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Mohammadi Y, Ranjbaran J, Mamashli M, Marzuni HZ, Dashtgard A, Mohsenizadeh SM. Investigating the effects of the Omicron variant of COVID-19 on sperm parameters and serum levels of male sexual hormones: Prospective observational study. New Microbes New Infect 2024; 60-61:101432. [PMID: 38800713 PMCID: PMC11126988 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmni.2024.101432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Background With the progress and prevalence of COVID-19, concerns have arisen regarding its impact on men's sexual health. Therefore, this study was conducted with the aim of examining the effects of COVID-19 on serum levels of sex hormones and semen. Methods Sixty participants who met the study inclusion criteria enrolled in this study between January and April 2022. The individuals were divided into three groups (n = 20): healthy, COVID-19 positive, and recovered from COVID-19. Blood and semen samples were collected from the participants. Serum levels of sex hormones and semen were evaluated both macroscopically and microscopically. Results Our study results showed that the most common symptoms observed in the COVID-19 group were cough (100 %), fever (100 %), fatigue (95 %), and runny nose (90 %). Serum levels of sex hormones (testosterone, FSH, and prolactin) in the COVID-19 group were significantly decreased compared to the healthy group. Microscopic examination of semen revealed significant differences in vitality, progressive, and motile parameters among the three groups, with a decrease observed in the COVID-19 group. Conclusion These results indicate that COVID-19 may have a negative impact on men's sexual health, potentially affecting hormone production and sperm quality. Further research is needed to determine the long-term effects of COVID-19 on male fertility and to explore potential treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaser Mohammadi
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Javad Ranjbaran
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Morteza Mamashli
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Hadi Zare Marzuni
- Department of Nursing, Qaen School of Medical Sciences, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Ali Dashtgard
- Department of Nursing, Qaen School of Medical Sciences, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Seyed Mostafa Mohsenizadeh
- Department of Nursing, Qaen School of Medical Sciences, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
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2
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Lu D, Li Z, Zhu P, Yang Z, Yang H, Li Z, Li H, Li Z. Whole-transcriptome analyses of sheep embryonic testicular cells infected with the bluetongue virus. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1053059. [PMID: 36532076 PMCID: PMC9751015 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1053059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction bluetongue virus (BTV) infection triggers dramatic and complex changes in the host's transcriptional profile to favor its own survival and reproduction. However, there is no whole-transcriptome study of susceptible animal cells with BTV infection, which impedes the in-depth and systematical understanding of the comprehensive characterization of BTV-host interactome, as well as BTV infection and pathogenic mechanisms. Methods to systematically understand these changes, we performed whole-transcriptome sequencing in BTV serotype 1 (BTV-1)-infected and mock-infected sheep embryonic testicular cells, and subsequently conducted bioinformatics differential analyses. Results there were 1504 differentially expressed mRNAs, 78 differentially expressed microRNAs, 872 differentially expressed long non-coding RNAs, and 59 differentially expressed circular RNAs identified in total. Annotation from the Gene Ontology, enrichment from the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes, and construction of competing endogenous RNA networks revealed differentially expressed RNAs primarily related to virus-sensing and signaling transduction pathways, antiviral and immune responses, inflammation, and development and metabolism related pathways. Furthermore, a protein-protein interaction network analysis found that BTV may contribute to abnormal spermatogenesis by reducing steroid biosynthesis. Finally, real-time quantitative PCR and western blotting results showed that the expression trends of differentially expressed RNAs were consistent with the whole-transcriptome sequencing data. Discussion this study provides more insights of comprehensive characterization of BTV-host interactome, and BTV infection and pathogenic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danfeng Lu
- School of Medicine, Kunming University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Zhuoyue Li
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Pei Zhu
- Yunnan Tropical and Subtropical Animal Virus Diseases Laboratory, Yunnan Animal Science and Veterinary Institute, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Zhenxing Yang
- Yunnan Tropical and Subtropical Animal Virus Diseases Laboratory, Yunnan Animal Science and Veterinary Institute, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Heng Yang
- Yunnan Tropical and Subtropical Animal Virus Diseases Laboratory, Yunnan Animal Science and Veterinary Institute, Kunming, Yunnan, China,College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kunming University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Zhanhong Li
- Yunnan Tropical and Subtropical Animal Virus Diseases Laboratory, Yunnan Animal Science and Veterinary Institute, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Huachun Li
- Yunnan Tropical and Subtropical Animal Virus Diseases Laboratory, Yunnan Animal Science and Veterinary Institute, Kunming, Yunnan, China,*Correspondence: Zhuoran Li, ; Huachun Li,
| | - Zhuoran Li
- Yunnan Tropical and Subtropical Animal Virus Diseases Laboratory, Yunnan Animal Science and Veterinary Institute, Kunming, Yunnan, China,*Correspondence: Zhuoran Li, ; Huachun Li,
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3
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Knížatová N, Massányi M, Roychoudhury S, Guha P, Greifová H, Tokárová K, Jambor T, Massányi P, Lukáč N. Is there impact of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic on steroidogenesis and fertility? Physiol Res 2021; 70:S161-S175. [PMID: 34913350 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.934756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In December of 2019, several cases of unknown atypical respiratory diseases emerged in Wuhan, Hubei Province in China. After preliminary research, it was stated that the disease is transmittable between humans and was named COVID-19. Over the course of next months, it spread all over the world by air and sea transport and caused a global pandemic which affects life of everyone now-a-days. A large number of countries, have since been forced to take precautions such as curfews, lockdowns, wearing facemasks etc. Even with vaccines being produced in mass numbers, lack of targeted therapy continues to be a major problem. According to studies so far it seems that elderly people are more vulnerable to severe symptoms while children tend to by asymptomatic or have milder form the disease. In our review, we focused on gathering data about the virus itself, its characteristics, paths of transmission, and its effect on hormone production and secretion. In such, there is insufficient information in the literature worldwide, especially the ones that focus on the effect of COVID-19 on individual organs systems within the human body. Hence, the present evidence-based study focused on the possible effects of COVID-19 on adrenal gland and gonads i.e. on the process of steroidogenesis and fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Knížatová
- Institute of Applied Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Nitra, Slovak Republic.
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4
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Moshrefi M, Ghasemi-Esmailabad S, Ali J, Findikli N, Mangoli E, Khalili MA. The probable destructive mechanisms behind COVID-19 on male reproduction system and fertility. J Assist Reprod Genet 2021; 38:1691-1708. [PMID: 33977466 PMCID: PMC8112744 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-021-02097-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The present study aims to summarize the current understanding of probable mechanisms and claims of adverse effects of SARS-CoV-2 on male fertility potential. METHODS Our search was including original articles, reviews, guidelines, letters to the editor, comments on guidelines, and editorials, regarding the male reproductive system. We used the words SARS-CoV-2, coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, "2019 ncov," testis, sperm, male factor infertility, fertility treatment, semen, assisted reproductive technology (ART), sexual transmission, and ACE2. RESULTS Data showed coronavirus affects men more than women because of more expression of 2019 nCoV receptors (ACE2 and TMPRSS2) in testicular cells. Also, "Bioinformatics Analysis" suggests that sperm production may be damaged, since "Pseudo Time Analysis" has shown disruption in spermatogenesis. "Gene Ontology" (GO) showed an increase in viral reproduction and a decrease in sperm production-related terms. Recently, SARS-COV-2 mRNA and protein were detected in the semen of patients that had recovered from SARS-CoV-2 infection. Therefore, the probable disruption of blood-testis barrier (BTB) in febrile diseases is suspected in the acute phase of the disease enabling viral entry into the testes. Not only is spermatogenesis disturbed, but also disturbs gonadotropin, androgens, and testosterone secretion during SARS-CoV-2 infection. No sexual transmission has been reported yet; however, detection of the virus in semen still makes the sexual transmission an open question. CONCLUSION There is a concern that male fertility may be disturbed after the SARS-CoV-2 infection. Therefore, follow-up of the reproductive functions and male fertility may be necessary in recovered cases, especially in aged men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojgan Moshrefi
- Research and Clinical Center for Infertility, Yazd Reproductive Science Institute, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
- Department of Reproductive Biology, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
- Medical Nanotechnology & Tissue Engineering Research Center, Yazd Reproductive Science Institute, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | | | - Jaffar Ali
- Synbios Media, www.synbiosmedia.com, P.O. Box 02042, GPO, Shah Alam, Selangor Malaysia
| | - Necati Findikli
- Bahceci Fulya Assisted Reproduction Center, Istanbul, Turkey
- Department of Bioengineering, Beykent University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Esmat Mangoli
- Research and Clinical Center for Infertility, Yazd Reproductive Science Institute, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
- Department of Reproductive Biology, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Khalili
- Research and Clinical Center for Infertility, Yazd Reproductive Science Institute, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
- Department of Reproductive Biology, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
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5
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Abstract
Spermatogenesis is a complex and elaborate differentiation process and is vital for male fertility. Sertoli cells play a major role in fertility and induce spermatogenesis by protecting, nourishing, and supporting germ cells. It has been speculated that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) could directly affect the male reproductive system, and therefore heredity and fertility. The similarity of SARS-CoV-2 to SARS-CoV could confirm this hypothesis because both viruses use angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE2) as the receptor to enter human cells. ACE2 is expressed by Sertoli cells and other testicular cells, therefore COVID-19 has the potential to impair fertility by destroying Sertoli cells. This hypothesis should be evaluated and confirmed by monitoring fertility in patients with COVID-19.
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6
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Bhattacharya K, Mukhopadhyay LD, Goswami R, Dutta S, Sengupta P, Irez T, Hamid HA, Syamal AK. SARS-CoV-2 infection and human semen: possible modes of contamination and transmission. MIDDLE EAST FERTILITY SOCIETY JOURNAL 2021; 26:18. [PMID: 34177252 PMCID: PMC8215312 DOI: 10.1186/s43043-021-00063-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), has turned into a global pandemic with multitudinous health impacts. Main body In light of the higher vulnerability of men to COVID-19 than women, there is rising concerns on the impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection on male fertility and possibilities of seminal contamination and transmission. The pandemic has attributed to the brief suspension of many fertility clinics and pathology laboratories, though many remained functional. Few reports reflect that SARS-CoV-2 can contaminate the semen of COVID-19 patients as well as that of recovering patients. The viral invasion into the testis may be due to the disrupted anatomical barriers of the testis by the inflammatory responses, and the persistence of the virus in the semen may be facilitated by the testicular immune privilege. Since SARS-CoV-2 is an enveloped RNA virus, it is also theoretically possible that this virus can remain viable in the semen samples even after cryopreservation with liquid nitrogen. Conclusion The present review emphasizes the possibilities of seminal dissemination of SARS-CoV-2 and thereby the chances of its sexual transmission. These perceptions and predictions are to facilitate immediate necessary actions to improvise the standard precautionary procedures for laboratory practices, including semen analysis or processing the semen sample for fertility treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koushik Bhattacharya
- Department of Physiology, Rungta College of Dental Sciences, Bhilai, Chhattisgarh India
| | - Lipika Das Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, KPC Medical College, Jadavpur, Kolkata, West Bengal India
| | - Ratnadeep Goswami
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Matrisadan Hospital, & ILS Hospital, Dumdum, Kolkata, West Bengal India
| | - Sulagna Dutta
- Department of Oral Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, MAHSA University, Jenjarom, Selangor Malaysia
| | - Pallav Sengupta
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Bioscience and Nursing, MAHSA University, Jenjarom, Selangor Malaysia
| | - Tulay Irez
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical Faculty, Istanbul Yeni Yuzyil University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Habibah Abdul Hamid
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor Malaysia
| | - Alak Kumar Syamal
- Post Graduate Department of Physiology, Hooghly Mohsin College, University of Burdwan, Bardhaman, West Bengal India
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7
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Kadihasanoglu M, Aktas S, Yardimci E, Aral H, Kadioglu A. SARS-CoV-2 Pneumonia Affects Male Reproductive Hormone Levels: A Prospective, Cohort Study. J Sex Med 2021; 18:256-264. [PMID: 33468445 PMCID: PMC7691132 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsxm.2020.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND SARS-CoV-2 which causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) binds to angiotensin-converting enyzme 2 (ACE2) and enters the host cell. ACE2 protein is expressed highly in the testis. AIM The aim of this study was to compare male reproductive hormones such as total testosterone (TT), luteinizing hormone (LH), follicular stimulant hormone (FSH), and prolactin between patients with COVID-19, age-matched cases with non-COVID-19 respiratory tract infection, and age-matched controls. METHODS This was a prospective cohort study and included 262 men aged between 20 and 65 years. The study comprised 3 groups including patients with COVID-19 (n = 89), cases with non-COVID-19 respiratory tract infection (n = 30), and age-matched controls (n = 143). All cases were evaluated using TT, LH, FSH, and prolactin. Correlations between TT and clinical parameters of patient groups were investigated using Pearson's correlation test. OUTCOMES The primary outcome of the study was detection of the difference of TT, FSH, LH, and prolactin levels between the groups. Secondary outcome was to correlate TT and hospitalization time and oxygen saturation on hospital admission (SpO2) of patients. RESULTS The mean age of study groups was 49.9 ± 12.5 years, 52.7 ± 9.6 years, and 50 ± 7.8 years, respectively (P = .06). Serum TT levels was median 185.52 ng/dL in patients with COVID-19, median 288.67 ng/dL in patients with non-COVID-19 respiratory tract infection and median 332 ng/dL in control cases, (P < .0001). The proportion of patients with testosterone deficiency in group 1, group 2, and group 3 was 74.2%, 53.3%, and 37.8%, respectively (P < .0001). Serum LH levels (P = 0.0003) and serum prolactin levels (P = .0007) were higher in patients with COVID-19 and patients with non-COVID-19 respiratory tract infection than control cases. Correlation analysis revealed significant negative correlation between serum TT levels and hospitalization time of patients with COVID-19 (r = -0.45, P < .0001). In addition, a significant positive correlation was observed between SpO2 and serum TT levels in patients with COVID-19 ( r = 0.32, P = .0028). CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS Physicians may consider to evaluate male patients with COVID-19 for concomitant androgen deficiency. STRENGTHS & LIMITATIONS Strengths include the evidence about the alteration of male reproductive hormones under COVID-19. Limitations include the analysis limited to one general hospital, only a single measurement of TT was available, free and bioavailable testosterone levels were not evaluated. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates COVID-19 is associated with decreased level of TT and increased level of LH and prolactin. More serious COVID-19 causes more reduction in TT levels and prolongs hospitalization period. Kadihasanoglu M, Aktas S, Yardimci E, et al. SARS-CoV-2 Pneumonia Affects Male Reproductive Hormone Levels: A Prospective, Cohort Study. J Sex Med 2021;18:256-264.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Semih Aktas
- Department of Urology, Istanbul Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Emre Yardimci
- Department of Urology, Istanbul Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hale Aral
- Department of Biochemistry, Istanbul Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ates Kadioglu
- Department of Urology, Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
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8
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Yakass MB, Quaye O, Woodward BJ. Risks of SARS-CoV-2 on male reproductive health and the practice of semen analysis and cryopreservation. Future Microbiol 2020; 15:1415-1418. [PMID: 33156722 PMCID: PMC7675012 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2020-0114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Michael B Yakass
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens (WACCBIP), University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana.,Department of Biochemistry, Cell & Molecular Biology, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana.,Assisted Conception Unit, Lister Hospital & Fertility Centre, Accra, Ghana
| | - Osbourne Quaye
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens (WACCBIP), University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana.,Department of Biochemistry, Cell & Molecular Biology, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
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9
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Huang C, Ji X, Zhou W, Huang Z, Peng X, Fan L, Lin G, Zhu W. Coronavirus: A possible cause of reduced male fertility. Andrology 2020; 9:80-87. [PMID: 32960504 PMCID: PMC7537192 DOI: 10.1111/andr.12907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In lately December 2019, a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) outbreak occurred in Wuhan, PR China. It is a high contagious virus that has threatened human health worldwide. SARS-CoV-2 infection, termed COVID-19, causes rapidly developing lung lesions that can lead to multiple organ failure in a short period. Whenever a novel virus emerges, reproductive risk assessments should be performed after infection. In this review, we show that male fertility might be damaged by coronavirus associated with (i) direct cytopathic effects derived from viral replication and viral dissemination in the testis; and (ii) indirect damage to male fertility derived from immunopathology. In this review, we briefly describe the impaired fertility of humans and animals infected with coronaviruses to deduce the impact of the new coronavirus on male fertility. Together with information related to other coronaviruses, we extrapolate this knowledge to the new coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, which may have a significant impact on our understanding of the pathophysiology of this new virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Huang
- Institute of Reproductive and Stem Cell Engineering, Basic Medicine College, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Reproductive and Genetic Hospital of CITIC-Xiangya, Changsha, China
| | - Xiren Ji
- Institute of Reproductive and Stem Cell Engineering, Basic Medicine College, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wenjun Zhou
- Institute of Reproductive and Stem Cell Engineering, Basic Medicine College, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhenghui Huang
- Institute of Reproductive and Stem Cell Engineering, Basic Medicine College, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Reproductive and Genetic Hospital of CITIC-Xiangya, Changsha, China
| | - Xiangjie Peng
- Reproductive and Genetic Hospital of CITIC-Xiangya, Changsha, China
| | - Liqing Fan
- Institute of Reproductive and Stem Cell Engineering, Basic Medicine College, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Reproductive and Genetic Hospital of CITIC-Xiangya, Changsha, China
| | - Ge Lin
- Institute of Reproductive and Stem Cell Engineering, Basic Medicine College, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Reproductive and Genetic Hospital of CITIC-Xiangya, Changsha, China
| | - Wenbing Zhu
- Institute of Reproductive and Stem Cell Engineering, Basic Medicine College, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Reproductive and Genetic Hospital of CITIC-Xiangya, Changsha, China
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10
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Olaniyan OT, Dare A, Okotie GE, Adetunji CO, Ibitoye BO, Bamidele OJ, Eweoya OO. Testis and blood-testis barrier in Covid-19 infestation: role of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 in male infertility. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 2020; 31:jbcpp-2020-0156. [PMID: 33006953 DOI: 10.1515/jbcpp-2020-0156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS- CoV-2) that causes COVID-19 infections penetrates body cells by binding to angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) receptors. Evidence shows that SARS-CoV-2 can also affect the urogenital tract. Hence, it should be given serious attention when treating COVID-19-infected male patients of reproductive age group. Other viruses like HIV, mumps, papilloma and Epstein-Barr can induce viral orchitis, germ cell apoptosis, inflammation and germ cell destruction with attending infertility and tumors. The blood-testis barrier (BTB) and blood-epididymis barrier (BEB) are essential physical barricades in the male reproductive tract located between the blood vessel and seminiferous tubules in the testes. Despite the significant role of these barriers in male reproductive function, studies have shown that a wide range of viruses can still penetrate the barriers and induce testicular dysfunctions. Therefore, this mini-review highlights the role of ACE2 receptors in promoting SARS-CoV-2-induced blood-testis/epididymal barrier infiltration and testicular dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olugbemi T Olaniyan
- Laboratory for Reproductive Biology and Developmental Programming, Department of Physiology, Edo University Iyamho, Iyamho, Nigeria
| | - Ayobami Dare
- Department of Physiology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, Durban, South Africa
| | - Gloria E Okotie
- Department of Physiology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Charles O Adetunji
- Applied Microbiology, Department of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Nanotechnology Laboratory, Edo University Iyamho, Iyamho, Edo State, Nigeria
| | | | - Okoli J Bamidele
- Institute of Chemical and Biotechnology, Faculty of Computer and Applied Sciences, Vaal University of Technology, Southern Gauteng Science and Technology Park, Department of Chemistry, Vanderbijlpark, South Africa
| | - Olugbenga O Eweoya
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine and Allied Health Sciences, University of the Gambia, Banjul, The Gambia
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11
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Mahmud R, Purser J, Patil JG. A novel testicular degenerative condition in a wild population of the common carp Cyprinus carpio (L). JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2020; 43:1065-1076. [PMID: 32666528 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Gonad abnormalities can restrict or completely block reproductive capability of individuals and in some case that of their populations. Here, we describe a novel testicular degenerative condition of non-germ cell origin with a high prevalence (up to 22.1% of the population) in a wild population of carp. Based on gross morphology, and microscopic and cellular examinations, the condition shows progressive severity which could be categorized into low, mild, severe and complete. In early stages of the condition, an abnormally increased proliferation (11-fold) of the Sertoli cell occurred, followed by degenerative cell death of all testicular cells, resulting in fluid-filled vesicles in the later stages. This initial uncontrolled proliferation of Sertoli cells suggests that the condition could be triggered by malignant pathways; however, the observed subsequent apoptosis of all testicular cells en masse, rendering the animals "sterile," appears unique. Observations, to date, indicate that this condition is specific to male carp and not present in other species of fish sharing the habitat. High prevalence of the condition allowed comparative evaluation between affected individuals, an aspect likely to facilitate future studies, including elucidation of the cause, robust testing of therapies and practical applications such as management of feral carp populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raihan Mahmud
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, Fisheries and Aquaculture Centre, University of Tasmania, Taroona Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - John Purser
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, Fisheries and Aquaculture Centre, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS, Australia
| | - Jawahar G Patil
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, Fisheries and Aquaculture Centre, University of Tasmania, Taroona Hobart, TAS, Australia
- Inland Fisheries Service, New Norfolk, TAS, Australia
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12
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Blitvich BJ, Magalhaes T, Laredo-Tiscareño SV, Foy BD. Sexual Transmission of Arboviruses: A Systematic Review. Viruses 2020; 12:v12090933. [PMID: 32854298 PMCID: PMC7552039 DOI: 10.3390/v12090933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) are primarily maintained in nature in transmission cycles between hematophagous arthropods and vertebrate hosts, but an increasing number of arboviruses have been isolated from or indirectly detected in the urogenital tract and sexual secretions of their vertebrate hosts, indicating that further investigation on the possibility of sexual transmission of these viruses is warranted. The most widely recognized sexually-transmitted arbovirus is Zika virus but other arboviruses, including Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus and dengue virus, might also be transmitted, albeit occasionally, by this route. This review summarizes our current understanding on the ability of arboviruses to be sexually transmitted. We discuss the sexual transmission of arboviruses between humans and between vertebrate animals, but not arthropod vectors. Every taxonomic group known to contain arboviruses (Asfarviridae, Bunyavirales, Flaviviridae, Orthomyxoviridae, Reoviridae, Rhabdoviridae and Togaviridae) is covered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley J. Blitvich
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-515-294-9861; Fax: +1-515-294-8500
| | - Tereza Magalhaes
- Arthropod-Borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (T.M.); (B.D.F.)
| | - S. Viridiana Laredo-Tiscareño
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA;
| | - Brian D. Foy
- Arthropod-Borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (T.M.); (B.D.F.)
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13
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Lean FZX, Payne J, Harper J, Devlin J, Williams DT, Bingham J. Evaluation of Bluetongue Virus (BTV) Antibodies for the Immunohistochemical Detection of BTV and Other Orbiviruses. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8081207. [PMID: 32784809 PMCID: PMC7464351 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8081207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The detection of bluetongue virus (BTV) antigens in formalin-fixed tissues has been challenging; therefore, only a limited number of studies on suitable immunohistochemical approaches have been reported. This study details the successful application of antibodies for the immunohistochemical detection of BTV in BSR variant baby hamster kidney cells (BHK-BSR) and infected sheep lungs that were formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded (FFPE). BTV reactive antibodies raised against non-structural (NS) proteins 1, 2, and 3/3a and viral structural protein 7 (VP7) were first evaluated on FFPE BTV-infected cell pellets for their ability to detect BTV serotype 1 (BTV-1). Antibodies that were successful in immunolabelling BTV-1 infected cell pellets were further tested, using similar methods, to determine their broader immunoreactivity against a diverse range of BTV and other orbiviruses. Antibodies specific for NS1, NS2, and NS3/3a were able to detect all BTV isolates tested, and the VP7 antibody cross-reacted with all BTV isolates, except BTV-15. The NS1 antibodies were BTV serogroup-specific, while the NS2, NS3/3a, and VP7 antibodies demonstrated immunologic cross-reactivity to related orbiviruses. These antibodies also detected viral antigens in BTV-3 infected sheep lung. This study demonstrates the utility of FFPE-infected cell pellets for the development and validation of BTV immunohistochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Z. X. Lean
- CSIRO Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness (ACDP, formerly AAHL), Geelong 3220, Victoria, Australia; (J.P.); (J.H.); (D.T.W.)
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, the University of Melbourne, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia;
- Pathology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), New Haw, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK
- Correspondence: (F.Z.X.L.); (J.B.)
| | - Jean Payne
- CSIRO Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness (ACDP, formerly AAHL), Geelong 3220, Victoria, Australia; (J.P.); (J.H.); (D.T.W.)
| | - Jennifer Harper
- CSIRO Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness (ACDP, formerly AAHL), Geelong 3220, Victoria, Australia; (J.P.); (J.H.); (D.T.W.)
| | - Joanne Devlin
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, the University of Melbourne, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia;
| | - David T. Williams
- CSIRO Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness (ACDP, formerly AAHL), Geelong 3220, Victoria, Australia; (J.P.); (J.H.); (D.T.W.)
| | - John Bingham
- CSIRO Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness (ACDP, formerly AAHL), Geelong 3220, Victoria, Australia; (J.P.); (J.H.); (D.T.W.)
- Correspondence: (F.Z.X.L.); (J.B.)
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14
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Vishvkarma R, Rajender S. Could SARS-CoV-2 affect male fertility? Andrologia 2020; 52:e13712. [PMID: 32578263 PMCID: PMC7361071 DOI: 10.1111/and.13712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We performed this systematic review to evaluate the possibility of an impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection on male fertility. SARS-CoV-2 enters the cells with the help of ACE2; therefore, testicular expression of ACE2 was analysed from transcriptome sequencing studies and our unpublished data. Literature suggested that SARS-CoV-1 (2002-2004 SARS) had a significant adverse impact on testicular architecture, suggesting a high possibility of the impact of SARS-CoV-2 as well. Out of two studies on semen samples from COVID-19 affected patients, one reported the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in the semen samples while the other denied it, raising conflict about its presence in the semen samples and the possibility of sexual transmission. Our transcriptome sequencing studies on rat testicular germ cells showed ACE expression in rat testicular germ cells. We also found ACE2 expression in transcriptome sequencing data for human spermatozoa, corroborating its presence in the testicular germ cells. Transcriptome sequencing data from literature search revealed ACE2 expression in the germ, Sertoli and Leydig cells. The presence of ACE2 on almost all testicular cells and the report of a significant impact of previous SARS coronavirus on testes suggest that SARS-CoV-2 is highly likely to affect testicular tissue, semen parameters and male fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Vishvkarma
- Reproductive Biology Laboratory, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Singh Rajender
- Reproductive Biology Laboratory, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
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15
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Schwarz ER, Oliveira LJ, Bonfante F, Pu R, Pozor MA, Maclachlan NJ, Beachboard S, Barr KL, Long MT. Experimental Infection of Mid-Gestation Pregnant Female and Intact Male Sheep with Zika Virus. Viruses 2020; 12:v12030291. [PMID: 32156037 PMCID: PMC7150993 DOI: 10.3390/v12030291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is an arbovirus that causes birth defects, persistent male infection, and sexual transmission in humans. The purpose of this study was to continue the development of an ovine ZIKV infection model; thus, two experiments were undertaken. In the first experiment, we built on previous pregnant sheep experiments by developing a mid-gestation model of ZIKV infection. Four pregnant sheep were challenged with ZIKV at 57–64 days gestation; two animals served as controls. After 13–15 days (corresponding with 70–79 days of gestation), one control and two infected animals were euthanized; the remaining animals were euthanized at 20–22 days post-infection (corresponding with 77–86 days of gestation). In the second experiment, six sexually mature, intact, male sheep were challenged with ZIKV and two animals served as controls. Infected animals were serially euthanized on days 2–6 and day 9 post-infection with the goal of isolating ZIKV from the male reproductive tract. In the mid-gestation study, virus was detected in maternal placenta and spleen, and in fetal organs, including the brains, spleens/liver, and umbilicus of infected fetuses. Fetuses from infected animals had visibly misshapen heads and morphometrics revealed significantly smaller head sizes in infected fetuses when compared to controls. Placental pathology was evident in infected dams. In the male experiment, ZIKV was detected in the spleen, liver, testes/epididymides, and accessory sex glands of infected animals. Results from both experiments indicate that mid-gestation ewes can be infected with ZIKV with subsequent disruption of fetal development and that intact male sheep are susceptible to ZIKV infection and viral dissemination and replication occurs in highly vascular tissues (including those of the male reproductive tract).
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika R. Schwarz
- Department of Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA; (E.R.S.); (R.P.); (S.B.)
| | - Lilian J. Oliveira
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA;
| | - Francesco Bonfante
- Laboratory of Experimental Animal Models, Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Instituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, 35020 Legnaro, Italy;
| | - Ruiyu Pu
- Department of Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA; (E.R.S.); (R.P.); (S.B.)
| | - Malgorzata A. Pozor
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA;
| | - N. James Maclachlan
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA;
| | - Sarah Beachboard
- Department of Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA; (E.R.S.); (R.P.); (S.B.)
| | - Kelli L. Barr
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, USA;
| | - Maureen T. Long
- Department of Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA; (E.R.S.); (R.P.); (S.B.)
- Correspondence:
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16
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Le Tortorec A, Matusali G, Mahé D, Aubry F, Mazaud-Guittot S, Houzet L, Dejucq-Rainsford N. From Ancient to Emerging Infections: The Odyssey of Viruses in the Male Genital Tract. Physiol Rev 2020; 100:1349-1414. [PMID: 32031468 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00021.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The male genital tract (MGT) is the target of a number of viral infections that can have deleterious consequences at the individual, offspring, and population levels. These consequences include infertility, cancers of male organs, transmission to the embryo/fetal development abnormalities, and sexual dissemination of major viral pathogens such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis B virus. Lately, two emerging viruses, Zika and Ebola, have additionally revealed that the human MGT can constitute a reservoir for viruses cleared from peripheral circulation by the immune system, leading to their sexual transmission by cured men. This represents a concern for future epidemics and further underlines the need for a better understanding of the interplay between viruses and the MGT. We review here how viruses, from ancient viruses that integrated the germline during evolution through old viruses (e.g., papillomaviruses originating from Neanderthals) and more modern sexually transmitted infections (e.g., simian zoonotic HIV) to emerging viruses (e.g., Ebola and Zika) take advantage of genital tract colonization for horizontal dissemination, viral persistence, vertical transmission, and endogenization. The MGT immune responses to viruses and the impact of these infections are discussed. We summarize the latest data regarding the sources of viruses in semen and the complex role of this body fluid in sexual transmission. Finally, we introduce key animal findings that are relevant for our understanding of viral infection and persistence in the human MGT and suggest future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Le Tortorec
- University of Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail)-UMR_S1085, Rennes, France
| | - Giulia Matusali
- University of Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail)-UMR_S1085, Rennes, France
| | - Dominique Mahé
- University of Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail)-UMR_S1085, Rennes, France
| | - Florence Aubry
- University of Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail)-UMR_S1085, Rennes, France
| | - Séverine Mazaud-Guittot
- University of Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail)-UMR_S1085, Rennes, France
| | - Laurent Houzet
- University of Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail)-UMR_S1085, Rennes, France
| | - Nathalie Dejucq-Rainsford
- University of Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail)-UMR_S1085, Rennes, France
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17
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Arévalo Romero H, Vargas Pavía TA, Velázquez Cervantes MA, Flores Pliego A, Helguera Repetto AC, León Juárez M. The Dual Role of the Immune Response in Reproductive Organs During Zika Virus Infection. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1617. [PMID: 31354746 PMCID: PMC6637308 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus is a mosquito-borne viral disease that emerged as a significant health problem in the Americas after an epidemic in 2015. Especially concerning are cases where Zika is linked to the development of brain abnormalities in newborns. Unlike other flaviviruses, Zika can be transmitted sexually, increasing the potential for intraspecies infection. Several reports show that the virus can persist for months in the testis of males after clearance of viremia, and that females are highly susceptible to infection via sexual transmission. The most common route of sexual transmission is male-to-female, which suggests that the mechanism driving persistence of Zika in the testis is essential for dissemination. The immune system plays an essential role in Zika infection. In females, a robust response inhibits the virus to control the infection. In males, however, the immunological response to Zika infection correlates with viral persistence. Thus, the immune system may have a dual role in sexually transmitted pathogenesis. The mechanism by which the immune system allows the virus to enter an immune-privileged site while continuing to disseminate is unclear. In this mini-review, we highlight advances in our knowledge of sexually transmitted Zika virus pathogenesis and the possible mechanisms mounted by the immune system that control or exacerbate the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruki Arévalo Romero
- Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology, Multidisciplinary Academic Division of Jalpa de Méndez, Department of Genomics, University Juárez Autonomous of Tabasco, Jalpa de Méndez, Mexico
| | - Tania A Vargas Pavía
- Laboratory of Perinatal Virology, Department of Immuno-Biochemistry, National Institution of Perinatology "Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes", Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Manuel A Velázquez Cervantes
- Laboratory of Perinatal Virology, Department of Immuno-Biochemistry, National Institution of Perinatology "Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes", Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Arturo Flores Pliego
- Laboratory of Perinatal Virology, Department of Immuno-Biochemistry, National Institution of Perinatology "Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes", Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Addy C Helguera Repetto
- Laboratory of Perinatal Virology, Department of Immuno-Biochemistry, National Institution of Perinatology "Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes", Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Moises León Juárez
- Laboratory of Perinatal Virology, Department of Immuno-Biochemistry, National Institution of Perinatology "Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes", Mexico City, Mexico
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18
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Emergence of a Novel Reassortant Strain of Bluetongue Serotype 6 in Israel, 2017: Clinical Manifestations of the Disease and Molecular Characterization. Viruses 2019; 11:v11070633. [PMID: 31295819 PMCID: PMC6669665 DOI: 10.3390/v11070633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Reassortment contributes to the evolution of RNA viruses with segmented genomes, including Bluetongue virus (BTV). Recently, co-circulation of natural and vaccine BTV variants in Europe, and their ensuing reassortment, were proposed to promote appearance of novel European BTV strains, with potential implications for pathogenicity, spread and vaccination policies. Similarly, the geographical features of the Mediterranean basin, which spans over portions of three continents, may facilitate the appearance of clinically relevant reassortants via co-circulation of BTV strains of African, Asian and European origins. In August–October 2017, BTV serotype 6 (BTV-6) was identified in young animals exhibiting classical clinical signs of Bluetongue (BT) at Israeli sheep and cattle farms. Sequencing and pairwise analysis of this Israeli BTV-6 isolate revealed the closest sequence homology of its serotype-defining Segment 2 was with that of South African reference BTV-6 strain 5011 (93.88% identity). In contrast, the other viral segments showed highest homology (97.0%–99.47% identity) with BTV-3, -4 and -9 of Mediterranean and African origins. Specifically, four viral segments were nearly identical (99.13%–99.47%), with Tunisian and Italian BTV-3 strains (TUN2016 and SAD2018, correspondingly). Together, our data suggest that Mediterranean co-circulation and reassortment of BTV-3 and BTV-6 drove the emergence of a novel and virulent BTV-6 strain
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