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Costa IB, Santana-da-Silva MN, Nogami PY, Santos e Santos CDJ, Pereira LMS, França EDS, Freire ABC, Ramos FLDP, Monteiro TAF, Macedo O, Sousa RCM, Freitas FB, Vallinoto ACR, Brasil-Costa I. Immunogenetic Profile Associated with Patients Living with HIV-1 and Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) in the Brazilian Amazon Region. Viruses 2024; 16:1012. [PMID: 39066175 PMCID: PMC11281405 DOI: 10.3390/v16071012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Viral coinfection among HIV-positive patients, coupled with the development of AIDS, remains a major public health problem. The synergism between the presence of HIV and other viruses has consequences in relation to changes in the severity of the infection, as well as changes in the natural course of both infections. Several polymorphisms present in genes that encode cytokines have a relevant influence on their transcription and consequently on the production of such immunological molecules. The present study evaluated the influence of SNPs located in the promoter regions of genes encoding the cytokines INF-ɣ, TNF, IL-6, IL-4, and IL-2, as well as their respective plasma concentrations, in patients infected with HIV and/or EBV in the state of Pará. Additionally, this study described the epidemiological profile and compared CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocyte counts among the groups studied. The associative analysis between the SNPs and plasma cytokine concentrations in different groups showed statistical relevance for three polymorphisms: rs2069762 (IL2), where the GG genotype demonstrated higher IL-2 levels in HIV mono-infected individuals; rs2243250 (IL4), where the CT genotype showed higher IL-4 levels in the control group; and rs2069705 (IFNG), where the TT genotype showed higher IFN-γ levels in the coinfected group. Regarding SNP associations with CD4+/CD8+ counts, significant findings were observed in HIV mono-infected individuals: the rs2069705 (IFNG) polymorphism was linked to higher CD4+ counts with the CT genotype, and rs1799964 (TNF) was associated with higher CD8+ counts with the CC genotype. Therefore, this study provides evidence that the rs2069705 (IFNG) SNP is associated with elevated IFN-γ levels, which may have pathogenic consequences, as depletion of this cytokine is concerning for people living with HIV due to its antiviral properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iran Barros Costa
- Epstein-Barr Virus Laboratory, Virology Department, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua 67030-000, PA, Brazil; (I.B.C.); (M.N.S.-d.-S.); (P.Y.N.); (C.d.J.S.e.S.); (E.d.S.F.); (T.A.F.M.)
- Immunology Laboratory, Virology Department, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua 67030-000, PA, Brazil
| | - Mayara Natália Santana-da-Silva
- Epstein-Barr Virus Laboratory, Virology Department, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua 67030-000, PA, Brazil; (I.B.C.); (M.N.S.-d.-S.); (P.Y.N.); (C.d.J.S.e.S.); (E.d.S.F.); (T.A.F.M.)
- Immunology Laboratory, Virology Department, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua 67030-000, PA, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Yuri Nogami
- Epstein-Barr Virus Laboratory, Virology Department, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua 67030-000, PA, Brazil; (I.B.C.); (M.N.S.-d.-S.); (P.Y.N.); (C.d.J.S.e.S.); (E.d.S.F.); (T.A.F.M.)
- Immunology Laboratory, Virology Department, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua 67030-000, PA, Brazil
| | - Carolinne de Jesus Santos e Santos
- Epstein-Barr Virus Laboratory, Virology Department, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua 67030-000, PA, Brazil; (I.B.C.); (M.N.S.-d.-S.); (P.Y.N.); (C.d.J.S.e.S.); (E.d.S.F.); (T.A.F.M.)
- Immunology Laboratory, Virology Department, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua 67030-000, PA, Brazil
| | - Leonn Mendes Soares Pereira
- Virology Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil; (L.M.S.P.); (A.C.R.V.)
| | - Eliane dos Santos França
- Epstein-Barr Virus Laboratory, Virology Department, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua 67030-000, PA, Brazil; (I.B.C.); (M.N.S.-d.-S.); (P.Y.N.); (C.d.J.S.e.S.); (E.d.S.F.); (T.A.F.M.)
| | - Amaury Bentes Cunha Freire
- Epidemiology and Surveillance Service, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua 67030-000, PA, Brazil; (A.B.C.F.); (F.L.d.P.R.)
| | - Francisco Lúzio de Paula Ramos
- Epidemiology and Surveillance Service, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua 67030-000, PA, Brazil; (A.B.C.F.); (F.L.d.P.R.)
| | - Talita Antonia Furtado Monteiro
- Epstein-Barr Virus Laboratory, Virology Department, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua 67030-000, PA, Brazil; (I.B.C.); (M.N.S.-d.-S.); (P.Y.N.); (C.d.J.S.e.S.); (E.d.S.F.); (T.A.F.M.)
- Immunology Laboratory, Virology Department, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua 67030-000, PA, Brazil
| | - Olinda Macedo
- Retrovirus Laboratory, Virology Department, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua 67030-000, PA, Brazil; (O.M.); (F.B.F.)
| | | | - Felipe Bonfim Freitas
- Retrovirus Laboratory, Virology Department, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua 67030-000, PA, Brazil; (O.M.); (F.B.F.)
| | - Antonio Carlos Rosário Vallinoto
- Virology Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil; (L.M.S.P.); (A.C.R.V.)
| | - Igor Brasil-Costa
- Epstein-Barr Virus Laboratory, Virology Department, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua 67030-000, PA, Brazil; (I.B.C.); (M.N.S.-d.-S.); (P.Y.N.); (C.d.J.S.e.S.); (E.d.S.F.); (T.A.F.M.)
- Immunology Laboratory, Virology Department, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua 67030-000, PA, Brazil
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Asplund Högelin K, Isac B, Khademi M, Al Nimer F. B cell activating factor levels are linked to distinct B cell markers in multiple sclerosis and following B cell depletion and repopulation. Clin Immunol 2024; 258:109870. [PMID: 38101497 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2023.109870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have highlighted the important role of B cells in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS). B cell activating factor (BAFF) and A proliferation inducing ligand (APRIL) play a major role in B cell survival and homeostasis. Here, we studied the association of BAFF and APRIL with B cell immune markers in MS and following B cell depletion and repopulation. We found that BAFF but not APRIL was significantly higher in plasma in untreated MS compared to controls. BAFF increased after rituximab treatment and decreased again during repopulation displaying an inverse correlation with B cell numbers, and more specifically switched memory B cell numbers. Cerebrospinal fluid BAFF inversely correlated with IgG index. BAFF displayed an inverse association to anti-EBV-CA antibodies. In summary, our study identified immune cells and factors that might regulate or be regulated by BAFF and APRIL levels in MS, and during B cell depletion and repopulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klara Asplund Högelin
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Beshoy Isac
- Biomedical Laboratory Science, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mohsen Khademi
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Faiez Al Nimer
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Dasari V, McNeil LK, Beckett K, Solomon M, Ambalathingal G, Thuy TL, Panikkar A, Smith C, Steinbuck MP, Jakubowski A, Seenappa LM, Palmer E, Zhang J, Haqq CM, DeMuth PC, Khanna R. Lymph node targeted multi-epitope subunit vaccine promotes effective immunity to EBV in HLA-expressing mice. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4371. [PMID: 37553346 PMCID: PMC10409721 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39770-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The recent emergence of a causal link between Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and multiple sclerosis has generated considerable interest in the development of an effective vaccine against EBV. Here we describe a vaccine formulation based on a lymph node targeting Amphiphile vaccine adjuvant, Amphiphile-CpG, admixed with EBV gp350 glycoprotein and an engineered EBV polyepitope protein that includes 20 CD8+ T cell epitopes from EBV latent and lytic antigens. Potent gp350-specific IgG responses are induced in mice with titers >100,000 in Amphiphile-CpG vaccinated mice. Immunization including Amphiphile-CpG also induces high frequencies of polyfunctional gp350-specific CD4+ T cells and EBV-specific CD8+ T cells that are 2-fold greater than soluble CpG and are maintained for >7 months post immunization. This combination of broad humoral and cellular immunity against multiple viral determinants is likely to provide better protection against primary infection and control of latently infected B cells leading to protection against the development of EBV-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijayendra Dasari
- QIMR Centre for Immunotherapy and Vaccine Development, Tumour Immunology Laboratory, Infection and Inflammation Program, Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia.
| | | | - Kirrilee Beckett
- QIMR Centre for Immunotherapy and Vaccine Development, Tumour Immunology Laboratory, Infection and Inflammation Program, Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Matthew Solomon
- QIMR Centre for Immunotherapy and Vaccine Development, Tumour Immunology Laboratory, Infection and Inflammation Program, Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - George Ambalathingal
- QIMR Centre for Immunotherapy and Vaccine Development, Tumour Immunology Laboratory, Infection and Inflammation Program, Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - T Le Thuy
- QIMR Centre for Immunotherapy and Vaccine Development, Tumour Immunology Laboratory, Infection and Inflammation Program, Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Archana Panikkar
- QIMR Centre for Immunotherapy and Vaccine Development, Tumour Immunology Laboratory, Infection and Inflammation Program, Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Caitlyn Smith
- QIMR Centre for Immunotherapy and Vaccine Development, Tumour Immunology Laboratory, Infection and Inflammation Program, Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | - Jeff Zhang
- Elicio Therapeutics, Inc, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Rajiv Khanna
- QIMR Centre for Immunotherapy and Vaccine Development, Tumour Immunology Laboratory, Infection and Inflammation Program, Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia.
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Leffler J, Trend S, Hart PH, French MA. Epstein-Barr virus infection, B-cell dysfunction and other risk factors converge in gut-associated lymphoid tissue to drive the immunopathogenesis of multiple sclerosis: a hypothesis. Clin Transl Immunology 2022; 11:e1418. [PMID: 36325491 PMCID: PMC9621333 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis is associated with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection, B-cell dysfunction, gut dysbiosis, and environmental and genetic risk factors, including female sex. A disease model incorporating all these factors remains elusive. Here, we hypothesise that EBV-infected memory B cells (MBCs) migrate to gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) through EBV-induced expression of LPAM-1, where they are subsequently activated by gut microbes and/or their products resulting in EBV reactivation and compartmentalised anti-EBV immune responses. These responses involve marginal zone (MZ) B cells that activate CD4+ T-cell responses, via HLA-DRB1, which promote downstream B-cell differentiation towards CD11c+/T-bet+ MBCs, as well as conventional MBCs. Intrinsic expression of low-affinity B-cell receptors (BCRs) by MZ B cells and CD11c+/T-bet+ MBCs promotes polyreactive BCR/antibody responses against EBV proteins (e.g. EBNA-1) that cross-react with central nervous system (CNS) autoantigens (e.g. GlialCAM). EBV protein/autoantigen-specific CD11c+/T-bet+ MBCs migrate to the meningeal immune system and CNS, facilitated by their expression of CXCR3, and induce cytotoxic CD8+ T-cell responses against CNS autoantigens amplified by BAFF, released from EBV-infected MBCs. An increased abundance of circulating IgA+ MBCs, observed in MS patients, might also reflect GALT-derived immune responses, including disease-enhancing IgA antibody responses against EBV and gut microbiota-specific regulatory IgA+ plasma cells. Female sex increases MZ B-cell and CD11c+/T-bet+ MBC activity while environmental risk factors affect gut dysbiosis. Thus, EBV infection, B-cell dysfunction and other risk factors converge in GALT to generate aberrant B-cell responses that drive pathogenic T-cell responses in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonatan Leffler
- Telethon Kids InstituteUniversity of Western AustraliaPerthWAAustralia
| | - Stephanie Trend
- Telethon Kids InstituteUniversity of Western AustraliaPerthWAAustralia,Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational ScienceUniversity of Western AustraliaPerthWAAustralia
| | - Prue H Hart
- Telethon Kids InstituteUniversity of Western AustraliaPerthWAAustralia
| | - Martyn A French
- School of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of Western AustraliaPerthWAAustralia,Immunology DivisionPathWest Laboratory MedicinePerthWAAustralia
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5
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Karsten CB, Bartsch YC, Shin SA, Slein MD, Heller HM, Kolandaivelu K, Middeldorp JM, Alter G, Julg B. Evolution of functional antibodies following acute Epstein-Barr virus infection. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010738. [PMID: 36067220 PMCID: PMC9481173 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
While Epstein-Barr virus causes mostly asymptomatic infection, associated malignancies, and autoimmune and lymphoproliferative diseases occur. To dissect the evolution of humoral immune responses over the course of EBV infection and to gain a better understanding of the potential contribution of antibody (Ab) function to viral control, we comprehensively profiled Ab specificities and Fc-functionalities using systems serology and VirScan. Ab functions against latent (EBNA1), early (p47/54) and two late (gp350/220 and VCA-p18) EBV proteins were overall modest and/or short-lived, differing from humoral responses induced during acute infection by other viruses such as HIV. In the first year post infection, only p18 elicited robust IgM-driven complement deposition and IgG-driven neutrophil phagocytosis while responses against EBNA-1 were largely Fc-functionally silent and only matured during chronic infection to drive phagocytosis. In contrast, Abs against Influenza virus readily mediated broad Fc-activity in all participants. These data suggest that EBV evades the induction of robust Fc-functional Abs, potentially due to the virus’ life cycle, switching from lytic to latent stages during infection. While previously thought to be largely innocuous, emerging data clearly highlight the pathological role of lifelong EBV infection in driving autoimmunity and malignancies in a small, but not insignificant portion of the population. We therefore aimed to define potential humoral mechanisms associated with viral control, beyond neutralizing Abs, by systematically focusing on antibody Fc-functional activities during acute to convalescent EBV infection applying technologies such as systems serology and VirScan. We found that functions against EBV proteins were overall only modest and either short-lived or delayed, differing from functional antibody responses induced during acute infection by other viruses such as HIV. These data suggest that EBV evades the induction of robust Fc-functional Abs thereby potentially facilitating lifelong, persistent infection with all its consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina B. Karsten
- University of Duisburg-Essen, University Hospital Essen, Institute for Translational HIV Research; Essen, Germany
- * E-mail: (CBK); (BJ)
| | - Yannic C. Bartsch
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard; Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Sally A. Shin
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard; Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Matthew D. Slein
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard; Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | | | - Kumaran Kolandaivelu
- MIT Institute for Medical Engineering & Science; Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | | | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard; Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Boris Julg
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard; Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (CBK); (BJ)
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Cai J, Zhang B, Li Y, Zhu W, Akihisa T, Li W, Kikuchi T, Liu W, Feng F, Zhang J. Prophylactic and Therapeutic EBV Vaccines: Major Scientific Obstacles, Historical Progress, and Future Direction. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9111290. [PMID: 34835222 PMCID: PMC8623587 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9111290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infects more than 95% of adults worldwide and is associated with various malignant tumors and immune diseases, imparting a huge disease burden on the human population. Available EBV vaccines are imminent. Prophylactic vaccines can effectively prevent the spread of infection, whereas therapeutic vaccines mainly stimulate cell-mediated immunity and kill infected cells, thus curbing the development of malignant tumors. Nevertheless, there are still no approved EBV vaccines after decades of effort. The complexity of the EBV life cycle, the lack of appropriate animal models, and the limited reports on adjuvant selection and immune responses are gravely impeding progress in EBV vaccines. The soluble gp350 vaccine could reduce the incidence of infectious mononucleosis (IM), which seemed to offer hope, but could not prevent EBV infection. Continuous research and vaccine trials provide deep insights into the structural biology of viruses, the designs for immunogenicity, and the evolving vaccine platforms. Moreover, the new vaccine candidates are expected to achieve further success via combined immunization to elicit both a dual protection of B cells and epithelial cells, and sustainable immunization against infected cells at several phases of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Cai
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; (J.C.); (B.Z.); (Y.L.); (T.A.); (F.F.)
| | - Bodou Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; (J.C.); (B.Z.); (Y.L.); (T.A.); (F.F.)
| | - Yuqi Li
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; (J.C.); (B.Z.); (Y.L.); (T.A.); (F.F.)
| | - Wanfang Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; (W.Z.); (W.L.)
| | - Toshihiro Akihisa
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; (J.C.); (B.Z.); (Y.L.); (T.A.); (F.F.)
- Research Institute for Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Wei Li
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, Chiba 274-8510, Japan; (W.L.); (T.K.)
| | - Takashi Kikuchi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, Chiba 274-8510, Japan; (W.L.); (T.K.)
| | - Wenyuan Liu
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; (W.Z.); (W.L.)
| | - Feng Feng
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; (J.C.); (B.Z.); (Y.L.); (T.A.); (F.F.)
- Jiangsu Food and Pharmaceutical Science College, Huaian 223003, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; (J.C.); (B.Z.); (Y.L.); (T.A.); (F.F.)
- Jiangsu Food and Pharmaceutical Science College, Huaian 223003, China
- Correspondence:
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M A, Chatterjee S, A P, S M, Davuluri S, Ar AK, T A, M P, Cs P, Sinha M, Chugani A, R VP, Kk A, R S J. Natural Killer cell transcriptome during primary EBV infection and EBV associated Hodgkin Lymphoma in children-A preliminary observation. Immunobiology 2020; 225:151907. [PMID: 32044149 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2020.151907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Epstein Barr Viral infection is a common childhood infection in India and is also nearly 100 % etiologically associated with pediatric Hodgkin Lymphoma (HL). The main question in EBV immunobiology has been, why only a small subset of infected individuals develop EBV associated malignancies, while the vast majority carry this virus asymptomatically for life. Natural Killer (NK) cells, with a phenotype of CD56dim CD16+ exhibit potent cytotoxicity towards both virus infected cells and transformed cells and hence have been considered to be crucial in preventing the development of symptomatic EBV infection and lymphoma. In order to get an insight into the various possible molecular aspects of NK cells, in the pathogenesis of both these EBV mediated diseases in children we studied the whole transcriptome of MACS sorted CD56dim CD16 + NK cells from four patients from each of the three groups of children viz. Infectious Mononucleosis (IM), HL and age matched controls by using a massively parallel sequencing approach. NK cells from both IM and HL had down-regulated innate immunity and chemokine signaling genes. While down-regulation of genes responsible for polarization of the secretory apparatus, activated NK cell signaling and MAP kinase signaling were exclusive to NK cells in patients with IM, in NK cells of HL, specifically, genes involved in extracellular matrix (ECM) - receptor interaction, cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, TNF signaling, Toll-like receptor signaling pathway and cytosolic DNA-sensing pathways were significantly down-regulated. Enrichment analysis showed STAT3 to be the most significant transcription factor (TF) for the down-regulated genes in IM, whereas, GATA1 was found to be the most significant TF for the genes down-regulated in HL. Analysis of protein interaction network identified functionally important protein clusters. Top clusters, comprised of down-regulated genes, involved in signaling and ubiquitin-related processes and pathways. These may perhaps be responsible for the hypo-responsiveness of NK cells in both diseases. These possibly point to different deficiencies in NK cell activation, loss of activating receptor signaling and degranulation in IM, versus loss of cytokine and chemokine signaling in HL, in the two EBV associated pathologies investigated. Various suppressed molecules and pathways were novel, which have not been reported earlier and could therefore be potential targets for immunotherapy of NK cell reactivation in both the diseases in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alka M
- Departments of Microbiology, Kidwai Memorial Institute of Oncology, Bangalore, India
| | | | - Parchure A
- Departments of Microbiology, Kidwai Memorial Institute of Oncology, Bangalore, India
| | - Mahantesh S
- Departments of Microbiology, Indira Gandhi Institute of Child Health, Bangalore, India
| | - Sravanthi Davuluri
- Biological Data Analyzers' Association (BdataA), Electronic City, Phase I, Bangalore, India
| | - Arun Kumar Ar
- Departments of Pediatric Oncology, Kidwai Memorial Institute of Oncology, India
| | - Avinash T
- Departments of Pediatric Oncology, Kidwai Memorial Institute of Oncology, India
| | - Padma M
- Departments of Pediatric Oncology, Kidwai Memorial Institute of Oncology, India
| | - Premalata Cs
- Departments of Pathology, Kidwai Memorial Institute of Oncology, Bangalore, India
| | - Mahua Sinha
- Departments of Microbiology, Kidwai Memorial Institute of Oncology, Bangalore, India
| | | | | | - Acharya Kk
- Biological Data Analyzers' Association (BdataA), Electronic City, Phase I, Bangalore, India; Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology, Bangalore, India
| | - Jayshree R S
- Departments of Microbiology, Kidwai Memorial Institute of Oncology, Bangalore, India.
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Epstein-Barr Virus-Specific CD8 T Cells Selectively Infiltrate the Brain in Multiple Sclerosis and Interact Locally with Virus-Infected Cells: Clue for a Virus-Driven Immunopathological Mechanism. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.00980-19. [PMID: 31578295 PMCID: PMC6880158 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00980-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
EBV establishes a lifelong and asymptomatic infection in most individuals and more rarely causes infectious mononucleosis and malignancies, like lymphomas. The virus is also strongly associated with MS, a chronic neuroinflammatory disease with unknown etiology. Infectious mononucleosis increases the risk of developing MS, and immune reactivity toward EBV is higher in persons with MS, indicating inadequate control of the virus. Previous studies have suggested that persistent EBV infection in the CNS stimulates an immunopathological response, causing bystander neural cell damage. To verify this, we need to identify the immune culprits responsible for the detrimental antiviral response in the CNS. In this study, we analyzed postmortem brains donated by persons with MS and show that CD8 cytotoxic T cells recognizing EBV enter the brain and interact locally with the virus-infected cells. This antiviral CD8 T cell-mediated immune response likely contributes to MS pathology. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a ubiquitous herpesvirus strongly associated with multiple sclerosis (MS), a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS). However, the mechanisms linking EBV infection to MS pathology are uncertain. Neuropathological and immunological studies suggest that a persistent EBV infection in the CNS can stimulate a CD8 T-cell response aimed at clearing the virus but inadvertently causing CNS injury. Inasmuch as in situ demonstration of EBV-specific CD8 T cells and their effector function is missing, we searched for EBV-specific CD8 T cells in MS brain tissue using the pentamer technique. Postmortem brain samples from 12 donors with progressive MS and known HLA class I genotype were analyzed. Brain sections were stained with HLA-matched pentamers coupled with immunogenic peptides from EBV-encoded proteins, control virus (cytomegalovirus and influenza A virus) proteins, and myelin basic protein. CD8 T cells recognizing proteins expressed in the latent and lytic phases of the EBV life cycle were visualized in white matter lesions and/or meninges of 11/12 MS donors. The fraction (median value) of CD8 T cells recognizing individual EBV epitopes ranged from 0.5 to 2.5% of CNS-infiltrating CD8 T cells. Cytomegalovirus-specific CD8 T cells were detected at a lower frequency (≤0.3%) in brain sections from 4/12 MS donors. CNS-infiltrating EBV-specific CD8 T cells were CD107a positive, suggesting a cytotoxic phenotype, and stuck to EBV-infected cells. Together with local EBV dysregulation, selective enrichment of EBV-specific CD8 T cells in the MS brain supports the notion that skewed immune responses toward EBV contribute to inflammation causing CNS injury. IMPORTANCE EBV establishes a lifelong and asymptomatic infection in most individuals and more rarely causes infectious mononucleosis and malignancies, like lymphomas. The virus is also strongly associated with MS, a chronic neuroinflammatory disease with unknown etiology. Infectious mononucleosis increases the risk of developing MS, and immune reactivity toward EBV is higher in persons with MS, indicating inadequate control of the virus. Previous studies have suggested that persistent EBV infection in the CNS stimulates an immunopathological response, causing bystander neural cell damage. To verify this, we need to identify the immune culprits responsible for the detrimental antiviral response in the CNS. In this study, we analyzed postmortem brains donated by persons with MS and show that CD8 cytotoxic T cells recognizing EBV enter the brain and interact locally with the virus-infected cells. This antiviral CD8 T cell-mediated immune response likely contributes to MS pathology.
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Tsai CY, Sakakibara S, Yasui T, Minamitani T, Okuzaki D, Kikutani H. Bystander inhibition of humoral immune responses by Epstein-Barr virus LMP1. Int Immunol 2019; 30:579-590. [PMID: 30137504 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxy053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-encoded latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1), which mimics a constitutively active receptor, is required for viral transformation of primary B cells. LMP1 is expressed in EBV-infected germinal center (GC) B cells of immunocompetent individuals, suggesting that it may contribute to persistent EBV infection. In this study, we generated and analyzed mice that expressed LMP1 under the control of the CD19 or activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) promoter. Expression of LMP1 induced activation of B cells but severely inhibited their differentiation into antibody-secreting cells (ASCs) in vitro and GC B cells in vivo. LMP1-expressing (LMP1+) B cells not only suppressed the functions of wild-type (WT) B cells in in vitro co-culture, but also blocked differentiation of WT B cells into GC B cells and ASCs in immunized bone marrow chimeric mice. Microarray analysis revealed that the gene encoding indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1), a major enzyme involved in the tryptophan metabolic process, was highly induced by LMP1. Either inhibition of IDO1 activity by methyl-l-tryptophan or knockout of Ido1 in LMP1+ B cells could rescue WT B cells from such suppression. IDO1-induced tryptophan consumption and production of tryptophan metabolites appeared to be responsible for inhibition of B-cell function. We conclude that LMP1 expression in antigen-committed B cells not only directly impairs GC B-cell differentiation, but also indirectly inhibits the functions of neighboring B cells, resulting in suppression of humoral immune responses. Such bystander inhibition by LMP1+ B cells may contribute to immune evasion by EBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Yuan Tsai
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shuhei Sakakibara
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Teruhito Yasui
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Immunity, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Ibaraki City, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takeharu Minamitani
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Immunity, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Ibaraki City, Osaka, Japan
| | - Daisuke Okuzaki
- Genome Information Research Center, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Kikutani
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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10
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Cannons JL, Preite S, Kapnick SM, Uzel G, Schwartzberg PL. Genetic Defects in Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase δ Influence CD8 + T Cell Survival, Differentiation, and Function. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1758. [PMID: 30116245 PMCID: PMC6082933 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Activated phosphoinositide 3-kinase delta syndrome (APDS), also known as p110 delta-activating mutation causing senescent T cells, lymphadenopathy and immunodeficiency (PASLI), is an autosomal dominant primary human immunodeficiency (PID) caused by heterozygous gain-of-function mutations in PIK3CD, which encodes the p110δ catalytic subunit of PI3K. This recently described PID is characterized by diverse and heterogeneous clinical manifestations that include recurrent respiratory infections, lymphoproliferation, progressive lymphopenia, and defective antibody responses. A major clinical manifestation observed in the NIH cohort of patients with PIK3CD mutations is chronic Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and/or cytomegalovirus viremia. Despite uncontrolled EBV infection, many APDS/PASLI patients had normal or higher frequencies of EBV-specific CD8+ T cells. In this review, we discuss data pertaining to CD8+ T cell function in APDS/PASLI, including increased cell death, expression of exhaustion markers, and altered killing of autologous EBV-infected B cells, and how these and other data on PI3K provide insight into potential cellular defects that prevent clearance of chronic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Cannons
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States.,National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Silvia Preite
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States.,National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Senta M Kapnick
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Gulbu Uzel
- National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Pamela L Schwartzberg
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States.,National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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11
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Carpier JM, Lucas CL. Epstein-Barr Virus Susceptibility in Activated PI3Kδ Syndrome (APDS) Immunodeficiency. Front Immunol 2018; 8:2005. [PMID: 29387064 PMCID: PMC5776011 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.02005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Activated PI3Kδ Syndrome (APDS) is an inherited immune disorder caused by heterozygous, gain-of-function mutations in the genes encoding the phosphoinositide 3-kinase delta (PI3Kδ) subunits p110δ or p85δ. This recently described primary immunodeficiency disease (PID) is characterized by recurrent sinopulmonary infections, lymphoproliferation, and susceptibility to herpesviruses, with Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) infection being most notable. A broad range of PIDs having disparate, molecularly defined genetic etiology can cause susceptibility to EBV, lymphoproliferative disease, and lymphoma. Historically, PID patients with loss-of-function mutations causing defective cell-mediated cytotoxicity or antigen receptor signaling were found to be highly susceptible to pathological EBV infection. By contrast, the gain of function in PI3K signaling observed in APDS patients paradoxically renders these patients susceptible to EBV, though the underlying mechanisms are incompletely understood. At a cellular level, APDS patients exhibit deranged B lymphocyte development and defects in class switch recombination, which generally lead to defective immunoglobulin production. Moreover, APDS patients also demonstrate an abnormal skewing of T cells toward terminal effectors with short telomeres and senescence markers. Here, we review APDS with a particular focus on how the altered lymphocyte biology in these patients may confer EBV susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Marie Carpier
- Immunobiology Department, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Carrie L Lucas
- Immunobiology Department, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
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12
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van den Heuvel D, Jansen MAE, Bell AI, Rickinson AB, Jaddoe VWV, van Dongen JJM, Moll HA, van Zelm MC. Transient reduction in IgA + and IgG + memory B cell numbers in young EBV-seropositive children: the Generation R Study. J Leukoc Biol 2017; 101:949-956. [PMID: 27821468 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.5vmab0616-283r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The EBV is known to persist in memory B cells, but it remains unclear how this affects cell numbers and humoral immunity. We here studied EBV persistence in memory B cell subsets and consequences on B cell memory in young children. EBV genome loads were quantified in 6 memory B cell subsets in EBV+ adults. The effects of EBV infection on memory B cell numbers and vaccination responses were studied longitudinally in children within the Generation R population cohort between 14 mo and 6 yr of age. EBV genomes were more numerous in CD27+IgG+, CD27+IgA+, and CD27-IgA+ memory B cells than in IgM-only, natural effector, and CD27-IgG+ B cells. The blood counts of IgM-only, CD27+IgA+, CD27-IgG+, and CD27+IgG+ memory B cells were significantly lower in EBV+ children than in uninfected controls at 14 mo of age-the age when these cells peak in numbers. At 6 yr, all of these memory B cell counts had normalized, as had plasma IgG levels to previous primary measles and booster tetanus vaccinations. In conclusion, EBV persists predominantly in Ig class-switched memory B cells, even when derived from T cell-independent responses (CD27-IgA+), and EBV infection results in a transient depletion of these cells in young children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana van den Heuvel
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Michelle A E Jansen
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus Medical Center-Sophia, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Andrew I Bell
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Alan B Rickinson
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Vincent W V Jaddoe
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus Medical Center-Sophia, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; and
| | - Jacques J M van Dongen
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Henriette A Moll
- Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus Medical Center-Sophia, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Menno C van Zelm
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands;
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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13
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Dasari V, Bhatt KH, Smith C, Khanna R. Designing an effective vaccine to prevent Epstein-Barr virus-associated diseases: challenges and opportunities. Expert Rev Vaccines 2017; 16:377-390. [PMID: 28276306 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2017.1293529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a ubiquitous herpesvirus associated with a number of clinical manifestations. Primary EBV infection in young adolescents often manifests as acute infectious mononucleosis and latent infection is associated with multiple lymphoid and epithelial cancers and autoimmune disorders, particularly multiple sclerosis. Areas covered: Over the last decade, our understanding of pathogenesis and immune regulation of EBV-associated diseases has provided an important platform for the development of novel vaccine formulations. In this review, we discuss developmental strategies for prophylactic and therapeutic EBV vaccines which have been assessed in preclinical and clinical settings. Expert commentary: Major roadblocks in EBV vaccine development include no precise understanding of the clinical correlates of protection, uncertainty about adjuvant selection and the unavailability of appropriate animal models. Recent development of new EBV vaccine formulations provides exciting opportunities for the formal clinical assessment of novel formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijayendra Dasari
- a QIMR Centre for Immunotherapy and Vaccine Development and Tumour Immunology Laboratory , QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute , Brisbane , Australia
| | - Kunal H Bhatt
- a QIMR Centre for Immunotherapy and Vaccine Development and Tumour Immunology Laboratory , QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute , Brisbane , Australia
| | - Corey Smith
- a QIMR Centre for Immunotherapy and Vaccine Development and Tumour Immunology Laboratory , QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute , Brisbane , Australia
| | - Rajiv Khanna
- a QIMR Centre for Immunotherapy and Vaccine Development and Tumour Immunology Laboratory , QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute , Brisbane , Australia
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14
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Memory B Cells are Major Targets for Effective Immunotherapy in Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis. EBioMedicine 2017; 16:41-50. [PMID: 28161400 PMCID: PMC5474520 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2017.01.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Although multiple sclerosis (MS) is considered to be a CD4, Th17-mediated autoimmune disease, supportive evidence is perhaps circumstantial, often based on animal studies, and is questioned by the perceived failure of CD4-depleting antibodies to control relapsing MS. Therefore, it was interestingly to find that current MS-treatments, believed to act via T cell inhibition, including: beta-interferons, glatiramer acetate, cytostatic agents, dimethyl fumarate, fingolimod, cladribine, daclizumab, rituximab/ocrelizumab physically, or functionally in the case of natalizumab, also depleted CD19+, CD27+ memory B cells. This depletion was substantial and long-term following CD52 and CD20-depletion, and both also induced long-term inhibition of MS with few treatment cycles, indicating induction-therapy activity. Importantly, memory B cells were augmented by B cell activating factor (atacicept) and tumor necrosis factor (infliximab) blockade that are known to worsen MS. This creates a unifying concept centered on memory B cells that is consistent with therapeutic, histopathological and etiological aspects of MS.
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15
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Tangye SG, Palendira U, Edwards ESJ. Human immunity against EBV-lessons from the clinic. J Exp Med 2017; 214:269-283. [PMID: 28108590 PMCID: PMC5294862 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20161846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian immune system has evolved over many millennia to be best equipped to protect the host from pathogen infection. In many cases, host and pathogen have coevolved, each acquiring sophisticated ways of inducing or protecting from disease. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a human herpes virus that infects >90% of individuals. Despite its ubiquity, infection by EBV is often subclinical; this invariably reflects the necessity of the virus to preserve its host, balanced with sophisticated host immune mechanisms that maintain viral latency. However, EBV infection can result in various, and often fatal, clinical sequelae, including fulminant infectious mononucleosis, hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, lymphoproliferative disease, organomegaly, and/or malignancy. Such clinical outcomes are typically observed in immunosuppressed individuals, with the most extreme cases being Mendelian primary immunodeficiencies (PIDs). Although these conditions are rare, they have provided critical insight into the cellular, biochemical, and molecular requirements for robust and long-lasting immunity against EBV infection. Here, we review the virology of EBV, mechanisms underlying disease pathogenesis in PIDs, and developments in immune cell–mediated therapy to treat disorders associated with or induced by EBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart G Tangye
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst 2010, NSW, Australia .,St. Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Emily S J Edwards
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst 2010, NSW, Australia.,St. Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, NSW, Australia
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16
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High Epstein-Barr Virus Load and Genomic Diversity Are Associated with Generation of gp350-Specific Neutralizing Antibodies following Acute Infectious Mononucleosis. J Virol 2016; 91:JVI.01562-16. [PMID: 27733645 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01562-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) gp350 glycoprotein interacts with the cellular receptor to mediate viral entry and is thought to be the major target for neutralizing antibodies. To better understand the role of EBV-specific antibodies in the control of viral replication and the evolution of sequence diversity, we measured EBV gp350-specific antibody responses and sequenced the gp350 gene in samples obtained from individuals experiencing primary EBV infection (acute infectious mononucleosis [AIM]) and again 6 months later (during convalescence [CONV]). EBV gp350-specific IgG was detected in the sera of 17 (71%) of 24 individuals at the time of AIM and all 24 (100%) individuals during CONV; binding antibody titers increased from AIM through CONV, reaching levels equivalent to those in age-matched, chronically infected individuals. Antibody-dependent cell-mediated phagocytosis (ADCP) was rarely detected during AIM (4 of 24 individuals; 17%) but was commonly detected during CONV (19 of 24 individuals; 79%). The majority (83%) of samples taken during AIM neutralized infection of primary B cells; all samples obtained at 6 months postdiagnosis neutralized EBV infection of cultured and primary target cells. Deep sequencing revealed interpatient gp350 sequence variation but conservation of the CR2-binding site. The levels of gp350-specific neutralizing activity directly correlated with higher peripheral blood EBV DNA levels during AIM and a greater evolution of diversity in gp350 nucleotide sequences from AIM to CONV. In summary, we conclude that the viral load and EBV gp350 diversity during early infection are associated with the development of neutralizing antibody responses following AIM. IMPORTANCE Antibodies against viral surface proteins can blunt the spread of viral infection by coating viral particles, mediating uptake by immune cells, or blocking interaction with host cell receptors, making them a desirable component of a sterilizing vaccine. The EBV surface protein gp350 is a major target for antibodies. We report the detection of EBV gp350-specific antibodies capable of neutralizing EBV infection in vitro The majority of gp350-directed vaccines focus on glycoproteins from lab-adapted strains, which may poorly reflect primary viral envelope diversity. We report some of the first primary gp350 sequences, noting that the gp350 host receptor binding site is remarkably stable across patients and time. However, changes in overall gene diversity were detectable during infection. Patients with higher peripheral blood viral loads in primary infection and greater changes in viral diversity generated more efficient antibodies. Our findings provide insight into the generation of functional antibodies, necessary for vaccine development.
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17
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Kinetics of Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) Neutralizing and Virus-Specific Antibodies after Primary Infection with EBV. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2016; 23:363-9. [PMID: 26888186 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00674-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Prospective studies of antibodies to multiple Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) proteins and EBV neutralizing antibodies in the same individuals before, during, and after primary EBV infection have not been reported. We studied antibody responses to EBV in college students who acquired primary EBV infection during prospective surveillance and correlated the kinetics of antibody response with the severity of disease. Neutralizing antibodies and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) antibodies to gp350, the major target of neutralizing antibody, reached peak levels at medians of 179 and 333 days after the onset of symptoms of infectious mononucleosis, respectively. No clear correlation was found between the severity of the symptoms of infectious mononucleosis and the peak levels of antibody to individual viral proteins or to neutralizing antibody. In summary, we found that titers of neutralizing antibody and antibodies to multiple EBV proteins increase over many months after primary infection with EBV.
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18
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Hislop AD. Early virological and immunological events in Epstein–Barr virus infection. Curr Opin Virol 2015; 15:75-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2015.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Revised: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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19
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Abstract
Over the last century, the development of effective vaccine approaches to treat a number of viral infections has provided the impetus for the continual development of vaccine platforms for other viral infections, including Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). The clinical manifestations associated with EBV infection occur either following primary infection, such as infectious mononucleosis, or following an extended period of latency, primarily the EBV-associated malignancies and potentially including a number of autoimmune disorders, such as multiple sclerosis. As a consequence, two independent vaccine approaches are under development to prevent or control EBV-associated diseases. The first approach, which has been widely successful against other viral infections, is aimed at inducing a viral neutralisation antibody response to prevent primary infection. The second approach focuses upon the induction of cell-mediated immunity to control latent infected cells in persistently infected individuals. Early clinical studies have offered some insight into the potential efficacy of both of these approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corey Smith
- QIMR Centre for Immunotherapy and Vaccine Development and Department of Immunology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, 4029, Australia
| | - Rajiv Khanna
- QIMR Centre for Immunotherapy and Vaccine Development and Department of Immunology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, 4029, Australia. .,Tumour Immunology Laboratory, Department of Immunology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Rd, Brisbane, 4006, Australia.
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