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Li S, Liu B, Tan M, Juillard F, Szymula A, Álvarez Á, Van Sciver N, George A, Ramachandran A, Raina K, Tumuluri VS, Costa C, Simas J, Kaye K. Kaposi's sarcoma herpesvirus exploits the DNA damage response to circularize its genome. Nucleic Acids Res 2024; 52:1814-1829. [PMID: 38180827 PMCID: PMC10899755 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkad1224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024] Open
Abstract
To establish lifelong, latent infection, herpesviruses circularize their linear, double-stranded, DNA genomes through an unknown mechanism. Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) herpesvirus (KSHV), a gamma herpesvirus, is tightly linked with KS, primary effusion lymphoma, and multicentric Castleman's disease. KSHV persists in latently infected cells as a multi-copy, extrachromosomal episome. Here, we show the KSHV genome rapidly circularizes following infection, and viral protein expression is unnecessary for this process. The DNA damage response (DDR) kinases, ATM and DNA-PKcs, each exert roles, and absence of both severely compromises circularization and latency. These deficiencies were rescued by expression of ATM and DNA-PKcs, but not catalytically inactive mutants. In contrast, γH2AX did not function in KSHV circularization. The linear viral genomic ends resemble a DNA double strand break, and non-homologous DNA end joining (NHEJ) and homologous recombination (HR) reporters indicate both NHEJ and HR contribute to KSHV circularization. Last, we show, similar to KSHV, ATM and DNA-PKcs have roles in circularization of the alpha herpesvirus, herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1), while γH2AX does not. Therefore, the DDR mediates KSHV and HSV-1 circularization. This strategy may serve as a general herpesvirus mechanism to initiate latency, and its disruption may provide new opportunities for prevention of herpesvirus disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijun Li
- Departments of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Bing Liu
- Departments of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Min Tan
- Departments of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Franceline Juillard
- Departments of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Agnieszka Szymula
- Departments of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ángel L Álvarez
- Departments of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Nicholas Van Sciver
- Departments of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Athira George
- Departments of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Akshaya Ramachandran
- Departments of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Komal Raina
- Departments of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Vinayak Sadasivam Tumuluri
- Departments of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Catarina N Costa
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Católica Medical School, Católica Biomedical Research, Palma de Cima, 1649-023 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - J Pedro Simas
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Católica Medical School, Católica Biomedical Research, Palma de Cima, 1649-023 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Kenneth M Kaye
- Departments of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard University and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
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2
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Schulz TF, Freise A, Stein SC. Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus latency-associated nuclear antigen: more than a key mediator of viral persistence. Curr Opin Virol 2023; 61:101336. [PMID: 37331160 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2023.101336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), or human herpesvirus-8, is an oncogenic herpesvirus. Its latency-associated nuclear antigen (LANA) is essential for the persistence of KSHV in latently infected cells. LANA mediates replication of the latent viral genome during the S phase of a dividing cell and partitions episomes to daughter cells by attaching them to mitotic chromosomes. It also mediates the establishment of latency in newly infected cells through epigenetic mechanisms and suppresses the activation of the productive replication cycle. Furthermore, LANA promotes the proliferation of infected cell by acting as a transcriptional regulator and by modulating the cellular proteome through the recruitment of several cellular ubiquitin ligases. Finally, LANA interferes with the innate and adaptive immune system to facilitate the immune escape of infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas F Schulz
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Germany; Cluster of Excellence 2155 RESIST, Germany; German Center for Infection Research, Hannover-Braunschweig Site, Germany.
| | - Anika Freise
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Germany
| | - Saskia C Stein
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Germany; Cluster of Excellence 2155 RESIST, Germany
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Rafeeq MM, Habib AH, Nahhas AF, Binothman N, Aljadani M, Almulhim J, Sain ZM, Alam MZ, Alturki NA, Alam Q, Manish M, Singh RK. Targeting Kaposi's sarcoma associated herpesvirus encoded protease (ORF17) by a lysophosphatidic acid molecule for treating KSHV associated diseases. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1060156. [PMID: 36733461 PMCID: PMC9888664 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1060156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is causative agent of Kaposi's sarcoma, Multicentric Castleman Disease and Pleural effusion lymphoma. KSHV-encoded ORF17 encodes a protease which cleaves -Ala-Ala-, -Ala-Ser- or -Ala-Thr-bonds. The protease plays an important role in assembly and maturation of new infective virions. In the present study, we investigated expression pattern of KSHV-encoded protease during physiologically allowed as well as chemically induced reactivation condition. The results showed a direct and proportionate relationship between ORF17 expression with reactivation time. We employed virtual screening on a large database of natural products to identify an inhibitor of ORF17 for its plausible targeting and restricting Kaposi's sarcoma associated herpesvirus assembly/maturation. A library of 307,814 compounds of biological origin (A total 481,799 structures) has been used as a screen library. 1-oleoyl-2-hydroxy-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1'-myo-inositol) was highly effective against ORF17 in in-vitro experiments. The screened compound was tested for the cytotoxic effect and potential for inhibiting Kaposi's sarcoma associated herpesvirus production upon induced reactivation by hypoxia, TPA and butyric acid. Treatment of reactivated KSHV-positive cells with 1-oleoyl-2-hydroxy-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1'-myo-inositol) resulted in significant reduction in the production of Kaposi's sarcoma associated herpesvirus. The study identified a lysophosphatidic acid molecule for alternate strategy to inhibit KSHV-encoded protease and target Kaposi's sarcoma associated herpesvirus associated malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misbahuddin M Rafeeq
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Rabigh, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, KSA
| | - Alaa Hamed Habib
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, KSA
| | - Alaa F. Nahhas
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, KSA
| | - Najat Binothman
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences and Arts, King Abdulaziz University, Rabigh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Majidah Aljadani
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences and Arts, King Abdulaziz University, Rabigh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jawaher Almulhim
- Department of Biological Sciences, King Faisal University, Alahsa, KSA
| | - Ziaullah M Sain
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Rabigh, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, KSA
| | - Mohammad Zubair Alam
- Pre-Clinical Research Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia,Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Norah A Alturki
- Clinical Laboratory Science Department, College of Applied Medical Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Qamre Alam
- Medical Genomics Research Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Science, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Manish Manish
- School of Computer and Integrative Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Rajnish Kumar Singh
- Molecular Biology Unit, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India,*Correspondence: Rajnish Kumar Singh,
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Tan M, Li S, Juillard F, Chitas R, Custódio TF, Xue H, Szymula A, Sun Q, Liu B, Álvarez ÁL, Chen S, Huang J, Simas JP, McVey CE, Kaye KM. MLL1 is regulated by KSHV LANA and is important for virus latency. Nucleic Acids Res 2021; 49:12895-12911. [PMID: 34850113 PMCID: PMC8682764 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkab1094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Mixed lineage leukemia 1 (MLL1) is a histone methyltransferase. Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is a leading cause of malignancy in AIDS. KSHV latently infects tumor cells and its genome is decorated with epigenetic marks. Here, we show that KSHV latency-associated nuclear antigen (LANA) recruits MLL1 to viral DNA where it establishes H3K4me3 modifications at the extensive KSHV terminal repeat elements during primary infection. LANA interacts with MLL1 complex members, including WDR5, integrates into the MLL1 complex, and regulates MLL1 activity. We describe the 1.5-Å crystal structure of N-terminal LANA peptide complexed with MLL1 complex member WDR5, which reveals a potential regulatory mechanism. Disruption of MLL1 expression rendered KSHV latency establishment highly deficient. This deficiency was rescued by MLL1 but not by catalytically inactive MLL1. Therefore, MLL1 is LANA regulable and exerts a central role in virus infection. These results suggest broad potential for MLL1 regulation, including by non-host factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Tan
- Departments of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Shijun Li
- Departments of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Franceline Juillard
- Departments of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Rute Chitas
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras 2780-157, Portugal
| | - Tânia F Custódio
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras 2780-157, Portugal
| | - Han Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031 Shanghai, China
| | - Agnieszka Szymula
- Departments of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Qiming Sun
- Departments of Biochemistry and Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Bing Liu
- Departments of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ángel L Álvarez
- Departments of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - She Chen
- Proteomics Center, National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Jing Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Institute of Precision Medicine, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine 200125 Shanghai, China
| | - J Pedro Simas
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Avenida Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal.,Católica Biomedical Research, Católica Medical School, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Palma de Cima, 1649-023 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Colin E McVey
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras 2780-157, Portugal
| | - Kenneth M Kaye
- Departments of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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5
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Latently KSHV-Infected Cells Promote Further Establishment of Latency upon Superinfection with KSHV. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111994. [PMID: 34769420 PMCID: PMC8584431 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is a cancer-related virus which engages in two forms of infection: latent and lytic. Latent infection allows the virus to establish long-term persistent infection, whereas the lytic cycle is needed for the maintenance of the viral reservoir and for virus spread. By using recombinant KSHV viruses encoding mNeonGreen and mCherry fluorescent proteins, we show that various cell types that are latently-infected with KSHV can be superinfected, and that the new incoming viruses establish latent infection. Moreover, we show that latency establishment is enhanced in superinfected cells compared to primary infected ones. Further analysis revealed that cells that ectopically express the major latency protein of KSHV, LANA-1, prior to and during infection exhibit enhanced establishment of latency, but not cells expressing LANA-1 fragments. This observation supports the notion that the expression level of LANA-1 following infection determines the efficiency of latency establishment and avoids loss of viral genomes. These findings imply that a host can be infected with more than a single viral genome and that superinfection may support the maintenance of long-term latency.
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Haddad CO, Kalt I, Shovman Y, Xia L, Schlesinger Y, Sarid R, Parnas O. Targeting the Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus genome with the CRISPR-Cas9 platform in latently infected cells. Virol J 2021; 18:56. [PMID: 33731154 PMCID: PMC7966637 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-021-01527-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is a transforming gammaherpesvirus. Like other herpesviruses, KSHV infection is for life long and there is no treatment that can cure patients from the virus. In addition, there is an urgent need to target viral genes to study their role during the infection cycle. The CRISPR-Cas9 technology offers a means to target viral genomes and thus may offer a novel strategy for viral cure as well as for better understanding of the infection process. We evaluated the suitability of this platform for the targeting of KSHV. METHODS We have used the recombinat KSHV BAC16 genome, which contains an expression cassette encoding hygromycin-resistance and a GFP marker gene. Three genes were targeted: gfp, which serves as a marker for infection; orf45 encoding a lytic viral protein; and orf73, encoding LANA which is crucial for latent infection. The fraction of cells expressing GFP, viral DNA levels and LANA expression were monitored and viral genomes were sequenced. RESULTS We found that KSHV episomes can be targeted by CRISPR-Cas9. Interestingly, the quantity of KSHV DNA declined, even when target sites were not functionally important for latency. In addition, we show that antibiotic selection, used to maintain infection, interferes with the outcome of targeting. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides insights into the use of this fundamental approach for the study and manipulation of KSHV. It provides guidelines for the targeting CRISPR-Cas9 to the viral genome and for outcomes interpretation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coral Orel Haddad
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences and Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology Institute, Bar-Ilan University, 5290002, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Inna Kalt
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences and Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology Institute, Bar-Ilan University, 5290002, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Yehuda Shovman
- The Concern Foundation at the Lautenberg Center for Immunology and Cancer Research, IMRIC, Hebrew University Faculty of Medicine, 91120, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Lei Xia
- The Concern Foundation at the Lautenberg Center for Immunology and Cancer Research, IMRIC, Hebrew University Faculty of Medicine, 91120, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yehuda Schlesinger
- The Concern Foundation at the Lautenberg Center for Immunology and Cancer Research, IMRIC, Hebrew University Faculty of Medicine, 91120, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ronit Sarid
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences and Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology Institute, Bar-Ilan University, 5290002, Ramat-Gan, Israel.
| | - Oren Parnas
- The Concern Foundation at the Lautenberg Center for Immunology and Cancer Research, IMRIC, Hebrew University Faculty of Medicine, 91120, Jerusalem, Israel.
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KSHV LANA acetylation-selective acidic domain reader sequence mediates virus persistence. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:22443-22451. [PMID: 32820070 PMCID: PMC7486799 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2004809117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Viruses modulate biochemical cellular pathways to permit infection. A recently described mechanism mediates selective protein interactions between acidic domain readers and unacetylated, lysine-rich regions, opposite of bromodomain function. Kaposi´s sarcoma (KS)-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is tightly linked with KS, primary effusion lymphoma, and multicentric Castleman's disease. KSHV latently infects cells, and its genome persists as a multicopy, extrachromosomal episome. During latency, KSHV expresses a small subset of genes, including the latency-associated nuclear antigen (LANA), which mediates viral episome persistence. Here we show that LANA contains two tandem, partially overlapping, acidic domain sequences homologous to the SET oncoprotein acidic domain reader. This domain selectively interacts with unacetylated p53, as evidenced by reduced LANA interaction after overexpression of CBP, which acetylates p53, or with an acetylation mimicking carboxyl-terminal domain p53 mutant. Conversely, the interaction of LANA with an acetylation-deficient p53 mutant is enhanced. Significantly, KSHV LANA mutants lacking the acidic domain reader sequence are deficient for establishment of latency and persistent infection. This deficiency was confirmed under physiological conditions, on infection of mice with a murine gammaherpesvirus 68 chimera expressing LANA, where the virus was highly deficient in establishing latent infection in germinal center B cells. Therefore, LANA's acidic domain reader is critical for viral latency. These results implicate an acetylation-dependent mechanism mediating KSHV persistence and expand the role of acidic domain readers.
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De Leo A, Calderon A, Lieberman PM. Control of Viral Latency by Episome Maintenance Proteins. Trends Microbiol 2019; 28:150-162. [PMID: 31624007 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2019.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The human DNA tumor viruses Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), and human papillomavirus (HPV) share the common property of persisting as multicopy episomes in the nuclei of rapidly dividing host cells. These episomes form the molecular basis for viral latency and are etiologically linked to virus-associated cancers. Episome maintenance requires epigenetic programming to ensure the proper control of viral gene expression, DNA replication, and genome copy number. For these viruses, episome maintenance requires a dedicated virus-encoded episome maintenance protein (EMP), namely LANA (KSHV), EBNA1 (EBV), and E2 (HPV). Here, we review common features of these viral EMPs and discuss recent advances in understanding how they contribute to the epigenetic control of viral episome maintenance during latency.
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9
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Tso FY, West JT, Wood C. Reduction of Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus Latency Using CRISPR-Cas9 To Edit the Latency-Associated Nuclear Antigen Gene. J Virol 2019; 93:e02183-18. [PMID: 30651362 PMCID: PMC6430552 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02183-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is the etiologic agent of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS), an AIDS-defining cancer in HIV-1-infected individuals or immune-suppressed transplant patients. The prevalence for both KSHV and KS are highest in sub-Saharan Africa where HIV-1 infection is also epidemic. There is no effective treatment for advanced KS; therefore, the survival rate is low. Similar to other herpesviruses, KSHV's ability to establish latent infection in the host presents a major challenge to KS treatment or prevention. Strategies to reduce KSHV episomal persistence in latently infected cells might lead to approaches to prevent KS development. The CRISPR-Cas9 system is a gene editing technique that has been used to specifically manipulate the HIV-1 genome but also Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) which, similar to KSHV, belongs to the Gammaherpesvirus family. Among KSHV gene products, the latency-associated nuclear antigen (LANA) is absolutely required in the maintenance, replication, and segregation of KSHV episomes during mitosis, which makes LANA an ideal target for CRISPR-Cas9 editing. In this study, we designed a replication-incompetent adenovirus type 5 to deliver a LANA-specific Cas9 system (Ad-CC9-LANA) into various KSHV latent target cells. We showed that KSHV latently infected epithelial and endothelial cells transduced with Ad-CC9-LANA underwent significant reductions in the KSHV episome burden, LANA RNA and protein expression over time, but this effect is less profound in BC3 cells due to the low infection efficiency of adenovirus type 5 for B cells. The use of an adenovirus vector might confer potential in vivo applications of LANA-specific Cas9 against KSHV infection and KS.IMPORTANCE The ability for Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), the causative agent of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS), to establish and maintain latency has been a major challenge to clearing infection and preventing KS development. This is the first study to demonstrate the feasibility of using a KSHV LANA-targeted CRISPR-Cas9 and adenoviral delivery system to disrupt KSHV latency in infected epithelial and endothelial cell lines. Our system significantly reduced the KSHV episomal burden over time. Given the safety record of adenovirus as vaccine or delivery vectors, this approach to limit KSHV latency may also represent a viable strategy against other tumorigenic viruses and may have potential benefits in developing countries where the viral cancer burden is high.
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Affiliation(s)
- For Yue Tso
- Nebraska Center for Virology and the School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - John T West
- Nebraska Center for Virology and the School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - Charles Wood
- Nebraska Center for Virology and the School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
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10
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Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus LANA-Adjacent Regions with Distinct Functions in Episome Segregation or Maintenance. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.02158-18. [PMID: 30626680 PMCID: PMC6401465 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02158-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) latency-associated nuclear antigen (LANA) is a 1,162-amino-acid protein that mediates episome persistence of viral genomes. LANA binds the KSHV terminal-repeat (TR) sequence through its carboxy-terminal domain to mediate DNA replication. LANA simultaneously binds mitotic chromosomes and TR DNA to segregate virus genomes to daughter cell nuclei. Amino-terminal LANA attaches to chromosomes by binding histones H2A/H2B, and carboxy-terminal LANA contributes to mitotic-chromosome binding. Although amino- and carboxy-terminal LANA are essential for episome persistence, they are not sufficient, since deletion of all internal LANA sequence renders LANA highly deficient for episome maintenance. Internal LANA sequence upstream of the internal repeat elements contributes to episome segregation and persistence. Here, we investigate this region with a panel of LANA deletion mutants. Mutants retained the ability to associate with mitotic chromosomes and bind TR DNA. In contrast to prior results, deletion of most of this sequence did not reduce LANA's ability to mediate DNA replication. Deletions of upstream sequence within the region compromised segregation of TR DNA to daughter cells, as assessed by retention of green fluorescent protein (GFP) expression from a replication-deficient TR plasmid. However, deletion of this upstream sequence did not reduce episome maintenance. In contrast, deletions that included an 80-amino-acid sequence immediately downstream resulted in highly deficient episome persistence. LANA with this downstream sequence deleted maintained the ability to replicate and segregate TR DNA, suggesting a unique role for the residues. Therefore, this work identifies adjacent LANA regions with distinct roles in episome segregation and persistence.IMPORTANCE KSHV LANA mediates episomal persistence of viral genomes. LANA binds the KSHV terminal-repeat (TR) sequence to mediate DNA replication and tethers KSHV DNA to mitotic chromosomes to segregate genomes to daughter cell nuclei. Here, we investigate LANA sequence upstream of the internal repeat elements that contributes to episome segregation and persistence. Mutants with deletions within this sequence maintained the ability to bind mitotic chromosomes or bind and replicate TR DNA. Deletion of upstream sequence within the region reduced segregation of TR DNA to daughter cells, but not episome maintenance. In contrast, mutants with deletions of 80 amino acids immediately downstream were highly deficient for episome persistence yet maintained the ability to replicate and segregate TR DNA, the two principal components of episome persistence, suggesting another role for the residues. In summary, this work identifies adjacent LANA sequence with distinct roles in episome segregation and persistence.
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De Leo A, Deng Z, Vladimirova O, Chen HS, Dheekollu J, Calderon A, Myers KA, Hayden J, Keeney F, Kaufer BB, Yuan Y, Robertson E, Lieberman PM. LANA oligomeric architecture is essential for KSHV nuclear body formation and viral genome maintenance during latency. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007489. [PMID: 30682185 PMCID: PMC6364946 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular basis for the formation of functional, higher-ordered macro-molecular domains is not completely known. The Kaposi’s Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus (KSHV) genome forms a super-molecular domain structure during latent infection that is strictly dependent on the DNA binding of the viral nuclear antigen LANA to the viral terminal repeats (TR). LANA is known to form oligomeric structures that have been implicated in viral episome maintenance. In this study, we show that the LANA oligomerization interface is required for the formation of higher-order nuclear bodies that partially colocalize with DAXX, EZH2, H3K27me3, and ORC2 but not with PML. These nuclear bodies assemble at the periphery of condensed cellular chromosomes during mitotic cell division. We demonstrate that the LANA oligomerization interface contributes to the cooperative DNA binding at the viral TR and the recruitment of ORC to the viral episome. Oligomerization mutants failed to auto-regulate LANA/ORF73 transcription, and this correlated with the loss of a chromosome conformational DNA-loop between the TR and LANA promoter. Viral genomes with LANA oligomerization mutants were subject to genome rearrangements including the loss of subgenomic DNA. Our data suggests that LANA oligomerization drives stable binding to the TR and formation of an epigenetically stable chromatin architecture resulting in higher-order LANA nuclear bodies important for viral genome integrity and long-term episome persistence. KSHV genomes persist in large nuclear bodies in latently infected cells. The KSHV encoded nuclear antigen LANA is required for the efficient replication and stable maintenance of viral genomes during latent infection. LANA is also known to form oligomeric structures, but it is not known how these structures contribute to LANA function in living cells. Here, we show that LANA oligomerization is required for cooperative binding to the KSHV terminal repeat (TR), and the recruitment of the Origin Recognition Complex (ORC) to viral TR. LANA oligomerization is required for a chromosome conformation DNA loop between TR and the LANA promoter implicated in LANA transcription autoregulation. LANA oligomerization is also required for formation of large nuclear bodies that colocalize with DAXX, EZH2, ORC2, but not PML. LANA nuclear bodies distribute along the nuclear periphery, and their arrangement is transmitted faithfully to daughter cells during mitotic cell division. Finally, we show that KSHV genomes containing mutations in the LANA oligomerization interface fail to maintain the complete viral genome, suggesting they are defective in DNA replication or repair. These findings reveal new mechanisms of LANA episome maintenance through formation of higher-order chromosome-conformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra De Leo
- Program in Gene Expression and Regulation, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Zhong Deng
- Program in Gene Expression and Regulation, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Olga Vladimirova
- Program in Gene Expression and Regulation, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Horng-Shen Chen
- Program in Gene Expression and Regulation, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jayaraju Dheekollu
- Program in Gene Expression and Regulation, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Abram Calderon
- Program in Gene Expression and Regulation, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Kenneth A. Myers
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Sciences, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - James Hayden
- Program in Gene Expression and Regulation, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Frederick Keeney
- Program in Gene Expression and Regulation, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Benedikt B. Kaufer
- Department of Virology, Institute Virology, Freie Universitat Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Yan Yuan
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Erle Robertson
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Paul M. Lieberman
- Program in Gene Expression and Regulation, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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12
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Identification of Novel Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus Orf50 Transcripts: Discovery of New RTA Isoforms with Variable Transactivation Potential. J Virol 2016; 91:JVI.01434-16. [PMID: 27795414 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01434-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is a gammaherpesvirus that has been associated with primary effusion lymphoma and multicentric Castleman's disease, as well as its namesake Kaposi's sarcoma. As a gammaherpesvirus, KSHV is able to acutely replicate, enter latency, and reactivate from this latent state. A key protein involved in both acute replication and reactivation from latency is the replication and transcriptional activator (RTA) encoded by the gene Orf50 RTA is a known transactivator of multiple viral genes, allowing it to control the switch between latency and virus replication. We report here the identification of six alternatively spliced Orf50 transcripts that are generated from four distinct promoters. These newly identified promoters are shown to be transcriptionally active in 293T (embryonic kidney), Vero (African-green monkey kidney epithelial), 3T12 (mouse fibroblast), and RAW 264.7 (mouse macrophage) cell lines. Notably, the newly identified Orf50 transcripts are predicted to encode four different isoforms of the RTA which differ by 6 to 10 residues at the amino terminus of the protein. We show the global viral transactivation potential of all four RTA isoforms and demonstrate that all isoforms can transcriptionally activate an array of KSHV promoters to various levels. The pattern of transcriptional activation appears to support a transcriptional interference model within the Orf50 region, where silencing of previously expressed isoforms by transcription initiation from upstream Orf50 promoters has the potential to modulate the pattern of viral gene activation. IMPORTANCE Gammaherpesviruses are associated with the development of lymphomas and lymphoproliferative diseases, as well as several other types of cancer. The human gammaherpesvirus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), is tightly associated with the development of Kaposi's sarcoma and multicentric Castleman's disease, as well as a rare form of B cell lymphoma (primary effusion lymphoma) primarily observed in HIV-infected individuals. RTA is an essential viral gene product involved in the initiation of gammaherpesvirus replication and is conserved among all known gammaherpesviruses. We show here for KSHV that transcription of the gene encoding RTA is complex and leads to the expression of several isoforms of RTA with distinct functions. This observed complexity in KSHV RTA expression and function likely plays a critical role in the regulation of downstream viral and cellular gene expression, leading to the efficient production of mature virions.
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13
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Juillard F, Tan M, Li S, Kaye KM. Kaposi's Sarcoma Herpesvirus Genome Persistence. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1149. [PMID: 27570517 PMCID: PMC4982378 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) has an etiologic role in Kaposi’s sarcoma, primary effusion lymphoma, and multicentric Castleman’s disease. These diseases are most common in immunocompromised individuals, especially those with AIDS. Similar to all herpesviruses, KSHV infection is lifelong. KSHV infection in tumor cells is primarily latent, with only a small subset of cells undergoing lytic infection. During latency, the KSHV genome persists as a multiple copy, extrachromosomal episome in the nucleus. In order to persist in proliferating tumor cells, the viral genome replicates once per cell cycle and then segregates to daughter cell nuclei. KSHV only expresses several genes during latent infection. Prominent among these genes, is the latency-associated nuclear antigen (LANA). LANA is responsible for KSHV genome persistence and also exerts transcriptional regulatory effects. LANA mediates KSHV DNA replication and in addition, is responsible for segregation of replicated genomes to daughter nuclei. LANA serves as a molecular tether, bridging the viral genome to mitotic chromosomes to ensure that KSHV DNA reaches progeny nuclei. N-terminal LANA attaches to mitotic chromosomes by binding histones H2A/H2B at the surface of the nucleosome. C-terminal LANA binds specific KSHV DNA sequence and also has a role in chromosome attachment. In addition to the essential roles of N- and C-terminal LANA in genome persistence, internal LANA sequence is also critical for efficient episome maintenance. LANA’s role as an essential mediator of virus persistence makes it an attractive target for inhibition in order to prevent or treat KSHV infection and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franceline Juillard
- Departments of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School Boston, MA, USA
| | - Min Tan
- Departments of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shijun Li
- Departments of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kenneth M Kaye
- Departments of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School Boston, MA, USA
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Rahayu R, Ohsaki E, Omori H, Ueda K. Localization of latency-associated nuclear antigen (LANA) on mitotic chromosomes. Virology 2016; 496:51-58. [PMID: 27254595 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2016.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Revised: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
In latent infection of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), viral gene expression is extremely limited and copy numbers of viral genomes remain constant. Latency-associated nuclear antigen (LANA) is known to have a role in maintaining viral genome copy numbers in growing cells. Several studies have shown that LANA is localized in particular regions on mitotic chromosomes, such as centromeres/pericentromeres. We independently examined the distinct localization of LANA on mitotic chromosomes during mitosis, using super-resolution laser confocal microscopy and correlative fluorescence microscopy-electron microscopy (FM-EM) analyses. We found that the majority of LANA were not localized at particular regions such as telomeres/peritelomeres, centromeres/pericentromeres, and cohesion sites, but at the bodies of condensed chromosomes. Thus, LANA may undergo various interactions with the host factors on the condensed chromosomes in order to tether the viral genome to mitotic chromosomes and realize faithful viral genome segregation during cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Retno Rahayu
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Eriko Ohsaki
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hiroko Omori
- Central Instrumentation Laboratory Research Institute for Microbial Diseases (BIKEN), Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Keiji Ueda
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
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15
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Cytoplasmic isoforms of Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus LANA recruit and antagonize the innate immune DNA sensor cGAS. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E1034-43. [PMID: 26811480 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1516812113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The latency-associated nuclear antigen (LANA) of Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV) is mainly localized and functions in the nucleus of latently infected cells, playing a pivotal role in the replication and maintenance of latent viral episomal DNA. In addition, N-terminally truncated cytoplasmic isoforms of LANA, resulting from internal translation initiation, have been reported, but their function is unknown. Using coimmunoprecipitation and MS, we found the cGMP-AMP synthase (cGAS), an innate immune DNA sensor, to be a cellular interaction partner of cytoplasmic LANA isoforms. By directly binding to cGAS, LANA, and particularly, a cytoplasmic isoform, inhibit the cGAS-STING-dependent phosphorylation of TBK1 and IRF3 and thereby antagonize the cGAS-mediated restriction of KSHV lytic replication. We hypothesize that cytoplasmic forms of LANA, whose expression increases during lytic replication, inhibit cGAS to promote the reactivation of the KSHV from latency. This observation points to a novel function of the cytoplasmic isoforms of LANA during lytic replication and extends the function of LANA from its role during latency to the lytic replication cycle.
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16
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Long C, Guo W, Zhou H, Wang J, Wang H, Sun X. Triptolide decreases expression of latency-associated nuclear antigen 1 and reduces viral titers in Kaposi's sarcoma-associated and herpesvirus-related primary effusion lymphoma cells. Int J Oncol 2016; 48:1519-30. [PMID: 26821279 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2016.3353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) can establish a life-long persistence in the host after primary infection and is associated with certain malignancies, which are resistant to conventional chemotherapeutic agents with a poor prognosis. Latency-associated nuclear antigen 1 (LANA1) encoded by KSHV is essential for segregation, replication and maintenance of viral genome. In addition, LANA1 upregulates the transcriptional activity of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), which plays an important role in promoting survival of KSHV-associated primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) cells. Furthermore, LANA1 mediates transcriptional modulation of KSHV and host genome in host cells. In the present study, the antitumor effect of triptolide was assessed. CCK-8 assays were performed to demonstrate that the proliferations of PEL cells were efficiently inhibited by triptolide in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Flow cytometric results indicated that triptolide induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Western blot results suggested that triptolide downregulated LANA1 expression and reduced half-life of LANA1 in the KSHV-infected malignant cells. Viral titer experiments indicated that triptolide treatment impaired the number of viral DNA copies and the production of virions in BCBL-1 cells. Triptolide also suppressed STAT3 activity and inhibited secretion of IL-6 in PEL cells. In a mouse xenograft model of primary effusion lymphoma by BCBL-1 cells, triptolide treatment significantly inhibited ascites formation and diffused organ infiltration. These results indicate that triptolide impairs the expression of LANA1 and shows antitumor activity against PEL in vitro and in vivo. Triptolide may be a potential agent for treatment of PEL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Long
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Wei Guo
- Department of Pathology and Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Heng Zhou
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Jingchao Wang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Huan Wang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoping Sun
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
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17
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Ponnusamy R, Petoukhov MV, Correia B, Custodio TF, Juillard F, Tan M, Pires de Miranda M, Carrondo MA, Simas JP, Kaye KM, Svergun DI, McVey CE. KSHV but not MHV-68 LANA induces a strong bend upon binding to terminal repeat viral DNA. Nucleic Acids Res 2015; 43:10039-54. [PMID: 26424851 PMCID: PMC4787769 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkv987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Latency-associated nuclear antigen (LANA) is central to episomal tethering, replication and transcriptional regulation of γ2-herpesviruses. LANA binds cooperatively to the terminal repeat (TR) region of the viral episome via adjacent LANA binding sites (LBS), but the molecular mechanism by which LANA assembles on the TR remains elusive. We show that KSHV LANA and MHV-68 LANA proteins bind LBS DNA using strikingly different modes. Solution structure of LANA complexes revealed that while kLANA tetramer is intrinsically bent both in the free and bound state to LBS1-2 DNA, mLANA oligomers instead adopt a rigid linear conformation. In addition, we report a novel non-ring kLANA structure that displays more flexibility at its assembly interface than previously demonstrated. We identified a hydrophobic pivot point located at the dimer-dimer assembly interface, which gives rotational freedom for kLANA to adopt variable conformations to accommodate both LBS1-2 and LBS2-1-3 DNA. Alterations in the arrangement of LBS within TR or at the tetramer assembly interface have a drastic effect on the ability of kLANA binding. We also show kLANA and mLANA DNA binding functions can be reciprocated. Although KSHV and MHV-68 are closely related, the findings provide new insights into how the structure, oligomerization, and DNA binding of LANA have evolved differently to assemble on the TR DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Ponnusamy
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras 2700-157, Portugal
| | - Maxim V Petoukhov
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Hamburg Unit, EMBL c/o DESY, Hamburg 22607, Germany
| | - Bruno Correia
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras 2700-157, Portugal
| | - Tania F Custodio
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras 2700-157, Portugal
| | - Franceline Juillard
- Departments of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Min Tan
- Departments of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Marta Pires de Miranda
- Instituto de Microbiologia e Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa 1649-028, Portugal
| | - Maria A Carrondo
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras 2700-157, Portugal
| | - J Pedro Simas
- Instituto de Microbiologia e Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa 1649-028, Portugal
| | - Kenneth M Kaye
- Departments of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Dmitri I Svergun
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Hamburg Unit, EMBL c/o DESY, Hamburg 22607, Germany
| | - Colin E McVey
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras 2700-157, Portugal
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18
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Li S, Tan M, Juillard F, Ponnusamy R, Correia B, Simas JP, Carrondo MA, McVey CE, Kaye KM. The Kaposi Sarcoma Herpesvirus Latency-associated Nuclear Antigen DNA Binding Domain Dorsal Positive Electrostatic Patch Facilitates DNA Replication and Episome Persistence. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:28084-28096. [PMID: 26420481 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.674622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) has a causative role in several human malignancies. KSHV latency-associated nuclear antigen (LANA) mediates persistence of viral episomes in latently infected cells. LANA mediates KSHV DNA replication and segregates episomes to progeny nuclei. The structure of the LANA DNA binding domain was recently solved, revealing a positive electrostatic patch opposite the DNA binding surface, which is the site of BET protein binding. Here we investigate the functional role of the positive patch in LANA-mediated episome persistence. As expected, LANA mutants with alanine or glutamate substitutions in the central, peripheral, or lateral portions of the positive patch maintained the ability to bind DNA by EMSA. However, all of the substitution mutants were deficient for LANA DNA replication and episome maintenance. Mutation of the peripheral region generated the largest deficiencies. Despite these deficiencies, all positive patch mutants concentrated to dots along mitotic chromosomes in cells containing episomes, similar to LANA. The central and peripheral mutants, but not the lateral mutants, were reduced for BET protein interaction as assessed by co-immunoprecipitation. However, defects in BET protein binding were independent of episome maintenance function. Overall, the reductions in episome maintenance closely correlated with DNA replication deficiencies, suggesting that the replication defects account for the reduced episome persistence. Therefore, the electrostatic patch exerts a key role in LANA-mediated DNA replication and episome persistence and may act through a host cell partner(s) other than a BET protein or by inducing specific structures or complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijun Li
- Departments of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115
| | - Min Tan
- Departments of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115
| | - Franceline Juillard
- Departments of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115
| | - Rajesh Ponnusamy
- Instituto de Tecnologia Quimica e Biologica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2781-901 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Bruno Correia
- Instituto de Tecnologia Quimica e Biologica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2781-901 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - J Pedro Simas
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Maria A Carrondo
- Instituto de Tecnologia Quimica e Biologica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2781-901 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Colin E McVey
- Instituto de Tecnologia Quimica e Biologica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2781-901 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Kenneth M Kaye
- Departments of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115.
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19
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Tarrant-Elorza M, Rossetto CC, Pari GS. Maintenance and replication of the human cytomegalovirus genome during latency. Cell Host Microbe 2015; 16:43-54. [PMID: 25011107 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2014.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Revised: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) can establish latent infection in hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs) or CD14 (+) monocytes. While circularized viral genomes are observed during latency, how viral genomes persist or which viral factors contribute to genome maintenance and/or replication is unclear. Previously, we identified a HCMV cis-acting viral maintenance element (TR element) and showed that HCMV IE1 exon 4 mRNA is expressed in latently infected HPCs. We now show that a smaller IE1 protein species (IE1x4) is expressed in latently infected HPCs. IE1x4 protein expression is required for viral genome persistence and maintenance and replication of a TR element containing plasmid (pTR). Both IE1x4 and the cellular transcription factor Sp1 interact with the TR, and inhibition of Sp1 binding abrogates pTR amplification. Further, IE1x4 interacts with Topoisomerase IIβ (TOPOIIβ), whose activity is required for pTR amplification. These results identify a HCMV latency-specific factor that promotes viral chromosome maintenance and replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Tarrant-Elorza
- University of Nevada School of Medicine, 1664 North Virginia Street/MS320, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Cyprian C Rossetto
- University of Nevada School of Medicine, 1664 North Virginia Street/MS320, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Gregory S Pari
- University of Nevada School of Medicine, 1664 North Virginia Street/MS320, Reno, NV 89557, USA.
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Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus LANA recruits the DNA polymerase clamp loader to mediate efficient replication and virus persistence. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:11816-21. [PMID: 25071216 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1404219111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) latently infects tumor cells and persists as a multiple-copy, extrachromosomal, circular episome. To persist, the viral genome must replicate with each cell cycle. The KSHV latency-associated nuclear antigen (LANA) mediates viral DNA replication and persistence, but little is known regarding the underlying mechanisms. We find that LANA recruits replication factor C (RFC), the DNA polymerase clamp [proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)] loader, to drive DNA replication efficiently. Mutated LANA lacking RFC interaction was deficient for LANA-mediated DNA replication and episome persistence. RFC depletion had a negative impact on LANA's ability to replicate and maintain viral DNA in cells containing artificial KSHV episomes or in infected cells, leading to loss of virus. LANA substantially increased PCNA loading onto DNA in vitro and recruited RFC and PCNA to KSHV DNA in cells. These findings suggest that PCNA loading is a rate-limiting step in DNA replication that is incompatible with viral survival. LANA enhancement of PCNA loading permits efficient virus replication and persistence, revealing a previously unidentified mechanism for KSHV latency.
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21
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Hu J, Yang Y, Turner PC, Jain V, McIntyre LM, Renne R. LANA binds to multiple active viral and cellular promoters and associates with the H3K4methyltransferase hSET1 complex. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1004240. [PMID: 25033463 PMCID: PMC4102568 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is a γ-herpesvirus associated with KS and two lymphoproliferative diseases. Recent studies characterized epigenetic modification of KSHV episomes during latency and determined that latency-associated genes are associated with H3K4me3 while most lytic genes are associated with the silencing mark H3K27me3. Since the latency-associated nuclear antigen (LANA) (i) is expressed very early after de novo infection, (ii) interacts with transcriptional regulators and chromatin remodelers, and (iii) regulates the LANA and RTA promoters, we hypothesized that LANA may contribute to the establishment of latency through epigenetic control. We performed a detailed ChIP-seq analysis in cells of lymphoid and endothelial origin and compared H3K4me3, H3K27me3, polII, and LANA occupancy. On viral episomes LANA binding was detected at numerous lytic and latent promoters, which were transactivated by LANA using reporter assays. LANA binding was highly enriched at H3K4me3 peaks and this co-occupancy was also detected on many host gene promoters. Bioinformatic analysis of enriched LANA binding sites in combination with biochemical binding studies revealed three distinct binding patterns. A small subset of LANA binding sites showed sequence homology to the characterized LBS1/2 sequence in the viral terminal repeat. A large number of sites contained a novel LANA binding motif (TCCAT)3 which was confirmed by gel shift analysis. Third, some viral and cellular promoters did not contain LANA binding sites and are likely enriched through protein/protein interaction. LANA was associated with H3K4me3 marks and in PEL cells 86% of all LANA bound promoters were transcriptionally active, leading to the hypothesis that LANA interacts with the machinery that methylates H3K4. Co-immunoprecipitation demonstrated LANA association with endogenous hSET1 complexes in both lymphoid and endothelial cells suggesting that LANA may contribute to the epigenetic profile of KSHV episomes. KSHV is a DNA tumor virus which is associated with Kaposi's sarcoma and some lymphoproliferative diseases. During latent infection, the viral genome persists as circular extrachromosomal DNA in the nucleus and expresses a very limited number of viral proteins, including LANA, a multi-functional protein. KSHV viral episomes, like host genomic DNA, are subject to chromatin formation and histone modifications which contribute to tightly controlled gene expression during latency. We determined where LANA binds on the KSHV and human genomes, and mapped activating and repressing histone marks and RNA polymerase II binding. We found that LANA bound near transcription start sites, and binding correlated with the transcription active mark H3K4me3, but not silencing mark H3K27me3. Binding sites for transcription factors including znf143, CTCF, and Stat1 are enriched at regions where LANA is bound. We identified some LANA binding sites near human gene promoters that resembled KSHV sequences known to bind LANA. We also found a novel motif that occurs frequently in the human genome and that binds LANA directly despite being different from known LANA-binding sequences. Furthermore, we demonstrate that LANA associates with the H3K4 methyltransferase hSET1 which creates activating histone marks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhong Hu
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Yajie Yang
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Peter C. Turner
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Vaibhav Jain
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Lauren M. McIntyre
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- UF Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Rolf Renne
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- UF Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- UF Health Cancer Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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De León Vázquez E, Juillard F, Rosner B, Kaye KM. A short sequence immediately upstream of the internal repeat elements is critical for KSHV LANA mediated DNA replication and impacts episome persistence. Virology 2013; 448:344-55. [PMID: 24314665 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2013.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Revised: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus LANA (1162 residues) mediates episomal persistence of viral genomes during latency. LANA mediates viral DNA replication and segregates episomes to daughter nuclei. A 59 residue deletion immediately upstream of the internal repeat elements rendered LANA highly deficient for DNA replication and modestly deficient for the ability to segregate episomes, while smaller deletions did not. The 59 amino acid deletion reduced LANA episome persistence by ~14-fold, while sequentially smaller deletions resulted in ~3-fold, or no deficiency. Three distinct LANA regions reorganized heterochromatin, one of which contains the deleted sequence, but the deletion did not abolish LANA's ability to alter chromatin. Therefore, this work identifies a short internal LANA sequence that is critical for DNA replication, has modest effects on episome segregation, and substantially impacts episome persistence; this region may exert its effects through an interacting host cell protein(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika De León Vázquez
- Departments of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 181 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, United States
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