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Abdolahi M, Ghaedi Talkhounche P, Derakhshan Nazari MH, Hosseininia HS, Khoshdel-Rad N, Ebrahimi Sadrabadi A. Functional Enrichment Analysis of Tumor Microenvironment-Driven Molecular Alterations That Facilitate Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition and Distant Metastasis. Bioinform Biol Insights 2024; 18:11779322241227722. [PMID: 38318286 PMCID: PMC10840405 DOI: 10.1177/11779322241227722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the second leading cause of cancer deaths, and identifying the effective factors in causing this disease can play an important role in its prevention and treatment. Tumors provide effective agents for invasion and metastasis to other organs by establishing appropriate communication between cancer cells and the microenvironment. Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) can be mentioned as one of the effective phenomena in tumor invasion and metastasis. Several factors are involved in inducing this phenomenon in the tumor microenvironment, which helps the tumor survive and migrate to other places. It can be effective to identify these factors in the use of appropriate treatment strategies and greater patient survival. This study investigated the molecular differences between tumor border cells and tumor core cells or internal tumor cells in HCC for specific EMT genes. Expression of NOTCH1, ID1, and LST1 genes showed a significant increase at the HCC tumor border. Targeting these genes can be considered as a useful therapeutic strategy to prevent distant metastasis in HCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahnaz Abdolahi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parnian Ghaedi Talkhounche
- Department of Microbiology and Microbial Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Derakhshan Nazari
- Department of Microbiology and Microbial Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Haniyeh Sadat Hosseininia
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Science, Islamic Azad University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Cytotech & Bioinformatics Research Group, Bioinformatics Department, Tehran, Iran
| | - Niloofar Khoshdel-Rad
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amin Ebrahimi Sadrabadi
- Cytotech & Bioinformatics Research Group, Bioinformatics Department, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACER, Tehran, Iran
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2
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Chowdhary S, Deka R, Panda K, Kumar R, Solomon AD, Das J, Kanoujiya S, Gupta AK, Sinha S, Ruokolainen J, Kesari KK, Gupta PK. Recent Updates on Viral Oncogenesis: Available Preventive and Therapeutic Entities. Mol Pharm 2023; 20:3698-3740. [PMID: 37486263 PMCID: PMC10410670 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c01080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Human viral oncogenesis is a complex phenomenon and a major contributor to the global cancer burden. Several recent findings revealed cellular and molecular pathways that promote the development and initiation of malignancy when viruses cause an infection. Even, antiviral treatment has become an approach to eliminate the viral infections and prevent the activation of oncogenesis. Therefore, for a better understanding, the molecular pathogenesis of various oncogenic viruses like, hepatitis virus, human immunodeficiency viral (HIV), human papillomavirus (HPV), herpes simplex virus (HSV), and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), could be explored, especially, to expand many potent antivirals that may escalate the apoptosis of infected malignant cells while sparing normal and healthy ones. Moreover, contemporary therapies, such as engineered antibodies antiviral agents targeting signaling pathways and cell biomarkers, could inhibit viral oncogenesis. This review elaborates the recent advancements in both natural and synthetic antivirals to control viral oncogenesis. The study also highlights the challenges and future perspectives of using antivirals in viral oncogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivam Chowdhary
- Department
of Industrial Microbiology, Sam Higginbottom
University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj 211007, Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Rahul Deka
- Department
of Bioengineering and Biotechnology, Birla
Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi 835215, Jharkhand, India
| | - Kingshuk Panda
- Department
of Applied Microbiology, Vellore Institute
of Technology, Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Rohit Kumar
- Department
of Life Sciences, Sharda School of Basic Sciences and Research, Sharda University, Greater Noida 201310, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Abhishikt David Solomon
- Department
of Molecular & Cellular Engineering, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj 211007, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Jimli Das
- Centre
for
Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Dibrugarh
University, Assam 786004, India
| | - Supriya Kanoujiya
- School
of
Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Ashish Kumar Gupta
- Department
of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical
Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Somya Sinha
- Department
of Biotechnology, Graphic Era Deemed to
Be University, Dehradun 248002, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Janne Ruokolainen
- Department
of Applied Physics, School of Science, Aalto
University, 02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - Kavindra Kumar Kesari
- Department
of Applied Physics, School of Science, Aalto
University, 02150 Espoo, Finland
- Division
of Research and Development, Lovely Professional
University, Phagwara 144411, Punjab, India
| | - Piyush Kumar Gupta
- Department
of Life Sciences, Sharda School of Basic Sciences and Research, Sharda University, Greater Noida 201310, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Department
of Biotechnology, Graphic Era Deemed to
Be University, Dehradun 248002, Uttarakhand, India
- Faculty
of Health and Life Sciences, INTI International
University, Nilai 71800, Malaysia
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3
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Wei M, Yan X, Xin X, Chen H, Hou L, Zhang J. Hepatocyte-Specific Smad4 Deficiency Alleviates Liver Fibrosis via the p38/p65 Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911696. [PMID: 36232998 PMCID: PMC9570188 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Revised: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is a wound-healing response caused by the abnormal accumulation of extracellular matrix, which is produced by activated hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). Most studies have focused on the activated HSCs themselves in liver fibrosis, and whether hepatocytes can modulate the process of fibrosis is still unclear. Sma mothers against decapentaplegic homologue 4 (Smad4) is a key intracellular transcription mediator of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) during the development and progression of liver fibrosis. However, the role of hepatocyte Smad4 in the development of fibrosis is poorly elucidated. Here, to explore the functional role of hepatocyte Smad4 and the molecular mechanism in liver fibrosis, a CCl4-induced liver fibrosis model was established in mice with hepatocyte-specific Smad4 deletion (Smad4Δhep). We found that hepatocyte-specific Smad4 deficiency reduced liver inflammation and fibrosis, alleviated epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and inhibited hepatocyte proliferation and migration. Molecularly, Smad4 deletion in hepatocytes suppressed the expression of inhibitor of differentiation 1 (ID1) and the secretion of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) of hepatocytes, which subsequently activated the p38 and p65 signaling pathways of HSCs in an epidermal growth factor receptor-dependent manner. Taken together, our results clearly demonstrate that the Smad4 expression in hepatocytes plays an important role in promoting liver fibrosis and could therefore be a promising target for future anti-fibrotic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaomiao Wei
- The College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Xinlong Yan
- Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Xin Xin
- The College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Haiqiang Chen
- The College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Lingling Hou
- The College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Jinhua Zhang
- The College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China
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4
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Huang Q, Xiao R, Lu J, Zhang Y, Xu L, Gao J, Sun J, Wang H. Endoglin aggravates peritoneal fibrosis by regulating the activation of TGF-β/ALK/Smads signaling. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:973182. [PMID: 36210850 PMCID: PMC9537553 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.973182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Peritoneal fibrosis (PF) is an intractable complication in patients on long-term peritoneal dialysis (PD). Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is a key pro-fibrogenic factor involved in PD-associated PF, and endoglin, as a coreceptor for TGF-β, plays a role in balancing the TGF-β signaling pathway. Here, we investigated whether endoglin could be a potential therapeutic target for PF.Methods:In vivo, we established PF model in SD rats by daily intraperitoneal injection of peritoneal dialysis fluids (PDF) containing 4.25% glucose for 6 weeks and downregulated endoglin expression by tail vein injection of AAV9-ENG on day 14 to assess the effect of endoglin on peritoneal morphology and markers related to fibrosis, angiogenesis, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). In vitro, we treated human peritoneal mesothelial cells (HPMCs) transfected with ENG siRNA in high glucose medium to explore the potential mechanism of endoglin in PF.Results: Compared to control group, continuous exposure to biologically incompatible PDF induced exacerbated PF, accompanied by a significant increase in endoglin expression. Conversely, knockdown of endoglin ameliorated peritoneal injury characterized by increased peritoneal thickening and collagen deposition, angiogenesis, as well as EMT. Consistently, HPMCs cultured in high glucose medium underwent the EMT process and exhibited over-expression of fibronectin, collagen type I, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), whereas these aforementioned alterations were alleviated after ENG siRNA transfection. In addition, we also found that ENG siRNA inhibited TGF-β-induced phosphorylation of Smad2/3 and Smad1/5/9 in HPMCs treated with high glucose (HG).Conclusion: Our findings confirmed for the first time that endoglin exacerbated PF by regulating the activation of TGF-β/ALK/Smads signaling, which will provide a novel potential therapeutic target in PF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Huang
- Department of Nephrology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Rui Xiao
- Department of Nephrology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jing Lu
- Department of Nephrology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Yao Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Liang Xu
- Department of Nephrology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Jie Gao
- Department of Nephrology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Jing Sun
- Department of Nephrology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Department of Nephrology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
- *Correspondence: Jing Sun, ; Haiping Wang,
| | - Haiping Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Department of Nephrology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
- *Correspondence: Jing Sun, ; Haiping Wang,
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5
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Li L, Zhong L, Tang C, Gan L, Mo T, Na J, He J, Huang Y. CD105: tumor diagnosis, prognostic marker and future tumor therapeutic target. Clin Transl Oncol 2022; 24:1447-1458. [PMID: 35165838 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-022-02792-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is one of the diseases with the highest morbidity and mortality rates worldwide, and its therapeutic options are inadequate. The endothelial glycoprotein, also known as CD105, is a type I transmembrane glycoprotein located on the surface of the cell membranes and it is one of the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) receptor complexes. It regulates the responses associated with binding to transforming growth factor β1 egg (Activin-A), bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2), and bone morphogenetic protein 7 (BMP-7). Additionally, it is involved in the regulation of angiogenesis. This glycoprotein is indispensable in the treatment of tumor angiogenesis, and it also plays a leading role in tumor angiogenesis therapy. Therefore, CD105 is considered to be a novel therapeutic target. In this study, we explored the significance of CD105 in the diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of various tumors, and provided evidence for the effect and mechanism of CD105 on tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Li
- National Center for International Research of Bio-Targeting Theranostics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Talent Highland of Bio-Targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
- Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Liping Zhong
- National Center for International Research of Bio-Targeting Theranostics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Talent Highland of Bio-Targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
- Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Chao Tang
- National Center for International Research of Bio-Targeting Theranostics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Talent Highland of Bio-Targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
- Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Lu Gan
- National Center for International Research of Bio-Targeting Theranostics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Talent Highland of Bio-Targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
- Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Tong Mo
- National Center for International Research of Bio-Targeting Theranostics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Talent Highland of Bio-Targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
- Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Jintong Na
- National Center for International Research of Bio-Targeting Theranostics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Talent Highland of Bio-Targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
- Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Jian He
- National Center for International Research of Bio-Targeting Theranostics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Talent Highland of Bio-Targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
- Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Yong Huang
- National Center for International Research of Bio-Targeting Theranostics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Talent Highland of Bio-Targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China.
- Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China.
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6
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Abstract
Fibrosis is not a unidirectional, linear process, but a dynamic one resulting from an interplay of fibrogenesis and fibrolysis depending on the extent and severity of a biologic insult, or lack thereof. Regression of fibrosis has been documented best in patients treated with phlebotomies for hemochromatosis, and after successful suppression and eradication of chronic hepatitis B and C infections. This evidence mandates a reconsideration of the term "cirrhosis," which implies an inevitable progression towards liver failure. Furthermore, it also necessitates a staging system that acknowledges the bidirectional nature of evolution of fibrosis, and has the ability to predict if the disease process is progressing or regressing. The Beijing classification attempts to fill this gap in contemporary practice. It is based on microscopic features termed "the hepatic repair complex," defined originally by Wanless and colleagues. The elements of the hepatic repair complex represent the 3 processes of fragmentation and regression of scar, vascular remodeling (resolution), and parenchymal regeneration. However, regression of fibrosis does not imply resolution of cirrhosis, which is more than just a stage of fibrosis. So far, there is little to no evidence to suggest that large regions of parenchymal extinction can be repopulated by regenerating hepatocytes. Similarly, the vascular lesions of cirrhosis persist, and there is no evidence of complete return to normal microcirculation in cirrhotic livers. In addition, the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma is higher compared with the general population and these patients need continued screening and surveillance.
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7
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Elpek GO. Molecular pathways in viral hepatitis-associated liver carcinogenesis: An update. World J Clin Cases 2021; 9:4890-4917. [PMID: 34307543 PMCID: PMC8283590 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v9.i19.4890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common type of cancer among primary malignant tumors of the liver and is a consequential cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. In recent years, uncovering the molecular mechanisms involved in the development and behavior of this tumor has led to the identification of multiple potential treatment targets. Despite the vast amount of data on this topic, HCC remains a challenging tumor to treat due to its aggressive behavior and complex molecular profile. Therefore, the number of studies aiming to elucidate the mechanisms involved in both carcinogenesis and tumor progression in HCC continues to increase. In this context, the close association of HCC with viral hepatitis has led to numerous studies focusing on the direct or indirect involvement of viruses in the mechanisms contributing to tumor development and behavior. In line with these efforts, this review was undertaken to highlight the current understanding of the molecular mechanisms by which hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) participate in oncogenesis and tumor progression in HCC and summarize new findings. Cumulative evidence indicates that HBV DNA integration promotes genomic instability, resulting in the overexpression of genes related to cancer development, metastasis, and angiogenesis or inactivation of tumor suppressor genes. In addition, genetic variations in HBV itself, especially preS2 deletions, may play a role in malignant transformation. Epigenetic dysregulation caused by both viruses might also contribute to tumor formation and metastasis by modifying the methylation of DNA and histones or altering the expression of microRNAs. Similarly, viral proteins of both HBV and HCV can affect pathways that are important anticancer targets. The effects of these two viruses on the Hippo-Yap-Taz pathway in HCC development and behavior need to be investigated. Additional, comprehensive studies are also needed to determine these viruses' interaction with integrins, farnesoid X, and the apelin system in malignant transformation and tumor progression. Although the relationship of persistent inflammation caused by HBV and HCV hepatitis with carcinogenesis is well defined, further studies are warranted to decipher the relationship among inflammasomes and viruses in carcinogenesis and elucidate the role of virus-microbiota interactions in HCC development and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulsum Ozlem Elpek
- Department of Pathology, Akdeniz University Medical School, Antalya 07070, Turkey
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8
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Reungoat E, Grigorov B, Zoulim F, Pécheur EI. Molecular Crosstalk between the Hepatitis C Virus and the Extracellular Matrix in Liver Fibrogenesis and Early Carcinogenesis. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13092270. [PMID: 34065048 PMCID: PMC8125929 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13092270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary In the era of direct-acting antivirals against the hepatitis C virus (HCV), curing chronic hepatitis C has become a reality. However, while replicating chronically, HCV creates a peculiar state of inflammation and oxidative stress in the infected liver, which fuels DNA damage at the onset of HCV-induced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). This cancer, the second leading cause of death by cancer, remains of bad prognosis when diagnosed. This review aims to decipher how HCV durably alters elements of the extracellular matrix that compose the liver microenvironment, directly through its viral proteins or indirectly through the induction of cytokine secretion, thereby leading to liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, and, ultimately, HCC. Abstract Chronic infection by the hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major cause of liver diseases, predisposing to fibrosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Liver fibrosis is characterized by an overly abundant accumulation of components of the hepatic extracellular matrix, such as collagen and elastin, with consequences on the properties of this microenvironment and cancer initiation and growth. This review will provide an update on mechanistic concepts of HCV-related liver fibrosis/cirrhosis and early stages of carcinogenesis, with a dissection of the molecular details of the crosstalk during disease progression between hepatocytes, the extracellular matrix, and hepatic stellate cells.
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9
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Elevation of Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 promotes differentiation of Cancer Stem-like Cell state by Hepatitis C Virus infection. J Virol 2021; 95:JVI.02057-20. [PMID: 33627392 PMCID: PMC8139667 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02057-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) is a critical factor that regulates protein synthesis and degradation. The increased PAI-1 levels are detectable in the serum of patients with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) liver disease. The differentiation state and motility of HCV-induced cancer stem-like cells (CSC) play a major role in severe liver disease progression. However, the role of PAI-1 in the pathological process of chronic liver diseases remains unknown. In this study, we determined how PAI-1 affects the differentiation of CSC state in hepatocytes upon HCV infection. We found that HCV infection induced the expression of PAI-1 while decreasing miR-30c expression in Huh7.5.1 cells. Similar results were obtained from isolated hepatocytes from humanized liver mice after HCV infection. Moreover, decreased miR-30c expression in HCV-infected hepatocytes was associated with the increased levels of PAI-1 mRNA and protein. Notably, the increased PAI-1 levels resulted in the activation of Protein Kinase B/AKT, a major mediator of cell proliferation, in HCV-infected hepatocytes along with the increased expression of CSC markers such as Human Differentiated Protein (CD) 133, Epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM), Octamer 4 (Oct4), Nanog, Cyclin D1, and MYC. Moreover, blockade of PAI-1 activity by miR-30c mimic and anti-PAI-1 mAb abrogated the AKT activation with decreased expression of CSC markers. Our findings suggest that HCV infection induces the CSC state via PAI-1-mediated AKT activation in hepatocytes. It implicates that the manipulation of PAI-1 activity could provide potential therapeutics to prevent the development of HCV-associated chronic liver diseases.IMPORTANCEThe progression of chronic liver disease by HCV infection is considered a major risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), one of the major causes of death from cancer. Recent studies have demonstrated that increased CSC properties in HCV-infected hepatocytes are associated with the progression of HCC. Since proteins and miRNAs production by HCV-infected hepatocytes can play various roles in physiological processes, investigating these factors can potentially lead to new therapeutic targets. However, the mechanism of HCV associated progression of hepatocytes to CSC remains unclear. Here we identify the roles of PAI-1 and miR-30c in the progression of CSC during HCV infection in hepatocytes. Our data shows that increased secretion of PAI-1 following HCV infection promotes this CSC state and activation of AKT. We report that the inhibition of PAI-1 by miR-30c mimic reduces HCV associated CSC properties in hepatocytes. Taken together, targeting this interaction of secreted PAI-1 and miR-30c in HCV-infected hepatocytes may provide a potential therapeutic intervention against the progression to chronic liver diseases and HCC.
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10
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Jeng KS, Sheen IS, Lin SS, Leu CM, Chang CF. The Role of Endoglin in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22063208. [PMID: 33809908 PMCID: PMC8004096 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22063208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Endoglin (CD105) is a type-1 integral transmembrane glycoprotein and coreceptor for transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) ligands. The endoglin/TGF-β signaling pathway regulates hemostasis, cell proliferation/migration, extracellular matrix (ECM) synthesis and angiogenesis. Angiogenesis contributes to early progression, invasion, postoperative recurrence, and metastasis in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), one of the most widespread malignancies globally. Endoglin is overexpressed in newly formed HCC microvessels. It increases microvessel density in cirrhotic and regenerative HCC nodules. In addition, circulating endoglin is present in HCC patients, suggesting potential for use as a diagnostic or prognostic factor. HCC angiogenesis is dynamic and endoglin expression varies by stage. TRC105 (carotuximab) is an antibody against endoglin, and three of its clinical trials were related to liver diseases. A partial response was achieved when combining TRC105 with sorafenib. Although antiangiogenic therapy still carries some risks, combination therapy with endoglin inhibitors or other targeted therapies holds promise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuo-Shyang Jeng
- Division of General Surgery, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei 22060, Taiwan; (K.-S.J.); (S.-S.L.)
| | - I-Shyan Sheen
- Department of Hepatogastroenterology, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center, Chang-Gung University, Taoyuan city 33305, Taiwan;
| | - Shu-Sheng Lin
- Division of General Surgery, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei 22060, Taiwan; (K.-S.J.); (S.-S.L.)
| | - Chuen-Miin Leu
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang-Ming Chiao-Tung University, Taipei city 11221, Taiwan;
| | - Chiung-Fang Chang
- Division of General Surgery, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei 22060, Taiwan; (K.-S.J.); (S.-S.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-2-7728-4564
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11
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Liu L, Borlak J. Advances in Liver Cancer Stem Cell Isolation and their Characterization. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2021; 17:1215-1238. [PMID: 33432485 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-020-10114-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Over the last decade research on cancer stem cells (CSC) significantly contributed to a better understanding of tumor biology. Given their similarity to normal stem cells, i.e. self-renewal and pluripotency the need arises to develop robust protocols for the isolation and characterization of CSCs. As with other malignancies, hepatic tumors are composed of a heterogeneous population of cells including liver cancer stem cells (LCSC). Yet, a precise understanding of why stem cells become cancerous is still lacking. There is unmet need to develop robust protocols for the successful isolation of LCSCs from human tissue resection material as to assist in the development of molecular targeted therapies. Here we review the research progress made in the isolation and characterization of LCSCs by considering a wide range of cell surface markers and sorting methods, as applied to side populations, microsphere cultures and the gradient centrifugation method. We emphasize the different fluorescence activated cell sorting methods and the possibility to enrich LCSCs by immunomagnetic beads. We review the specificity of functional assays by considering ABCG transporter and ALDH1 enzyme activities and evaluate the in vivo tumorigenicity of LCSCs in highly sensitive bioassays. Finally, we evaluate different LCSC markers in association with viral and non-viral liver disease and explore the potential of novel drug delivery systems targeting CD133, EpCAM, CD13 and CD90 for the development of molecular targeted therapies. Graphical Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Liu
- Centre for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jürgen Borlak
- Centre for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany.
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12
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Nam DE, Seong HC, Hahn YS. Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 and Oncogenesis in the Liver Disease. JOURNAL OF CELLULAR SIGNALING 2021; 2:221-227. [PMID: 34671766 PMCID: PMC8525887 DOI: 10.33696/signaling.2.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a significant cause of cancer mortality worldwide. Chronic hepatic inflammation and fibrosis play a critical role in the development of HCC. Liver fibrosis develops as a result of response to injury such that a persistent and excessive wound healing response induces extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition leading to HCC. PAI-1 is a fibrinolysis inhibitor involved in regulating protein degradation and homeostasis while assisting wound healing. PAI-1 presents increased levels in various diseases such as fibrosis, cancer, obesity and metabolic syndrome. Moreover, PAI-1 has been extensively studied for developing potential therapies against fibrosis. In the present review, we summarize how PAI-1 affects oncogenesis during liver disease progression based on the recently published literatures. Although there are controversies regarding the role of PAI-1 and approaches to treatment, this review suggests that proper manipulation of PAI-1 activity could provide a novel therapeutic option on the development of chronic liver disease via modulation of cancer stem-like cells (CSCs) differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-eun Nam
- Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, USA
| | - Hae Chang Seong
- Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, USA
| | - Young S. Hahn
- Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, USA
- Correspondence should be addressed to Young S. Hahn;
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13
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Abstract
Liver cancer is a global problem and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) accounts for about 85% of this cancer. In the USA, etiologies and risk factors for HCC include chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, diabetes, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), obesity, excessive alcohol drinking, exposure to tobacco smoke, and genetic factors. Chronic HCV infection appears to be associated with about 30% of HCC. Chronic HCV infection induces multistep changes in liver, involving metabolic disorders, steatosis, cirrhosis and HCC. Liver carcinogenesis requires initiation of neoplastic clones, and progression to clinically diagnose malignancy. Tumor progression associates with profound exhaustion of tumor-antigen-specific CD8+T cells, and accumulation of PD-1hi CD8+T cells and Tregs. In this chapter, we provide a brief description of HCV and environmental/genetic factors, immune regulation, and highlight mechanisms of HCV associated HCC. We also underscore HCV treatment and recent paradigm of HCC progression, highlighted the current treatment and potential future therapeutic opportunities.
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14
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Goto K, Roca Suarez AA, Wrensch F, Baumert TF, Lupberger J. Hepatitis C Virus and Hepatocellular Carcinoma: When the Host Loses Its Grip. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21093057. [PMID: 32357520 PMCID: PMC7246584 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21093057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic infection with hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major cause of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Novel treatments with direct-acting antivirals achieve high rates of sustained virologic response; however, the HCC risk remains elevated in cured patients, especially those with advanced liver disease. Long-term HCV infection causes a persistent and accumulating damage of the liver due to a combination of direct and indirect pro-oncogenic mechanisms. This review describes the processes involved in virus-induced disease progression by viral proteins, derailed signaling, immunity, and persistent epigenetic deregulation, which may be instrumental to develop urgently needed prognostic biomarkers and as targets for novel chemopreventive therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaku Goto
- Université de Strasbourg, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1110, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, Université de Strasbourg (IVH), F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Armando Andres Roca Suarez
- Université de Strasbourg, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1110, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, Université de Strasbourg (IVH), F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Florian Wrensch
- Université de Strasbourg, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1110, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, Université de Strasbourg (IVH), F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Thomas F. Baumert
- Université de Strasbourg, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1110, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, Université de Strasbourg (IVH), F-67000 Strasbourg, France
- Pôle Hépato-digestif, Institut Hopitalo-Universitaire, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
- Institut Universitaire de France, F-75231 Paris, France
- Correspondence: (T.F.B.); (J.L.); Tel.: +33-3-68-85-37-03 (T.F.B. & J.L.); Fax: +33-3-68-85-37-24 (T.F.B. & J.L.)
| | - Joachim Lupberger
- Université de Strasbourg, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1110, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, Université de Strasbourg (IVH), F-67000 Strasbourg, France
- Correspondence: (T.F.B.); (J.L.); Tel.: +33-3-68-85-37-03 (T.F.B. & J.L.); Fax: +33-3-68-85-37-24 (T.F.B. & J.L.)
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15
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The HBx and HBc of hepatitis B virus can influence Id1 and Id3 by reducing their transcription and stability. Virus Res 2020; 284:197973. [PMID: 32305567 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.197973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is closely related with the occurrence and development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), in which Hepatitis B virus x protein (HBx) and core protein (HBc) play crucial roles. Additionally, inhibitors of differentiation (Id) proteins exhibited significant correlation with liver cancer development. Here, we identified that HBV dramatically inhibited the expression of Id1 and Id3 in both protein and transcriptional levels for the first time, whereas there was little effect of the virus on Id2. Additionally, two HBV coded protein, HBc and HBx, could reduce the expression of Id1 and Id3 distinctly, whereas the other two viral proteins, HBs and HBp were unable to affect Id1 and Id3 proteins. Both the activity inhibitors and activators further confirmed that HBc inhibited the expression of Id1 and Id3 by BMP/Smad signaling pathway. HBx could interact with both Id1 and Id3 at residues 112-136 of HBx protein, and it could inhibit the two Id proteins by accelerating their degradation. This is the first report about HBc and HBx regulating Id1 and Id3, whereas the detailed mechanism associated with above needed further experiments to clarify.
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16
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Zhao Z, Bo Z, Gong W, Guo Y. Inhibitor of Differentiation 1 (Id1) in Cancer and Cancer Therapy. Int J Med Sci 2020; 17:995-1005. [PMID: 32410828 PMCID: PMC7211148 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.42805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The inhibitor of DNA binding (Id) proteins are regulators of cell cycle and cell differentiation. Of all Id family proteins, Id1 is mostly linked to tumorigenesis, cellular senescence as well as cell proliferation and survival. Id1 is a stem cell-like gene more than a classical oncogene. Id1 is overexpressed in numerous types of cancers and exerts its promotion effect to these tumors through different pathways. Briefly, Id1 was found significantly correlated with EMT-related proteins, K-Ras signaling, EGFR signaling, BMP signaling, PI3K/Akt signaling, WNT and SHH signaling, c-Myc signaling, STAT3 signaling, RK1/2 MAPK/Egr1 pathway and TGF-β pathway, etc. Id1 has potent effect on facilitating tumorous angiogenesis and metastasis. Moreover, high expression of Id1 plays a facilitating role in the development of drug resistance, including chemoresistance, radiation resistance and resistance to drugs targeting angiogenesis. However, controversial results were also obtained. Overall, Id1 represent a promising target of anti-tumor therapeutics based on its potent promotion effect to cancer. Numerous drugs were found exerting their anti-tumor function through Id1-related signaling pathways, such as fucoidan, berberine, tetramethylpyrazine, crizotinib, cannabidiol and vinblastine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengxiao Zhao
- Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, China
| | - Zhiyuan Bo
- The Second Department of Biliary Tract Surgery, Shanghai Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Weiyi Gong
- The Department of Integrative Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Middle Urumqi Road, Shanghai 200040, PR China
| | - Yong Guo
- Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, China
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17
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About F, Bibert S, Jouanguy E, Nalpas B, Lorenzo L, Rattina V, Zarhrate M, Hanein S, Munteanu M, Müllhaupt B, Semela D, Semmo N, Casanova JL, Theodorou I, Sultanik P, Poynard T, Pol S, Bochud PY, Cobat A, Abel L. Identification of an Endoglin Variant Associated With HCV-Related Liver Fibrosis Progression by Next-Generation Sequencing. Front Genet 2019; 10:1024. [PMID: 31749832 PMCID: PMC6844190 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.01024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the astonishing progress in treating chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection with direct-acting antiviral agents, liver fibrosis remains a major health concern in HCV infected patients, in particular due to the treatment cost and insufficient HCV screening in many countries. Only a fraction of patients with chronic HCV infection develop liver fibrosis. While there is evidence that host genetic factors are involved in the development of liver fibrosis, the common variants identified so far, in particular by genome-wide association studies, were found to have limited effects. Here, we conducted an exome association study in 88 highly selected HCV-infected patients with and without fibrosis. A strategy focusing on TGF-β pathway genes revealed an enrichment in rare variants of the endoglin gene (ENG) in fibrosis patients. Replication studies in additional cohorts (617 patients) identified one specific ENG variant, Thr5Met, with an overall odds ratio for fibrosis development in carriers of 3.04 (1.39-6.69). Our results suggest that endoglin, a key player in TGF-β signaling, is involved in HCV-related liver fibrogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédégonde About
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Inserm U1163, Paris, France.,Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Stéphanie Bibert
- Infectious Diseases Service, University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Emmanuelle Jouanguy
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Inserm U1163, Paris, France.,Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Bertrand Nalpas
- Inserm Scientific Information and Communication Department, Inserm, Paris, France
| | - Lazaro Lorenzo
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Inserm U1163, Paris, France.,Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Vimel Rattina
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Inserm U1163, Paris, France.,Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Mohammed Zarhrate
- Genomics Core Facility, Imagine Institute, Research Federative Structure Necker, Inserm U1163 and Inserm US24/CNRS UMS3633, Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris Cite University, Paris, France
| | - Sylvain Hanein
- Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France.,Translational Genetics Platform, Inserm U1163, Imagine Institute, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
| | | | - Beat Müllhaupt
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Service, University Hospital of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - David Semela
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kantonsspital Sankt Gallen, Sankt Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Nasser Semmo
- Department of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Department of Hepatology, Inselspital Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Laurent Casanova
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Inserm U1163, Paris, France.,Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France.,St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, United States.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY, United States.,Pediatric Hematology-Immunology Unit, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Ioannis Theodorou
- Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Inserm UMR S 1135, Pierre et Marie Curie University, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Sultanik
- Université Paris Centre; U1223, Institut Pasteur; Liver Department, Hôpital Cochin, APHP; Paris, France
| | - Thierry Poynard
- Hepatology Department, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Pitié-Salpétrière Hospital, Paris, France.,Saint-Antoine Research Center & Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), Inserm, Sorbonne University, Paris, France
| | - Stanislas Pol
- Université Paris Centre; U1223, Institut Pasteur; Liver Department, Hôpital Cochin, APHP; Paris, France
| | - Pierre-Yves Bochud
- Infectious Diseases Service, University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Aurélie Cobat
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Inserm U1163, Paris, France.,Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Laurent Abel
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Inserm U1163, Paris, France.,Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France.,St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, United States
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18
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Zhao GS, Zhang Q, Cao Y, Wang Y, Lv YF, Zhang ZS, Zhang Y, Tan QL, Chang Y, Quan ZX, Jiang DM, Guo QN. High expression of ID1 facilitates metastasis in human osteosarcoma by regulating the sensitivity of anoikis via PI3K/AKT depended suppression of the intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway. Am J Transl Res 2019; 11:2117-2139. [PMID: 31105823 PMCID: PMC6511763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A lack of understanding of the molecular basis underlying the regulation of metastatic disease and its effective therapy are the primary causes of high mortality in osteosarcoma. Thus, new insights into metastases and novel effective targets for metastatic osteosarcoma are urgently required. Anoikis resistance is considered a hallmark of cancer cells with metastatic ability. However, the molecular mechanism of anoikis is poorly understood in osteosarcoma. We applied immunohistochemistry to investigate the correlation between inhibitor of differentiation or DNA binding 1 (ID1) and clinicopathological features, and investigated the correlation between ID1 and the metastatic behavior of osteosarcoma cells, in vitro and in vivo. The results revealed that ID1 is overexpressed in human osteosarcoma tissues, is positively associated with lung metastases, and is a potential biomarker of poor prognosis. Overexpression of ID1 could increase anoikis insensitivity of osteosarcoma cells to facilitate metastasis through the PI3K/AKT-dependent mitochondrial apoptosis pathway. Knockdown of ID1 partly reversed the high potential of metastasis in anoikis-resistant osteosarcoma cells. Our findings revealed, that ID1 is a candidate molecular target for metastatic potential osteosarcoma by highlighting the role of anoikis resistance. In addition ID1 might be a potential predictor of poor prognosis in patients with osteosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Sheng Zhao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing 400016, People’s Republic of China
- Bone and Trauma Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing 401120, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qiao Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical UniversityChongqing 400016, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ya Cao
- Department of Pathology, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical UniversityChongqing 400037, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing 400016, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yang-Fan Lv
- Department of Pathology, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical UniversityChongqing 400037, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhao-Si Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing 400016, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical DisordersChongqing 400014, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qiu-Lin Tan
- Department of Pathology, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical UniversityChongqing 400037, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu Chang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing 400016, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zheng-Xue Quan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing 400016, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dian-Ming Jiang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing 400016, People’s Republic of China
- Bone and Trauma Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing 401120, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qiao-Nan Guo
- Department of Pathology, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical UniversityChongqing 400037, People’s Republic of China
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19
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Molecular Mechanisms Driving Progression of Liver Cirrhosis towards Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Chronic Hepatitis B and C Infections: A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2019. [PMID: 30889843 DOI: 10.3390/ijms] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Almost all patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), a major type of primary liver cancer, also have liver cirrhosis, the severity of which hampers effective treatment for HCC despite recent progress in the efficacy of anticancer drugs for advanced stages of HCC. Here, we review recent knowledge concerning the molecular mechanisms of liver cirrhosis and its progression to HCC from genetic and epigenomic points of view. Because ~70% of patients with HCC have hepatitis B virus (HBV) and/or hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, we focused on HBV- and HCV-associated HCC. The literature suggests that genetic and epigenetic factors, such as microRNAs, play a role in liver cirrhosis and its progression to HCC, and that HBV- and HCV-encoded proteins appear to be involved in hepatocarcinogenesis. Further studies are needed to elucidate the mechanisms, including immune checkpoints and molecular targets of kinase inhibitors, associated with liver cirrhosis and its progression to HCC.
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20
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Molecular Mechanisms Driving Progression of Liver Cirrhosis towards Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Chronic Hepatitis B and C Infections: A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20061358. [PMID: 30889843 PMCID: PMC6470669 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20061358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2019] [Revised: 02/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Almost all patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), a major type of primary liver cancer, also have liver cirrhosis, the severity of which hampers effective treatment for HCC despite recent progress in the efficacy of anticancer drugs for advanced stages of HCC. Here, we review recent knowledge concerning the molecular mechanisms of liver cirrhosis and its progression to HCC from genetic and epigenomic points of view. Because ~70% of patients with HCC have hepatitis B virus (HBV) and/or hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, we focused on HBV- and HCV-associated HCC. The literature suggests that genetic and epigenetic factors, such as microRNAs, play a role in liver cirrhosis and its progression to HCC, and that HBV- and HCV-encoded proteins appear to be involved in hepatocarcinogenesis. Further studies are needed to elucidate the mechanisms, including immune checkpoints and molecular targets of kinase inhibitors, associated with liver cirrhosis and its progression to HCC.
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21
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Kasprzak A, Adamek A. Role of Endoglin (CD105) in the Progression of Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Anti-Angiogenic Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E3887. [PMID: 30563158 PMCID: PMC6321450 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19123887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 12/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver is perfused by both arterial and venous blood, with a resulting abnormal microenvironment selecting for more-aggressive malignancies. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most frequent primary liver cancer, the sixth most common cancer globally, and the third leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. HCC is characterized by its hypervascularization. Improving the efficiency of anti-angiogenic treatment and mitigation of anti-angiogenic drug resistance are the top priorities in the development of non-surgical HCC therapies. Endoglin (CD105), a transmembrane glycoprotein, is one of the transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) co-receptors. Involvement of that protein in angiogenesis of solid tumours is well documented. Endoglin is a marker of activated endothelial cells (ECs), and is preferentially expressed in the angiogenic endothelium of solid tumours, including HCC. HCC is associated with changes in CD105-positive ECs within and around the tumour. The large spectrum of endoglin effects in the liver is cell-type- and HCC- stage-specific. High expression of endoglin in non-tumour tissue suggests that this microenvironment might play an especially important role in the progression of HCC. Evaluation of tissue expression, as well as serum concentrations of this glycoprotein in HCC, tends to confirm its role as an important biomarker in HCC diagnosis and prognosis. The role of endoglin in liver fibrosis and HCC progression also makes it an attractive therapeutic target. Despite these facts, the exact molecular mechanisms of endoglin functioning in hepatocarcinogenesis are still poorly understood. This review summarizes the current data concerning the role and signalling pathways of endoglin in hepatocellular carcinoma development and progression, and provides an overview of the strategies available for a specific targeting of CD105 in anti-angiogenic therapy in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldona Kasprzak
- Department of Histology and Embryology, University of Medical Sciences, Poznań 60-781, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Adamek
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hepatology and Acquired Immunodeficiencies, University of Medical Sciences, Poznań 61-285, Poland.
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22
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Virzì A, Roca Suarez AA, Baumert TF, Lupberger J. Oncogenic Signaling Induced by HCV Infection. Viruses 2018; 10:v10100538. [PMID: 30279347 PMCID: PMC6212953 DOI: 10.3390/v10100538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2018] [Revised: 09/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver is frequently exposed to toxins, metabolites, and oxidative stress, which can challenge organ function and genomic stability. Liver regeneration is therefore a highly regulated process involving several sequential signaling events. It is thus not surprising that individual oncogenic mutations in hepatocytes do not necessarily lead to cancer and that the genetic profiles of hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) are highly heterogeneous. Long-term infection with hepatitis C virus (HCV) creates an oncogenic environment by a combination of viral protein expression, persistent liver inflammation, oxidative stress, and chronically deregulated signaling events that cumulate as a tipping point for genetic stability. Although novel direct-acting antivirals (DAA)-based treatments efficiently eradicate HCV, the associated HCC risk cannot be fully eliminated by viral cure in patients with advanced liver disease. This suggests that HCV may persistently deregulate signaling pathways beyond viral cure and thereby continue to perturb cancer-relevant gene function. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge about oncogenic signaling pathways derailed by chronic HCV infection. This will not only help to understand the mechanisms of hepatocarcinogenesis but will also highlight potential chemopreventive strategies to help patients with a high-risk profile of developing HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Virzì
- Inserm, U1110, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
- Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Armando Andres Roca Suarez
- Inserm, U1110, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
- Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Thomas F Baumert
- Inserm, U1110, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
- Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
- Pôle Hépato-digestif, Institut Hospitalo-universitaire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Joachim Lupberger
- Inserm, U1110, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
- Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
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