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Raymonda MH, Rodríguez-Sánchez I, Schafer XL, Smorodintsev-Schiller L, Harris IS, Munger J. Cytomegalovirus-induced inactivation of TSC2 disrupts the coupling of fatty acid biosynthesis to glucose availability resulting in a vulnerability to glucose starvation. mBio 2024; 15:e0303123. [PMID: 38117060 PMCID: PMC10790783 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03031-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Viruses modulate host cell metabolism to support the mass production of viral progeny. For human cytomegalovirus, we find that the viral UL38 protein is critical for driving these pro-viral metabolic changes. However, our results indicate that these changes come at a cost, as UL38 induces an anabolic rigidity that leads to a metabolic vulnerability. We find that UL38 decouples the link between glucose availability and fatty acid biosynthetic activity. Normal cells respond to glucose limitation by down-regulating fatty acid biosynthesis. Expression of UL38 results in the inability to modulate fatty acid biosynthesis in response to glucose limitation, which results in cell death. We find this vulnerability in the context of viral infection, but this linkage between fatty acid biosynthesis, glucose availability, and cell death could have broader implications in other contexts or pathologies that rely on glycolytic remodeling, for example, oncogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew H. Raymonda
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
- Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Irene Rodríguez-Sánchez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Xenia L. Schafer
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
- Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Leonid Smorodintsev-Schiller
- Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Isaac S. Harris
- Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Joshua Munger
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
- Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
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2
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Chakravarty S, Subramanian G, Popli S, Veleeparambil M, Fan S, Chakravarti R, Chattopadhyay S. Interferon-stimulated gene TDRD7 interacts with AMPK and inhibits its activation to suppress viral replication and pathogenesis. mBio 2023; 14:e0061123. [PMID: 37712680 PMCID: PMC10653931 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00611-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Virus infection triggers induction of interferon (IFN)-stimulated genes (ISGs), which ironically inhibit viruses themselves. We identified Tudor domain-containing 7 (TDRD7) as a novel antiviral ISG, which inhibits viral replication by interfering with autophagy pathway. Here, we present a molecular basis for autophagy inhibitory function of TDRD7. TDRD7 interacted with adenosine monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK), the kinase that initiates autophagy, to inhibit its activation. We identified domains required for the interaction; deleting AMPK-interacting domain blocked antiAMPK and antiviral activities of TDRD7. We used primary cells and mice to evaluate the TDRD7-AMPK antiviral pathway. TDRD7-deficient primary mouse cells exhibited enhanced AMPK activation and viral replication. Finally, TDRD7 knockout mice showed increased susceptibility to respiratory virus infection. Therefore, our study revealed a new antiviral pathway of IFN and its contribution to host response. Our results have therapeutic potential; a TDRD7-derived peptide may be an effective AMPK inhibitor with application as antiviral agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukanya Chakravarty
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Gayatri Subramanian
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Sonam Popli
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Manoj Veleeparambil
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Shumin Fan
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Ritu Chakravarti
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Saurabh Chattopadhyay
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio, USA
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3
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Dunn DM, Pack LJ, Munger JC. Raf1 promotes successful Human Cytomegalovirus replication and is regulated by AMPK-mediated phosphorylation during infection. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.07.26.550702. [PMID: 37546879 PMCID: PMC10402018 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.26.550702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Raf1 is a key player in growth factor receptor signaling, which has been linked to multiple viral infections, including Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection. Although HCMV remains latent in most individuals, it can cause acute infection in immunocompromised populations such as transplant recipients, neonates, and cancer patients. Current treatments are suboptimal, highlighting the need for novel treatments. Multiple points in the growth factor signaling pathway are important for HCMV infection, but the relationship between HCMV and Raf1, a component of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade, is not well understood. The AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a known regulator of Raf1, and AMPK activity is both induced by infection and important for HCMV replication. Our data indicate that HCMV infection induces AMPK-specific changes in Raf1 phosphorylation, including increasing phosphorylation at Raf1-Ser621, a known AMPK phospho-site, which results in increased binding to the 14-3-3 scaffolding protein, an important aspect of Raf1 activation. Inhibition of Raf1, either pharmacologically or via shRNA or CRISPR-mediated targeting, inhibits viral replication and spread in both fibroblasts and epithelial cells. Collectively, our data indicate that HCMV infection and AMPK activation modulate Raf1 activity, which are important for viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana M. Dunn
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Ludia J. Pack
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Joshua C. Munger
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
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4
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Zhang P, Pan S, Yuan S, Shang Y, Shu H. Abnormal glucose metabolism in virus associated sepsis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1120769. [PMID: 37124033 PMCID: PMC10130199 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1120769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is identified as a potentially lethal organ impairment triggered by an inadequate host reaction to infection (Sepsis-3). Viral sepsis is a potentially deadly organ impairment state caused by the host's inappropriate reaction to a viral infection. However, when a viral infection occurs, the metabolism of the infected cell undergoes a variety of changes that cause the host to respond to the infection. But, until now, little has been known about the challenges faced by cellular metabolic alterations that occur during viral infection and how these changes modulate infection. This study concentrates on the alterations in glucose metabolism during viral sepsis and their impact on viral infection, with a view to exploring new potential therapeutic targets for viral sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - You Shang
- *Correspondence: Huaqing Shu, ; You Shang,
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5
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Human cytomegalovirus induces neuronal enolase to support virally mediated metabolic remodeling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2205789119. [PMID: 36459650 PMCID: PMC9894225 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2205789119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses depend on cellular metabolic resources to supply the energy and biomolecular building blocks necessary for their replication. Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), a leading cause of birth defects and morbidity in immunosuppressed individuals, induces numerous metabolic activities that are important for productive infection. However, many of the mechanisms through which these metabolic activities are induced and how they contribute to infection are unclear. We find that HCMV infection of fibroblasts induces a neuronal gene signature as well as the expression of several metabolic enzyme isoforms that are typically expressed in other tissue types. Of these, the most substantially induced glycolytic gene was the neuron-specific isoform of enolase 2 (ENO2). Induction of ENO2 expression is important for HCMV-mediated glycolytic activation as well as for the virally induced remodeling of pyrimidine-sugar metabolism, which provides the glycosyl subunits necessary for protein glycosylation. Inhibition of ENO2 expression or activity reduced uridine diphosphate (UDP)-sugar pools, attenuated the accumulation of viral glycoproteins, and induced the accumulation of noninfectious viral particles. In addition, our data indicate that the induction of ENO2 expression depends on the HCMV UL38 protein. Collectively, our data indicate that HCMV infection induces a tissue atypical neuronal glycolytic enzyme to activate glycolysis and UDP-sugar metabolism, increase the accumulation of glycosyl building blocks, and enable the expression of an essential viral glycoprotein and the production of infectious virions.
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6
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Ren Z, Yu Y, Chen C, Yang D, Ding T, Zhu L, Deng J, Xu Z. The Triangle Relationship Between Long Noncoding RNA, RIG-I-like Receptor Signaling Pathway, and Glycolysis. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:807737. [PMID: 34917069 PMCID: PMC8670088 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.807737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Long noncoding RNA (LncRNA), a noncoding RNA over 200nt in length, can regulate glycolysis through metabolic pathways, glucose metabolizing enzymes, and epigenetic reprogramming. Upon viral infection, increased aerobic glycolysis providzes material and energy for viral replication. Mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS) is the only protein-specified downstream of retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) that bridges the gap between antiviral immunity and glycolysis. MAVS binding to RIG-I inhibits MAVS binding to Hexokinase (HK2), thereby impairing glycolysis, while excess lactate production inhibits MAVS and the downstream antiviral immune response, facilitating viral replication. LncRNAs can also regulate antiviral innate immunity by interacting with RIG-I and downstream signaling pathways and by regulating the expression of interferons and interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs). Altogether, we summarize the relationship between glycolysis, antiviral immunity, and lncRNAs and propose that lncRNAs interact with glycolysis and antiviral pathways, providing a new perspective for the future treatment against virus infection, including SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihua Ren
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yueru Yu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chaoxi Chen
- College of Life Since and Technology, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Dingyong Yang
- College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Chengdu Agricultural College, Chengdu, China
| | - Ting Ding
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ling Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Junliang Deng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhiwen Xu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
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7
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Shaw AE, Rihn SJ, Mollentze N, Wickenhagen A, Stewart DG, Orton RJ, Kuchi S, Bakshi S, Collados MR, Turnbull ML, Busby J, Gu Q, Smollett K, Bamford CGG, Sugrue E, Johnson PCD, Da Silva AF, Castello A, Streicker DG, Robertson DL, Palmarini M, Wilson SJ. The antiviral state has shaped the CpG composition of the vertebrate interferome to avoid self-targeting. PLoS Biol 2021; 19:e3001352. [PMID: 34491982 PMCID: PMC8423302 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Antiviral defenses can sense viral RNAs and mediate their destruction. This presents a challenge for host cells since they must destroy viral RNAs while sparing the host mRNAs that encode antiviral effectors. Here, we show that highly upregulated interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs), which encode antiviral proteins, have distinctive nucleotide compositions. We propose that self-targeting by antiviral effectors has selected for ISG transcripts that occupy a less self-targeted sequence space. Following interferon (IFN) stimulation, the CpG-targeting antiviral effector zinc-finger antiviral protein (ZAP) reduces the mRNA abundance of multiple host transcripts, providing a mechanistic explanation for the repression of many (but not all) interferon-repressed genes (IRGs). Notably, IRGs tend to be relatively CpG rich. In contrast, highly upregulated ISGs tend to be strongly CpG suppressed. Thus, ZAP is an example of an effector that has not only selected compositional biases in viral genomes but also appears to have notably shaped the composition of host transcripts in the vertebrate interferome. Our cells are poised to combat viral infection through antiviral effectors. This study proposes that as well as targeting viral RNAs, antiviral effectors sometimes target host mRNAs too; over millions of years, this has selected for compositional biases in the host’s transcriptional response to virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew E. Shaw
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research (CVR), Glasgow, United Kingdom
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
| | - Suzannah J. Rihn
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research (CVR), Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Nardus Mollentze
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research (CVR), Glasgow, United Kingdom
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Arthur Wickenhagen
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research (CVR), Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Douglas G. Stewart
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research (CVR), Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Richard J. Orton
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research (CVR), Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Srikeerthana Kuchi
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research (CVR), Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Siddharth Bakshi
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research (CVR), Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | | | - Matthew L. Turnbull
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research (CVR), Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph Busby
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research (CVR), Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Quan Gu
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research (CVR), Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Katherine Smollett
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research (CVR), Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Connor G. G. Bamford
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research (CVR), Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Elena Sugrue
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research (CVR), Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Paul C. D. Johnson
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research (CVR), Glasgow, United Kingdom
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Ana Filipe Da Silva
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research (CVR), Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Alfredo Castello
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research (CVR), Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel G. Streicker
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research (CVR), Glasgow, United Kingdom
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - David L. Robertson
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research (CVR), Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Massimo Palmarini
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research (CVR), Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Sam J. Wilson
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research (CVR), Glasgow, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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8
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Bhutta MS, Gallo ES, Borenstein R. Multifaceted Role of AMPK in Viral Infections. Cells 2021; 10:1118. [PMID: 34066434 PMCID: PMC8148118 DOI: 10.3390/cells10051118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral pathogens often exploit host cell regulatory and signaling pathways to ensure an optimal environment for growth and survival. Several studies have suggested that 5'-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), an intracellular serine/threonine kinase, plays a significant role in the modulation of infection. Traditionally, AMPK is a key energy regulator of cell growth and proliferation, host autophagy, stress responses, metabolic reprogramming, mitochondrial homeostasis, fatty acid β-oxidation and host immune function. In this review, we highlight the modulation of host AMPK by various viruses under physiological conditions. These intracellular pathogens trigger metabolic changes altering AMPK signaling activity that then facilitates or inhibits viral replication. Considering the COVID-19 pandemic, understanding the regulation of AMPK signaling following infection can shed light on the development of more effective therapeutic strategies against viral infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maimoona Shahid Bhutta
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23507, USA;
| | - Elisa S. Gallo
- Board-Certified Dermatologist and Independent Researcher, Norfolk, VA 23507, USA;
| | - Ronen Borenstein
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23507, USA;
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9
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Nunes EDC, de Filippis AMB, Pereira TDES, Faria NRDC, Salgado Á, Santos CS, Carvalho TCPX, Calcagno JI, Chalhoub FLL, Brown D, Giovanetti M, Alcantara LCJ, Barreto FK, de Siqueira IC, Canuto GAB. Untargeted Metabolomics Insights into Newborns with Congenital Zika Infection. Pathogens 2021; 10:468. [PMID: 33924291 PMCID: PMC8070065 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10040468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV), an emerging virus belonging to the Flaviviridae family, causes severe neurological clinical complications and has been associated with Guillain-Barré syndrome, fetal abnormalities known collectively as congenital Zika syndrome, and microcephaly. Studies have shown that ZIKV infection can alter cellular metabolism, directly affecting neural development. Brain growth requires controlled cellular metabolism, which is essential for cell proliferation and maturation. However, little is known regarding the metabolic profile of ZIKV-infected newborns and possible associations related to microcephaly. Furthering the understanding surrounding underlying mechanisms is essential to developing personalized treatments for affected individuals. Thus, metabolomics, the study of the metabolites produced by or modified in an organism, constitutes a valuable approach in the study of complex diseases. Here, 26 serum samples from ZIKV-positive newborns with or without microcephaly, as well as controls, were analyzed using an untargeted metabolomics approach involving gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Significant alterations in essential and non-essential amino acids, as well as carbohydrates (including aldohexoses, such as glucose or mannose) and their derivatives (urea and pyruvic acid), were observed in the metabolic profiles analyzed. Our results provide insight into relevant metabolic processes in patients with ZIKV and microcephaly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estéfane da C. Nunes
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Rua Barao de Jeremoabo, 147, Salvador, BA 40170-115, Brazil; (E.d.C.N.); (T.d.E.S.P.)
| | - Ana M. B. de Filippis
- Laboratório de Flavivírus, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21040-900, Brazil; (A.M.B.d.F.); (F.L.L.C.); (D.B.); (M.G.); (L.C.J.A.)
| | - Taiane do E. S. Pereira
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Rua Barao de Jeremoabo, 147, Salvador, BA 40170-115, Brazil; (E.d.C.N.); (T.d.E.S.P.)
| | - Nieli R. da C. Faria
- Laboratório de Flavivírus, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21040-900, Brazil; (A.M.B.d.F.); (F.L.L.C.); (D.B.); (M.G.); (L.C.J.A.)
| | - Álvaro Salgado
- Laboratório de Genética Celular e Molecular, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil;
| | - Cleiton S. Santos
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fiocruz, Rua Waldemar Falcão, 121, Salvador, BA 40295-010, Brazil;
| | - Teresa C. P. X. Carvalho
- Maternidade de Referência Professor José Maria de Magalhães Neto, SESAB, Rua Marquês de Maricá, Salvador, BA 40310-000, Brazil; (T.C.P.X.C.); (J.I.C.)
| | - Juan I. Calcagno
- Maternidade de Referência Professor José Maria de Magalhães Neto, SESAB, Rua Marquês de Maricá, Salvador, BA 40310-000, Brazil; (T.C.P.X.C.); (J.I.C.)
| | - Flávia L. L. Chalhoub
- Laboratório de Flavivírus, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21040-900, Brazil; (A.M.B.d.F.); (F.L.L.C.); (D.B.); (M.G.); (L.C.J.A.)
| | - David Brown
- Laboratório de Flavivírus, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21040-900, Brazil; (A.M.B.d.F.); (F.L.L.C.); (D.B.); (M.G.); (L.C.J.A.)
| | - Marta Giovanetti
- Laboratório de Flavivírus, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21040-900, Brazil; (A.M.B.d.F.); (F.L.L.C.); (D.B.); (M.G.); (L.C.J.A.)
- Laboratório de Genética Celular e Molecular, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil;
| | - Luiz C. J. Alcantara
- Laboratório de Flavivírus, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21040-900, Brazil; (A.M.B.d.F.); (F.L.L.C.); (D.B.); (M.G.); (L.C.J.A.)
- Laboratório de Genética Celular e Molecular, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil;
| | - Fernanda K. Barreto
- Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Rua Hormindo Barros, 58, Vitória da Conquista, BA 45029-094, Brazil
| | - Isadora C. de Siqueira
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fiocruz, Rua Waldemar Falcão, 121, Salvador, BA 40295-010, Brazil;
| | - Gisele A. B. Canuto
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Rua Barao de Jeremoabo, 147, Salvador, BA 40170-115, Brazil; (E.d.C.N.); (T.d.E.S.P.)
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