
- Cellular Signalling and Cytoskeletal Function Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Gabrielle Larocque
- Cellular Signalling and Cytoskeletal Function Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Michael Way
- Cellular Signalling and Cytoskeletal Function Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College, London W2 1PG, UK
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24
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Thair SA, He YD, Hasin-Brumshtein Y, Sakaram S, Pandya R, Toh J, Rawling D, Remmel M, Coyle S, Dalekos GN, Koutsodimitropoulos I, Vlachogianni G, Gkeka E, Karakike E, Damoraki G, Antonakos N, Khatri P, Giamarellos-Bourboulis EJ, Sweeney TE. Transcriptomic similarities and differences in host response between SARS-CoV-2 and other viral infections. iScience 2020; 24:101947. [PMID: 33437935 PMCID: PMC7786129 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The pandemic 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) shares certain clinical characteristics with other acute viral infections. We studied the whole-blood transcriptomic host response to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) using RNAseq from 24 healthy controls and 62 prospectively enrolled patients with COVID-19. We then compared these data to non-COVID-19 viral infections, curated from 23 independent studies profiling 1,855 blood samples covering six viruses (influenza, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), human rhinovirus (HRV), severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 1 (SARS-CoV-1), Ebola, dengue). We show gene expression changes in COVID-19 versus non-COVID-19 viral infections are highly correlated (r = 0.74, p < 0.001). However, we also found 416 genes specific to COVID-19. Inspection of top genes revealed dynamic immune evasion and counter host responses specific to COVID-19. Statistical deconvolution of cell proportions maps many cell type proportions concordantly shifting. Discordantly increased in COVID-19 were CD56bright natural killer cells and M2 macrophages. The concordant and discordant responses mapped out here provide a window to explore the pathophysiology of the host response to SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone A Thair
- Inflammatix, Inc., 863 Mitten Road, Suite 104, Burlingame, CA 94010, USA
| | - Yudong D He
- Inflammatix, Inc., 863 Mitten Road, Suite 104, Burlingame, CA 94010, USA
| | | | - Suraj Sakaram
- Inflammatix, Inc., 863 Mitten Road, Suite 104, Burlingame, CA 94010, USA
| | - Rushika Pandya
- Inflammatix, Inc., 863 Mitten Road, Suite 104, Burlingame, CA 94010, USA
| | - Jiaying Toh
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA.,Center for Biomedical Informatics Research, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - David Rawling
- Inflammatix, Inc., 863 Mitten Road, Suite 104, Burlingame, CA 94010, USA
| | - Melissa Remmel
- Inflammatix, Inc., 863 Mitten Road, Suite 104, Burlingame, CA 94010, USA
| | - Sabrina Coyle
- Inflammatix, Inc., 863 Mitten Road, Suite 104, Burlingame, CA 94010, USA
| | - George N Dalekos
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larissa General Hospital, Greece
| | | | | | - Eleni Gkeka
- Intensive Care Unit, AHEPA Thessaloniki General Hospital, Greece
| | - Eleni Karakike
- 4th Department of Internal Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, 124 62 Athens, Greece
| | - Georgia Damoraki
- 4th Department of Internal Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, 124 62 Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Antonakos
- 4th Department of Internal Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, 124 62 Athens, Greece
| | - Purvesh Khatri
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA.,Center for Biomedical Informatics Research, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Timothy E Sweeney
- Inflammatix, Inc., 863 Mitten Road, Suite 104, Burlingame, CA 94010, USA
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25
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Cortese M, Lee JY, Cerikan B, Neufeldt CJ, Oorschot VMJ, Köhrer S, Hennies J, Schieber NL, Ronchi P, Mizzon G, Romero-Brey I, Santarella-Mellwig R, Schorb M, Boermel M, Mocaer K, Beckwith MS, Templin RM, Gross V, Pape C, Tischer C, Frankish J, Horvat NK, Laketa V, Stanifer M, Boulant S, Ruggieri A, Chatel-Chaix L, Schwab Y, Bartenschlager R. Integrative Imaging Reveals SARS-CoV-2-Induced Reshaping of Subcellular Morphologies. Cell Host Microbe 2020; 28:853-866.e5. [PMID: 33245857 PMCID: PMC7670925 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2020.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Pathogenesis induced by SARS-CoV-2 is thought to result from both an inflammation-dominated cytokine response and virus-induced cell perturbation causing cell death. Here, we employ an integrative imaging analysis to determine morphological organelle alterations induced in SARS-CoV-2-infected human lung epithelial cells. We report 3D electron microscopy reconstructions of whole cells and subcellular compartments, revealing extensive fragmentation of the Golgi apparatus, alteration of the mitochondrial network and recruitment of peroxisomes to viral replication organelles formed by clusters of double-membrane vesicles (DMVs). These are tethered to the endoplasmic reticulum, providing insights into DMV biogenesis and spatial coordination of SARS-CoV-2 replication. Live cell imaging combined with an infection sensor reveals profound remodeling of cytoskeleton elements. Pharmacological inhibition of their dynamics suppresses SARS-CoV-2 replication. We thus report insights into virus-induced cytopathic effects and provide alongside a comprehensive publicly available repository of 3D datasets of SARS-CoV-2-infected cells for download and smooth online visualization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirko Cortese
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Ji-Young Lee
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; German Center for Infection Research, Heidelberg partner site, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Berati Cerikan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christopher J Neufeldt
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Viola M J Oorschot
- Electron Microscopy Core Facility, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Köhrer
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany; Clinical Cooperation Unit Molecular Hematology/Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Julian Hennies
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany; Collaboration for joint PhD degree between EMBL and Heidelberg University, Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nicole L Schieber
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Paolo Ronchi
- Electron Microscopy Core Facility, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Giulia Mizzon
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany; Electron Microscopy Core Facility, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Inés Romero-Brey
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Martin Schorb
- Electron Microscopy Core Facility, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mandy Boermel
- Electron Microscopy Core Facility, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Karel Mocaer
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marianne S Beckwith
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rachel M Templin
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Viktoriia Gross
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Constantin Pape
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany; European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christian Tischer
- Center for Bioimage Analysis, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jamie Frankish
- BioMed X Institute, BioMed X GmbH, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Natalie K Horvat
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), 69117 Heidelberg, Germany; Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit (MMPU), Otto-Meyerhof-Zentrum, Im Neuenheimer Feld 350, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Vibor Laketa
- German Center for Infection Research, Heidelberg partner site, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Megan Stanifer
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Steeve Boulant
- Research Group "Cellular polarity and viral infection," German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alessia Ruggieri
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Laurent Chatel-Chaix
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, 531, Boulevard des Prairies Laval, Québec, QC H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - Yannick Schwab
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany; Electron Microscopy Core Facility, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Ralf Bartenschlager
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; German Center for Infection Research, Heidelberg partner site, Heidelberg, Germany; Division Virus-Associated Carcinogenesis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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26
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Long RKM, Moriarty KP, Cardoen B, Gao G, Vogl AW, Jean F, Hamarneh G, Nabi IR. Super resolution microscopy and deep learning identify Zika virus reorganization of the endoplasmic reticulum. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20937. [PMID: 33262363 PMCID: PMC7708840 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77170-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a complex subcellular organelle composed of diverse structures such as tubules, sheets and tubular matrices. Flaviviruses such as Zika virus (ZIKV) induce reorganization of ER membranes to facilitate viral replication. Here, using 3D super resolution microscopy, ZIKV infection is shown to induce the formation of dense tubular matrices associated with viral replication in the central ER. Viral non-structural proteins NS4B and NS2B associate with replication complexes within the ZIKV-induced tubular matrix and exhibit distinct ER distributions outside this central ER region. Deep neural networks trained to distinguish ZIKV-infected versus mock-infected cells successfully identified ZIKV-induced central ER tubular matrices as a determinant of viral infection. Super resolution microscopy and deep learning are therefore able to identify and localize morphological features of the ER and allow for better understanding of how ER morphology changes due to viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rory K M Long
- Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada.,Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Kathleen P Moriarty
- School of Computing Science, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Ben Cardoen
- School of Computing Science, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Guang Gao
- Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada.,Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - A Wayne Vogl
- Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada.,Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - François Jean
- Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada. .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada.
| | - Ghassan Hamarneh
- School of Computing Science, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada.
| | - Ivan R Nabi
- Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada. .,Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada. .,School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada.
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27
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ER functions are exploited by viruses to support distinct stages of their life cycle. Biochem Soc Trans 2020; 48:2173-2184. [PMID: 33119046 DOI: 10.1042/bst20200395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER), with its expansive membranous system and a vast network of chaperones, enzymes, sensors, and ion channels, orchestrates diverse cellular functions, ranging from protein synthesis, folding, secretion, and degradation to lipid biogenesis and calcium homeostasis. Strikingly, some of the functions of the ER are exploited by viruses to promote their life cycles. During entry, viruses must penetrate a host membrane and reach an intracellular destination to express and replicate their genomes. These events lead to the assembly of new viral progenies that exit the host cell, thereby initiating further rounds of infection. In this review, we highlight how three distinct viruses - polyomavirus, flavivirus, and coronavirus - co-opt key functions of the ER to cause infection. We anticipate that illuminating this virus-ER interplay will provide rational therapeutic approaches to combat the virus-induced diseases.
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28
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29
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Affiliation(s)
- Maaran Michael Rajah
- Institut Pasteur, Virus and Immunity Unit, CNRS-UMR3569, Paris, France
- Ecole Doctorale Bio Sorbonne Paris Cité (BioSPC) -Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Blandine Monel
- Institut Pasteur, Virus and Immunity Unit, CNRS-UMR3569, Paris, France
- * E-mail: (BM); (OS)
| | - Olivier Schwartz
- Institut Pasteur, Virus and Immunity Unit, CNRS-UMR3569, Paris, France
- Vaccine Research Institute, Creteil, France
- * E-mail: (BM); (OS)
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30
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"Make way": Pathogen exploitation of membrane traffic. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2020; 65:78-85. [PMID: 32234681 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2020.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Intracellular pathogens have evolved numerous strategies to manipulate their host cells to survive and replicate in a hostile environment. They often exploit membrane trafficking pathways to enter the cell, establish a replicative niche, avoid degradation and immune response, acquire nutrients and lastly, egress. Recent studies on membrane trafficking exploitation by intracellular pathogens have led to the discovery of novel and fascinating cell biology, including a noncanonical mechanism of ubiquitination and a novel mitophagy receptor. Thus, studying how pathogens target host cell membrane trafficking pathways is not only important for the development of new therapeutics, but also helps understanding fundamental mechanisms of cell biology.
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