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Kotaki T, Kanai Y, Onishi M, Minami S, Chen Z, Nouda R, Nurdin JA, Yamasaki M, Kobayashi T. Generation of single-round infectious rotavirus with a mutation in the intermediate capsid protein VP6. J Virol 2024; 98:e0076224. [PMID: 38837379 PMCID: PMC11265344 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00762-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus causes severe diarrhea in infants. Although live attenuated rotavirus vaccines are available, vaccine-derived infections have been reported, which warrants development of next-generation rotavirus vaccines. A single-round infectious virus is a promising vaccine platform; however, this platform has not been studied extensively in the context of rotavirus. Here, we aimed to develop a single-round infectious rotavirus by impairing the function of the viral intermediate capsid protein VP6. Recombinant rotaviruses harboring mutations in VP6 were rescued using a reverse genetics system. Mutations were targeted at VP6 residues involved in virion assembly. Although the VP6-mutated rotavirus expressed viral proteins, it did not produce progeny virions in wild-type cells; however, the virus did produce progeny virions in VP6-expressing cells. This indicates that the VP6-mutated rotavirus is a single-round infectious rotavirus. Insertion of a foreign gene, and replacement of the VP7 gene segment with that of human rotavirus clinical isolates, was successful. No infectious virions were detected in mice infected with the single-round infectious rotavirus. Immunizing mice with the single-round infectious rotavirus induced neutralizing antibody titers as high as those induced by wild-type rotavirus. Taken together, the data suggest that this single-round infectious rotavirus has potential as a safe and effective rotavirus vaccine. This system is also applicable for generation of safe and orally administrable viral vectors.IMPORTANCERotavirus, a leading cause of acute gastroenteritis in infants, causes an annual estimated 128,500 infant deaths worldwide. Although live attenuated rotavirus vaccines are available, they are replicable and may cause vaccine-derived infections. Thus, development of safe and effective rotavirus vaccine is important. In this study, we report the development of a single-round infectious rotavirus that can replicate only in cells expressing viral VP6 protein. We demonstrated that (1) the single-round infectious rotavirus did not replicate in wild-type cells or in mice; (2) insertion of foreign genes and replacement of the outer capsid gene were possible; and (3) it was as immunogenic as the wild-type virus. Thus, the mutated virus shows promise as a next-generation rotavirus vaccine. The system is also applicable to orally administrable viral vectors, facilitating development of vaccines against other enteric pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Kotaki
- Department of Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuta Kanai
- Department of Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Megumi Onishi
- Department of Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shohei Minami
- Department of Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Zelin Chen
- Department of Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ryotaro Nouda
- Department of Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Jeffery A. Nurdin
- Department of Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Moeko Yamasaki
- Department of Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kobayashi
- Department of Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Center for Advanced Modalities and DDS, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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Nichols SL, Haller C, Borodavka A, Esstman SM. Rotavirus NSP2: A Master Orchestrator of Early Viral Particle Assembly. Viruses 2024; 16:814. [PMID: 38932107 PMCID: PMC11209291 DOI: 10.3390/v16060814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Rotaviruses (RVs) are 11-segmented, double-stranded (ds) RNA viruses and important causes of acute gastroenteritis in humans and other animal species. Early RV particle assembly is a multi-step process that includes the assortment, packaging and replication of the 11 genome segments in close connection with capsid morphogenesis. This process occurs inside virally induced, cytosolic, membrane-less organelles called viroplasms. While many viral and cellular proteins play roles during early RV assembly, the octameric nonstructural protein 2 (NSP2) has emerged as a master orchestrator of this key stage of the viral replication cycle. NSP2 is critical for viroplasm biogenesis as well as for the selective RNA-RNA interactions that underpin the assortment of 11 viral genome segments. Moreover, NSP2's associated enzymatic activities might serve to maintain nucleotide pools for use during viral genome replication, a process that is concurrent with early particle assembly. The goal of this review article is to summarize the available data about the structures, functions and interactions of RV NSP2 while also drawing attention to important unanswered questions in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L. Nichols
- Department of Biology, Wake Forest University, Wake Downtown, 455 Vine Street, Winston-Salem, NC 27106, USA;
| | - Cyril Haller
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Cambridge University, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, UK;
| | - Alexander Borodavka
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Cambridge University, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, UK;
| | - Sarah M. Esstman
- Department of Biology, Wake Forest University, Wake Downtown, 455 Vine Street, Winston-Salem, NC 27106, USA;
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3
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Vetter J, Papa G, Tobler K, Rodriguez JM, Kley M, Myers M, Wiesendanger M, Schraner EM, Luque D, Burrone OR, Fraefel C, Eichwald C. The recruitment of TRiC chaperonin in rotavirus viroplasms correlates with virus replication. mBio 2024; 15:e0049924. [PMID: 38470055 PMCID: PMC11005421 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00499-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus (RV) replication takes place in the viroplasms, cytosolic inclusions that allow the synthesis of virus genome segments and their encapsidation in the core shell, followed by the addition of the second layer of the virion. The viroplasms are composed of several viral proteins, including NSP5, which serves as the main building block. Microtubules, lipid droplets, and miRNA-7 are among the host components recruited in viroplasms. We investigated the interaction between RV proteins and host components of the viroplasms by performing a pull-down assay of lysates from RV-infected cells expressing NSP5-BiolD2. Subsequent tandem mass spectrometry identified all eight subunits of the tailless complex polypeptide I ring complex (TRiC), a cellular chaperonin responsible for folding at least 10% of the cytosolic proteins. Our confirmed findings reveal that TRiC is brought into viroplasms and wraps around newly formed double-layered particles. Chemical inhibition of TRiC and silencing of its subunits drastically reduced virus progeny production. Through direct RNA sequencing, we show that TRiC is critical for RV replication by controlling dsRNA genome segment synthesis, particularly negative-sense single-stranded RNA. Importantly, cryo-electron microscopy analysis shows that TRiC inhibition results in defective virus particles lacking genome segments and polymerase complex (VP1/VP3). Moreover, TRiC associates with VP2 and NSP5 but not with VP1. Also, VP2 is shown to be essential for recruiting TRiC in viroplasms and preserving their globular morphology. This study highlights the essential role of TRiC in viroplasm formation and in facilitating virion assembly during the RV life cycle. IMPORTANCE The replication of rotavirus takes place in cytosolic inclusions termed viroplasms. In these inclusions, the distinct 11 double-stranded RNA genome segments are co-packaged to complete a genome in newly generated virus particles. In this study, we show for the first time that the tailless complex polypeptide I ring complex (TRiC), a cellular chaperonin responsible for the folding of at least 10% of the cytosolic proteins, is a component of viroplasms and is required for the synthesis of the viral negative-sense single-stranded RNA. Specifically, TRiC associates with NSP5 and VP2, the cofactor involved in RNA replication. Our study adds a new component to the current model of rotavirus replication, where TRiC is recruited to viroplasms to assist replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine Vetter
- Institute of Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Guido Papa
- Molecular Immunology Lab, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Trieste, Italy
| | - Kurt Tobler
- Institute of Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Javier M. Rodriguez
- Department of Structure of Macromolecules, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/CSIC, Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Kley
- Institute of Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Myers
- Proteomics Lab, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Trieste, Italy
| | - Mahesa Wiesendanger
- Institute of Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Elisabeth M. Schraner
- Institute of Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Luque
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Electron Microscope Unit, Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Oscar R. Burrone
- Molecular Immunology Lab, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Trieste, Italy
| | - Cornel Fraefel
- Institute of Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Grams N, Charman M, Halko E, Lauman R, Garcia BA, Weitzman MD. Phosphorylation regulates viral biomolecular condensates to promote infectious progeny production. EMBO J 2024; 43:277-303. [PMID: 38177504 PMCID: PMC10897327 DOI: 10.1038/s44318-023-00021-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Biomolecular condensates (BMCs) play important roles in diverse biological processes. Many viruses form BMCs which have been implicated in various functions critical for the productive infection of host cells. The adenovirus L1-52/55 kilodalton protein (52K) was recently shown to form viral BMCs that coordinate viral genome packaging and capsid assembly. Although critical for packaging, we do not know how viral condensates are regulated during adenovirus infection. Here we show that phosphorylation of serine residues 28 and 75 within the N-terminal intrinsically disordered region of 52K modulates viral condensates in vitro and in cells, promoting liquid-like properties. Furthermore, we demonstrate that phosphorylation of 52K promotes viral genome packaging and the production of infectious progeny particles. Collectively, our findings provide insights into how viral condensate properties are regulated and maintained in a state conducive to their function in viral progeny production. In addition, our findings have implications for antiviral strategies aimed at targeting the regulation of viral BMCs to limit viral multiplication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Grams
- Division of Protective Immunity and Division of Cancer Pathobiology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Cell & Molecular Biology Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Matthew Charman
- Division of Protective Immunity and Division of Cancer Pathobiology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Edwin Halko
- Division of Protective Immunity and Division of Cancer Pathobiology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Richard Lauman
- Division of Protective Immunity and Division of Cancer Pathobiology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Benjamin A Garcia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Matthew D Weitzman
- Division of Protective Immunity and Division of Cancer Pathobiology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Penn Epigenetics Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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5
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Philip AA, Hu S, Dai J, Patton JT. Recombinant rotavirus expressing the glycosylated S1 protein of SARS-CoV-2. J Gen Virol 2023; 104:001899. [PMID: 37830788 PMCID: PMC10721933 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Reverse genetic systems have been used to introduce heterologous sequences into the rotavirus segmented double-stranded (ds)RNA genome, enabling the generation of recombinant viruses that express foreign proteins and possibly serve as vaccine vectors. Notably, insertion of SARS-CoV-2 sequences into the segment seven (NSP3) RNA of simian SA11 rotavirus was previously shown to result in the production of recombinant viruses that efficiently expressed the N-terminal domain (NTD) and the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the S1 region of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. However, efforts to generate a similar recombinant (r) SA11 virus that efficiently expressed full-length S1 were less successful. In this study, we describe modifications to the S1-coding cassette inserted in the segment seven RNA that allowed recovery of second-generation rSA11 viruses that efficiently expressed the ~120-kDa S1 protein. The ~120-kDa S1 products were shown to be glycosylated, based on treatment with endoglycosidase H, which reduced the protein to a size of ~80 kDa. Co-pulldown assays demonstrated that the ~120-kDa S1 proteins had affinity for the human ACE2 receptor. Although all the second-generation rSA11 viruses expressed glycosylated S1 with affinity for the ACE receptor, only the S1 product of one virus (rSA11/S1f) was appropriately recognized by anti-S1 antibodies, suggesting the rSA11/S1f virus expressed an authentic form of S1. Compared to the other second-generation rSA11 viruses, the design of the rSA11/S1f was unique, encoding an S1 product that did not include an N-terminal FLAG tag. Probably due to the impact of FLAG tags upstream of the S1 signal peptides, the S1 products of the other viruses (rSA11/3fS1 and rSA11/3fS1-His) may have undergone defective glycosylation, impeding antibody binding. In summary, these results indicate that recombinant rotaviruses can serve as expression vectors of foreign glycosylated proteins, raising the possibility of generating rotavirus-based vaccines that can induce protective immune responses against enteric and mucosal viruses with glycosylated capsid components, including SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asha A. Philip
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
- Present address: CSL Seqirus, 225 Wyman Street, Waltham, MA 02452, USA
| | - Sannoong Hu
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Jin Dai
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - John T. Patton
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
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6
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Flexibility of the Rotavirus NSP2 C-Terminal Region Supports Factory Formation via Liquid-Liquid Phase Separation. J Virol 2023; 97:e0003923. [PMID: 36749077 PMCID: PMC9973012 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00039-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Many viruses sequester the materials needed for their replication into discrete subcellular factories. For rotaviruses (RVs), these factories are called viroplasms, and they are formed in the host cell cytosol via the process of liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS). The nonstructural protein 2 (NSP2) and its binding partner, nonstructural protein 5 (NSP5), are critical for viroplasm biogenesis. Yet it is not fully understood how NSP2 and NSP5 cooperate to form factories. The C-terminal region (CTR) of NSP2 (residues 291 to 317) is flexible, allowing it to participate in domain-swapping interactions that promote interoctamer interactions and, presumably, viroplasm formation. Molecular dynamics simulations showed that a lysine-to-glutamic acid change at position 294 (K294E) reduces NSP2 CTR flexibility in silico. To test the impact of reduced NSP2 CTR flexibility during infection, we engineered a mutant RV bearing this change (rRV-NSP2K294E). Single-cycle growth assays revealed a >1.2-log reduction in endpoint titers for rRV-NSP2K294E versus the wild-type control (rRV-WT). Using immunofluorescence assays, we found that rRV-NSP2K294E formed smaller, more numerous viroplasms than rRV-WT. Live-cell imaging experiments confirmed these results and revealed that rRV-NSP2K294E factories had delayed fusion kinetics. Moreover, NSP2K294E and several other CTR mutants formed fewer viroplasm-like structures in NSP5 coexpressing cells than did control NSP2WT. Finally, NSP2K294E exhibited defects in its capacity to induce LLPS droplet formation in vitro when incubated alongside NSP5. These results underscore the importance of NSP2 CTR flexibility in supporting the biogenesis of RV factories. IMPORTANCE Viruses often condense the materials needed for their replication into discrete intracellular factories. For rotaviruses, agents of severe gastroenteritis in children, factory formation is mediated in part by an octameric protein called NSP2. A flexible C-terminal region of NSP2 has been proposed to link several NSP2 octamers together, a feature that might be important for factory formation. Here, we created a change in NSP2 that reduced C-terminal flexibility and analyzed the impact on rotavirus factories. We found that the change caused the formation of smaller and more numerous factories that could not readily fuse together like those of the wild-type virus. The altered NSP2 protein also had a reduced capacity to form factory-like condensates in a test tube. Together, these results add to our growing understanding of how NSP2 supports rotavirus factory formation-a key step of viral replication.
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7
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Strauss S, Acker J, Papa G, Desirò D, Schueder F, Borodavka A, Jungmann R. Principles of RNA recruitment to viral ribonucleoprotein condensates in a segmented dsRNA virus. eLife 2023; 12:e68670. [PMID: 36700549 PMCID: PMC9925054 DOI: 10.7554/elife.68670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Rotaviruses transcribe 11 distinct RNAs that must be co-packaged prior to their replication to make an infectious virion. During infection, nontranslating rotavirus transcripts accumulate in cytoplasmic protein-RNA granules known as viroplasms that support segmented genome assembly and replication via a poorly understood mechanism. Here, we analysed the RV transcriptome by combining DNA-barcoded smFISH of rotavirus-infected cells. Rotavirus RNA stoichiometry in viroplasms appears to be distinct from the cytoplasmic transcript distribution, with the largest transcript being the most enriched in viroplasms, suggesting a selective RNA enrichment mechanism. While all 11 types of transcripts accumulate in viroplasms, their stoichiometry significantly varied between individual viroplasms. Accumulation of transcripts requires the presence of 3' untranslated terminal regions and viroplasmic localisation of the viral polymerase VP1, consistent with the observed lack of polyadenylated transcripts in viroplasms. Our observations reveal similarities between viroplasms and other cytoplasmic RNP granules and identify viroplasmic proteins as drivers of viral RNA assembly during viroplasm formation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julia Acker
- Department of Biochemistry, University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Guido Papa
- Molecular Immunology Laboratory, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and BiotechnologyTriesteItaly
| | - Daniel Desirò
- Department of Biochemistry, University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Florian Schueder
- Max Planck Institute of BiochemistryMunichGermany
- Department of Physics and Center for Nanoscience, Ludwig Maximilian UniversityMunichGermany
| | | | - Ralf Jungmann
- Max Planck Institute of BiochemistryMunichGermany
- Department of Physics and Center for Nanoscience, Ludwig Maximilian UniversityMunichGermany
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Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) E7 plays a major role in HPV-induced malignancy, perturbing cell cycle regulation, and driving cell proliferation. Major targets of cancer-causing HPV E7 proteins are the pRB family of tumor suppressors, which E7 targets for proteasome-mediated degradation and whose interaction is promoted through an acidic patch, downstream of the LXCXE motif in E7, that is subject to phosphorylation by casein kinase II (CKII). In this study we show that HPV-16 E7 targets the AP2-complex, which plays a critical role in cargo recognition in clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Intriguingly, HPV-16 E7 contains a specific amino acid sequence for AP2 recognition, and this overlaps the pRb LXCXE recognition sequence but involves completely different amino acid residues. HPV-16 E7 does this by binding to the AP2-μ2 adaptor protein subunit via residues 25-YEQL-28 within the LXCXE motif. Point mutations at Y25 within 22-LYCYE-26 suggest that the interaction of E7 with AP2-μ2 is independent from pRB binding. In cells, this interaction is modulated by acidic residues downstream of LXCXE, with the binding being facilitated by CKII-phosphorylation of the serines at positions 31 and 32. Finally, we also show that association of HPV-16 E7 with the AP2 adaptor complex can contribute to cellular transformation under low-nutrient conditions, which appears to be mediated, in part, through inhibition of AP2-mediated internalization of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). This indicates that E7 can modulate endocytic transport pathways, with one such component, EGFR, most likely contributing toward the ability of E7 to induce cell transformation and malignancy. These studies define a new and unexpected role for HPV-16 E7 in targeting clathrin-mediated endocytosis. IMPORTANCE Despite being a very small protein, HPV-E7 has a wide range of functions within the infected cell, many of which can lead to cell transformation. High-risk HPV-E7 deregulates the function of many cellular proteins, perturbing cellular homeostasis. We show that a novel target of HPV-E7 is the clathrin-adaptor protein 2 complex (AP2) μ2 subunit, interacting via residues within E7's pRB-binding region. Mutational studies show that an AP2 recognition motif is present in the CR2 region and is conserved in >50 HPV types, suggesting a common function for this motif in HPV biology. Mutational analysis suggests that this motif is important for cellular transformation, potentially modulating endocytosis of growth factor receptors such as EGFR, and thus being a novel activity of E7 in modulating clathrin-mediated endocytosis and cargo selection. This study has important implications for the molecular basis of E7 function in modulating protein trafficking at the cell surface.
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Chandra P, Banerjee S, Saha P, Chawla-Sarkar M, Patra U. Sneaking into the viral safe-houses: Implications of host components in regulating integrity and dynamics of rotaviral replication factories. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:977799. [PMID: 36189370 PMCID: PMC9515456 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.977799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The biology of the viral life cycle essentially includes two structural and functional entities—the viral genome and protein machinery constituting the viral arsenal and an array of host cellular components which the virus closely associates with—to ensure successful perpetuation. The obligatory requirements of the virus to selectively evade specific host cellular factors while exploiting certain others have been immensely important to provide the platform for designing host-directed antiviral therapeutics. Although the spectrum of host-virus interaction is multifaceted, host factors that particularly influence viral replication have immense therapeutic importance. During lytic proliferation, viruses usually form replication factories which are specialized subcellular structures made up of viral proteins and replicating nucleic acids. These viral niches remain distinct from the rest of the cellular milieu, but they effectively allow spatial proximity to selective host determinants. Here, we will focus on the interaction between the replication compartments of a double stranded RNA virus rotavirus (RV) and the host cellular determinants of infection. RV, a diarrheagenic virus infecting young animals and children, forms replication bodies termed viroplasms within the host cell cytoplasm. Importantly, viroplasms also serve as the site for transcription and early morphogenesis of RVs and are very dynamic in nature. Despite advances in the understanding of RV components that constitute the viroplasmic architecture, knowledge of the contribution of host determinants to viroplasm dynamicity has remained limited. Emerging evidence suggests that selective host determinants are sequestered inside or translocated adjacent to the RV viroplasms. Functional implications of such host cellular reprogramming are also ramifying—disarming the antiviral host determinants and usurping the pro-viral components to facilitate specific stages of the viral life cycle. Here, we will provide a critical update on the wide variety of host cellular pathways that have been reported to regulate the spatial and temporal dynamicity of RV viroplasms. We will also discuss the methods used so far to study the host-viroplasm interactions and emphasize on the potential host factors which can be targeted for therapeutic intervention in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pritam Chandra
- Division of Virology, Indian Council of Medical Research National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Shreya Banerjee
- Division of Virology, Indian Council of Medical Research National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Priyanka Saha
- Division of Virology, Indian Council of Medical Research National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Mamta Chawla-Sarkar
- Division of Virology, Indian Council of Medical Research National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
- *Correspondence: Mamta Chawla-Sarkar, , ; Upayan Patra,
| | - Upayan Patra
- Institute of Biochemistry II, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
- *Correspondence: Mamta Chawla-Sarkar, , ; Upayan Patra,
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10
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Rotavirus Spike Protein VP4 Mediates Viroplasm Assembly by Association to Actin Filaments. J Virol 2022; 96:e0107422. [PMID: 35938869 PMCID: PMC9472636 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01074-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus (RV) viroplasms are cytosolic inclusions where both virus genome replication and primary steps of virus progeny assembly take place. A stabilized microtubule cytoskeleton and lipid droplets are required for the viroplasm formation, which involves several virus proteins. The viral spike protein VP4 has not previously been shown to have a direct role in viroplasm formation. However, it is involved with virus-cell attachment, endocytic internalization, and virion morphogenesis. Moreover, VP4 interacts with actin cytoskeleton components, mainly in processes involving virus entrance and egress, and thereby may have an indirect role in viroplasm formation. In this study, we used reverse genetics to construct a recombinant RV, rRV/VP4-BAP, that contains a biotin acceptor peptide (BAP) in the K145-G150 loop of the VP4 lectin domain, permitting live monitoring. The recombinant virus was replication competent but showed a reduced fitness. We demonstrate that rRV/VP4-BAP infection, as opposed to rRV/wt infection, did not lead to a reorganized actin cytoskeleton as viroplasms formed were insensitive to drugs that depolymerize actin and inhibit myosin. Moreover, wild-type (wt) VP4, but not VP4-BAP, appeared to associate with actin filaments. Similarly, VP4 in coexpression with NSP5 and NSP2 induced a significant increase in the number of viroplasm-like structures. Interestingly, a small peptide mimicking loop K145-G150 rescued the phenotype of rRV/VP4-BAP by increasing its ability to form viroplasms and hence improve virus progeny formation. Collectively, these results provide a direct link between VP4 and the actin cytoskeleton to catalyze viroplasm assembly. IMPORTANCE The spike protein VP4 participates in diverse steps of the rotavirus (RV) life cycle, including virus-cell attachment, internalization, modulation of endocytosis, virion morphogenesis, and virus egress. Using reverse genetics, we constructed for the first time a recombinant RV, rRV/VP4-BAP, harboring a heterologous peptide in the lectin domain (loop K145-G150) of VP4. The rRV/VP4-BAP was replication competent but with reduced fitness due to a defect in the ability to reorganize the actin cytoskeleton, which affected the efficiency of viroplasm assembly. This defect was rescued by adding a permeable small-peptide mimicking the wild-type VP4 loop K145-G150. In addition to revealing a new role of VP4, our findings suggest that rRV harboring an engineered VP4 could be used as a new dual vaccination platform providing immunity against RV and additional heterologous antigens.
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11
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Abstract
Rotaviruses represent one of the most successful pathogens in the world, with high infectivity and efficient transmission between the young of many animal species, including humans. To overcome host defenses, rotaviruses have evolved a plethora of strategies to effectively evade the innate immune response, establish initial infection in the small intestine, produce progeny, and shed into the environment. Previously, studying the roles and relative contributions of specific rotaviral factors in innate immune evasion had been challenging without a plasmid-only reverse genetics system. Although still in its infancy, current reverse genetics technology will help address important research questions regarding rotavirus innate immune evasion, host range restriction, and viral pathogenesis. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge about the antiviral host innate immune defense mechanisms, countermeasures of rotavirus-encoded factors, and strategies to better understand these interactions using the rotavirus reverse genetics system.
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12
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Criglar JM, Estes MK, Crawford SE. Rotavirus-Induced Lipid Droplet Biogenesis Is Critical for Virus Replication. Front Physiol 2022; 13:836870. [PMID: 35492603 PMCID: PMC9040889 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.836870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
A variety of pathogens, including viruses, bacteria and parasites, target cellular lipid droplets for their replication. Rotaviruses (RVs) infect the villous epithelium of the small intestine and are a major cause of acute gastroenteritis in infants and young children worldwide. RVs induce and require lipid droplets for the formation of viroplasms, sites of virus genome replication, and nascent particle assembly. Here we review the role of lipid droplets in RV replication. Inhibitors of fatty acid synthesis or chemicals that interfere with lipid droplet homeostasis decrease the number and size of viroplasms and the yield of infectious virus. We used a genetically engineered RV, delayed in viroplasm assembly, to show an early interaction of RV nonstructural protein NSP2 and the lipid droplet-associated protein phospho-PLIN1. The interaction between NSP2 and phospho-PLIN1 suggests that we have identified part of the mechanism of RV-induced lipid droplet formation. These studies demonstrate that RV is an excellent model to dissect the cellular process of lipid droplet formation and to determine how RV induces and usurps lipid droplet biogenesis to form viroplasm/lipid droplets for virus replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanette M Criglar
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Mary K Estes
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.,Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Sue E Crawford
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
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13
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Geiger F, Acker J, Papa G, Wang X, Arter WE, Saar KL, Erkamp NA, Qi R, Bravo JPK, Strauss S, Krainer G, Burrone OR, Jungmann R, Knowles TPJ, Engelke H, Borodavka A. Liquid-liquid phase separation underpins the formation of replication factories in rotaviruses. EMBO J 2021; 40:e107711. [PMID: 34524703 PMCID: PMC8561643 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2021107711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA viruses induce the formation of subcellular organelles that provide microenvironments conducive to their replication. Here we show that replication factories of rotaviruses represent protein-RNA condensates that are formed via liquid-liquid phase separation of the viroplasm-forming proteins NSP5 and rotavirus RNA chaperone NSP2. Upon mixing, these proteins readily form condensates at physiologically relevant low micromolar concentrations achieved in the cytoplasm of virus-infected cells. Early infection stage condensates could be reversibly dissolved by 1,6-hexanediol, as well as propylene glycol that released rotavirus transcripts from these condensates. During the early stages of infection, propylene glycol treatments reduced viral replication and phosphorylation of the condensate-forming protein NSP5. During late infection, these condensates exhibited altered material properties and became resistant to propylene glycol, coinciding with hyperphosphorylation of NSP5. Some aspects of the assembly of cytoplasmic rotavirus replication factories mirror the formation of other ribonucleoprotein granules. Such viral RNA-rich condensates that support replication of multi-segmented genomes represent an attractive target for developing novel therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Geiger
- Department of ChemistryLudwig‐Maximilians‐Universität MünchenMunichGermany
| | - Julia Acker
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Guido Papa
- International Center for Genetic Engineering and BiotechnologyTriesteItaly
- Present address:
Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology (MRC LMB)CambridgeUK
| | - Xinyu Wang
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | | | - Kadi L Saar
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Nadia A Erkamp
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Runzhang Qi
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Jack PK Bravo
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- Present address:
Department of Molecular BiosciencesUniversity of Texas at AustinAustinTXUSA
| | - Sebastian Strauss
- Department of Physics and Center for NanoscienceMax Planck Institute of BiochemistryMunichGermany
| | - Georg Krainer
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Oscar R Burrone
- International Center for Genetic Engineering and BiotechnologyTriesteItaly
| | - Ralf Jungmann
- Department of Physics and Center for NanoscienceMax Planck Institute of BiochemistryMunichGermany
| | | | - Hanna Engelke
- Department of ChemistryLudwig‐Maximilians‐Universität MünchenMunichGermany
- Institute of Pharmaceutical SciencesKarl‐Franzens‐Universität GrazGrazAustria
| | - Alexander Borodavka
- Department of ChemistryLudwig‐Maximilians‐Universität MünchenMunichGermany
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- Department of Physics and Center for NanoscienceMax Planck Institute of BiochemistryMunichGermany
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14
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Caddy S, Papa G, Borodavka A, Desselberger U. Rotavirus research: 2014-2020. Virus Res 2021; 304:198499. [PMID: 34224769 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2021.198499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Rotaviruses are major causes of acute gastroenteritis in infants and young children worldwide and also cause disease in the young of many other mammalian and of avian species. During the recent 5-6 years rotavirus research has benefitted in a major way from the establishment of plasmid only-based reverse genetics systems, the creation of human and other mammalian intestinal enteroids, and from the wide application of structural biology (cryo-electron microscopy, cryo-EM tomography) and complementary biophysical approaches. All of these have permitted to gain new insights into structure-function relationships of rotaviruses and their interactions with the host. This review follows different stages of the viral replication cycle and summarizes highlights of structure-function studies of rotavirus-encoded proteins (both structural and non-structural), molecular mechanisms of viral replication including involvement of cellular proteins and lipids, the spectrum of viral genomic and antigenic diversity, progress in understanding of innate and acquired immune responses, and further developments of prevention of rotavirus-associated disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Caddy
- Cambridge Institute for Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease Jeffery Cheah Biomedical Centre, Cambridge, CB2 0AW, UK.
| | - Guido Papa
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK.
| | - Alexander Borodavka
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QW, UK.
| | - Ulrich Desselberger
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK.
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15
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Bravo JPK, Bartnik K, Venditti L, Acker J, Gail EH, Colyer A, Davidovich C, Lamb DC, Tuma R, Calabrese AN, Borodavka A. Structural basis of rotavirus RNA chaperone displacement and RNA annealing. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2100198118. [PMID: 34615715 PMCID: PMC8521686 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2100198118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus genomes are distributed between 11 distinct RNA molecules, all of which must be selectively copackaged during virus assembly. This likely occurs through sequence-specific RNA interactions facilitated by the RNA chaperone NSP2. Here, we report that NSP2 autoregulates its chaperone activity through its C-terminal region (CTR) that promotes RNA-RNA interactions by limiting its helix-unwinding activity. Unexpectedly, structural proteomics data revealed that the CTR does not directly interact with RNA, while accelerating RNA release from NSP2. Cryo-electron microscopy reconstructions of an NSP2-RNA complex reveal a highly conserved acidic patch on the CTR, which is poised toward the bound RNA. Virus replication was abrogated by charge-disrupting mutations within the acidic patch but completely restored by charge-preserving mutations. Mechanistic similarities between NSP2 and the unrelated bacterial RNA chaperone Hfq suggest that accelerating RNA dissociation while promoting intermolecular RNA interactions may be a widespread strategy of RNA chaperone recycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack P K Bravo
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QW, United Kingdom
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Kira Bartnik
- Department of Chemistry, Center for NanoScience, Nanosystems Initiative Munich, Centre for Integrated Protein Science Munich, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, D-81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Luca Venditti
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QW, United Kingdom
| | - Julia Acker
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QW, United Kingdom
| | - Emma H Gail
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
- Australian Research Council (ARC) Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) Australia, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Alice Colyer
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Chen Davidovich
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
- Australian Research Council (ARC) Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) Australia, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Don C Lamb
- Department of Chemistry, Center for NanoScience, Nanosystems Initiative Munich, Centre for Integrated Protein Science Munich, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, D-81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Roman Tuma
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT Leeds, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, 370 05 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Antonio N Calabrese
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander Borodavka
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QW, United Kingdom;
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT Leeds, United Kingdom
- Department of Chemistry, Center for NanoScience, Nanosystems Initiative Munich, Centre for Integrated Protein Science Munich, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, D-81377 Munich, Germany
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16
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Kobayashi T, Patton JT, Desselberger U. Species A rotavirus reverse genetics: Achievements and prospects. Virus Res 2021; 306:198583. [PMID: 34600933 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2021.198583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Kobayashi
- Department of Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
| | - John T Patton
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, USA.
| | - Ulrich Desselberger
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital,Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom.
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17
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Papa G, Burrone OR. Rotavirus reverse genetics: A tool for understanding virus biology. Virus Res 2021; 305:198576. [PMID: 34560180 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2021.198576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Rotaviruses (RVs) are considered to be one of the most common causes of viral gastroenteritis in young children and infants worldwide. Before recent developments, studies on rotavirus biology have suffered from the lack of an effective reverse genetics (RG) system to generate recombinant rotaviruses and study the precise roles of the viral proteins in the context of RV infection. Lately a fully-tractable plasmid-only based RG system for rescuing recombinant rotaviruses has been developed leading to a breakthrough in the RV field. Since then, the reproducibility and improvements of this technology have led to the generation of several recombinant rotaviruses with modifications on different gene segments, which has allowed the manipulation of viral genes to characterise the precise roles of viral proteins during RV replication cycle or to encode exogenous proteins for different purposes. This review will recapitulate the different RG approaches developed so far, highlighting any similarities, differences and limitations of the systems as well as the gene segments involved. The review will further summarise the latest recombinant rotaviruses generated using the plasmid-only based RG system showing the enormous potentials of this technique to shed light on the still unanswered questions in rotavirus biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Papa
- Molecular Immunology Laboratory, International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Padriciano 99, Trieste, Italy.
| | - Oscar R Burrone
- Molecular Immunology Laboratory, International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Padriciano 99, Trieste, Italy.
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18
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Papa G, Venditti L, Braga L, Schneider E, Giacca M, Petris G, Burrone OR. CRISPR-Csy4-Mediated Editing of Rotavirus Double-Stranded RNA Genome. Cell Rep 2021; 32:108205. [PMID: 32997981 PMCID: PMC7523552 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
CRISPR-nucleases have been widely applied for editing cellular and viral genomes, but nuclease-mediated genome editing of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) viruses has not yet been reported. Here, by engineering CRISPR-Csy4 nuclease to localize to rotavirus viral factories, we achieve the nuclease-mediated genome editing of rotavirus, an important human and livestock pathogen with a multisegmented dsRNA genome. Rotavirus replication intermediates cleaved by Csy4 is edited through the formation of precise deletions in the targeted genome segments in a single replication cycle. Using CRISPR-Csy4-mediated editing of rotavirus genome, we label the products of rotavirus secondary transcription made by newly assembled viral particles during rotavirus replication, demonstrating that this step largely contributes to the overall production of viral proteins. We anticipate that the nuclease-mediated cleavage of dsRNA virus genomes will promote an advanced level of understanding of viral replication and host-pathogen interactions, also offering opportunities to develop therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Papa
- Molecular Immunology Laboratory, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Padriciano 99, 34149 Trieste, Italy.
| | - Luca Venditti
- Molecular Immunology Laboratory, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Padriciano 99, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Luca Braga
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Padriciano 99, 34149 Trieste, Italy; British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, School of Cardiovascular Medicine & Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Edoardo Schneider
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Padriciano 99, 34149 Trieste, Italy; British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, School of Cardiovascular Medicine & Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Mauro Giacca
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Padriciano 99, 34149 Trieste, Italy; British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, School of Cardiovascular Medicine & Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Gianluca Petris
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology (MRC LMB), Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK.
| | - Oscar R Burrone
- Molecular Immunology Laboratory, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Padriciano 99, 34149 Trieste, Italy.
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19
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Human Rotavirus Reverse Genetics Systems to Study Viral Replication and Pathogenesis. Viruses 2021; 13:v13091791. [PMID: 34578372 PMCID: PMC8473093 DOI: 10.3390/v13091791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human rotaviruses (HuRVAs) are highly important causes of acute gastroenteritis in infants and young children worldwide. A lack of reliable and reproducible reverse genetics systems for HuRVAs has limited a proper understanding of HuRVA biology and also the rational design of live-attenuated vaccines. Since the development of the first reverse genetics system for RVAs (partially plasmid-based reverse genetics system) in 2006, there have been many efforts with the goal of generating infectious recombinant HuRVAs entirely from cloned cDNAs. However, the establishment of a HuRVA reverse genetics system was very challenging until 2019. This review article provides an overview of the historical background of the recent development of long-awaited HuRVA reverse genetics systems, beginning with the generation of recombinant human-simian reassortant RVAs with the aid of a helper virus in 2006 and the generation of recombinant animal (simian) RVAs in a helper virus-free manner in 2017, and culminating in the generation of recombinant HuRVAs entirely from plasmid cDNAs in 2019. Notably, the original HuRVA reverse genetics system has already been optimized to increase the efficiency of virus generation. Although the application of HuRVA reverse genetics systems has only just been initiated, these technologies will help to answer HuRVA research questions regarding viral replication and pathogenicity that could not be addressed before, and to develop next-generation vaccines and intestine-specific rotaviral vectors.
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20
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Rotavirus viroplasm biogenesis involves microtubule-based dynein transport mediated by an interaction between NSP2 and dynein intermediate chain. J Virol 2021; 95:e0124621. [PMID: 34379449 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01246-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Rotaviruses are the causative agents of severe and dehydrating gastroenteritis in children, piglets, and many other young animals. They replicate their genomes and assemble double-layered particles in cytoplasmic electron-dense inclusion bodies called 'viroplasms'. The formation of viroplasms is reportedly associated with the stability of microtubules. Although material transport is an important function of microtubules, whether and how microtubule-based transport influences the formation of viroplasms is still unclear. Here, we demonstrate that the small viroplasms move and fuse in living cells. We show that microtubule-based dynein transport affects rotavirus infection, viroplasm formation, and the assembly of transient enveloped particles (TEPs) and triple-layered particles (TLPs). The dynein intermediate chain (DIC) is shown to localize in the viroplasm and to interact directly with non-structural protein 2 (NSP2), indicating that DIC is responsible for connecting the viroplasm to dynein. The WD40 repeat domain of DIC regulates the interaction between DIC and NSP2, and the knockdown of DIC inhibited rotaviral infection, viroplasm formation, and the assembly of TEPs and TLPs. Our findings show that rotavirus viroplasms hijack dynein transport for fusion events, required for maximal assembly of infectious viral progeny. This study provides novel insights into the intracellular transport of viroplasms, which is involved in their biogenesis. Importance Because the viroplasm is the viral factory for rotavirus replication, viroplasm formation undoubtedly determines the effective production of progeny rotavirus. Therefore, understanding the virus-host interactions involved in the biogenesis of the viroplasm is critical for the future development of prophylactic and therapeutic strategies. Previous studies have reported that the formation of viroplasms is associated with the stability of microtubules, whereas little is known about its specific mechanism. Here, we demonstrate that rotavirus viroplasm formation takes advantage of microtubule-based dynein transport mediated by an interaction between NSP2 and DIC. These findings provide new insight into the intracellular transport of viroplasms.
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21
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Current and Future Antiviral Strategies to Tackle Gastrointestinal Viral Infections. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9081599. [PMID: 34442677 PMCID: PMC8399003 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9081599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute gastroenteritis caused by virus has a major impact on public health worldwide in terms of morbidity, mortality, and economic burden. The main culprits are rotaviruses, noroviruses, sapoviruses, astroviruses, and enteric adenoviruses. Currently, there are no antiviral drugs available for the prevention or treatment of viral gastroenteritis. Here, we describe the antivirals that were identified as having in vitro and/or in vivo activity against these viruses, originating from in silico design or library screening, natural sources or being repurposed drugs. We also highlight recent advances in model systems available for this (hard to cultivate) group of viruses, such as organoid technologies, and that will facilitate antiviral studies as well as fill some of current knowledge gaps that hamper the development of highly efficient therapies against gastroenteric viruses.
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22
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Papa G, Borodavka A, Desselberger U. Viroplasms: Assembly and Functions of Rotavirus Replication Factories. Viruses 2021; 13:1349. [PMID: 34372555 PMCID: PMC8310052 DOI: 10.3390/v13071349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Viroplasms are cytoplasmic, membraneless structures assembled in rotavirus (RV)-infected cells, which are intricately involved in viral replication. Two virus-encoded, non-structural proteins, NSP2 and NSP5, are the main drivers of viroplasm formation. The structures (as far as is known) and functions of these proteins are described. Recent studies using plasmid-only-based reverse genetics have significantly contributed to elucidation of the crucial roles of these proteins in RV replication. Thus, it has been recognized that viroplasms resemble liquid-like protein-RNA condensates that may be formed via liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) of NSP2 and NSP5 at the early stages of infection. Interactions between the RNA chaperone NSP2 and the multivalent, intrinsically disordered protein NSP5 result in their condensation (protein droplet formation), which plays a central role in viroplasm assembly. These droplets may provide a unique molecular environment for the establishment of inter-molecular contacts between the RV (+)ssRNA transcripts, followed by their assortment and equimolar packaging. Future efforts to improve our understanding of RV replication and genome assortment in viroplasms should focus on their complex molecular composition, which changes dynamically throughout the RV replication cycle, to support distinct stages of virion assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Papa
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK;
| | | | - Ulrich Desselberger
- Department of Medicine, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
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23
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Recent advances in rotavirus reverse genetics and its utilization in basic research and vaccine development. Arch Virol 2021; 166:2369-2386. [PMID: 34216267 PMCID: PMC8254061 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-021-05142-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Rotaviruses are segmented double-stranded RNA viruses with a high frequency of gene reassortment, and they are a leading cause of global diarrheal deaths in children less than 5 years old. Two-thirds of rotavirus-associated deaths occur in low-income countries. Currently, the available vaccines in developing countries have lower efficacy in children than those in developed countries. Due to added safety concerns and the high cost of current vaccines, there is a need to develop cost-effective next-generation vaccines with improved safety and efficacy. The reverse genetics system (RGS) is a powerful tool for investigating viral protein functions and developing novel vaccines. Recently, an entirely plasmid-based RGS has been developed for several rotaviruses, and this technological advancement has significantly facilitated novel rotavirus research. Here, we review the recently developed RGS platform and discuss its application in studying infection biology, gene reassortment, and development of vaccines against rotavirus disease.
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24
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Abstract
Group A rotaviruses (RVAs) are the major cause of severe acute gastroenteritis (AGE) in children under 5 years of age, annually resulting in nearly 130,000 deaths worldwide. Social conditions in developing countries that contribute to decreased oral rehydration and vaccine efficacy and the lack of approved antiviral drugs position RVA as a global health concern. In this minireview, we present an update in the field of antiviral compounds, mainly in relation to the latest findings in RVA virion structure and the viral replication cycle. In turn, we attempt to provide a perspective on the possible treatments for RVA-associated AGE, with special focus on novel approaches, such as those representing broad-spectrum therapeutic options. In this context, the modulation of host factors, lipid droplets, and the viral polymerase, which is highly conserved among AGE-causing viruses, are analyzed as possible drug targets.
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25
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Philip AA, Patton JT. Rotavirus as an Expression Platform of Domains of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:449. [PMID: 34063562 PMCID: PMC8147602 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9050449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Among vaccines administered to children are those targeting rotavirus, a segmented double-stranded RNA virus that represents a major cause of severe gastroenteritis. To explore the feasibility of establishing a combined rotavirus-SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, we generated recombinant (r)SA11 rotaviruses with modified segment 7 RNAs that contained coding cassettes for NSP3, a translational 2A stop-restart signal, and a FLAG-tagged portion of the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein: S1 fragment, N-terminal domain (NTD), receptor-binding domain (RBD), extended RBD (ExRBD), or S2 core (CR) domain. Generation of rSA11 containing the S1 coding sequence required a sequence insertion of 2.2 kbp, the largest such insertion yet introduced into the rotavirus genome. Immunoblotting showed that rSA11 viruses containing the smaller NTD, RBD, ExRBD, and CR coding sequences expressed S-protein products of expected size, with ExRBD expressed at highest levels. These rSA11 viruses were genetically stable during serial passage. In contrast, the rSA11 virus containing the full-length S coding sequence (rSA11/NSP3-fS1) failed to express its expected 80 kDa fS1 product, for unexplained reasons. Moreover, rSA11/NSP3-fS1 was genetically unstable, with variants lacking the S1 insertion appearing during serial passage. Nonetheless, these results emphasize the potential usefulness of rotavirus vaccines as expression vectors of immunogenic portions of the SARS-CoV-2 S protein, including NTD, RBD, ExRBD, and CR, that have sizes smaller than the S1 fragment.
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26
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Patra U, Mukhopadhyay U, Mukherjee A, Dutta S, Chawla-Sarkar M. Treading a HOSTile path: Mapping the dynamic landscape of host cell-rotavirus interactions to explore novel host-directed curative dimensions. Virulence 2021; 12:1022-1062. [PMID: 33818275 PMCID: PMC8023246 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2021.1903198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses are intracellular pathogens and are dependent on host cellular resources to carry out their cycles of perpetuation. Obtaining an integrative view of host-virus interaction is of utmost importance to understand the complex and dynamic interplay between viral components and host machineries. Besides its obvious scholarly significance, a comprehensive host-virus interaction profile also provides a platform where from host determinants of pro-viral and antiviral importance can be identified and further be subjected to therapeutic intervention. Therefore, adjunct to conventional methods of prophylactic vaccination and virus-directed antivirals, this host-targeted antiviral approach holds promising therapeutic potential. In this review, we present a comprehensive landscape of host cellular reprogramming in response to infection with rotavirus (RV) which causes profuse watery diarrhea in neonates and infants. In addition, an emphasis is given on how host determinants are either usurped or subverted by RV in course of infection and how therapeutic manipulation of specific host factors can effectively modulate the RV life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Upayan Patra
- Division of Virology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Beliaghata, Kolkata, India
| | - Urbi Mukhopadhyay
- Division of Virology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Beliaghata, Kolkata, India
| | - Arpita Mukherjee
- Division of Virology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Beliaghata, Kolkata, India
| | - Shanta Dutta
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Beliaghata, Kolkata, India
| | - Mamta Chawla-Sarkar
- Division of Virology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Beliaghata, Kolkata, India
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27
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Falkenhagen A, Huyzers M, van Dijk AA, Johne R. Rescue of Infectious Rotavirus Reassortants by a Reverse Genetics System Is Restricted by the Receptor-Binding Region of VP4. Viruses 2021; 13:v13030363. [PMID: 33668972 PMCID: PMC7996497 DOI: 10.3390/v13030363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The rotavirus species A (RVA) capsid contains the spike protein VP4, which interacts with VP6 and VP7 and is involved in cellular receptor binding. The capsid encloses the genome consisting of eleven dsRNA segments. Reassortment events can result in novel strains with changed properties. Using a plasmid-based reverse genetics system based on simian RVA strain SA11, we previously showed that the rescue of viable reassortants containing a heterologous VP4-encoding genome segment was strain-dependent. In order to unravel the reasons for the reassortment restrictions, we designed here a series of plasmids encoding chimeric VP4s. Exchange of the VP4 domains interacting with VP6 and VP7 was not sufficient for rescue of viable viruses. In contrast, the exchange of fragments encoding the receptor-binding region of VP4 resulted in virus rescue. All parent strains and the rescued reassortants replicated efficiently in MA-104 cells used for virus propagation. In contrast, replication in BSR T7/5 cells used for plasmid transfection was only efficient for the SA11 strain, whereas the rescued reassortants replicated slowly, and the parent strains failing to produce reassortants did not replicate. While future research in this area is necessary, replication in BSR T7/5 cells may be one factor that affects the rescue of RVAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Falkenhagen
- Department of Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, 10589 Berlin, Germany;
- Correspondence:
| | - Marno Huyzers
- Human Metabolomics, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, 2531 Potchefstroom, South Africa; (M.H.); (A.A.v.D.)
| | - Alberdina A. van Dijk
- Human Metabolomics, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, 2531 Potchefstroom, South Africa; (M.H.); (A.A.v.D.)
| | - Reimar Johne
- Department of Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, 10589 Berlin, Germany;
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28
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Kanai Y, Kobayashi T. Rotavirus reverse genetics systems: Development and application. Virus Res 2021; 295:198296. [PMID: 33440223 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2021.198296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Rotaviruses (RVs) cause acute gastroenteritis in infants and young children. Since 2006, live-attenuated vaccines have reduced the number of RV-associated deaths; however, RV is still responsible for an estimated 228,047 annual deaths worldwide. RV, a member of the family Reoviridae, has an 11-segmented double-stranded RNA genome contained within a non-enveloped, triple layered virus particle. In 2017, a long-awaited helper virus-free reverse genetics system for RV was established. Since then, numerous studies have reported the generation of recombinant RVs; these studies verify the robustness of reverse genetics systems. This review provides technical insight into current reverse genetics systems for RVs, as well as discussing basic and applied studies that have used these systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Kanai
- Department of Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Takeshi Kobayashi
- Department of Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
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29
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Pannacha P, Kanai Y, Kawagishi T, Nouda R, Nurdin JA, Yamasaki M, Nomura K, Lusiany T, Kobayashi T. Generation of recombinant rotaviruses encoding a split NanoLuc peptide tag. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 534:740-746. [PMID: 33250174 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant viruses expressing fluorescent or luminescent reporter proteins are used to quantitate and visualize viral replication and transmission. Here, we used a split NanoLuc luciferase (NLuc) system comprising large LgBiT and small HiBiT peptide fragments to generate stable reporter rotaviruses (RVs). Reporter RVs expressing NSP1-HiBiT fusion protein were generated by placing an 11 amino acid HiBiT peptide tag at the C-terminus of the intact simian RV NSP1 open reading frame or truncated human RV NSP1 open reading frame. Virus-infected cell lysates exhibited NLuc activity that paralleled virus replication. The antiviral activity of neutralizing antibodies and antiviral reagents against the recombinant HiBiT reporter viruses were monitored by measuring reductions in NLuc expression. These findings demonstrate that the HiBiT reporter RV systems are powerful tools for studying the viral life cycle and pathogenesis, and a robust platform for developing novel antiviral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pimfhun Pannacha
- Department of Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuta Kanai
- Department of Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Takahiro Kawagishi
- Department of Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ryotaro Nouda
- Department of Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Jeffery A Nurdin
- Department of Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Moeko Yamasaki
- Department of Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Keiichiro Nomura
- Department of Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tina Lusiany
- Department of Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kobayashi
- Department of Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
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30
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Desselberger U. Potential of plasmid only based reverse genetics of rotavirus for the development of next-generation vaccines. Curr Opin Virol 2020; 44:1-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2020.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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31
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Generation of recombinant rotaviruses from just 11 cDNAs encoding a viral genome. Virus Res 2020; 286:198075. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.198075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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32
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Patzina-Mehling C, Falkenhagen A, Trojnar E, Gadicherla AK, Johne R. Potential of avian and mammalian species A rotaviruses to reassort as explored by plasmid only-based reverse genetics. Virus Res 2020; 286:198027. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.198027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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33
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Criglar JM, Crawford SE, Zhao B, Smith HG, Stossi F, Estes MK. A Genetically Engineered Rotavirus NSP2 Phosphorylation Mutant Impaired in Viroplasm Formation and Replication Shows an Early Interaction between vNSP2 and Cellular Lipid Droplets. J Virol 2020; 94:e00972-20. [PMID: 32461314 PMCID: PMC7375380 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00972-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Many RNA viruses replicate in cytoplasmic compartments (virus factories or viroplasms) composed of viral and cellular proteins, but the mechanisms required for their formation remain largely unknown. Rotavirus (RV) replication in viroplasms requires interactions between virus nonstructural proteins NSP2 and NSP5, which are associated with components of lipid droplets (LDs). We previously identified two forms of NSP2 in RV-infected cells, a cytoplasmically dispersed form (dNSP2) and a viroplasm-specific form (vNSP2), which interact with hypophosphorylated and hyperphosphorylated NSP5, respectively, indicating that a coordinated phosphorylation cascade controls viroplasm assembly. The cellular kinase CK1α phosphorylates NSP2 on serine 313, triggering the localization of vNSP2 to sites of viroplasm assembly and its association with hyperphosphorylated NSP5. Using reverse genetics, we generated a rotavirus with a phosphomimetic NSP2 (S313D) mutation to directly evaluate the role of CK1α NSP2 phosphorylation in viroplasm formation. Recombinant rotavirus NSP2 S313D (rRV NSP2 S313D) is significantly delayed in viroplasm formation and in virus replication and interferes with wild-type RV replication in coinfection. Taking advantage of the delay in viroplasm formation, the NSP2 phosphomimetic mutant was used as a tool to observe very early events in viroplasm assembly. We show that (i) viroplasm assembly correlates with NSP5 hyperphosphorylation and (ii) vNSP2 S313D colocalizes with RV-induced LDs without NSP5, suggesting that vNSP2 phospho-S313 is sufficient for interacting with LDs and may be the virus factor required for RV-induced LD formation. Further studies with the rRV NSP2 S313D virus are expected to reveal new aspects of viroplasm and LD initiation and assembly.IMPORTANCE Reverse genetics was used to generate a recombinant rotavirus with a single phosphomimetic mutation in nonstructural protein 2 (NSP2 S313D) that exhibits delayed viroplasm formation, delayed replication, and an interfering phenotype during coinfection with wild-type rotavirus, indicating the importance of this amino acid during virus replication. Exploiting the delay in viroplasm assembly, we found that viroplasm-associated NSP2 colocalizes with rotavirus-induced lipid droplets prior to the accumulation of other rotavirus proteins that are required for viroplasm formation and that NSP5 hyperphosphorylation is required for viroplasm assembly. These data suggest that NSP2 phospho-S313 is sufficient for interaction with lipid droplets and may be the virus factor that induces lipid droplet biogenesis in rotavirus-infected cells. Lipid droplets are cellular organelles critical for the replication of many viral and bacterial pathogens, and thus, understanding the mechanism of NSP2-mediated viroplasm/lipid droplet initiation and interaction will lead to new insights into this important host-pathogen interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanette M Criglar
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Sue E Crawford
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Boyang Zhao
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Hunter G Smith
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Fabio Stossi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Integrated Microscopy Core, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Mary K Estes
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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34
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Komoto S, Fukuda S, Murata T, Taniguchi K. Reverse genetics system for human rotaviruses. Microbiol Immunol 2020; 64:401-406. [DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Komoto
- Department of Virology and ParasitologyFujita Health University School of Medicine Toyoake Aichi Japan
| | - Saori Fukuda
- Department of Virology and ParasitologyFujita Health University School of Medicine Toyoake Aichi Japan
| | - Takayuki Murata
- Department of Virology and ParasitologyFujita Health University School of Medicine Toyoake Aichi Japan
| | - Koki Taniguchi
- Department of Virology and ParasitologyFujita Health University School of Medicine Toyoake Aichi Japan
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35
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Conserved Rotavirus NSP5 and VP2 Domains Interact and Affect Viroplasm. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.01965-19. [PMID: 31915278 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01965-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
One step of the life cycle common to all rotaviruses (RV) studied so far is the formation of viroplasms, membrane-less cytosolic inclusions providing a microenvironment for early morphogenesis and RNA replication. Viroplasm-like structures (VLS) are simplified viroplasm models consisting of complexes of nonstructural protein 5 (NSP5) with the RV core shell VP2 or NSP2. We identified and characterized the domains required for NSP5-VP2 interaction and VLS formation. VP2 mutations L124A, V865A, and I878A impaired both NSP5 hyperphosphorylation and NSP5/VP2 VLS formation. Moreover, NSP5-VP2 interaction does not depend on NSP5 hyperphosphorylation. The NSP5 tail region is required for VP2 interaction. Notably, VP2 L124A expression acts as a dominant-negative element by disrupting the formation of either VLS or viroplasms and blocking RNA synthesis. In silico analyses revealed that VP2 L124, V865, and I878 are conserved among RV species A to H. Detailed knowledge of the protein interaction interface required for viroplasm formation may facilitate the design of broad-spectrum antivirals to block RV replication.IMPORTANCE Alternative treatments to combat rotavirus infection are a requirement for susceptible communities where vaccines cannot be applied. This demand is urgent for newborn infants, immunocompromised patients, adults traveling to high-risk regions, and even for the livestock industry. Aside from structural and physiological divergences among RV species studied before now, all replicate within cytosolic inclusions termed viroplasms. These inclusions are composed of viral and cellular proteins and viral RNA. Viroplasm-like structures (VLS), composed of RV protein NSP5 with either NSP2 or VP2, are models for investigating viroplasms. In this study, we identified a conserved amino acid in the VP2 protein, L124, necessary for its interaction with NSP5 and the formation of both VLSs and viroplasms. As RV vaccines cover a narrow range of viral strains, the identification of VP2 L124 residue lays the foundations for the design of drugs that specifically block NSP5-VP2 interaction as a broad-spectrum RV antiviral.
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36
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Recombinant Rotaviruses Rescued by Reverse Genetics Reveal the Role of NSP5 Hyperphosphorylation in the Assembly of Viral Factories. J Virol 2019; 94:JVI.01110-19. [PMID: 31619556 PMCID: PMC6912106 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01110-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The rotavirus (RV) double-stranded RNA genome is replicated and packaged into virus progeny in cytoplasmic structures termed viroplasms. The nonstructural protein NSP5, which undergoes a complex hyperphosphorylation process during RV infection, is required for the formation of these virus-induced organelles. However, its roles in viroplasm formation and RV replication have never been directly assessed due to the lack of a fully tractable reverse-genetics (RG) system for rotaviruses. Here, we show a novel application of a recently developed RG system by establishing a stable trans-complementing NSP5-producing cell line required to rescue rotaviruses with mutations in NSP5. This approach allowed us to provide the first direct evidence of the pivotal role of this protein during RV replication. Furthermore, using recombinant RV mutants, we shed light on the molecular mechanism of NSP5 hyperphosphorylation during infection and its involvement in the assembly and maturation of replication-competent viroplasms. Rotavirus (RV) replicates in round-shaped cytoplasmic viral factories, although how they assemble remains unknown. During RV infection, NSP5 undergoes hyperphosphorylation, which is primed by the phosphorylation of a single serine residue. The role of this posttranslational modification in the formation of viroplasms and its impact on virus replication remain obscure. Here, we investigated the role of NSP5 during RV infection by taking advantage of a modified fully tractable reverse-genetics system. A trans-complementing cell line stably producing NSP5 was used to generate and characterize several recombinant rotaviruses (rRVs) with mutations in NSP5. We demonstrate that an rRV lacking NSP5 was completely unable to assemble viroplasms and to replicate, confirming its pivotal role in rotavirus replication. A number of mutants with impaired NSP5 phosphorylation were generated to further interrogate the function of this posttranslational modification in the assembly of replication-competent viroplasms. We showed that the rRV mutant strains exhibited impaired viral replication and the ability to assemble round-shaped viroplasms in MA104 cells. Furthermore, we investigated the mechanism of NSP5 hyperphosphorylation during RV infection using NSP5 phosphorylation-negative rRV strains, as well as MA104-derived stable transfectant cell lines expressing either wild-type NSP5 or selected NSP5 deletion mutants. Our results indicate that NSP5 hyperphosphorylation is a crucial step for the assembly of round-shaped viroplasms, highlighting the key role of the C-terminal tail of NSP5 in the formation of replication-competent viral factories. Such a complex NSP5 phosphorylation cascade may serve as a paradigm for the assembly of functional viral factories in other RNA viruses. IMPORTANCE The rotavirus (RV) double-stranded RNA genome is replicated and packaged into virus progeny in cytoplasmic structures termed viroplasms. The nonstructural protein NSP5, which undergoes a complex hyperphosphorylation process during RV infection, is required for the formation of these virus-induced organelles. However, its roles in viroplasm formation and RV replication have never been directly assessed due to the lack of a fully tractable reverse-genetics (RG) system for rotaviruses. Here, we show a novel application of a recently developed RG system by establishing a stable trans-complementing NSP5-producing cell line required to rescue rotaviruses with mutations in NSP5. This approach allowed us to provide the first direct evidence of the pivotal role of this protein during RV replication. Furthermore, using recombinant RV mutants, we shed light on the molecular mechanism of NSP5 hyperphosphorylation during infection and its involvement in the assembly and maturation of replication-competent viroplasms.
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