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Li W, Zhuang Y, Shao SJ, Trivedi P, Zheng B, Huang GL, He Z, Zhang X. Essential contribution of the JAK/STAT pathway to carcinogenesis, lytic infection of herpesviruses and pathogenesis of COVID‑19 (Review). Mol Med Rep 2024; 29:39. [PMID: 38240082 PMCID: PMC10828999 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2024.13163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The intracellular pathway of Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT) and modification of nucleosome histone marks regulate the expression of proinflammatory mediators, playing an essential role in carcinogenesis, antiviral immunity and the interaction of host proteins with Herpesviral particles. The pathway has also been suggested to play a vital role in the clinical course of the acute infection caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS‑CoV‑2; known as coronavirus infection‑2019), a novel human coronavirus initially identified in the central Chinese city Wuhan towards the end of 2019, which evolved into a pandemic affecting nearly two million people worldwide. The infection mainly manifests as fever, cough, myalgia and pulmonary involvement, while it also attacks multiple viscera, such as the liver. The pathogenesis is characterized by a cytokine storm, with an overproduction of proinflammatory mediators. Innate and adaptive host immunity against the viral pathogen is exerted by various effectors and is regulated by different signaling pathways notably the JAK/STAT. The elucidation of the underlying mechanism of the regulation of mediating factors expressed in the viral infection would assist diagnosis and antiviral targeting therapy, which will help overcome the infection caused by SARS‑CoV‑2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenkai Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, P.R. China
- Chinese-American Tumor Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, P.R. China
| | - Yunjing Zhuang
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, School of Medical Technology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, P.R. China
| | - Song-Jun Shao
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Pankaj Trivedi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, La Sapienza University of Rome, Rome I-00158, Italy
| | - Biying Zheng
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, School of Medical Technology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, P.R. China
| | - Guo-Liang Huang
- Chinese-American Tumor Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, P.R. China
| | - Zhiwei He
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, P.R. China
- Chinese-American Tumor Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, P.R. China
| | - Xiangning Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, P.R. China
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2
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Silva JDM, Alves CEDC, Pontes GS. Epstein-Barr virus: the mastermind of immune chaos. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1297994. [PMID: 38384471 PMCID: PMC10879370 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1297994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a ubiquitous human pathogen linked to various diseases, including infectious mononucleosis and multiple types of cancer. To control and eliminate EBV, the host's immune system deploys its most potent defenses, including pattern recognition receptors, Natural Killer cells, CD8+ and CD4+ T cells, among others. The interaction between EBV and the human immune system is complex and multifaceted. EBV employs a variety of strategies to evade detection and elimination by both the innate and adaptive immune systems. This demonstrates EBV's mastery of navigating the complexities of the immunological landscape. Further investigation into these complex mechanisms is imperative to advance the development of enhanced therapeutic approaches with heightened efficacy. This review provides a comprehensive overview of various mechanisms known to date, employed by the EBV to elude the immune response, while establishing enduring latent infections or instigate its lytic replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean de Melo Silva
- Laboratory of Virology and Immunology, National Institute of Amazonian Research (INPA), Manaus, AM, Brazil
- Post-Graduate Program in Basic and Applied Immunology, Institute of Biological Science, Federal University of Amazonas, Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | | | - Gemilson Soares Pontes
- Laboratory of Virology and Immunology, National Institute of Amazonian Research (INPA), Manaus, AM, Brazil
- Post-Graduate Program in Basic and Applied Immunology, Institute of Biological Science, Federal University of Amazonas, Manaus, AM, Brazil
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3
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Sausen DG, Poirier MC, Spiers LM, Smith EN. Mechanisms of T cell evasion by Epstein-Barr virus and implications for tumor survival. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1289313. [PMID: 38179040 PMCID: PMC10764432 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1289313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a prevalent oncogenic virus estimated to infect greater than 90% of the world's population. Following initial infection, it establishes latency in host B cells. EBV has developed a multitude of techniques to avoid detection by the host immune system and establish lifelong infection. T cells, as important contributors to cell-mediated immunity, make an attractive target for these immunoevasive strategies. Indeed, EBV has evolved numerous mechanisms to modulate T cell responses. For example, it can augment expression of programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1), which inhibits T cell function, and downregulates the interferon response, which has a strong impact on T cell regulation. It also modulates interleukin secretion and can influence major histocompatibility complex (MHC) expression and presentation. In addition to facilitating persistent EBV infection, these immunoregulatory mechanisms have significant implications for evasion of the immune response by tumor cells. This review dissects the mechanisms through which EBV avoids detection by host T cells and discusses how these mechanisms play into tumor survival. It concludes with an overview of cancer treatments targeting T cells in the setting of EBV-associated malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. G. Sausen
- School of Medicine, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, United States
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4
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Huang W, Bai L, Tang H. Epstein-Barr virus infection: the micro and macro worlds. Virol J 2023; 20:220. [PMID: 37784180 PMCID: PMC10546641 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-023-02187-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Epstein‒Barr virus (EBV) is a DNA virus that belongs to the human B lymphotropic herpesvirus family and is highly prevalent in the human population. Once infected, a host can experience latent infection because EBV evades the immune system, leading to hosts harboring the virus for their lifetime. EBV is associated with many diseases and causes significant challenges to human health. This review first offers a description of the natural history of EBV infection, clarifies the interaction between EBV and the immune system, and finally focuses on several major types of diseases caused by EBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Huang
- Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Division of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Lang Bai
- Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
- Division of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Hong Tang
- Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
- Division of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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5
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Yiu SPT, Zerbe C, Vanderwall D, Huttlin EL, Weekes MP, Gewurz BE. An Epstein-Barr virus protein interaction map reveals NLRP3 inflammasome evasion via MAVS UFMylation. Mol Cell 2023; 83:2367-2386.e15. [PMID: 37311461 PMCID: PMC10372749 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2023.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) causes infectious mononucleosis, triggers multiple sclerosis, and is associated with 200,000 cancers/year. EBV colonizes the human B cell compartment and periodically reactivates, inducing expression of 80 viral proteins. However, much remains unknown about how EBV remodels host cells and dismantles key antiviral responses. We therefore created a map of EBV-host and EBV-EBV interactions in B cells undergoing EBV replication, uncovering conserved herpesvirus versus EBV-specific host cell targets. The EBV-encoded G-protein-coupled receptor BILF1 associated with MAVS and the UFM1 E3 ligase UFL1. Although UFMylation of 14-3-3 proteins drives RIG-I/MAVS signaling, BILF1-directed MAVS UFMylation instead triggered MAVS packaging into mitochondrial-derived vesicles and lysosomal proteolysis. In the absence of BILF1, EBV replication activated the NLRP3 inflammasome, which impaired viral replication and triggered pyroptosis. Our results provide a viral protein interaction network resource, reveal a UFM1-dependent pathway for selective degradation of mitochondrial cargo, and highlight BILF1 as a novel therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Pei Tung Yiu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 181 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Graduate Program in Virology, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Center for Integrated Solutions to Infectious Diseases, Broad Institute and Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02115, USA; Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Cassie Zerbe
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - David Vanderwall
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Edward L Huttlin
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Michael P Weekes
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK.
| | - Benjamin E Gewurz
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 181 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Graduate Program in Virology, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Center for Integrated Solutions to Infectious Diseases, Broad Institute and Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02115, USA; Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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6
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Guo Y, Pan L, Wang L, Wang S, Fu J, Luo W, Wang K, Li X, Huang C, Liu Y, Kang H, Zeng Q, Fu X, Huang Z, Li W, He Y, Li L, Peng T, Yang H, Li M, Xiao B, Cai M. Epstein-Barr Virus Envelope Glycoprotein gp110 Inhibits IKKi-Mediated Activation of NF-κB and Promotes the Degradation of β-Catenin. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0032623. [PMID: 37022262 PMCID: PMC10269791 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00326-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infects host cells and establishes a latent infection that requires evasion of host innate immunity. A variety of EBV-encoded proteins that manipulate the innate immune system have been reported, but whether other EBV proteins participate in this process is unclear. EBV-encoded envelope glycoprotein gp110 is a late protein involved in virus entry into target cells and enhancement of infectivity. Here, we reported that gp110 inhibits RIG-I-like receptor pathway-mediated promoter activity of interferon-β (IFN-β) as well as the transcription of downstream antiviral genes to promote viral proliferation. Mechanistically, gp110 interacts with the inhibitor of NF-κB kinase (IKKi) and restrains its K63-linked polyubiquitination, leading to attenuation of IKKi-mediated activation of NF-κB and repression of the phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of p65. Additionally, gp110 interacts with an important regulator of the Wnt signaling pathway, β-catenin, and induces its K48-linked polyubiquitination degradation via the proteasome system, resulting in the suppression of β-catenin-mediated IFN-β production. Taken together, these results suggest that gp110 is a negative regulator of antiviral immunity, revealing a novel mechanism of EBV immune evasion during lytic infection. IMPORTANCE Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a ubiquitous pathogen that infects almost all human beings, and the persistence of EBV in the host is largely due to immune escape mediated by its encoded products. Thus, elucidation of EBV's immune escape mechanisms will provide a new direction for the design of novel antiviral strategies and vaccine development. Here, we report that EBV-encoded gp110 serves as a novel viral immune evasion factor, which inhibits RIG-I-like receptor pathway-mediated interferon-β (IFN-β) production. Furthermore, we found that gp110 targeted two key proteins, inhibitor of NF-κB kinase (IKKi) and β-catenin, which mediate antiviral activity and the production of IFN-β. gp110 inhibited K63-linked polyubiquitination of IKKi and induced β-catenin degradation via the proteasome, resulting in decreased IFN-β production. In summary, our data provide new insights into the EBV-mediated immune evasion surveillance strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjie Guo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People’s Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lingxia Pan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People’s Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan, China
| | - Liding Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People’s Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan, China
| | - Shuai Wang
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jiangqin Fu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People’s Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan, China
| | - Wenqi Luo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People’s Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan, China
| | - Kezhen Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaoqing Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People’s Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan, China
| | - Chen Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People’s Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan, China
| | - Yintao Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People’s Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan, China
| | - Haoran Kang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People’s Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan, China
| | - Qiyuan Zeng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People’s Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan, China
| | - Xiuxia Fu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People’s Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan, China
| | - Zejin Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People’s Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan, China
| | - Wanying Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People’s Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan, China
| | - Yingxin He
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People’s Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan, China
| | - Linhai Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People’s Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan, China
| | - Tao Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong South China Vaccine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haidi Yang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Hearing and Speech-Language Science, Guangzhou Xinhua University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Meili Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People’s Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan, China
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bin Xiao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People’s Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan, China
| | - Mingsheng Cai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People’s Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan, China
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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7
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Bellucci G, Albanese A, Rizzi C, Rinaldi V, Salvetti M, Ristori G. The value of Interferon β in multiple sclerosis and novel opportunities for its anti-viral activity: a narrative literature review. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1161849. [PMID: 37334371 PMCID: PMC10275407 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1161849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Interferon-beta (IFN-β) for Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is turning 30. The COVID-19 pandemic rejuvenated the interest in interferon biology in health and disease, opening translational opportunities beyond neuroinflammation. The antiviral properties of this molecule are in accord with the hypothesis of a viral etiology of MS, for which a credible culprit has been identified in the Epstein-Barr Virus. Likely, IFNs are crucial in the acute phase of SARS-CoV-2 infection, as demonstrated by inherited and acquired impairments of the interferon response that predispose to a severe COVID-19 course. Accordingly, IFN-β exerted protection against SARS-CoV-2 in people with MS (pwMS). In this viewpoint, we summarize the evidence on IFN-β mechanisms of action in MS with a focus on its antiviral properties, especially against EBV. We synopsize the role of IFNs in COVID-19 and the opportunities and challenges of IFN-β usage for this condition. Finally, we leverage the lessons learned in the pandemic to suggest a role of IFN-β in long-COVID-19 and in special MS subpopulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianmarco Bellucci
- Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Centre for Experimental Neurological Therapies (CENTERS), Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Angela Albanese
- Merck Serono S.p.A., An Affiliate of Merck KGaA, Rome, Italy
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Caterina Rizzi
- Merck Serono S.p.A., An Affiliate of Merck KGaA, Rome, Italy
| | - Virginia Rinaldi
- Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Centre for Experimental Neurological Therapies (CENTERS), Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Salvetti
- Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Centre for Experimental Neurological Therapies (CENTERS), Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Giovanni Ristori
- Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Centre for Experimental Neurological Therapies (CENTERS), Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
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8
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Murata T. Tegument proteins of Epstein-Barr virus: Diverse functions, complex networks, and oncogenesis. Tumour Virus Res 2023; 15:200260. [PMID: 37169175 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvr.2023.200260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The tegument is the structure between the envelope and nucleocapsid of herpesvirus particles. Viral (and cellular) proteins accumulate to create the layers of the tegument. Some Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) tegument proteins are conserved widely in Herpesviridae, but others are shared only by members of the gamma-herpesvirus subfamily. As the interface to envelope and nucleocapsid, the tegument functions in virion morphogenesis and budding of the nucleocapsid during progeny production. When a virus particle enters a cell, enzymes such as kinase and deubiquitinase, and transcriptional activators are released from the virion to promote virus infection. Moreover, some EBV tegument proteins are involved in oncogenesis. Here, we summarize the roles of EBV tegument proteins, in comparison to those of other herpesviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Murata
- Department of Virology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Japan.
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9
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Ponnuraj N, Akbar H, Arrington JV, Spatz SJ, Nagarajan B, Desai UR, Jarosinski KW. The alphaherpesvirus conserved pUS10 is important for natural infection and its expression is regulated by the conserved Herpesviridae protein kinase (CHPK). PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1010959. [PMID: 36749787 PMCID: PMC9946255 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Conserved Herpesviridae protein kinases (CHPK) are conserved among all members of the Herpesviridae. Herpesviruses lacking CHPK propagate in cell culture at varying degrees, depending on the virus and cell culture system. CHPK is dispensable for Marek's disease herpesvirus (MDV) replication in cell culture and experimental infection in chickens; however, CHPK-particularly its kinase activity-is essential for horizontal transmission in chickens, also known as natural infection. To address the importance of CHPK during natural infection in chickens, we used liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) based proteomics of samples collected from live chickens. Comparing modification of viral proteins in feather follicle epithelial (FFE) cells infected with wildtype or a CHPK-null virus, we identified the US10 protein (pUS10) as a potential target for CHPK in vivo. When expression of pUS10 was evaluated in cell culture and in FFE skin cells during in vivo infection, pUS10 was severely reduced or abrogated in cells infected with CHPK mutant or CHPK-null viruses, respectively, indicating a potential role for pUS10 in transmission. To test this hypothesis, US10 was deleted from the MDV genome, and the reconstituted virus was tested for replication, horizontal transmission, and disease induction. Our results showed that removal of US10 had no effect on the ability of MDV to transmit in experimentally infected chickens, but disease induction in naturally infected chickens was significantly reduced. These results show CHPK is necessary for pUS10 expression both in cell culture and in the host, and pUS10 is important for disease induction during natural infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagendraprabhu Ponnuraj
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Haji Akbar
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Justine V. Arrington
- Protein Sciences Facility, Roy J. Carver Biotechnology Center, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Stephen J. Spatz
- US National Poultry Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Balaji Nagarajan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
- Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Umesh R. Desai
- Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Keith W. Jarosinski
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
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10
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Lui WY, Bharti A, Wong NHM, Jangra S, Botelho MG, Yuen KS, Jin DY. Suppression of cGAS- and RIG-I-mediated innate immune signaling by Epstein-Barr virus deubiquitinase BPLF1. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011186. [PMID: 36802409 PMCID: PMC9983872 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) has developed effective strategies to evade host innate immune responses. Here we reported on mitigation of type I interferon (IFN) production by EBV deubiquitinase (DUB) BPLF1 through cGAS-STING and RIG-I-MAVS pathways. The two naturally occurring forms of BPLF1 exerted potent suppressive effect on cGAS-STING-, RIG-I- and TBK1-induced IFN production. The observed suppression was reversed when DUB domain of BPLF1 was rendered catalytically inactive. The DUB activity of BPLF1 also facilitated EBV infection by counteracting cGAS-STING- and TBK1-mediated antiviral defense. BPLF1 associated with STING to act as an effective DUB targeting its K63-, K48- and K27-linked ubiquitin moieties. BPLF1 also catalyzed removal of K63- and K48-linked ubiquitin chains on TBK1 kinase. The DUB activity of BPLF1 was required for its suppression of TBK1-induced IRF3 dimerization. Importantly, in cells stably carrying EBV genome that encodes a catalytically inactive BPLF1, the virus failed to suppress type I IFN production upon activation of cGAS and STING. This study demonstrated IFN antagonism of BPLF1 mediated through DUB-dependent deubiquitination of STING and TBK1 leading to suppression of cGAS-STING and RIG-I-MAVS signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wai-Yin Lui
- School of Biomedical Sciences, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Aradhana Bharti
- Faculty of Dentistry, the University of Hong Kong, Sai Yin Pun, Hong Kong
| | - Nok-Hei Mickey Wong
- School of Biomedical Sciences, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Sonia Jangra
- Faculty of Dentistry, the University of Hong Kong, Sai Yin Pun, Hong Kong
| | - Michael G. Botelho
- Faculty of Dentistry, the University of Hong Kong, Sai Yin Pun, Hong Kong
| | - Kit-San Yuen
- School of Biomedical Sciences, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
- School of Nursing, Tung Wah College, Kowloon, Hong Kong
- * E-mail: (K-SY); (D-YJ)
| | - Dong-Yan Jin
- School of Biomedical Sciences, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
- * E-mail: (K-SY); (D-YJ)
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11
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Co-Infection of the Epstein-Barr Virus and the Kaposi Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus. Viruses 2022; 14:v14122709. [PMID: 36560713 PMCID: PMC9782805 DOI: 10.3390/v14122709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The two human tumor viruses, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), have been mostly studied in isolation. Recent studies suggest that co-infection with both viruses as observed in one of their associated malignancies, namely primary effusion lymphoma (PEL), might also be required for KSHV persistence. In this review, we discuss how EBV and KSHV might support each other for persistence and lymphomagenesis. Moreover, we summarize what is known about their innate and adaptive immune control which both seem to be required to ensure asymptomatic persistent co-infection with these two human tumor viruses. A better understanding of this immune control might allow us to prepare for vaccination against EBV and KSHV in the future.
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12
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Zhou L, Cheng A, Wang M, Wu Y, Yang Q, Tian B, Ou X, Sun D, Zhang S, Mao S, Zhao XX, Huang J, Gao Q, Zhu D, Jia R, Liu M, Chen S. Mechanism of herpesvirus protein kinase UL13 in immune escape and viral replication. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1088690. [PMID: 36531988 PMCID: PMC9749954 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1088690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Upon infection, the herpes viruses create a cellular environment suitable for survival, but innate immunity plays a vital role in cellular resistance to viral infection. The UL13 protein of herpesviruses is conserved among all herpesviruses and is a serine/threonine protein kinase, which plays a vital role in escaping innate immunity and promoting viral replication. On the one hand, it can target various immune signaling pathways in vivo, such as the cGAS-STING pathway and the NF-κB pathway. On the other hand, it phosphorylates regulatory many cellular and viral proteins for promoting the lytic cycle. This paper reviews the research progress of the conserved herpesvirus protein kinase UL13 in immune escape and viral replication to provide a basis for elucidating the pathogenic mechanism of herpesviruses, as well as providing insights into the potential means of immune escape and viral replication of other herpesviruses that have not yet resolved the function of it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhou
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Anchun Cheng
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Mingshu Wang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China,*Correspondence: Mingshu Wang,
| | - Ying Wu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Qiao Yang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Bin Tian
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xumin Ou
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Di Sun
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Shaqiu Zhang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Sai Mao
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xin-Xin Zhao
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Juan Huang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Qun Gao
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Dekang Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Renyong Jia
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Mafeng Liu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Shun Chen
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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13
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Positive selection-driven fixation of a hominin-specific amino acid mutation related to dephosphorylation in IRF9. BMC Ecol Evol 2022; 22:132. [PMID: 36357830 PMCID: PMC9650800 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-022-02088-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The arms race between humans and pathogens drives the evolution of the human genome. It is thus expected that genes from the interferon-regulatory factors family (IRFs), a critical family for anti-viral immune response, should be undergoing episodes of positive selection. Herein, we tested this hypothesis and found multiple lines of evidence for positive selection on the amino acid site Val129 (NP_006075.3:p.Ser129Val) of human IRF9. Interestingly, the ancestral reconstruction and population distribution analyses revealed that the ancestral state (Ser129) is conserved among mammals, while the derived positively selected state (Val129) was fixed before the “out-of-Africa” event ~ 500,000 years ago. The motif analysis revealed that this young amino acid (Val129) may serve as a dephosphorylation site of IRF9. Structural parallelism between homologous genes further suggested the functional effects underlying the dephosphorylation that may affect the immune activity of IRF9. This study provides a model in which a strong positive Darwinian selection drives a recent fixation of a hominin-specific amino acid leading to molecular adaptation involving dephosphorylation in an immune-responsive gene.
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14
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Jondle CN, Sylvester PA, Schmalzriedt DL, Njoya K, Tarakanova VL. The Antagonism between the Murine Gammaherpesvirus Protein Kinase and Global Interferon Regulatory Factor 1 Expression Shapes the Establishment of Chronic Infection. J Virol 2022; 96:e0126022. [PMID: 36169331 PMCID: PMC9599343 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01260-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Gammaherpesviruses infect most vertebrate species and are associated with B cell lymphomas. Manipulation of B cell differentiation is critical for natural infection and lymphomagenesis driven by gammaherpesviruses. Specifically, human Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (MHV68) drive differentiation of infected naive B cells into the germinal center to achieve exponential increase in the latent viral reservoir during the establishment of chronic infection. Infected germinal center B cells are also the target of viral lymphomagenesis, as most EBV-positive B cell lymphomas bear the signature of the germinal center response. All gammaherpesviruses encode a protein kinase, which, in the case of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) and MHV68, is sufficient and necessary, respectively, to drive B cell differentiation in vivo. In this study, we used the highly tractable MHV68 model of chronic gammaherpesvirus infection to unveil an antagonistic relationship between MHV68 protein kinase and interferon regulatory factor 1 (IRF-1). IRF-1 deficiency had minimal effect on the attenuated lytic replication of the kinase-null MHV68 in vivo. In contrast, the attenuated latent reservoir of the kinase-null MHV68 was partially to fully rescued in IRF-1-/- mice, along with complete rescue of the MHV68-driven germinal center response. Thus, the novel viral protein kinase-IRF-1 antagonism was largely limited to chronic infection dominated by viral latency and was less relevant for lytic replication during acute infection and in vitro. Given the conserved nature of the viral and host protein, the antagonism between the two, as defined in this study, may regulate gammaherpesvirus infection across species. IMPORTANCE Gammaherpesviruses are prevalent pathogens that manipulate physiological B cell differentiation to establish lifelong infection. This manipulation is also involved in gammaherpesvirus-driven B cell lymphomas, as differentiation of latently infected B cells through the germinal center response targets these for transformation. In this study, we define a novel antagonistic interaction between a conserved gammaherpesvirus protein kinase and a host antiviral and tumor suppressor transcription factor. The virus-host antagonism unveiled in this study was critically important to shape the magnitude of gammaherpesvirus-driven germinal center response. In contrast, the virus-host antagonism was far less relevant for lytic viral replication in vitro and during acute infection in vivo, highlighting the emerging concept that nonoverlapping mechanisms shape the parameters of acute and chronic gammaherpesvirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. N. Jondle
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - P. A. Sylvester
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - D. L. Schmalzriedt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - K. Njoya
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - V. L. Tarakanova
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
- Cancer Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
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15
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Albanese M, Tagawa T, Hammerschmidt W. Strategies of Epstein-Barr virus to evade innate antiviral immunity of its human host. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:955603. [PMID: 35935191 PMCID: PMC9355577 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.955603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a double-stranded DNA virus of the Herpesviridae family. This virus preferentially infects human primary B cells and persists in the human B cell compartment for a lifetime. Latent EBV infection can lead to the development of different types of lymphomas as well as carcinomas such as nasopharyngeal and gastric carcinoma in immunocompetent and immunocompromised patients. The early phase of viral infection is crucial for EBV to establish latency, but different viral components are sensed by cellular sensors called pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) as the first line of host defense. The efficacy of innate immunity, in particular the interferon-mediated response, is critical to control viral infection initially and to trigger a broad spectrum of specific adaptive immune responses against EBV later. Despite these restrictions, the virus has developed various strategies to evade the immune reaction of its host and to establish its lifelong latency. In its different phases of infection, EBV expresses up to 44 different viral miRNAs. Some act as viral immunoevasins because they have been shown to counteract innate as well as adaptive immune responses. Similarly, certain virally encoded proteins also control antiviral immunity. In this review, we discuss how the virus governs innate immune responses of its host and exploits them to its advantage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Albanese
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute and Gene Center, Virology, National Reference Center for Retroviruses, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare, “Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi,” Milan, Italy
- Research Unit Gene Vectors, EBV Vaccine Development Unit, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Takanobu Tagawa
- Research Unit Gene Vectors, EBV Vaccine Development Unit, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
- HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Wolfgang Hammerschmidt
- Research Unit Gene Vectors, EBV Vaccine Development Unit, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
- *Correspondence: Wolfgang Hammerschmidt,
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16
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The Conserved Herpesviridae Protein Kinase (CHPK) of Gallid alphaherpesvirus 3 (GaHV3) Is Required for Horizontal Spread and Natural Infection in Chickens. Viruses 2022; 14:v14030586. [PMID: 35336996 PMCID: PMC8955875 DOI: 10.3390/v14030586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
We have formerly identified the conserved herpesvirus protein kinase (CHPK) as essential for horizontal transmission of Marek’s disease virus (MDV). Thus far, it has been confirmed that the mutation of the invariant lysine (K) of CHPKs abrogates kinase activity and that CHPK activity is required for MDV horizontal transmission. Since CHPK is conserved among all members of the Herpesviridae, we hypothesized that CHPK, and specifically its kinase activity, is important for the horizontal transmission of other herpesviruses. To test this hypothesis, we utilized our experimental and natural infection model in chickens with MD vaccine strain 301B/1 of Gallid alphaherpesvirus 3 (GaHV3). First, we mutated the invariant lysine (K) 157 of 301B/1 CHPK to alanine (A) and determined whether it was required for horizontal transmission. To confirm the requirement of 301B/1 CHPK activity for transmission, a rescued virus was generated in which the A157 was changed back to a K (A157K). Despite both the CHPK mutant (K157A) and rescuant (A157K) viruses having replication defects in vivo, only the CHPK mutant (K157A) was unable to spread to contact chickens, while both wild-type and rescuant (A157K) viruses transmitted efficiently, confirming the importance of CHPK activity for horizontal spread. The data confirm that CHPK is required for GaHV3 transmission and suggest that the requirement of avian CHPKs for natural infection is conserved.
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17
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Gong L, Ou X, Hu L, Zhong J, Li J, Deng S, Li B, Pan L, Wang L, Hong X, Luo W, Zeng Q, Zan J, Peng T, Cai M, Li M. The Molecular Mechanism of Herpes Simplex Virus 1 UL31 in Antagonizing the Activity of IFN-β. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0188321. [PMID: 35196784 PMCID: PMC8865407 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01883-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Virus infection triggers intricate signal cascade reactions to activate the host innate immunity, which leads to the production of type I interferon (IFN-I). Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1), a human-restricted pathogen, is capable of encoding over 80 viral proteins, and several of them are involved in immune evasion to resist the host antiviral response through the IFN-I signaling pathway. Here, we determined that HSV-1 UL31, which is associated with nuclear matrix and is essential for the formation of viral nuclear egress complex, could inhibit retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like receptor pathway-mediated interferon beta (IFN-β)-luciferase (Luc) and (PRDIII-I)4-Luc (an expression plasmid of IFN-β positive regulatory elements III and I) promoter activation, as well as the mRNA transcription of IFN-β and downstream interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs), such as ISG15, ISG54, ISG56, etc., to promote viral infection. UL31 was shown to restrain IFN-β activation at the interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3)/IRF7 level. Mechanically, UL31 was demonstrated to interact with TANK binding kinase 1 (TBK1), inducible IκB kinase (IKKi), and IRF3 to impede the formation of the IKKi-IRF3 complex but not the formation of the IRF7-related complex. UL31 could constrain the dimerization and nuclear translocation of IRF3. Although UL31 was associated with the CREB binding protein (CBP)/p300 coactivators, it could not efficiently hamper the formation of the CBP/p300-IRF3 complex. In addition, UL31 could facilitate the degradation of IKKi and IRF3 by mediating their K48-linked polyubiquitination. Taken together, these results illustrated that UL31 was able to suppress IFN-β activity by inhibiting the activation of IKKi and IRF3, which may contribute to the knowledge of a new immune evasion mechanism during HSV-1 infection. IMPORTANCE The innate immune system is the first line of host defense against the invasion of pathogens. Among its mechanisms, IFN-I is an essential cytokine in the antiviral response, which can help the host eliminate a virus. HSV-1 is a double-stranded DNA virus that can cause herpes and establish a lifelong latent infection, due to its possession of multiple mechanisms to escape host innate immunity. In this study, we illustrate for the first time that the HSV-1-encoded UL31 protein has a negative regulatory effect on IFN-β production by blocking the dimerization and nuclear translocation of IRF3, as well as promoting the K48-linked polyubiquitination and degradation of both IKKi and IRF3. This study may be helpful for fully understanding the pathogenesis of HSV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology; Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaowen Ou
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology; Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Li Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology; Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiayi Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology; Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jingjing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology; Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Jinming Yu Academician Workstation of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Shenyu Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology; Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Bolin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology; Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Lingxia Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology; Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Liding Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology; Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xuejun Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology; Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Wenqi Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology; Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Qiyuan Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology; Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jie Zan
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Tao Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Mingsheng Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology; Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Meili Li
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology; Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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18
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Blanco R, Carrillo-Beltrán D, Corvalán AH, Aguayo F. High-Risk Human Papillomavirus and Epstein-Barr Virus Coinfection: A Potential Role in Head and Neck Carcinogenesis. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10121232. [PMID: 34943147 PMCID: PMC8698839 DOI: 10.3390/biology10121232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary A subset of carcinomas that arise in the head and neck region show a viral etiology. In fact, a subgroup of oropharyngeal cancers are caused by some types of human papillomavirus (HPV), so-called high-risk (HR)-HPVs, whereas undifferentiated nasopharyngeal carcinomas are etiologically related to Epstein–Barr virus (EBV). However, studies have reported the presence of both HR-HPV and EBV in some types of head and neck cancers. In this review, we discuss the potential contribution and role of HR-HPV/EBV coinfection in head and neck carcinogenesis, as well as the mechanisms that are potentially involved. In addition, HR-HPV/EBV interaction models are proposed. Abstract High-risk human papillomaviruses (HR-HPVs) and Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) are recognized oncogenic viruses involved in the development of a subset of head and neck cancers (HNCs). HR-HPVs are etiologically associated with a subset of oropharyngeal carcinomas (OPCs), whereas EBV is a recognized etiological agent of undifferentiated nasopharyngeal carcinomas (NPCs). In this review, we address epidemiological and mechanistic evidence regarding a potential cooperation between HR-HPV and EBV for HNC development. Considering that: (1) both HR-HPV and EBV infections require cofactors for carcinogenesis; and (2) both oropharyngeal and oral epithelium can be directly exposed to carcinogens, such as alcohol or tobacco smoke, we hypothesize possible interaction mechanisms. The epidemiological and experimental evidence suggests that HR-HPV/EBV cooperation for developing a subset of HNCs is plausible and warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rancés Blanco
- Programa de Virología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380000, Chile; (R.B.); (D.C.-B.)
| | - Diego Carrillo-Beltrán
- Programa de Virología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380000, Chile; (R.B.); (D.C.-B.)
| | - Alejandro H. Corvalán
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8320000, Chile;
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19
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Granato M. Nanotechnology Frontiers in γ-Herpesviruses Treatments. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111407. [PMID: 34768838 PMCID: PMC8583734 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein–Barr Virus (EBV) and Kaposi’s sarcoma associated-herpesvirus (KSHV) are γ-herpesviruses that belong to the Herpesviridae family. EBV infections are linked to the onset and progression of several diseases, such as Burkitt lymphoma (BL), nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), and lymphoproliferative malignancies arising in post-transplanted patients (PTDLs). KSHV, an etiologic agent of Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS), displays primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) and multicentric Castleman disease (MCD). Many therapeutics, such as bortezomib, CHOP cocktail medications, and natural compounds (e.g., quercetin or curcumin), are administrated to patients affected by γ-herpesvirus infections. These drugs induce apoptosis and autophagy, inhibiting the proliferative and cell cycle progression in these malignancies. In the last decade, many studies conducted by scientists and clinicians have indicated that nanotechnology and nanomedicine could improve the outcome of several treatments in γ-herpesvirus-associated diseases. Some drugs are entrapped in nanoparticles (NPs) expressed on the surface area of polyethylene glycol (PEG). These NPs move to specific tissues and exert their properties, releasing therapeutics in the cell target. To treat EBV- and KSHV-associated diseases, many studies have been performed in vivo and in vitro using virus-like particles (VPLs) engineered to maximize antigen and epitope presentations during immune response. NPs are designed to improve therapeutic delivery, avoiding dissolving the drugs in toxic solvents. They reduce the dose-limiting toxicity and reach specific tissue areas. Several attempts are ongoing to synthesize and produce EBV vaccines using nanosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa Granato
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, RM, Italy
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Bauer M, Jasinski-Bergner S, Mandelboim O, Wickenhauser C, Seliger B. Epstein-Barr Virus-Associated Malignancies and Immune Escape: The Role of the Tumor Microenvironment and Tumor Cell Evasion Strategies. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13205189. [PMID: 34680337 PMCID: PMC8533749 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13205189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The Epstein–Barr virus, also termed human herpes virus 4, is a human pathogenic double-stranded DNA virus. It is highly prevalent and has been linked to the development of 1–2% of cancers worldwide. EBV-associated malignancies encompass various structural and epigenetic alterations. In addition, EBV-encoded gene products and microRNAs interfere with innate and adaptive immunity and modulate the tumor microenvironment. This review provides an overview of the characteristic features of EBV with a focus on the intrinsic and extrinsic immune evasion strategies, which contribute to EBV-associated malignancies. Abstract The detailed mechanisms of Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) infection in the initiation and progression of EBV-associated malignancies are not yet completely understood. During the last years, new insights into the mechanisms of malignant transformation of EBV-infected cells including somatic mutations and epigenetic modifications, their impact on the microenvironment and resulting unique immune signatures related to immune system functional status and immune escape strategies have been reported. In this context, there exists increasing evidence that EBV-infected tumor cells can influence the tumor microenvironment to their own benefit by establishing an immune-suppressive surrounding. The identified mechanisms include EBV gene integration and latent expression of EBV-infection-triggered cytokines by tumor and/or bystander cells, e.g., cancer-associated fibroblasts with effects on the composition and spatial distribution of the immune cell subpopulations next to the infected cells, stroma constituents and extracellular vesicles. This review summarizes (i) the typical stages of the viral life cycle and EBV-associated transformation, (ii) strategies to detect EBV genome and activity and to differentiate various latency types, (iii) the role of the tumor microenvironment in EBV-associated malignancies, (iv) the different immune escape mechanisms and (v) their clinical relevance. This gained information will enhance the development of therapies against EBV-mediated diseases to improve patient outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Bauer
- Department of Pathology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Magdeburger Str. 14, 06112 Halle (Saale), Germany; (M.B.); (C.W.)
| | - Simon Jasinski-Bergner
- Department of Medical Immunology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Magdeburger Str. 2, 06112 Halle (Saale), Germany;
| | - Ofer Mandelboim
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, En Kerem, P.O. Box 12271, Jerusalem 91120, Israel;
| | - Claudia Wickenhauser
- Department of Pathology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Magdeburger Str. 14, 06112 Halle (Saale), Germany; (M.B.); (C.W.)
| | - Barbara Seliger
- Department of Medical Immunology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Magdeburger Str. 2, 06112 Halle (Saale), Germany;
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Perlickstr. 1, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-(345)-557-1357
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21
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Virus-Induced Tumorigenesis and IFN System. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10100994. [PMID: 34681093 PMCID: PMC8533565 DOI: 10.3390/biology10100994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Oncogenic viruses favor the development of tumors in mammals by persistent infection and specific cellular pathways modifications by deregulating cell proliferation and inhibiting apoptosis. They counteract the cellular antiviral defense through viral proteins as well as specific cellular effectors involved in virus-induced tumorigenesis. Type I interferons (IFNs) are a family of cytokines critical not only for viral interference but also for their broad range of properties that go beyond the antiviral action. In fact, they can inhibit cell proliferation and modulate differentiation, apoptosis, and migration. However, their principal role is to regulate the development and activity of most effector cells of the innate and adaptive immune responses. Various are the mechanisms by which IFNs exert their effects on immune cells. They can act directly, through IFN receptor triggering, or indirectly by the induction of chemokines, the secretion of further cytokines, or by the stimulation of cells useful for the activation of particular immune cells. All the properties of IFNs are crucial in the host defense against viruses and bacteria, as well as in the immune surveillance against tumors. IFNs may be affected by and, in turn, affect signaling pathways to mediate anti-proliferative and antiviral responses in virus-induced tumorigenic context. New data on cellular and viral microRNAs (miRNAs) machinery, as well as cellular communication and microenvironment modification via classical secretion mechanisms and extracellular vesicles-mediated delivery are reported. Recent research is reviewed on the tumorigenesis induced by specific viruses with RNA or DNA genome, belonging to different families (i.e., HPV, HTLV-1, MCPyV, JCPyV, Herpesviruses, HBV, HCV) and the IFN system involvement.
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22
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Activation and Evasion of Innate Immunity by Gammaherpesviruses. J Mol Biol 2021; 434:167214. [PMID: 34437888 PMCID: PMC8863980 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2021.167214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Gammaherpesviruses are ubiquitous pathogens that establish lifelong infections in the vast majority of adults worldwide. Importantly, these viruses are associated with numerous malignancies and are responsible for significant human cancer burden. These virus-associated cancers are due, in part, to the ability of gammaherpesviruses to successfully evade the innate immune response throughout the course of infection. In this review, we will summarize the current understanding of how gammaherpesviruses are detected by innate immune sensors, how these viruses evade recognition by host cells, and how this knowledge can inform novel therapeutic approaches for these viruses and their associated diseases.
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23
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Conserved Gammaherpesvirus Protein Kinase Counters the Antiviral Effects of Myeloid Cell-Specific STAT1 Expression To Promote the Establishment of Splenic B Cell Latency. J Virol 2021; 95:e0085921. [PMID: 34132573 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00859-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Gammaherpesviruses establish lifelong infections and are associated with B cell lymphomas. Murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (MHV68) infects epithelial and myeloid cells during acute infection, with subsequent passage of the virus to B cells, where physiological B cell differentiation is usurped to ensure the establishment of a chronic latent reservoir. Interferons (IFNs) represent a major antiviral defense system that engages the transcriptional factor STAT1 to attenuate diverse acute and chronic viral infections, including those of gammaherpesviruses. Correspondingly, global deficiency of type I or type II IFN signaling profoundly increases the pathogenesis of acute and chronic gammaherpesvirus infection, compromises host survival, and impedes mechanistic understanding of cell type-specific role of IFN signaling. Here, we demonstrate that myeloid-specific STAT1 expression attenuates acute and persistent MHV68 replication in the lungs and suppresses viral reactivation from peritoneal cells, without any effect on the establishment of viral latent reservoir in splenic B cells. All gammaherpesviruses encode a conserved protein kinase that antagonizes type I IFN signaling in vitro. Here, we show that myeloid-specific STAT1 deficiency rescues the attenuated splenic latent reservoir of the kinase-null MHV68 mutant. However, despite having gained access to splenic B cells, the protein kinase-null MHV68 mutant fails to drive B cell differentiation. Thus, while myeloid-intrinsic STAT1 expression must be counteracted by the gammaherpesvirus protein kinase to facilitate viral passage to splenic B cells, expression of the viral protein kinase continues to be required to promote optimal B cell differentiation and viral reactivation, highlighting the multifunctional nature of this conserved viral protein during chronic infection. IMPORTANCE IFN signaling is a major antiviral system of the host that suppresses replication of diverse viruses, including acute and chronic gammaherpesvirus infection. STAT1 is a critical member and the primary antiviral effector of IFN signaling pathways. Given the significantly compromised antiviral status of global type I or type II IFN deficiency, unabated gammaherpesvirus replication and pathogenesis hinders understanding of cell type-specific antiviral effects. In this study, a mouse model of myeloid-specific STAT1 deficiency unveiled site-specific antiviral effects of STAT1 in the lungs and peritoneal cavity, but not the spleen, of chronically infected hosts. Interestingly, expression of a conserved gammaherpesvirus protein kinase was required to counteract the antiviral effects of myeloid-specific STAT1 expression to facilitate latent infection of splenic B cells, revealing a cell type-specific virus-host antagonism during the establishment of chronic gammaherpesvirus infection.
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24
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Lee CP, Chen MR. Conquering the Nuclear Envelope Barriers by EBV Lytic Replication. Viruses 2021; 13:702. [PMID: 33919628 PMCID: PMC8073350 DOI: 10.3390/v13040702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The nuclear envelope (NE) of eukaryotic cells has a highly structural architecture, comprising double lipid-bilayer membranes, nuclear pore complexes, and an underlying nuclear lamina network. The NE structure is held in place through the membrane-bound LINC (linker of nucleoskeleton and cytoskeleton) complex, spanning the inner and outer nuclear membranes. The NE functions as a barrier between the nucleus and cytoplasm and as a transverse scaffold for various cellular processes. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a human pathogen that infects most of the world's population and is associated with several well-known malignancies. Within the nucleus, the replicated viral DNA is packaged into capsids, which subsequently egress from the nucleus into the cytoplasm for tegumentation and final envelopment. There is increasing evidence that viral lytic gene expression or replication contributes to the pathogenesis of EBV. Various EBV lytic proteins regulate and modulate the nuclear envelope structure in different ways, especially the viral BGLF4 kinase and the nuclear egress complex BFRF1/BFRF2. From the aspects of nuclear membrane structure, viral components, and fundamental nucleocytoplasmic transport controls, this review summarizes our findings and recently updated information on NE structure modification and NE-related cellular processes mediated by EBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Pei Lee
- School of Nursing, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taipei 112303, Taiwan;
| | - Mei-Ru Chen
- Graduate Institute and Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100233, Taiwan
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25
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Interferon Regulatory Factor 3 Supports the Establishment of Chronic Gammaherpesvirus Infection in a Route- and Dose-Dependent Manner. J Virol 2021; 95:JVI.02208-20. [PMID: 33597211 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02208-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Gammaherpesviruses are ubiquitous pathogens that establish lifelong infections and are associated with several malignancies, including B cell lymphomas. Uniquely, these viruses manipulate B cell differentiation to establish long-term latency in memory B cells. This study focuses on the interaction between gammaherpesviruses and interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF-3), a ubiquitously expressed transcription factor with multiple direct target genes, including beta interferon (IFN-β), a type I IFN. IRF-3 attenuates acute replication of a plethora of viruses, including gammaherpesvirus. Furthermore, IRF-3-driven IFN-β expression is antagonized by the conserved gammaherpesvirus protein kinase during lytic virus replication in vitro In this study, we have uncovered an unexpected proviral role of IRF-3 during chronic gammaherpesvirus infection. In contrast to the antiviral activity of IRF-3 during acute infection, IRF-3 facilitated establishment of latent gammaherpesvirus infection in B cells, particularly, germinal center and activated B cells, the cell types critical for both natural infection and viral lymphomagenesis. This proviral role of IRF-3 was further modified by the route of infection and viral dose. Furthermore, using a combination of viral and host genetics, we show that IRF-3 deficiency does not rescue attenuated chronic infection of a protein kinase null gammaherpesvirus mutant, highlighting the multifunctional nature of the conserved gammaherpesvirus protein kinases in vivo In summary, this study unveils an unexpected proviral nature of the classical innate immune factor, IRF-3, during chronic virus infection.IMPORTANCE Interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF-3) is a critical component of the innate immune response, in part due to its transactivation of beta interferon (IFN-β) expression. Similar to that observed in all acute virus infections examined to date, IRF-3 suppresses lytic viral replication during acute gammaherpesvirus infection. Because gammaherpesviruses establish lifelong infection, this study aimed to define the antiviral activity of IRF-3 during chronic infection. Surprisingly, we found that, in contrast to acute infection, IRF-3 supported the establishment of gammaherpesvirus latency in splenic B cells, revealing an unexpected proviral nature of this classical innate immune host factor.
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26
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Bouvet M, Voigt S, Tagawa T, Albanese M, Chen YFA, Chen Y, Fachko DN, Pich D, Göbel C, Skalsky RL, Hammerschmidt W. Multiple Viral microRNAs Regulate Interferon Release and Signaling Early during Infection with Epstein-Barr Virus. mBio 2021; 12:e03440-20. [PMID: 33785626 PMCID: PMC8092300 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03440-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), a human herpesvirus, encodes 44 microRNAs (miRNAs), which regulate many genes with various functions in EBV-infected cells. Multiple target genes of the EBV miRNAs have been identified, some of which play important roles in adaptive antiviral immune responses. Using EBV mutant derivatives, we identified additional roles of viral miRNAs in governing versatile type I interferon (IFN) responses upon infection of human primary mature B cells. We also found that Epstein-Barr virus-encoded small RNAs (EBERs) and LF2, viral genes with previously reported functions in inducing or regulating IFN-I pathways, had negligible or even contrary effects on secreted IFN-α in our model. Data mining and Ago PAR-CLIP experiments uncovered more than a dozen previously uncharacterized, direct cellular targets of EBV miRNA associated with type I IFN pathways. We also identified indirect targets of EBV miRNAs in B cells, such as TRL7 and TLR9, in the prelatent phase of infection. The presence of epigenetically naive, non-CpG methylated viral DNA was essential to induce IFN-α secretion during EBV infection in a TLR9-dependent manner. In a newly established fusion assay, we verified that EBV virions enter a subset of plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) and determined that these infected pDCs are the primary producers of IFN-α in EBV-infected peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Our findings document that many EBV-encoded miRNAs regulate type I IFN response in newly EBV infected primary human B cells in the prelatent phase of infection and dampen the acute release of IFN-α in pDCs upon their encounter with EBV.IMPORTANCE Acute antiviral functions of all nucleated cells rely on type I interferon (IFN-I) pathways triggered upon viral infection. Host responses encompass the sensing of incoming viruses, the activation of specific transcription factors that induce the transcription of IFN-I genes, the secretion of different IFN-I types and their recognition by the heterodimeric IFN-α/β receptor, the subsequent activation of JAK/STAT signaling pathways, and, finally, the transcription of many IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs). In sum, these cellular functions establish a so-called antiviral state in infected and neighboring cells. To counteract these cellular defense mechanisms, viruses have evolved diverse strategies and encode gene products that target antiviral responses. Among such immune-evasive factors are viral microRNAs (miRNAs) that can interfere with host gene expression. We discovered that multiple miRNAs of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) control over a dozen cellular genes that contribute to the antiviral states of immune cells, specifically B cells and plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs). We identified the viral DNA genome as the activator of IFN-α and question the role of abundant EBV EBERs, that, contrary to previous reports, do not have an apparent inducing function in the IFN-I pathway early after infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mickaël Bouvet
- Research Unit Gene Vectors, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health and German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefanie Voigt
- Research Unit Gene Vectors, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health and German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Takanobu Tagawa
- Research Unit Gene Vectors, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health and German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Manuel Albanese
- Research Unit Gene Vectors, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health and German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Yen-Fu Adam Chen
- Research Unit Gene Vectors, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health and German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Yan Chen
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Devin N Fachko
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Dagmar Pich
- Research Unit Gene Vectors, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health and German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Christine Göbel
- Research Unit Gene Vectors, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health and German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Rebecca L Skalsky
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Wolfgang Hammerschmidt
- Research Unit Gene Vectors, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health and German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Munich, Munich, Germany
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27
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Transcriptional and Non-Transcriptional Activation, Posttranslational Modifications, and Antiviral Functions of Interferon Regulatory Factor 3 and Viral Antagonism by the SARS-Coronavirus. Viruses 2021; 13:v13040575. [PMID: 33805458 PMCID: PMC8066409 DOI: 10.3390/v13040575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system defends against invading pathogens through the rapid activation of innate immune signaling pathways. Interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) is a key transcription factor activated in response to virus infection and is largely responsible for establishing an antiviral state in the infected host. Studies in Irf3−/− mice have demonstrated the absence of IRF3 imparts a high degree of susceptibility to a wide range of viral infections. Virus infection causes the activation of IRF3 to transcribe type-I interferon (e.g., IFNβ), which is responsible for inducing the interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs), which act at specific stages to limit virus replication. In addition to its transcriptional function, IRF3 is also activated to trigger apoptosis of virus-infected cells, as a mechanism to restrict virus spread within the host, in a pathway called RIG-I-like receptor-induced IRF3 mediated pathway of apoptosis (RIPA). These dual functions of IRF3 work in concert to mediate protective immunity against virus infection. These two pathways are activated differentially by the posttranslational modifications (PTMs) of IRF3. Moreover, PTMs regulate not only IRF3 activation and function, but also protein stability. Consequently, many viruses utilize viral proteins or hijack cellular enzymes to inhibit IRF3 functions. This review will describe the PTMs that regulate IRF3′s RIPA and transcriptional activities and use coronavirus as a model virus capable of antagonizing IRF3-mediated innate immune responses. A thorough understanding of the cellular control of IRF3 and the mechanisms that viruses use to subvert this system is critical for developing novel therapies for virus-induced pathologies.
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28
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Petro TM. IFN Regulatory Factor 3 in Health and Disease. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 205:1981-1989. [PMID: 33020188 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Immunity to viruses requires an array of critical cellular proteins that include IFN regulatory factor 3 (IRF3). Consequently, most viruses that infect vertebrates encode proteins that interfere with IRF3 activation. This review describes the cellular pathways linked to IRF3 activation and where those pathways are targeted by human viral pathogens. Moreover, key regulatory pathways that control IRF3 are discussed. Besides viral infections, IRF3 is also involved in resistance to some bacterial infections, in anticancer immunity, and in anticancer therapies involving DNA damage agents. A recent finding shows that IRF3 is needed for T cell effector functions that are involved in anticancer immunity and also in T cell autoimmune diseases. In contrast, unregulated IRF3 activity is clearly not beneficial, considering it is implicated in certain interferonopathies, in which heightened IRF3 activity leads to IFN-β-induced disease. Therefore, IRF3 is involved largely in maintaining health but sometimes contributing to disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Petro
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Lincoln, NE 68583; and Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Lincoln, NE 68583
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Ji F, Zhou M, Zhu H, Jiang Z, Li Q, Ouyang X, Lv Y, Zhang S, Wu T, Li L. Integrative Proteomic Analysis of Posttranslational Modification in the Inflammatory Response. GENOMICS PROTEOMICS & BIOINFORMATICS 2021; 20:163-176. [PMID: 33662623 PMCID: PMC9510875 DOI: 10.1016/j.gpb.2020.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Posttranslational modifications (PTMs) of proteins, particularly acetylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination, play critical roles in the host innate immune response. PTMs’ dynamic changes and the crosstalk among them are complicated. To build a comprehensive dynamic network of inflammation-related proteins, we integrated data from the whole-cell proteome (WCP), acetylome, phosphoproteome, and ubiquitinome of human and mouse macrophages. Our datasets of acetylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination sites helped identify PTM crosstalk within and across proteins involved in the inflammatory response. Stimulation of macrophages by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) resulted in both degradative and non-degradative ubiquitination. Moreover, this study contributes to the interpretation of the roles of known inflammatory molecules and the discovery of novel inflammatory proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feiyang Ji
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Menghao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Huihui Zhu
- The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Zhengyi Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Qirui Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Xiaoxi Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Yiming Lv
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Sainan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Tian Wu
- Quzhou Second People's Hospital, Quzhou 324000, China
| | - Lanjuan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China.
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Wang P, Deng Y, Guo Y, Xu Z, Li Y, Ou X, Xie L, Lu M, Zhong J, Li B, Hu L, Deng S, Peng T, Cai M, Li M. Epstein-Barr Virus Early Protein BFRF1 Suppresses IFN-β Activity by Inhibiting the Activation of IRF3. Front Immunol 2020; 11:513383. [PMID: 33391252 PMCID: PMC7774019 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.513383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is the causative agent of infectious mononucleosis that is closely associated with several human malignant diseases, while type I interferon (IFN-I) plays an important role against EBV infection. As we all know, EBV can encode some proteins to inhibit the production of IFN-I, but it’s not clear whether other proteins also take part in this progress. EBV early lytic protein BFRF1 is shown to be involved in viral maturation, however, whether BFRF1 participates in the host innate immune response is still not well known. In this study, we found BFRF1 could down-regulate sendai virus-induced IFN-β promoter activity and mRNA expression of IFN-β and ISG54 during BFRF1 plasmid transfection and EBV lytic infection, but BFRF1 could not affect the promoter activity of NF-κB or IRF7. Specifically, BFRF1 could co-localize and interact with IKKi. Although BFRF1 did not interfere the interaction between IKKi and IRF3, it could block the kinase activity of IKKi, which finally inhibited the phosphorylation, dimerization, and nuclear translocation of IRF3. Taken together, BFRF1 may play a critical role in disrupting the host innate immunity by suppressing IFN-β activity during EBV lytic cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Wang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yangxi Deng
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yingjie Guo
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zuo Xu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yiwen Li
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaowen Ou
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Xie
- Centralab, Shenzhen Center for Chronic Disease Control, Shenzhen, China
| | - Manjiao Lu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiayi Zhong
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bolin Li
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Hu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shenyu Deng
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tao Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,South China Vaccine Corporation Limited, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mingsheng Cai
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Meili Li
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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31
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Yang L, Hu X, Cheng A, Wang M, Jia R, Yang Q, Wu Y, Chen S, Liu M, Zhu D, Ou X, Wen X, Mao S, Sun D, Zhang S, Zhao X, Huang J, Gao Q, Liu Y, Yu Y, Zhang L, Tian B, Pan L, Chen X. Two nuclear localization signals regulate intracellular localization of the duck enteritis virus UL13 protein. Poult Sci 2020; 100:26-38. [PMID: 33357689 PMCID: PMC7772677 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.09.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Duck enteritis virus (DEV) multifunctional tegument protein UL13 is predicted to be a conserved herpesvirus protein kinase; however, little is known about its subcellular localization signal. In this study, through transfection of 2 predicted nuclear signals of DEV UL13 fused to enhanced green fluorescent protein, 2 bipartite nuclear localization signals (NLS) were identified. We found that ivermectin blocked the NLS-mediated nuclear import of DEV UL13, showing that the nuclear localization signal of DEV UL13 is a classical importin α- and β-dependent process. We constructed a DEV UL13 mutant strain in which the NLS of DEV UL13 was deleted to explore whether deletion of the NLS affects viral replication. Amino acids 4 to 7 and 90 to 96 were predicted to be NLSs, further proving that nuclear import occurs via a classical importin α- and β-dependent process. We also found that the NLS of pUL13 had no effect on DEV replication in cell culture. Our study enhances the understanding of DEV pUL13. Taken together, these results provide significant information regarding the biological function of pUL13 during DEV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linjiang Yang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China; Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China
| | - Xixia Hu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China; Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China
| | - Anchun Cheng
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China; Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China.
| | - Mingshu Wang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China; Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China
| | - Renyong Jia
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China; Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China
| | - Qiao Yang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China; Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China
| | - Ying Wu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China; Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China
| | - Shun Chen
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China; Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China
| | - Mafeng Liu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China; Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China
| | - Dekang Zhu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China; Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China
| | - Xumin Ou
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China; Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China
| | - XingJian Wen
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China; Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China
| | - Sai Mao
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China; Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China
| | - Di Sun
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China; Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China
| | - Shaqiu Zhang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China; Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China
| | - Xinxin Zhao
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China; Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China
| | - Juan Huang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China; Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China
| | - Qun Gao
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China; Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China
| | - Yunya Liu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China; Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China
| | - Yanling Yu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China; Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China; Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China
| | - Bin Tian
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China; Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China
| | - Leichang Pan
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China; Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China
| | - Xiaoyue Chen
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China; Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China
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Conserved Herpesvirus Protein Kinases Target SAMHD1 to Facilitate Virus Replication. Cell Rep 2020; 28:449-459.e5. [PMID: 31291580 PMCID: PMC6668718 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
To ensure a successful infection, herpesviruses have developed elegant strategies to counterbalance the host anti-viral responses. Sterile alpha motif and HD domain 1 (SAMHD1) was recently identified as an intrinsic restriction factor for a variety of viruses. Aside from HIV-2 and the related simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) Vpx proteins, the direct viral countermeasures against SAMHD1 restriction remain unknown. Using Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) as a primary model, we discover that SAMHD1-mediated anti-viral restriction is antagonized by EBV BGLF4, a member of the conserved viral protein kinases encoded by all herpesviruses. Mechanistically, we find that BGLF4 phosphorylates SAMHD1 and thereby inhibits its deoxynucleotide triphosphate triphosphohydrolase (dNTPase) activity. We further demonstrate that the targeting of SAMHD1 for phosphorylation is a common feature shared by beta- and gamma-herpesviruses. Together, our findings uncover an immune evasion mechanism whereby herpesviruses exploit the phosphorylation of SAMHD1 to thwart host defenses. Herpesviruses have evolved elegant strategies to dampen the host anti-viral responses. Zhang et al. discover a mechanism by which herpesviruses evade SAMHD1-mediated host defenses through phosphorylation, expanding the functional repertoire of viral protein kinases in herpesvirus biology.
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Bo Z, Miao Y, Xi R, Zhong Q, Bao C, Chen H, Sun L, Qian Y, Jung YS, Dai J. PRV UL13 inhibits cGAS-STING-mediated IFN-β production by phosphorylating IRF3. Vet Res 2020; 51:118. [PMID: 32933581 PMCID: PMC7493860 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-020-00843-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP) synthase (cGAS) is an intracellular sensor of cytoplasmic viral DNA created during virus infection, which subsequently activates the stimulator of interferon gene (STING)-dependent type I interferon response to eliminate pathogens. In contrast, viruses have developed different strategies to modulate this signalling pathway. Pseudorabies virus (PRV), an alphaherpesvirus, is the causative agent of Aujeszky's disease (AD), a notable disease that causes substantial economic loss to the swine industry globally. Previous reports have shown that PRV infection induces cGAS-dependent IFN-β production, conversely hydrolysing cGAMP, a second messenger synthesized by cGAS, and attenuates PRV-induced IRF3 activation and IFN-β secretion. However, it is not clear whether PRV open reading frames (ORFs) modulate the cGAS-STING-IRF3 pathway. Here, 50 PRV ORFs were screened, showing that PRV UL13 serine/threonine kinase blocks the cGAS-STING-IRF3-, poly(I:C)- or VSV-mediated transcriptional activation of the IFN-β gene. Importantly, it was discovered that UL13 phosphorylates IRF3, and its kinase activity is indispensable for such an inhibitory effect. Moreover, UL13 does not affect IRF3 dimerization, nuclear translocation or association with CREB-binding protein (CBP) but attenuates the binding of IRF3 to the IRF3-responsive promoter. Consistent with this, it was discovered that UL13 inhibits the expression of multiple interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) induced by cGAS-STING or poly(I:C). Finally, it was determined that PRV infection can activate IRF3 by recruiting it to the nucleus, and PRVΔUL13 mutants enhance the transactivation level of the IFN-β gene. Taken together, the data from the present study demonstrated that PRV UL13 inhibits cGAS-STING-mediated IFN-β production by phosphorylating IRF3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongyi Bo
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Bacteriology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yurun Miao
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Bacteriology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Rui Xi
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Bacteriology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Qiuping Zhong
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Bacteriology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Chenyi Bao
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Bacteriology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Huan Chen
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Bacteriology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Liumei Sun
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Bacteriology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yingjuan Qian
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Bacteriology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yong-Sam Jung
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Bacteriology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
| | - Jianjun Dai
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Bacteriology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
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Schwanke H, Stempel M, Brinkmann MM. Of Keeping and Tipping the Balance: Host Regulation and Viral Modulation of IRF3-Dependent IFNB1 Expression. Viruses 2020; 12:v12070733. [PMID: 32645843 PMCID: PMC7411613 DOI: 10.3390/v12070733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The type I interferon (IFN) response is a principal component of our immune system that allows to counter a viral attack immediately upon viral entry into host cells. Upon engagement of aberrantly localised nucleic acids, germline-encoded pattern recognition receptors convey their find via a signalling cascade to prompt kinase-mediated activation of a specific set of five transcription factors. Within the nucleus, the coordinated interaction of these dimeric transcription factors with coactivators and the basal RNA transcription machinery is required to access the gene encoding the type I IFN IFNβ (IFNB1). Virus-induced release of IFNβ then induces the antiviral state of the system and mediates further mechanisms for defence. Due to its key role during the induction of the initial IFN response, the activity of the transcription factor interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) is tightly regulated by the host and fiercely targeted by viral proteins at all conceivable levels. In this review, we will revisit the steps enabling the trans-activating potential of IRF3 after its activation and the subsequent assembly of the multi-protein complex at the IFNβ enhancer that controls gene expression. Further, we will inspect the regulatory mechanisms of these steps imposed by the host cell and present the manifold strategies viruses have evolved to intervene with IFNβ transcription downstream of IRF3 activation in order to secure establishment of a productive infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hella Schwanke
- Institute of Genetics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany; (H.S.); (M.S.)
- Viral Immune Modulation Research Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Markus Stempel
- Institute of Genetics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany; (H.S.); (M.S.)
- Viral Immune Modulation Research Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Melanie M. Brinkmann
- Institute of Genetics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany; (H.S.); (M.S.)
- Viral Immune Modulation Research Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-531-6181-3069
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Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) Tegument Protein BGLF2 Suppresses Type I Interferon Signaling To Promote EBV Reactivation. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.00258-20. [PMID: 32213613 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00258-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon alpha (IFN-α) and IFN-β are type I IFNs that are induced by virus infection and are important in the host's innate antiviral response. EBV infection activates multiple cell signaling pathways, resulting in the production of type I IFN which inhibits EBV infection and virus-induced B-cell transformation. We reported previously that EBV tegument protein BGLF2 activates p38 and enhances EBV reactivation. To further understand the role of BGLF2 in EBV infection, we used mass spectrometry to identify cellular proteins that interact with BGLF2. We found that BGLF2 binds to Tyk2 and confirmed this interaction by coimmunoprecipitation. BGLF2 blocked type I IFN-induced Tyk2, STAT1, and STAT3 phosphorylation and the expression of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) IRF1, IRF7, and MxA. In contrast, BGLF2 did not inhibit STAT1 phosphorylation induced by IFN-γ. Deletion of the carboxyl-terminal 66 amino acids of BGLF2 reduced the ability of the protein to repress type I IFN signaling. Treatment of gastric carcinoma and Raji cells with IFN-α blocked BZLF1 expression and EBV reactivation; however, expression of BGLF2 reduced the ability of IFN-α to inhibit BZLF1 expression and enhanced EBV reactivation. In summary, EBV BGLF2 interacts with Tyk2, inhibiting Tyk2, STAT1, and STAT3 phosphorylation and impairs type I IFN signaling; BGLF2 also counteracts the ability of IFN-α to suppress EBV reactivation.IMPORTANCE Type I interferons are important for controlling virus infection. We have found that the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) BGLF2 tegument protein binds to a protein in the type I interferon signaling pathway Tyk2 and inhibits the expression of genes induced by type I interferons. Treatment of EBV-infected cells with type I interferon inhibits reactivation of the virus, while expression of EBV BGLF2 reduces the ability of type I interferon to inhibit virus reactivation. Thus, a tegument protein delivered to cells during virus infection inhibits the host's antiviral response and promotes virus reactivation of latently infected cells. Therefore, EBV BGLF2 might protect virus-infected cells from the type I interferon response in cells undergoing lytic virus replication.
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Vilmen G, Glon D, Siracusano G, Lussignol M, Shao Z, Hernandez E, Perdiz D, Quignon F, Mouna L, Poüs C, Gruffat H, Maréchal V, Esclatine A. BHRF1, a BCL2 viral homolog, disturbs mitochondrial dynamics and stimulates mitophagy to dampen type I IFN induction. Autophagy 2020; 17:1296-1315. [PMID: 32401605 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2020.1758416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria respond to many cellular functions and act as central hubs in innate immunity against viruses. This response is notably due to their role in the activation of interferon (IFN) signaling pathways through the activity of MAVS (mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein) present at the mitochondrial surface. Here, we report that the BHRF1 protein, a BCL2 homolog encoded by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), inhibits IFNB/IFN-β induction by targeting the mitochondria. Indeed, we have demonstrated that BHRF1 expression modifies mitochondrial dynamics and stimulates DNM1L/Drp1-mediated mitochondrial fission. Concomitantly, we have shown that BHRF1 is pro-autophagic because it stimulates the autophagic flux by interacting with BECN1/Beclin 1. In response to the BHRF1-induced mitochondrial fission and macroautophagy/autophagy stimulation, BHRF1 drives mitochondrial network reorganization to form juxtanuclear mitochondrial aggregates known as mito-aggresomes. Mitophagy is a cellular process, which can specifically sequester and degrade mitochondria. Our confocal studies uncovered that numerous mitochondria are present in autophagosomes and acidic compartments using BHRF1-expressing cells. Moreover, mito-aggresome formation allows the induction of mitophagy and the accumulation of PINK1 at the mitochondria. As BHRF1 modulates the mitochondrial fate, we explored the effect of BHRF1 on innate immunity and showed that BHRF1 expression could prevent IFNB induction. Indeed, BHRF1 inhibits the IFNB promoter activation and blocks the nuclear translocation of IRF3 (interferon regulatory factor 3). Thus, we concluded that BHRF1 can counteract innate immunity activation by inducing fission of the mitochondria to facilitate their sequestration in mitophagosomes for degradation.Abbreviations: 3-MA: 3-methyladenine; ACTB: actin beta; BCL2: BCL2 apoptosis regulator; CARD: caspase recruitment domain; CCCP: carbonyl cyanide 3-chlorophenylhydrazone; CI: compaction index; CQ: chloroquine; DAPI: 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole, dihydrochloride; DDX58/RIG-I: DExD/H-box helicase 58; DNM1L/Drp1: dynamin 1 like; EBSS: Earle's balanced salt solution; EBV: Epstein-Barr virus; ER: endoplasmic reticulum; EV: empty vector; GFP: green fluorescent protein; HEK: human embryonic kidney; IFN: interferon; IgG: immunoglobulin G; IRF3: interferon regulatory factor 3; LDHA: lactate dehydrogenase A; MAP1LC3/LC3: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3; MAVS: mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein; MMP: mitochondrial membrane potential; MOM: mitochondrial outer membrane; PINK1: PTEN induced kinase 1; RFP: red fluorescent protein; ROS: reactive oxygen species; SQSTM1/p62: sequestosome 1; STING1: stimulator of interferon response cGAMP interactor 1; TOMM20: translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane 20; VDAC: voltage dependent anion channel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Géraldine Vilmen
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.,CRSA, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, UMRS 938, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Damien Glon
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Gabriel Siracusano
- CRSA, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, UMRS 938, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Marion Lussignol
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Zhouwulin Shao
- CRSA, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, UMRS 938, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Eva Hernandez
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Daniel Perdiz
- INSERM UMR-S 1193, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Frédérique Quignon
- CRSA, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, UMRS 938, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Lina Mouna
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Christian Poüs
- INSERM UMR-S 1193, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Châtenay-Malabry, France.,Biochimie-Hormonologie, APHP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Sud, Site Antoine Béclère, Clamart, France
| | - Henri Gruffat
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Université Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Vincent Maréchal
- CRSA, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, UMRS 938, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Audrey Esclatine
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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Expression of the Conserved Herpesvirus Protein Kinase (CHPK) of Marek's Disease Alphaherpesvirus in the Skin Reveals a Mechanistic Importance for CHPK during Interindividual Spread in Chickens. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.01522-19. [PMID: 31801854 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01522-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The Herpesviridae encode many conserved genes, including the conserved herpesvirus protein kinase (CHPK) that has multifunctional properties. In most cases, herpesviruses lacking CHPK can propagate in cell culture to various degrees, depending on the virus and cell culture system. However, in the natural animal model system of Marek's disease alphaherpesvirus (MDV) in chickens, CHPK is absolutely required for interindividual spread from chicken to chicken. The lack of biological reagents for chicken and MDV has limited our understanding of this important gene during interindividual spread. Here, we engineered epitope-tagged proteins in the context of virus infection in order to detect CHPK in the host. Using immunofluorescence assays and Western blotting during infection in cell culture and in chickens, we determined that the invariant lysine 170 (K170) of MDV CHPK is required for interindividual spread and autophosphorylation of CHPK and that mutation to methionine (M170) results in instability of the CHPK protein. Using these newly generated viruses allowed us to examine the expression of CHPK in infected chickens, and these results showed that mutant CHPK localization and late viral protein expression were severely affected in feather follicles wherein MDV is shed, providing important information on the requirement of CHPK for interindividual spread.IMPORTANCE Marek's disease in chickens is caused by Gallid alphaherpesvirus 2, better known as Marek's disease alphaherpesvirus (MDV). Current vaccines only reduce tumor formation but do not block interindividual spread from chicken to chicken. Understanding MDV interindividual spread provides important information for the development of potential therapies to protect against Marek's disease while also providing a reliable natural host in order to study herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis in animals. Here, we studied the conserved Herpesviridae protein kinase (CHPK) in cell culture and during infection in chickens. We determined that MDV CHPK is not required for cell-to-cell spread, for disease induction, and for oncogenicity. However, it is required for interindividual spread, and mutation of the invariant lysine (K170) results in stability issues and aberrant expression in chickens. This study is important because it addresses the critical role CHPK orthologs play in the natural host.
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M A, Chatterjee S, A P, S M, Davuluri S, Ar AK, T A, M P, Cs P, Sinha M, Chugani A, R VP, Kk A, R S J. Natural Killer cell transcriptome during primary EBV infection and EBV associated Hodgkin Lymphoma in children-A preliminary observation. Immunobiology 2020; 225:151907. [PMID: 32044149 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2020.151907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Epstein Barr Viral infection is a common childhood infection in India and is also nearly 100 % etiologically associated with pediatric Hodgkin Lymphoma (HL). The main question in EBV immunobiology has been, why only a small subset of infected individuals develop EBV associated malignancies, while the vast majority carry this virus asymptomatically for life. Natural Killer (NK) cells, with a phenotype of CD56dim CD16+ exhibit potent cytotoxicity towards both virus infected cells and transformed cells and hence have been considered to be crucial in preventing the development of symptomatic EBV infection and lymphoma. In order to get an insight into the various possible molecular aspects of NK cells, in the pathogenesis of both these EBV mediated diseases in children we studied the whole transcriptome of MACS sorted CD56dim CD16 + NK cells from four patients from each of the three groups of children viz. Infectious Mononucleosis (IM), HL and age matched controls by using a massively parallel sequencing approach. NK cells from both IM and HL had down-regulated innate immunity and chemokine signaling genes. While down-regulation of genes responsible for polarization of the secretory apparatus, activated NK cell signaling and MAP kinase signaling were exclusive to NK cells in patients with IM, in NK cells of HL, specifically, genes involved in extracellular matrix (ECM) - receptor interaction, cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, TNF signaling, Toll-like receptor signaling pathway and cytosolic DNA-sensing pathways were significantly down-regulated. Enrichment analysis showed STAT3 to be the most significant transcription factor (TF) for the down-regulated genes in IM, whereas, GATA1 was found to be the most significant TF for the genes down-regulated in HL. Analysis of protein interaction network identified functionally important protein clusters. Top clusters, comprised of down-regulated genes, involved in signaling and ubiquitin-related processes and pathways. These may perhaps be responsible for the hypo-responsiveness of NK cells in both diseases. These possibly point to different deficiencies in NK cell activation, loss of activating receptor signaling and degranulation in IM, versus loss of cytokine and chemokine signaling in HL, in the two EBV associated pathologies investigated. Various suppressed molecules and pathways were novel, which have not been reported earlier and could therefore be potential targets for immunotherapy of NK cell reactivation in both the diseases in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alka M
- Departments of Microbiology, Kidwai Memorial Institute of Oncology, Bangalore, India
| | | | - Parchure A
- Departments of Microbiology, Kidwai Memorial Institute of Oncology, Bangalore, India
| | - Mahantesh S
- Departments of Microbiology, Indira Gandhi Institute of Child Health, Bangalore, India
| | - Sravanthi Davuluri
- Biological Data Analyzers' Association (BdataA), Electronic City, Phase I, Bangalore, India
| | - Arun Kumar Ar
- Departments of Pediatric Oncology, Kidwai Memorial Institute of Oncology, India
| | - Avinash T
- Departments of Pediatric Oncology, Kidwai Memorial Institute of Oncology, India
| | - Padma M
- Departments of Pediatric Oncology, Kidwai Memorial Institute of Oncology, India
| | - Premalata Cs
- Departments of Pathology, Kidwai Memorial Institute of Oncology, Bangalore, India
| | - Mahua Sinha
- Departments of Microbiology, Kidwai Memorial Institute of Oncology, Bangalore, India
| | | | | | - Acharya Kk
- Biological Data Analyzers' Association (BdataA), Electronic City, Phase I, Bangalore, India; Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology, Bangalore, India
| | - Jayshree R S
- Departments of Microbiology, Kidwai Memorial Institute of Oncology, Bangalore, India.
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Murata T, Okuno Y, Sato Y, Watanabe T, Kimura H. Oncogenesis of CAEBV revealed: Intragenic deletions in the viral genome and leaky expression of lytic genes. Rev Med Virol 2019; 30:e2095. [PMID: 31845495 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a causative agent of infectious mononucleosis and several malignancies involving lymphocytes and epithelial cells. We recently reported genomic analyses of chronic active EBV infection (CAEBV), a proliferative disorder of T and/or NK cells, as well as other lymphoid malignancies. We found that T and/or NK cells undergoing clonal expansion in CAEBV patients gain somatic driver mutations as the disorder progresses. Investigation of the viral genome revealed viral genomes harboring intragenic deletions in the BamHI-rightward transcripts (BART) region and in essential lytic genes. Interestingly, we observed that these deletions resulted in leaky expression of viral lytic genes. This increased expression of viral lytic genes is reminiscent of the "pre-latent abortive lytic" state, in which a substantial number of lytic genes are produced for weeks in the absence of progeny production, which contributes to cell survival upon de novo infection. It has been known that EBV can choose either latent or lytic state, but this dualistic concept may need to be reconsidered, as our data suggest the presence of the third, intermediate state; leaky expression of lytic genes that does not lead to completion of the full lytic amplification cycle. Leaky expression of lytic genes likely contributes to the formation and maintenance of several types of EBV-associated tumors. We also presented significant circumstantial evidence suggesting that EBV infects lymphoid progenitor cells in CAEBV before differentiation into T and NK cells. Taken together, our new data shed light on oncogenesis of CAEBV and other EBV-associated malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Murata
- Department of Virology and Parasitology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Japan.,Department of Virology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yusuke Okuno
- Center for Advanced Medicine and Clinical Research, Nagoya University Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Sato
- Department of Virology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takahiro Watanabe
- Department of Virology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kimura
- Department of Virology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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Carriere J, Rao Y, Liu Q, Lin X, Zhao J, Feng P. Post-translational Control of Innate Immune Signaling Pathways by Herpesviruses. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2647. [PMID: 31798565 PMCID: PMC6868034 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpesviruses constitute a large family of disease-causing DNA viruses. Each herpesvirus strain is capable of infecting particular organisms with a specific cell tropism. Upon infection, pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) recognize conserved viral features to trigger signaling cascades that culminate in the production of interferons and pro-inflammatory cytokines. To invoke a proper immune response while avoiding collateral tissue damage, signaling proteins involved in these cascades are tightly regulated by post-translational modifications (PTMs). Herpesviruses have developed strategies to subvert innate immune signaling pathways in order to ensure efficient viral replication and achieve persistent infection. The ability of these viruses to control the proteins involved in these signaling cascades post-translationally, either directly via virus-encoded enzymes or indirectly through the deregulation of cellular enzymes, has been widely reported. This ability provides herpesviruses with a powerful tool to shut off or restrict host antiviral and inflammatory responses. In this review, we highlight recent findings on the herpesvirus-mediated post-translational control along PRR-mediated signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Pinghui Feng
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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41
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Epstein-Barr Virus and Innate Immunity: Friends or Foes? Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7060183. [PMID: 31238570 PMCID: PMC6617214 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7060183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) successfully persists in the vast majority of adults but causes lymphoid and epithelial malignancies in a small fraction of latently infected individuals. Innate immunity is the first-line antiviral defense, which EBV has to evade in favor of its own replication and infection. EBV uses multiple strategies to perturb innate immune signaling pathways activated by Toll-like, RIG-I-like, NOD-like, and AIM2-like receptors as well as cyclic GMP-AMP synthase. EBV also counteracts interferon production and signaling, including TBK1-IRF3 and JAK-STAT pathways. However, activation of innate immunity also triggers pro-inflammatory response and proteolytic cleavage of caspases, both of which exhibit proviral activity under some circumstances. Pathogenic inflammation also contributes to EBV oncogenesis. EBV activates NFκB signaling and induces pro-inflammatory cytokines. Through differential modulation of the proviral and antiviral roles of caspases and other host factors at different stages of infection, EBV usurps cellular programs for death and inflammation to its own benefits. The outcome of EBV infection is governed by a delicate interplay between innate immunity and EBV. A better understanding of this interplay will instruct prevention and intervention of EBV-associated cancers.
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42
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Liu Q, Rao Y, Tian M, Zhang S, Feng P. Modulation of Innate Immune Signaling Pathways by Herpesviruses. Viruses 2019; 11:E572. [PMID: 31234396 PMCID: PMC6630988 DOI: 10.3390/v11060572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2019] [Revised: 06/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpesviruses can be detected by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), which then activate downstream adaptors, kinases and transcription factors (TFs) to induce the expression of interferons (IFNs) and inflammatory cytokines. IFNs further activate the Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK-STAT) pathway, inducing the expression of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs). These signaling events constitute host innate immunity to defeat herpesvirus infection and replication. A hallmark of all herpesviruses is their ability to establish persistent infection in the presence of active immune response. To achieve this, herpesviruses have evolved multiple strategies to suppress or exploit host innate immune signaling pathways to facilitate their infection. This review summarizes the key host innate immune components and their regulation by herpesviruses during infection. Also we highlight unanswered questions and research gaps for future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qizhi Liu
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, 925 W 34th Street, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
| | - Youliang Rao
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, 925 W 34th Street, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
| | - Mao Tian
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, 925 W 34th Street, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
| | - Shu Zhang
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, 925 W 34th Street, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
| | - Pinghui Feng
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, 925 W 34th Street, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
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43
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Coevolution pays off: Herpesviruses have the license to escape the DNA sensing pathway. Med Microbiol Immunol 2019; 208:495-512. [PMID: 30805724 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-019-00582-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Early detection of viral invasion by pattern recognition receptors (PRR) is crucial for the induction of a rapid and efficient immune response. Cytosolic DNA sensors are the most recently described class of PRR, and induce transcription of type I interferons (IFN) and proinflammatory cytokines via the key adaptor protein stimulator of interferon genes (STING). Herpesviruses are a family of large DNA viruses widely known for their immense arsenal of proteins dedicated to manipulating and evading host immune responses. Tantamount to the significant role played by DNA sensors and STING in innate immune responses, herpesviruses have in turn evolved a range of mechanisms targeting virtually every step of this key signaling pathway. Strikingly, some herpesviruses also take advantage of this pathway to promote their own replication. In this review, we will summarize the current understanding of DNA sensing and subsequent induction of signaling and transcription, and showcase the close adaptation of herpesviruses to their host reflected by the myriad of viral proteins dedicated to modulating this critical innate immune pathway.
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Abstract
The human persistent and oncogenic Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) was one of the first viruses that were described to express viral microRNAs (miRNAs). These have been proposed to modulate many host and viral functions, but their predominant role in vivo has remained unclear. We compared recombinant EBVs expressing or lacking miRNAs during in vivo infection of mice with reconstituted human immune system components and found that miRNA-deficient EBV replicates to lower viral titers with decreased frequencies of proliferating EBV-infected B cells. In response, activated cytotoxic EBV-specific T cells expand to lower frequencies than during infection with miRNA-expressing EBV. However, when we depleted CD8+ T cells the miRNA-deficient virus reached similar viral loads as wild-type EBV, increasing by more than 200-fold in the spleens of infected animals. Furthermore, CD8+ T cell depletion resulted in lymphoma formation in the majority of animals after miRNA-deficient EBV infection, while no tumors emerged when CD8+ T cells were present. Thus, miRNAs mainly serve the purpose of immune evasion from T cells in vivo and could become a therapeutic target to render EBV-associated malignancies more immunogenic.IMPORTANCE Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infects the majority of the human population and usually persists asymptomatically within its host. Nevertheless, EBV is the causative agent for infectious mononucleosis (IM) and for lymphoproliferative disorders, including Burkitt and Hodgkin lymphomas. The immune system of the infected host is thought to prevent tumor formation in healthy virus carriers. EBV was one of the first viruses described to express miRNAs, and many host and viral targets were identified for these in vitro However, their role during EBV infection in vivo remained unclear. This work is the first to describe that EBV miRNAs mainly increase viremia and virus-associated lymphomas through dampening antigen recognition by adaptive immune responses in mice with reconstituted immune responses. Currently, there is no prophylactic or therapeutic treatment to restrict IM or EBV-associated malignancies; thus, targeting EBV miRNAs could promote immune responses and limit EBV-associated pathologies.
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45
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Kato A, Kawaguchi Y. Us3 Protein Kinase Encoded by HSV: The Precise Function and Mechanism on Viral Life Cycle. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1045:45-62. [PMID: 29896662 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-7230-7_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
All members of the Alphaherpesvirinae subfamily encode a serine/threonine kinase, designated Us3, which is not conserved in the other subfamilies. Us3 is a significant virulence factor for herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), which is one of the best-characterized members of the Alphaherpesvirinae family. Accumulating evidence indicates that HSV-1 Us3 is a multifunctional protein that plays various roles in the viral life cycle by phosphorylating a number of viral and cellular substrates. Therefore, the identification of Us3 substrates is directly connected to understanding Us3 functions and mechanisms. To date, more than 23 phosphorylation events upregulated by HSV-1 Us3 have been reported. However, few of these have been shown to be both physiological substrates of Us3 in infected cells and directly linked with Us3 functions in infected cells. In this chapter, we summarize the 12 physiological substrates of Us3 and the Us3-mediated functions. Furthermore, based on the identified phosphorylation sites of Us3 or Us3 homolog physiological substrates, we reverified consensus phosphorylation target sequences on the physiological substrates of Us3 and Us3 homologs in vitro and in infected cells. This information might aid the further identification of novel Us3 substrates and as yet unidentified Us3 functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihisa Kato
- Division of Molecular Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
- Division of Viral Infection, Department of Infectious Disease Control, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Yasushi Kawaguchi
- Division of Molecular Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Infectious Disease Control, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Research Center for Asian Infectious Diseases, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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Carlin AF, Plummer EM, Vizcarra EA, Sheets N, Joo Y, Tang W, Day J, Greenbaum J, Glass CK, Diamond MS, Shresta S. An IRF-3-, IRF-5-, and IRF-7-Independent Pathway of Dengue Viral Resistance Utilizes IRF-1 to Stimulate Type I and II Interferon Responses. Cell Rep 2018; 21:1600-1612. [PMID: 29117564 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.10.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Interferon-regulatory factors (IRFs) are a family of transcription factors (TFs) that translate viral recognition into antiviral responses, including type I interferon (IFN) production. Dengue virus (DENV) and other clinically important flaviviruses are suppressed by type I IFN. While mice lacking the type I IFN receptor (Ifnar1-/-) succumb to DENV infection, we found that mice deficient in three transcription factors controlling type I IFN production (Irf3-/-Irf5-/-Irf7-/- triple knockout [TKO]) survive DENV challenge. DENV infection of TKO mice resulted in minimal type I IFN production but a robust type II IFN (IFN-γ) response. Using loss-of-function approaches for various molecules, we demonstrate that the IRF-3-, IRF-5-, IRF-7-independent pathway predominantly utilizes IFN-γ and, to a lesser degree, type I IFNs. This pathway signals via IRF-1 to stimulate interleukin-12 (IL-12) production and IFN-γ response. These results reveal a key antiviral role for IRF-1 by activating both type I and II IFN responses during DENV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron F Carlin
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Emily M Plummer
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy & Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Edward A Vizcarra
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy & Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Nicholas Sheets
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy & Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Yunichel Joo
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy & Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - William Tang
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy & Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jeremy Day
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy & Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jay Greenbaum
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy & Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Christopher K Glass
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Departments of Medicine, Pathology and Immunology, and Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Sujan Shresta
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy & Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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Hu X, Wang M, Chen S, Jia R, Zhu D, Liu M, Yang Q, Sun K, Chen X, Cheng A. The duck enteritis virus early protein, UL13, found in both nucleus and cytoplasm, influences viral replication in cell culture. Poult Sci 2018; 96:2899-2907. [PMID: 28371814 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pex043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The UL13 protein of the duck enteritis virus (DEV), predicted to encode a Ser/Thr protein kinase, belongs to the family of conserved herpesvirus protein kinases (CHPK), which plays an important role in herpesvirus proliferation. In this study, truncated UL13 was expressed as a fusion protein of approximately 44 kDa using a prokaryotic expression system, and this protein was used to generate a specific anti-UL13 antibody. This antibody detected UL13 starting at 4 h post infection in duck embryonic fibroblast cells and identified UL13 to be present in both the cytoplasm and the nucleus. UL13 RNA was found to be transcribed starting at 2 h post infection, and the synthesis of the UL13 mRNA was found to be sensitive to the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide (CHX) and tolerant of the DNA polymerase inhibitor ganciclovir (GCV). Its nuclear location and status as an early gene suggested that DEV UL13 might play important roles in DEV replication, which was confirmed by comparing the proliferation of a UL13-knockout mutant virus, a revertant virus, and the parent virus in cell culture. The specific mechanisms of UL13 in viral replication need to be further studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Hu
- Avian Diseases Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu city, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Wenjiang, Chengdu city, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu city, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China
| | - M Wang
- Avian Diseases Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu city, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Wenjiang, Chengdu city, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu city, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China
| | - S Chen
- Avian Diseases Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu city, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Wenjiang, Chengdu city, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu city, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China
| | - R Jia
- Avian Diseases Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu city, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Wenjiang, Chengdu city, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu city, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China
| | - D Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Wenjiang, Chengdu city, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu city, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China
| | - M Liu
- Avian Diseases Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu city, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Wenjiang, Chengdu city, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu city, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China
| | - Q Yang
- Avian Diseases Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu city, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Wenjiang, Chengdu city, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu city, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China
| | - K Sun
- Avian Diseases Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu city, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Wenjiang, Chengdu city, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu city, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China
| | - X Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Wenjiang, Chengdu city, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu city, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China
| | - A Cheng
- Avian Diseases Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu city, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Wenjiang, Chengdu city, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu city, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China
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Lv DW, Zhang K, Li R. Interferon regulatory factor 8 regulates caspase-1 expression to facilitate Epstein-Barr virus reactivation in response to B cell receptor stimulation and chemical induction. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1006868. [PMID: 29357389 PMCID: PMC5794192 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon regulatory factor 8 (IRF8), also known as interferon consensus sequence-binding protein (ICSBP), is a transcription factor of the IRF family. IRF8 plays a key role in normal B cell differentiation, a cellular process that is intrinsically associated with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) reactivation. However, whether IRF8 regulates EBV lytic replication remains unknown. In this study, we utilized a CRISPR/Cas9 genomic editing approach to deplete IRF8 and found that IRF8 depletion dramatically inhibits the reactivation of EBV upon lytic induction. We demonstrated that IRF8 depletion suppresses the expression of a group of genes involved in apoptosis and thus inhibits apoptosis induction upon lytic induction by B cell receptor (BCR) stimulation or chemical induction. The protein levels of caspase-1, caspase-3 and caspase-8 all dramatically decreased in IRF8-depleted cells, which led to reduced caspase activation and the stabilization of KAP1, PAX5 and DNMT3A upon BCR stimulation. Interestingly, caspase inhibition blocked the degradation of KAP1, PAX5 and DNMT3A, suppressed EBV lytic gene expression and viral DNA replication upon lytic induction, suggesting that the reduced caspase expression in IRF8-depleted cells contributes to the suppression of EBV lytic replication. We further demonstrated that IRF8 directly regulates CASP1 (caspase-1) gene expression through targeting its gene promoter and knockdown of caspase-1 abrogates EBV reactivation upon lytic induction, partially through the stabilization of KAP1. Together our study suggested that, by modulating the activation of caspases and the subsequent cleavage of KAP1 upon lytic induction, IRF8 plays a critical role in EBV lytic reactivation. Infection with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is closely associated with human cancers of both B cell and epithelial cell origin. The EBV life cycle is tightly regulated by both viral and cellular factors. Here, we demonstrate that interferon regulatory factor 8 (IRF8) is required for EBV lytic replication. Mechanistically, IRF8 directly regulates caspase-1 expression and hence caspase activation upon B cell receptor (BCR) stimulation and chemical induction, which leads to the cleavage and de-stabilization of several host factors suppressing lytic replication, including KAP1. Caspase-1 depletion blocks EBV reactivation while KAP1 depletion facilitates reactivation in caspase-1 depleted cells. These results together establish a IRF8/caspase-1/KAP1 axis important for EBV reactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Wen Lv
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Molecular Biology and Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, School of Dentistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Kun Zhang
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Molecular Biology and Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, School of Dentistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Renfeng Li
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Molecular Biology and Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, School of Dentistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
- Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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49
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Umaña AC, Iwahori S, Kalejta RF. Direct Substrate Identification with an Analog Sensitive (AS) Viral Cyclin-Dependent Kinase (v-Cdk). ACS Chem Biol 2018; 13:189-199. [PMID: 29215867 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.7b00972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Viral cyclin-dependent kinases (v-Cdks) functionally emulate their cellular Cdk counterparts. Such viral mimicry is an established phenomenon that we extend here through chemical genetics. Kinases contain gatekeeper residues that limit the size of molecules that can be accommodated within the enzyme active site. Mutating gatekeeper residues to smaller amino acids allows larger molecules access to the active site. Such mutants can utilize bio-orthoganol ATPs for phosphate transfer and are inhibited by compounds ineffective against the wild type protein, and thus are referred to as analog-sensitive (AS) kinases. We identified the gatekeeper residues of the v-Cdks encoded by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) and mutated them to generate AS kinases. The AS-v-Cdks are functional and utilize different ATP derivatives with a specificity closely matching their cellular ortholog, AS-Cdk2. The AS derivative of the EBV v-Cdk was used to transfer a thiolated phosphate group to targeted proteins which were then purified through covalent capture and identified by mass spectrometry. Pathway analysis of these newly identified direct substrates of the EBV v-Cdk extends the potential influence of this kinase into all stages of gene expression (transcription, splicing, mRNA export, and translation). Our work demonstrates the biochemical similarity of the cellular and viral Cdks, as well as the utility of AS v-Cdks for substrate identification to increase our understanding of both viral infections and Cdk biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angie C. Umaña
- Institute for Molecular Virology
and McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Satoko Iwahori
- Institute for Molecular Virology
and McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Robert F. Kalejta
- Institute for Molecular Virology
and McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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50
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Marsili G, Perrotti E, Remoli AL, Acchioni C, Sgarbanti M, Battistini A. IFN Regulatory Factors and Antiviral Innate Immunity: How Viruses Can Get Better. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2018; 36:414-32. [PMID: 27379864 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2016.0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The interferon regulatory factor (IRF) family consists of transcriptional regulators that exert multifaceted and versatile functions in multiple biological processes. Their crucial role as central mediators in the establishment and execution of host immunity in response to pathogen-derived signals downstream pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) makes IRFs a hallmark of the host antiviral response. They function as hub molecules at the crossroad of different signaling pathways for the induction of interferon (IFN) and inflammatory cytokines, as well as of antiviral and immunomodulatory genes even in an IFN-independent manner. By regulating the development and activity of immune cells, IRFs also function as a bridge between innate and adaptive responses. As such, IRFs represent attractive and compulsive targets in viral strategies to subvert antiviral signaling. In this study, we discuss current knowledge on the wide array of strategies put in place by pathogenic viruses to evade, subvert, and/or hijack these essential components of host antiviral immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Marsili
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità , Rome, Italy
| | - Edvige Perrotti
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità , Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Lisa Remoli
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità , Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Acchioni
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità , Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Sgarbanti
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità , Rome, Italy
| | - Angela Battistini
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità , Rome, Italy
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