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Sui Y, Li J, Andersen H, Zhang R, Prabhu SK, Hoang T, Venzon D, Cook A, Brown R, Teow E, Velasco J, Pessaint L, Moore IN, Lagenaur L, Talton J, Breed MW, Kramer J, Bock KW, Minai M, Nagata BM, Choo-Wosoba H, Lewis MG, Wang LX, Berzofsky JA. An intranasally administrated SARS-CoV-2 beta variant subunit booster vaccine prevents beta variant replication in rhesus macaques. PNAS NEXUS 2022; 1:pgac091. [PMID: 35873792 PMCID: PMC9295201 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgac091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants and waning of vaccine/infection-induced immunity pose threats to curbing the COVID-19 pandemic. Effective, safe, and convenient booster vaccines are in need. We hypothesized that a variant-modified mucosal booster vaccine might induce local immunity to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection at the port of entry. The beta-variant is one of the hardest to cross-neutralize. Herein, we assessed the protective efficacy of an intranasal booster composed of beta variant-spike protein S1 with IL-15 and TLR agonists in previously immunized macaques. The macaques were first vaccinated with Wuhan strain S1 with the same adjuvant. A total of 1 year later, negligibly detectable SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody remained. Nevertheless, the booster induced vigorous humoral immunity including serum- and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL)-IgG, secretory nasal- and BAL-IgA, and neutralizing antibody against the original strain and/or beta variant. Beta-variant S1-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses were also elicited in PBMC and BAL. Following SARS-CoV-2 beta variant challenge, the vaccinated group demonstrated significant protection against viral replication in the upper and lower respiratory tracts, with almost full protection in the nasal cavity. The fact that one intranasal beta-variant booster administrated 1 year after the first vaccination provoked protective immunity against beta variant infections may inform future SARS-CoV-2 booster design and administration timing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjun Sui
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jianping Li
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | - Roushu Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Sunaina K Prabhu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Tanya Hoang
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - David Venzon
- Biostatistics and Data Management Section, Center of for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ian N Moore
- Infectious Disease Pathogenesis Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Laurel Lagenaur
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jim Talton
- Alchem Laboratories, Alachua, FL 32615, USA
| | - Matthew W Breed
- Laboratory Animal Sciences Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Josh Kramer
- Laboratory Animal Sciences Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Kevin W Bock
- Infectious Disease Pathogenesis Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Mahnaz Minai
- Infectious Disease Pathogenesis Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Bianca M Nagata
- Infectious Disease Pathogenesis Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Hyoyoung Choo-Wosoba
- Biostatistics and Data Management Section, Center of for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | - Lai-Xi Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Jay A Berzofsky
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Klasse PJ, Moore JP. Reappraising the Value of HIV-1 Vaccine Correlates of Protection Analyses. J Virol 2022; 96:e0003422. [PMID: 35384694 PMCID: PMC9044961 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00034-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
With the much-debated exception of the modestly reduced acquisition reported for the RV144 efficacy trial, HIV-1 vaccines have not protected humans against infection, and a vaccine of similar design to that tested in RV144 was not protective in a later trial, HVTN 702. Similar vaccine regimens have also not consistently protected nonhuman primates (NHPs) against viral acquisition. Conversely, experimental vaccines of different designs have protected macaques from viral challenges but then failed to protect humans, while many other HIV-1 vaccine candidates have not protected NHPs. While efficacy varies more in NHPs than humans, vaccines have failed to protect in the most stringent NHP model. Intense investigations have aimed to identify correlates of protection (CoPs), even in the absence of net protection. Unvaccinated animals and humans vary vastly in their susceptibility to infection and in their innate and adaptive responses to the vaccines; hence, merely statistical associations with factors that do not protect are easily found. Systems biological analyses, including artificial intelligence, have identified numerous candidate CoPs but with no clear consistency within or between species. Proposed CoPs sometimes have only tenuous mechanistic connections to immune protection. In contrast, neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) are a central mechanistic CoP for vaccines that succeed against other viruses, including SARS-CoV-2. No HIV-1 vaccine candidate has yet elicited potent and broadly active NAbs in NHPs or humans, but narrow-specificity NAbs against the HIV-1 isolate corresponding to the immunogen do protect against infection by the autologous virus. Here, we analyze why so many HIV-1 vaccines have failed, summarize the outcomes of vaccination in NHPs and humans, and discuss the value and pitfalls of hunting for CoPs other than NAbs. We contrast the failure to find a consistent CoP for HIV-1 vaccines with the identification of NAbs as the principal CoP for SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. J. Klasse
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - John P. Moore
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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Abstract
The microorganisms associated with an organism, the microbiome, have a strong and wide impact in their host biology. In particular, the microbiome modulates both the host defense responses and immunity, thus influencing the fate of infections by pathogens. Indeed, this immune modulation and/or interaction with pathogenic viruses can be essential to define the outcome of viral infections. Understanding the interplay between the microbiome and pathogenic viruses opens future venues to fight viral infections and enhance the efficacy of antiviral therapies. An increasing number of researchers are focusing on microbiome-virus interactions, studying diverse combinations of microbial communities, hosts, and pathogenic viruses. Here, we aim to review these studies, providing an integrative overview of the microbiome impact on viral infection across different pathosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubén González
- Instituto de Biología Integrativa de Sistemas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universitat de València, Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Santiago F. Elena
- Instituto de Biología Integrativa de Sistemas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universitat de València, Paterna, Valencia, Spain
- The Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA
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Abstract
Purpose of Review Observations of differing bacterial, intestinal microbiomes in people living with HIV have propelled interest in contributions of the microbiome to HIV disease. Non-human primate (NHP) models of HIV infection provide a controlled setting for assessing contributions of the microbiome by standardizing environmental confounders. We provide an overview of the findings of microbiome contributions to aspects of HIV disease derived from these animal models. Recent Findings Observations of differing bacterial, intestinal microbiomes are inconsistently observed in the NHP model following SIV infection. Differences in lentiviral susceptibility and vaccine efficacy have been attributed to variations in the intestinal microbiome; however, by-and-large, these differences have not been experimentally assessed. Summary Although compelling associations exist, clearly defined contributions of the microbiome to HIV and SIV disease are lacking. The empirical use of comprehensive multi-omics assessments and longitudinal and interventional study designs in NHP models is necessary to define this contribution more clearly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M Brenchley
- Barrier Immunity Section, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, USA
| | - Alexandra M Ortiz
- Barrier Immunity Section, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, USA.
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Sui Y, Li J, Venzon DJ, Berzofsky JA. SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Suppresses ACE2 and Type I Interferon Expression in Primary Cells From Macaque Lung Bronchoalveolar Lavage. Front Immunol 2021; 12:658428. [PMID: 34149696 PMCID: PMC8213020 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.658428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 virus causes upper and lower respiratory diseases including pneumonia, and in some cases, leads to lethal pulmonary failure. Angiotensin converting enzyme-2 (ACE2), the receptor for cellular entry of SARS-CoV-2 virus, has been shown to protect against severe acute lung failure. Here, we provide evidence that SARS-CoV-2 spike protein S1 reduced the mRNA expression of ACE2 and type I interferons in primary cells of lung bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) from naïve rhesus macaques. The expression levels of ACE2 and type I interferons were also found to be correlated with each other, consistent with the recent finding that ACE2 is an interferon-inducible gene. Furthermore, induction of ACE2 and type I interferons by poly I:C, an interferon inducer, was suppressed by S1 protein in primary cells of BAL. These observations suggest that the downregulation of ACE2 and type I interferons induced by S1 protein may directly contribute to SARS-CoV-2-associated lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjun Sui
- Vaccine Branch, Center of Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Jianping Li
- Vaccine Branch, Center of Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - David J Venzon
- Biostatistics and Data Management Section, Center of Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Jay A Berzofsky
- Vaccine Branch, Center of Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
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Nunez N, Réot L, Menu E. Neonatal Immune System Ontogeny: The Role of Maternal Microbiota and Associated Factors. How Might the Non-Human Primate Model Enlighten the Path? Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:584. [PMID: 34206053 PMCID: PMC8230289 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9060584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Interactions between the immune system and the microbiome play a crucial role on the human health. These interactions start in the prenatal period and are critical for the maturation of the immune system in newborns and infants. Several factors influence the composition of the infant's microbiota and subsequently the development of the immune system. They include maternal infection, antibiotic treatment, environmental exposure, mode of delivery, breastfeeding, and food introduction. In this review, we focus on the ontogeny of the immune system and its association to microbial colonization from conception to food diversification. In this context, we give an overview of the mother-fetus interactions during pregnancy, the impact of the time of birth and the mode of delivery, the neonate gastrointestinal colonization and the role of breastfeeding, weaning, and food diversification. We further review the impact of the vaccination on the infant's microbiota and the reciprocal case. Finally, we discuss several potential therapeutic interventions that might help to improve the newborn and infant's health and their responses to vaccination. Throughout the review, we underline the main scientific questions that are left to be answered and how the non-human primate model could help enlighten the path.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Nunez
- CEA, Université Paris-Sud, Inserm, U1184 “Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases” (IMVA-HB), IDMIT Department, IBFJ, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France; (N.N.); (L.R.)
| | - Louis Réot
- CEA, Université Paris-Sud, Inserm, U1184 “Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases” (IMVA-HB), IDMIT Department, IBFJ, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France; (N.N.); (L.R.)
| | - Elisabeth Menu
- CEA, Université Paris-Sud, Inserm, U1184 “Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases” (IMVA-HB), IDMIT Department, IBFJ, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France; (N.N.); (L.R.)
- MISTIC Group, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France
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