1
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Kvistad D, Pallikkuth S, Sirupangi T, Pahwa R, Kizhner A, Petrovas C, Villinger F, Pahwa S. IL-21 enhances influenza vaccine responses in aged macaques with suppressed SIV infection. JCI Insight 2021; 6:e150888. [PMID: 34491910 PMCID: PMC8564910 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.150888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural aging and HIV infection are associated with chronic low-grade systemic inflammation, immune senescence, and impaired antibody responses to vaccines such as the influenza (flu) vaccine. We investigated the role of IL-21, a CD4+ T follicular helper cell (Tfh) regulator, on flu vaccine antibody response in nonhuman primates (NHPs) in the context of age and controlled SIV mac239 infection. Three doses of the flu vaccine with or without IL-21–IgFc were administered at 3-month intervals in aged SIV+ NHPs following virus suppression with antiretroviral therapy. IL-21–treated animals demonstrated higher day 14–postboost antibody responses, which associated with expanded CD4+ T central memory cells and peripheral Tfh–expressing (pTfh–expressing) T cell immunoreceptor with Ig and ITIM domains (TIGIT), expanded activated memory B cells, and contracted CD11b+ monocytes. Draining lymph node (LN) tissue from IL-21–treated animals revealed direct association between LN follicle Tfh density and frequency of circulating TIGIT+ pTfh cells. We conclude that IL-21 enhances flu vaccine–induced antibody responses in SIV+ aged rhesus macaques (RMs), acting as an adjuvant modulating LN germinal center activity. A strategy to supplement IL-21 in aging could be a valuable addition in the toolbox for improving vaccine responses in an aging HIV+ population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Kvistad
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Suresh Pallikkuth
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Tirupataiah Sirupangi
- Department of Biology, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, Louisiana, USA
| | - Rajendra Pahwa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Alexander Kizhner
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Constantinos Petrovas
- Tissue Analysis Core, Immunology Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Institute of Pathology, Lausanne University Hospital and Lausanne University, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Francois Villinger
- Department of Biology, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, Louisiana, USA
| | - Savita Pahwa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
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2
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Armani-Tourret M, Zhou Z, Gasser R, Staropoli I, Cantaloube-Ferrieu V, Benureau Y, Garcia-Perez J, Pérez-Olmeda M, Lorin V, Puissant-Lubrano B, Assoumou L, Delaugerre C, Lelièvre JD, Lévy Y, Mouquet H, Martin-Blondel G, Alcami J, Arenzana-Seisdedos F, Izopet J, Colin P, Lagane B. Mechanisms of HIV-1 evasion to the antiviral activity of chemokine CXCL12 indicate potential links with pathogenesis. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009526. [PMID: 33872329 PMCID: PMC8084328 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 infects CD4 T lymphocytes (CD4TL) through binding the chemokine receptors CCR5 or CXCR4. CXCR4-using viruses are considered more pathogenic, linked to accelerated depletion of CD4TL and progression to AIDS. However, counterexamples to this paradigm are common, suggesting heterogeneity in the virulence of CXCR4-using viruses. Here, we investigated the role of the CXCR4 chemokine CXCL12 as a driving force behind virus virulence. In vitro, CXCL12 prevents HIV-1 from binding CXCR4 and entering CD4TL, but its role in HIV-1 transmission and propagation remains speculative. Through analysis of thirty envelope glycoproteins (Envs) from patients at different stages of infection, mostly treatment-naïve, we first interrogated whether sensitivity of viruses to inhibition by CXCL12 varies over time in infection. Results show that Envs resistant (RES) to CXCL12 are frequent in patients experiencing low CD4TL levels, most often late in infection, only rarely at the time of primary infection. Sensitivity assays to soluble CD4 or broadly neutralizing antibodies further showed that RES Envs adopt a more closed conformation with distinct antigenicity, compared to CXCL12-sensitive (SENS) Envs. At the level of the host cell, our results suggest that resistance is not due to improved fusion or binding to CD4, but owes to viruses using particular CXCR4 molecules weakly accessible to CXCL12. We finally asked whether the low CD4TL levels in patients are related to increased pathogenicity of RES viruses. Resistance actually provides viruses with an enhanced capacity to enter naive CD4TL when surrounded by CXCL12, which mirrors their situation in lymphoid organs, and to deplete bystander activated effector memory cells. Therefore, RES viruses seem more likely to deregulate CD4TL homeostasis. This work improves our understanding of the pathophysiology and the transmission of HIV-1 and suggests that RES viruses' receptors could represent new therapeutic targets to help prevent CD4TL depletion in HIV+ patients on cART.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhicheng Zhou
- Viral Pathogenesis Unit, Department of Virology, INSERM U1108, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Romain Gasser
- Infinity, Université Toulouse, CNRS, INSERM, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Isabelle Staropoli
- Viral Pathogenesis Unit, Department of Virology, INSERM U1108, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | | | - Yann Benureau
- Viral Pathogenesis Unit, Department of Virology, INSERM U1108, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | | | - Mayte Pérez-Olmeda
- AIDS Immunopathogenesis Unit, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Valérie Lorin
- Laboratory of Humoral Immunology, Department of Immunology, INSERM U1222, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | | | - Lambert Assoumou
- INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Institut Pierre Louis d’Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique (IPLESP), Paris, France
| | | | | | - Yves Lévy
- Vaccine Research Institute, INSERM and APHP, Hôpital H. Mondor, Créteil, France
| | - Hugo Mouquet
- Laboratory of Humoral Immunology, Department of Immunology, INSERM U1222, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Guillaume Martin-Blondel
- Infinity, Université Toulouse, CNRS, INSERM, UPS, Toulouse, France
- CHU de Toulouse, Service des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Toulouse, France
| | - Jose Alcami
- AIDS Immunopathogenesis Unit, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Jacques Izopet
- Infinity, Université Toulouse, CNRS, INSERM, UPS, Toulouse, France
- CHU de Toulouse, Laboratoire de virologie, Toulouse, France
| | - Philippe Colin
- Infinity, Université Toulouse, CNRS, INSERM, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Bernard Lagane
- Infinity, Université Toulouse, CNRS, INSERM, UPS, Toulouse, France
- * E-mail:
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3
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Goonetilleke N, Clutton G, Swanstrom R, Joseph SB. Blocking Formation of the Stable HIV Reservoir: A New Perspective for HIV-1 Cure. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1966. [PMID: 31507594 PMCID: PMC6714000 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies demonstrate that the stable HIV-1 reservoir in resting CD4+ T cells is mostly formed from viruses circulating when combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) is initiated. Here we explore the immunological basis for these observations. Untreated HIV-1 infection is characterized by a progressive depletion of memory CD4+ T cells which mostly express CD127, the α chain of the IL-7 receptor (IL-7R). Depletion results from both direct infection and bystander loss of memory CD4+ T cells in part attributed to dysregulated IL-7/IL-7R signaling. While IL-7/IL7R signaling is not essential for the generation of effector CD4+ T cells from naïve cells, it is essential for the further transition of effectors to memory CD4+ T cells and their subsequent homeostatic maintenance. HIV-1 infection therefore limits the transition of CD4+ T cells from an effector to long-lived memory state. With the onset of ART, virus load (VL) levels rapidly decrease and the frequency of CD127+ CD4+ memory T cells increases, indicating restoration of effector to memory transition in CD4+ T cells. Collectively these data suggest that following ART initiation, HIV-1 infected effector CD4+ T cells transition to long-lived, CD127+ CD4+ T cells forming the majority of the stable HIV-1 reservoir. We propose that combining ART initiation with inhibition of IL-7/IL-7R signaling to block CD4+ T cell memory formation will limit the generation of long-lived HIV-infected CD4+ T cells and reduce the overall size of the stable HIV-1 reservoir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilu Goonetilleke
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- UNC HIV-1 Cure Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Genevieve Clutton
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- UNC HIV-1 Cure Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Ron Swanstrom
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- Lineberger Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Sarah B. Joseph
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- Lineberger Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
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4
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Xu H, Andersson AM, Ragonnaud E, Boilesen D, Tolver A, Jensen BAH, Blanchard JL, Nicosia A, Folgori A, Colloca S, Cortese R, Thomsen AR, Christensen JP, Veazey RS, Holst PJ. Mucosal Vaccination with Heterologous Viral Vectored Vaccine Targeting Subdominant SIV Accessory Antigens Strongly Inhibits Early Viral Replication. EBioMedicine 2017; 18:204-215. [PMID: 28302457 PMCID: PMC5405164 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2017.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Conventional HIV T cell vaccine strategies have not been successful in containing acute peak viremia, nor in providing long-term control. We immunized rhesus macaques intramuscularly and rectally using a heterologous adenovirus vectored SIV vaccine regimen encoding normally weakly immunogenic tat, vif, rev and vpr antigens fused to the MHC class II associated invariant chain. Immunizations induced broad T cell responses in all vaccinees. Following up to 10 repeated low-dose intrarectal challenges, vaccinees suppressed early viral replication (P = 0.01) and prevented the peak viremia in 5/6 animals. Despite consistently undetectable viremia in 2 out of 6 vaccinees, all animals showed evidence of infection induced immune responses indicating that infection had taken place. Vaccinees, with and without detectable viremia better preserved their rectal CD4 + T cell population and had reduced immune hyperactivation as measured by naïve T cell depletion, Ki-67 and PD-1 expression on T cells. These results indicate that vaccination towards SIV accessory antigens vaccine can provide a level of acute control of SIV replication with a suggestion of beneficial immunological consequences in infected animals of unknown long-term significance. In conclusion, our studies demonstrate that a vaccine encoding subdominant antigens not normally associated with virus control can exert a significant impact on acute peak viremia. Mucosal heterologousvirus-vectored vaccine used with MHC class II associated invariant chain linked SIV accessory antigens Mucosal vaccination targeting subdominant antigens delay SIV mac251 replication in rhesus macaques. Longterm reduction of immune hyperactivation following SIV infection of vaccinated macaques.
Mucosal immunization is used with heterologous viral vectors and a genetic adjuvant to raise responses against poorly immunogenic SIV antigens. Following repeated low-dose challenge we observed delayed establishment of chronic phase viremia and reduced immune hyperactivation 6 months after established infection. Vaccination was found to strongly reduce viremia at early, but not late time points, after detected infection and in 2 out of 6 animals infection could only observed as virus induced T cell responses. Subdominant antigen vaccines may thus be used to delay SIV mac251 infection and can enable control of chronic viremia in a minority of cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanbin Xu
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, Covington, LA 70433, USA
| | - Anne-Marie Andersson
- Center for Medical Parasitology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, 1014, Denmark
| | - Emeline Ragonnaud
- Center for Medical Parasitology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, 1014, Denmark
| | - Ditte Boilesen
- Center for Medical Parasitology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, 1014, Denmark
| | - Anders Tolver
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark
| | | | - James L Blanchard
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, Covington, LA 70433, USA
| | - Alfredo Nicosia
- ReiThera, viale Città d'Europa 679, 00144 Rome, Italy; CEINGE, via Gaetano Salvatore 486, 80145 Naples, Italy; Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ronald S Veazey
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, Covington, LA 70433, USA
| | - Peter Johannes Holst
- Center for Medical Parasitology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, 1014, Denmark.
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5
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Sena AAS, Glavan T, Jiang G, Sankaran-Walters S, Grishina I, Dandekar S, Goulart LR. Divergent Annexin A1 expression in periphery and gut is associated with systemic immune activation and impaired gut immune response during SIV infection. Sci Rep 2016; 6:31157. [PMID: 27484833 PMCID: PMC4971494 DOI: 10.1038/srep31157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 disease progression is paradoxically characterized by systemic chronic immune activation and gut mucosal immune dysfunction, which is not fully defined. Annexin A1 (ANXA1), an inflammation modulator, is a potential link between systemic inflammation and gut immune dysfunction during the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection. Gene expression of ANXA1 and cytokines were assessed in therapy-naïve rhesus macaques during early and chronic stages of SIV infection and compared with SIV-negative controls. ANXA1 expression was suppressed in the gut but systemically increased during early infection. Conversely, ANXA1 expression increased in both compartments during chronic infection. ANXA1 expression in peripheral blood was positively correlated with HLA-DR+CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell frequencies, and negatively associated with the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and CCR5. In contrast, the gut mucosa presented an anergic cytokine profile in relation to ANXA1 expression. In vitro stimulations with ANXA1 peptide resulted in decreased inflammatory response in PBMC but increased activation of gut lymphocytes. Our findings suggest that ANXA1 signaling is dysfunctional in SIV infection, and may contribute to chronic inflammation in periphery and with immune dysfunction in the gut mucosa. Thus, ANXA1 signaling may be a novel therapeutic target for the resolution of immune dysfunction in HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela A S Sena
- Institute of Genetics and Biochemistry, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia, MG, Brazil.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Tiffany Glavan
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Guochun Jiang
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Sumathi Sankaran-Walters
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Irina Grishina
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Satya Dandekar
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Luiz R Goulart
- Institute of Genetics and Biochemistry, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia, MG, Brazil.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
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6
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Shingai M, Welbourn S, Brenchley JM, Acharya P, Miyagi E, Plishka RJ, Buckler-White A, Kwong PD, Nishimura Y, Strebel K, Martin MA. The Expression of Functional Vpx during Pathogenic SIVmac Infections of Rhesus Macaques Suppresses SAMHD1 in CD4+ Memory T Cells. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1004928. [PMID: 25996507 PMCID: PMC4440783 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
For nearly 20 years, the principal biological function of the HIV-2/SIV Vpx gene has been thought to be required for optimal virus replication in myeloid cells. Mechanistically, this Vpx activity was recently reported to involve the degradation of Sterile Alpha Motif and HD domain-containing protein 1 (SAMHD1) in this cell lineage. Here we show that when macaques were inoculated with either the T cell tropic SIVmac239 or the macrophage tropic SIVmac316 carrying a Vpx point mutation that abrogates the recruitment of DCAF1 and the ensuing degradation of endogenous SAMHD1 in cultured CD4+ T cells, virus acquisition, progeny virion production in memory CD4+ T cells during acute infection, and the maintenance of set-point viremia were greatly attenuated. Revertant viruses emerging in two animals exhibited an augmented replication phenotype in memory CD4+ T lymphocytes both in vitro and in vivo, which was associated with reduced levels of endogenous SAMHD1. These results indicate that a critical role of Vpx in vivo is to promote the degradation of SAMHD1 in memory CD4+ T lymphocytes, thereby generating high levels of plasma viremia and the induction of immunodeficiency. Primate lentiviruses, such as HIV and its SIV simian relative, encode accessory proteins that suppress cellular restriction factors interfering with efficient replication. One of these, designated Vpx, is produced in infected cells by HIV-2 and some SIV strains, which cause endemic infections in African monkeys. The primary function of Vpx has long been thought to facilitate infectivity in dendritic cells and macrophage by degrading the Sterile Alpha Motif and HD domain-containing protein 1 (SAMHD1), which restricts virus replication in these cells. Using SIVmac carrying a mutated Vpx gene with a single amino acid change that prevents it from binding to DCAF1 and subsequently mediating the degradation of SAMHD1, we show that virus infection of CD4+ T lymphocytes is markedly compromised both in vitro and in vivo. The SIV Vpx mutant is severely attenuated in establishing new infections in inoculated rhesus monkeys, in producing high levels of virus progeny, in degrading SAMHD1 in memory CD4+ T cell in infected animals, and in inducing symptomatic disease. Thus, although once considered to be only critical for optimal replication in macrophage based on earlier studies performed with cultured cells, the SIV Vpx protein is functionally important in vivo for establishing the primary infection in rhesus macaques, sustaining high levels of virus replication in CD4+ T lymphocytes, and promoting the onset of symptomatic immunodeficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Shingai
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sarah Welbourn
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jason M. Brenchley
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Priyamvada Acharya
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Eri Miyagi
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ronald J. Plishka
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Alicia Buckler-White
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Peter D. Kwong
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Yoshiaki Nishimura
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Klaus Strebel
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Malcolm A. Martin
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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7
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Wang W, Cong Z, Jiang H, Chen T, Jin G, Xiong J, Qin C, Wei Q. Comparison of viral burden and disease progression in Chinese-origin rhesus macaques infected with common experimentally applied chimeric virus: SHIV-1157ipd3N4, SHIV-162P3, or SHIV-KB9. J Med Primatol 2014; 43:247-57. [PMID: 24783944 DOI: 10.1111/jmp.12117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about the comparative susceptibility and differential pathogenic characteristics of Chinese-origin rhesus macaques upon infection with the chimeric SHIVs most commonly applied in experimental research. METHODS In vivo infectivity, viral replication, and disease progression related to SHIV-1157ipd3N4, SHIV-162P3, and SHIV-KB9 infections were assessed after intravenous inoculation of Chinese-origin rhesus macaques (n = 10 each). RESULTS SHIV-KB9-infected monkeys had higher plasma viral loads than those infected with SHIV-1157ipd3N4 or SHIV-162P3 (P < 0.05). The SHIV-KB9 group had a member that progressed rapidly to simian acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and was moribund at 155 days post-inoculation. SHIV-KB9 and SHIV-162P3 showed reverse trends in the effects on levels of memory T-cell subpopulations. CONCLUSIONS This study provides foundational data for future efficacy testing of candidate vaccine and antiviral therapy using a Chinese-origin rhesus macaque system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Human Diseases Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Human Diseases Animal Models, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China; Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China; Comparative Medical Center, Peking Union Medical College, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China
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8
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Shingai M, Donau OK, Schmidt SD, Gautam R, Plishka RJ, Buckler-White A, Sadjadpour R, Lee WR, LaBranche CC, Montefiori DC, Mascola JR, Nishimura Y, Martin MA. Most rhesus macaques infected with the CCR5-tropic SHIV(AD8) generate cross-reactive antibodies that neutralize multiple HIV-1 strains. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:19769-74. [PMID: 23129652 PMCID: PMC3511737 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1217443109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The induction of broadly reacting neutralizing antibodies has been a major goal of HIV vaccine research. Characterization of a pathogenic CCR5 (R5)-tropic SIV/HIV chimeric virus (SHIV) molecular clone (SHIV(AD8-EO)) revealed that eight of eight infected animals developed cross-reactive neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) directed against an envelope glycoprotein derived from the heterologous HIV-1(DH12) strain. A panel of plasmas, collected from monkeys inoculated with either molecularly cloned or uncloned SHIV(AD8) stocks, exhibited cross-neutralization against multiple tier 1 and tier 2 HIV-1 clade B isolates. One SHIV(AD8)-infected animal also developed NAbs against clades A and C HIV-1 strains. In this particular infected macaque, the cross-reacting anti-HIV-1 NAbs produced between weeks 7 and 13 were directed against a neutralization-sensitive virus strain, whereas neutralizing activities emerging at weeks 41-51 targeted more neutralization-resistant HIV-1 isolates. These results indicate that the SHIV(AD8) macaque model represents a potentially valuable experimental system for investigating B-cell maturation and the induction of cross-reactive NAbs directed against multiple HIV-1 strains.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Stephen D. Schmidt
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - John R. Mascola
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
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9
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Zeng M, Paiardini M, Engram JC, Beilman GJ, Chipman JG, Schacker TW, Silvestri G, Haase AT. Critical role of CD4 T cells in maintaining lymphoid tissue structure for immune cell homeostasis and reconstitution. Blood 2012; 120:1856-67. [PMID: 22613799 PMCID: PMC3433090 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2012-03-418624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2012] [Accepted: 05/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of the fibroblastic reticular cell (FRC) network in lymphoid tissues during HIV-1 infection has been shown to impair the survival of naive T cells and limit immune reconstitution after antiretroviral therapy. What causes this FRC loss is unknown. Because FRC loss correlates with loss of both naive CD4 and CD8 T-cell subsets and decreased lymphotoxin-β, a key factor for maintenance of FRC network, we hypothesized that loss of naive T cells is responsible for loss of the FRC network. To test this hypothesis, we assessed the consequences of antibody-mediated depletion of CD4 and CD8 T cells in rhesus macaques and sooty mangabeys. We found that only CD4 T-cell depletion resulted in FRC loss in both species and that this loss was caused by decreased lymphotoxin-β mainly produced by the CD4 T cells. We further found the same dependence of the FRC network on CD4 T cells in HIV-1-infected patients before and after antiretroviral therapy and in other immunodeficiency conditions, such as CD4 depletion in cancer patients induced by chemotherapy and irradiation. CD4 T cells thus play a central role in the maintenance of lymphoid tissue structure necessary for their own homeostasis and reconstitution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Zeng
- Department of Microbiology, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55455, USA
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10
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The acute HIV infection: implications for intervention, prevention and development of an effective AIDS vaccine. Curr Opin Virol 2012; 1:204-10. [PMID: 21909345 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2011.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Effective preventive measures against HIV must function near the time of virus transmission to prevent the establishment of a chronic infection. Low-dose SIV/SHIV infections by multiple routes lead to remarkably rapid systemic dissemination of virus and large numbers of infected cells during the initial weeks of the acute infection. Here we describe the narrow time-frame during which potent post-exposure interventions such as anti-retroviral therapy or the administration of high-titered neutralizing antibodies can block the establishment of the in vivo infection. This short window of opportunity is applicable to HIV infections and represents a formidable challenge for developing effective chemoprophylaxis and vaccine approaches.
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Yin J, Vahey MT, Dai A, Lewis MG, Arango T, Yalley-Ogunro J, Greenhouse J, Mendoza K, Khan A, Sardesai NY, Weiss W, Komisar J, Boyer JD. Plasmodium inui infection reduces the efficacy of a simian immunodeficiency virus DNA vaccine in a rhesus macaque model through alteration of the vaccine-induced immune response. J Infect Dis 2012; 206:523-33. [PMID: 22693228 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jis404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and malaria are co-endemic in many areas. We evaluated the effects of Plasmodium inui infection on the performance of a simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) DNA vaccine. Rhesus macaques were infected with P. inui by transfusion of whole blood from a persistently infected animal. Animals with and animals without P. inui infection were then vaccinated 4 times with an SIV DNA vaccine encoding SIVgag, SIVpol, and SIVenv. Animals were subsequently challenged with thirty 50% rhesus monkey infectious doses of SIVmac251 6 weeks after the last vaccination. P. inui-infected immunized animals showed a significantly higher viral load than animals without P. inui infection (P = .010, by the Wilcoxon rank sum test). The higher viral loads in the P. inui-infected animals were durable and were observed at all sampling time points across the study (P = .00245, by the Wilcoxon rank test). The P. inui-infected animals also had correspondingly lower CD4(+) cell counts. There were fewer vaccine-specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) cells in the P. inui-infected animals, compared with uninfected animals. Of importance, P. inui infection seemed to decrease the number of CD8(+) cells that could proliferate or secrete interferon γ, although the number of CD8(+) cells capable of secreting tumor necrosis factor α following in vitro stimulation was increased. This study demonstrated that P. inui infection had an influence on the immune response to an SIV DNA vaccine and decreased the vaccine's efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangmei Yin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Pathogenicity and mucosal transmissibility of the R5-tropic simian/human immunodeficiency virus SHIV(AD8) in rhesus macaques: implications for use in vaccine studies. J Virol 2012; 86:8516-26. [PMID: 22647691 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00644-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an urgent need to develop new pathogenic R5 simian/human immunodeficiency viruses (SHIVs) for the evaluation of candidate anti-HIV vaccines in nonhuman primates. Here, we characterize swarm SHIV(AD8) stocks, prepared from three infected rhesus macaques with documented immunodeficiency at the time of euthanasia, for their capacity to establish durable infections in macaques following inoculation by the intravenous (i.v.) or intrarectal (i.r.) route. All three viral stocks (SHIV(AD8-CE8J), SHIV(AD8-CK15), and SHIV(AD8-CL98)) exhibited robust replication in vivo and caused marked depletion of CD4(+) T cells affecting both memory and naïve CD4(+) T lymphocyte subsets following administration by either route. Eleven of 22 macaques inoculated with the new SHIV(AD8) stocks were euthanized with clinical symptoms of immunodeficiency and evidence of opportunistic infections (Pneumocystis, Candida, and Mycobacterium). A single but unique founder virus, also present in the SHIV(AD8-CE8J) swarm stock, was transmitted to two animals following a single i.r. inoculation of approximately 3 50% animal infectious doses, which is close to the threshold required to establish infection in all exposed animals. Because the three new SHIV(AD8) viruses are mucosally transmissible, exhibited tier 2 sensitivity to anti-HIV-1 neutralizing antibodies, deplete CD4(+) T lymphocytes in vivo, and induce AIDS in macaques, they are eminently suitable as challenge viruses in vaccine experiments.
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13
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Okoye AA, Rohankhedkar M, Abana C, Pattenn A, Reyes M, Pexton C, Lum R, Sylwester A, Planer SL, Legasse A, Park BS, Piatak M, Lifson JD, Axthelm MK, Picker LJ. Naive T cells are dispensable for memory CD4+ T cell homeostasis in progressive simian immunodeficiency virus infection. J Exp Med 2012; 209:641-51. [PMID: 22451717 PMCID: PMC3328373 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20112071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2011] [Accepted: 02/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of AIDS in chronic HIV/simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection has been closely linked to progressive failure of CD4(+) memory T cell (T(M)) homeostasis. CD4(+) naive T cells (T(N)) also decline in these infections, but their contribution to disease progression is less clear. We assessed the role of CD4(+) T(N) in SIV pathogenesis using rhesus macaques (RMs) selectively and permanently depleted of CD4(+) T(N) before SIV infection. CD4(+) T(N)-depleted and CD4(+) T(N)-repleted RMs were created by subjecting juvenile RMs to thymectomy versus sham surgery, respectively, followed by total CD4(+) T cell depletion and recovery from this depletion. Although thymectomized and sham-treated RMs manifested comparable CD4(+) T(M) recovery, only sham-treated RMs reconstituted CD4(+) T(N). CD4(+) T(N)-depleted RMs responded to SIVmac239 infection with markedly attenuated SIV-specific CD4(+) T cell responses, delayed SIVenv-specific Ab responses, and reduced SIV-specific CD8(+) T cell responses. However, CD4(+) T(N)-depleted and -repleted groups showed similar levels of SIV replication. Moreover, CD4(+) T(N) deficiency had no significant effect on CD4(+) T(M) homeostasis (either on or off anti-retroviral therapy) or disease progression. These data demonstrate that the CD4(+) T(N) compartment is dispensable for CD4(+) T(M) homeostasis in progressive SIV infection, and they confirm that CD4(+) T(M) comprise a homeostatically independent compartment that is intrinsically capable of self-renewal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afam A. Okoye
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Departments of Pathology and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Mukta Rohankhedkar
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Departments of Pathology and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Chike Abana
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Departments of Pathology and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Audrie Pattenn
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Departments of Pathology and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Matthew Reyes
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Departments of Pathology and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Christopher Pexton
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Departments of Pathology and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Richard Lum
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Departments of Pathology and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Andrew Sylwester
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Departments of Pathology and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Shannon L. Planer
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Departments of Pathology and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Alfred Legasse
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Departments of Pathology and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Byung S. Park
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239
| | - Michael Piatak
- AIDS Vaccine Program, SAIC Frederick, Inc., National Cancer Institute-Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Jeffrey D. Lifson
- AIDS Vaccine Program, SAIC Frederick, Inc., National Cancer Institute-Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Michael K. Axthelm
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Departments of Pathology and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Louis J. Picker
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Departments of Pathology and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
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Recombination-mediated changes in coreceptor usage confer an augmented pathogenic phenotype in a nonhuman primate model of HIV-1-induced AIDS. J Virol 2011; 85:10617-26. [PMID: 21813599 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.05010-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Evolution of the env gene in transmitted R5-tropic human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) strains is the most widely accepted mechanism driving coreceptor switching. In some infected individuals, however, a shift in coreceptor utilization can occur as a result of the reemergence of a cotransmitted, but rapidly controlled, X4 virus. The latter possibility was studied by dually infecting rhesus macaques with X4 and R5 chimeric simian simian/human immunodeficiency viruses (SHIVs) and monitoring the replication status of each virus using specific primer pairs. In one of the infected monkeys, both SHIVs were potently suppressed by week 12 postinoculation, but a burst of viremia at week 51 was accompanied by an unrelenting loss of total CD4+ T cells and the development of clinical disease. PCR analyses of plasma viral RNA indicated an env gene segment containing the V3 region from the inoculated X4 SHIV had been transferred into the genetic background of the input R5 SHIV by intergenomic recombination, creating an X4 virus with novel replicative, serological, and pathogenic properties. These results indicate that the effects of retrovirus recombination in vivo can be functionally profound and may even occur when one of the recombination participants is undetectable in the circulation as cell-free virus.
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15
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Belisle SE, Yin J, Shedlock DJ, Dai A, Yan J, Hirao L, Kutzler MA, Lewis MG, Andersen H, Lank SM, Karl JA, O'Connor DH, Khan A, Sardesai N, Chang J, Aicher L, Palermo RE, Weiner DB, Katze MG, Boyer J. Long-term programming of antigen-specific immunity from gene expression signatures in the PBMC of rhesus macaques immunized with an SIV DNA vaccine. PLoS One 2011; 6:e19681. [PMID: 21701683 PMCID: PMC3119060 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2010] [Accepted: 04/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
While HIV-1-specific cellular immunity is thought to be critical for the suppression of viral replication, the correlates of protection have not yet been determined. Rhesus macaques (RM) are an important animal model for the study and development of vaccines against HIV/AIDS. Our laboratory has helped to develop and study DNA-based vaccines in which recent technological advances, including genetic optimization and in vivo electroporation (EP), have helped to dramatically boost their immunogenicity. In this study, RMs were immunized with a DNA vaccine including individual plasmids encoding SIV gag, env, and pol alone, or in combination with a molecular adjuvant, plasmid DNA expressing the chemokine ligand 5 (RANTES), followed by EP. Along with standard immunological assays, flow-based activation analysis without ex vivo restimulation and high-throughput gene expression analysis was performed. Strong cellular immunity was induced by vaccination which was supported by all assays including PBMC microarray analysis that identified the up-regulation of 563 gene sequences including those involved in interferon signaling. Furthermore, 699 gene sequences were differentially regulated in these groups at peak viremia following SIVmac251 challenge. We observed that the RANTES-adjuvanted animals were significantly better at suppressing viral replication during chronic infection and exhibited a distinct pattern of gene expression which included immune cell-trafficking and cell cycle genes. Furthermore, a greater percentage of vaccine-induced central memory CD8+ T-cells capable of an activated phenotype were detected in these animals as measured by activation analysis. Thus, co-immunization with the RANTES molecular adjuvant followed by EP led to the generation of cellular immunity that was transcriptionally distinct and had a greater protective efficacy than its DNA alone counterpart. Furthermore, activation analysis and high-throughput gene expression data may provide better insight into mechanisms of viral control than may be observed using standard immunological assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E. Belisle
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Jiangmei Yin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Devon J. Shedlock
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Anlan Dai
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jian Yan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Lauren Hirao
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Michele A. Kutzler
- Department of Medicine, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Mark G. Lewis
- Research Section, Bioqual, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Hanne Andersen
- Research Section, Bioqual, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Simon M. Lank
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Julie A. Karl
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - David H. O'Connor
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Amir Khan
- Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Blue Bell, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Niranjan Sardesai
- Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Blue Bell, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jean Chang
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Lauri Aicher
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Robert E. Palermo
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - David B. Weiner
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Michael G. Katze
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Jean Boyer
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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16
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He H, Nehete PN, Nehete B, Wieder E, Yang G, Buchl S, Sastry KJ. Functional impairment of central memory CD4 T cells is a potential early prognostic marker for changing viral load in SHIV-infected rhesus macaques. PLoS One 2011; 6:e19607. [PMID: 21602924 PMCID: PMC3094340 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2010] [Accepted: 04/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In HIV infection there is a paucity of literature about the degree of immune dysfunction to potentially correlate and/or predict disease progression relative to CD4(+) T cells count or viral load. We assessed functional characteristics of memory T cells subsets as potential prognostic markers for changing viral loads and/or disease progression using the SHIV-infected rhesus macaque model. Relative to long-term non-progressors with low/undetectable viral loads, those with chronic plasma viremia, but clinically healthy, exhibited significantly lower numbers and functional impairment of CD4(+) T cells, but not CD8(+) T cells, in terms of IL-2 production by central memory subset in response to PMA and ionomycine (PMA+I) stimulation. Highly viremic animals showed impaired cytokine-production by all T cells subsets. These results suggest that functional impairment of CD4(+) T cells in general, and of central memory subset in particular, may be a potential indicator/predictor of chronic infection with immune dysfunction, which could be assayed relatively easily using non-specific PMA+I stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong He
- Department of Immunology, The University of
Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of
America
| | - Pramod N. Nehete
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, The
University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States
of America
| | - Bharti Nehete
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, The
University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States
of America
| | - Eric Wieder
- Department of Medicine, University of Miami,
Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Guojun Yang
- Department of Immunology, The University of
Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of
America
| | - Stephanie Buchl
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, The
University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States
of America
| | - K. Jagannadha Sastry
- Department of Immunology, The University of
Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of
America
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, The
University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States
of America
- * E-mail:
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Schultheiss T, Schulte R, Sauermann U, Ibing W, Stahl-Hennig C. Strong mucosal immune responses in SIV infected macaques contribute to viral control and preserved CD4+ T-cell levels in blood and mucosal tissues. Retrovirology 2011; 8:24. [PMID: 21481223 PMCID: PMC3096904 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-8-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2011] [Accepted: 04/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since there is still no protective HIV vaccine available, better insights into immune mechanism of persons effectively controlling HIV replication in the absence of any therapy should contribute to improve further vaccine designs. However, little is known about the mucosal immune response of this small unique group of patients. Using the SIV-macaque-model for AIDS, we had the rare opportunity to analyze 14 SIV-infected rhesus macaques durably controlling viral replication (controllers). We investigated the virological and immunological profile of blood and three different mucosal tissues and compared their data to those of uninfected and animals progressing to AIDS-like disease (progressors). RESULTS Lymphocytes from blood, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), and duodenal and colonic biopsies were phenotypically characterized by polychromatic flow cytometry. In controllers, we observed higher levels of CD4+, CD4+CCR5+ and Gag-specific CD8+ T-cells as well as lower immune activation in blood and all mucosal sites compared to progressors. However, we could also demonstrate that immunological changes are distinct between these three mucosal sites.Intracellular cytokine staining demonstrated a significantly higher systemic and mucosal CD8+ Gag-specific cellular immune response in controllers than in progressors. Most remarkable was the polyfunctional cytokine profile of CD8+ lymphocytes in BAL of controllers, which significantly dominated over their blood response. The overall suppression of viral replication in the controllers was confirmed by almost no detectable viral RNA in blood and all mucosal tissues investigated. CONCLUSION A strong and complex virus-specific CD8+ T-cell response in blood and especially in mucosal tissue of SIV-infected macaques was associated with low immune activation and an efficient suppression of viral replication. This likely afforded a repopulation of CD4+ T-cells in different mucosal compartments to almost normal levels. We conclude, that a robust SIV-specific mucosal immune response seems to be essential for establishing and maintaining the controller status and consequently for long-term survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Schultheiss
- Unit of Infection Models, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Kellnerweg 4, 37077 Goettingen, Germany.
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18
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Correlation between CD4+ T-cell loss and Gag-specific T cells in different intestinal sites of chronically SIV-infected rhesus monkeys. AIDS 2011; 25:429-33. [PMID: 21192228 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0b013e3283430034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the loss of CD4+ T cells and virus-specific cytotoxic T cells (CTL) in different mucosal sites of rhesus monkeys infected with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV). DESIGN A cross-sectional comparative investigation of seven different mucosal sites from chronically SIV-infected rhesus monkeys was performed by analyzing blood and mucosal lymphocytes. METHODS Mucosal lymphocytes were isolated from duodenum, jejunum, ileum and colon as well as from vagina, cervix and uterus of SIV-infected rhesus monkeys at necropsy. CD4+ T cells and SIV-Gag-specific CTL were determined in blood and mucosal samples by flow cytometry. RESULTS A significant depletion of CD4+ T cells was observed in blood and all mucosal sites of SIV-infected rhesus monkeys compared to uninfected animals. But the mean percentage loss of CD4+ T cells varied between 66 and 95% between the different mucosal tissues. The frequency of CTL ranged between 0.4 and 2.4% with the highest proportions in vagina and cervix. Among the intestinal sites the mean levels of CTL correlated with mean percentage loss of CD4+ T cells. CONCLUSION A discriminative pronounced loss of CD4+ T cells among the mucosal tissues confirmed that viral replication affects different mucosal sites in a distinct way. Despite high levels of CTL, especially in vagina and cervix, the severe loss of mucosal CD4+ T cells could not be prevented during chronic SIV infection. However, within the four sites of the intestine a high virus-specific cellular immune response correlated with better preservation of CD4+ T cells.
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Schultheiss T, Stolte-Leeb N, Sopper S, Stahl-Hennig C. Flow cytometric characterization of the lymphocyte composition in a variety of mucosal tissues in healthy rhesus macaques. J Med Primatol 2011; 40:41-51. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0684.2010.00446.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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20
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Analysis of apoptosis of memory T cells and dendritic cells during the early stages of viral infection or exposure to toll-like receptor agonists. J Virol 2010; 84:4866-77. [PMID: 20200235 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02571-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Profound type I interferon (IFN-I)-dependent attrition of memory CD8 and CD4 T cells occurs early during many infections. It is dramatic at 2 to 4 days following lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection of mice and can be elicited by the IFN-inducing Toll receptor agonist poly(I:C). We show that this attrition occurs in many organs, indicating that it is due to T cell loss rather than redistribution. This loss correlated with elevated intracellular staining of T cells ex vivo for activated caspases but with only low levels of ex vivo staining with annexin V, probably due to the rapid clearance of apoptotic cells in vivo. Instead, a high frequency of annexin V-reactive CD8alpha(+) dendritic cells (DCs), which are known to be highly phagocytic, accumulated in the spleen as the memory T cell populations disappeared. After short in vitro incubation, memory phenotype T cells isolated from LCMV-infected mice (day 3) or mice treated with poly(I:C) (12 h) displayed substantial DNA fragmentation, as detected by terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay, compared to T cells isolated from uninfected mice, indicating a role for apoptosis in the memory T cell attrition. This apoptosis of memory CD8 T cells early during LCMV infection was reduced in mice lacking the proapoptotic molecule Bim. Evidence is presented showing that high levels of T cell attrition, as found in young mice, correlate with reduced immunodomination by cross-reactive memory cells.
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Generation of the pathogenic R5-tropic simian/human immunodeficiency virus SHIVAD8 by serial passaging in rhesus macaques. J Virol 2010; 84:4769-81. [PMID: 20147396 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02279-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A new pathogenic R5-tropic simian/human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) was generated following serial passaging in rhesus macaques. All 13 animals inoculated with SHIV(AD8) passaged lineages experienced marked depletions of CD4(+) T cells. Ten of these infected monkeys became normal progressors (NPs) and had gradual losses of both memory and naïve CD4(+) T lymphocytes, generated antiviral CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell responses, and sustained chronic immune activation while maintaining variable levels of plasma viremia (10(2) to 10(5) RNA copies/ml for up to 3 years postinfection [p.i.]). To date, five NPs developed AIDS associated with opportunistic infections caused by Pneumocystis carinii, Mycobacterium avium, and Campylobacter coli that required euthanasia between weeks 100 and 199 p.i. Three other NPs have experienced marked depletions of circulating CD4(+) T lymphocytes (92 to 154 cells/microl) following 1 to 2 years of infection. When tested for coreceptor usage, the viruses isolated from four NPs at the time of their euthanasia remained R5 tropic. Three of the 13 SHIV(AD8)-inoculated macaques experienced a rapid-progressor syndrome characterized by sustained plasma viremia of >1 x 10(7) RNA copies/ml and rapid irreversible loss of memory CD4(+) T cells that required euthanasia between weeks 19 and 23 postinfection. The sustained viremia, associated depletion of CD4(+) T lymphocytes, and induction of AIDS make the SHIV(AD8) lineage of viruses a potentially valuable reagent for vaccine studies.
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Vaccari M, Franchini G. Memory T cells in Rhesus macaques. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2010; 684:126-44. [PMID: 20795545 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-6451-9_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The Rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) is one of the best studied species of Old World monkeys. DNA sequencing of the entire Rhesus macaque genome, completed in 2007, has demonstrated that humans and macaques share about 93% of their nucleotide sequence. Rhesus macaques have been widely used for medical research including drug testing, neurology, behavioral and cognitive science, reproduction, xenotransplantation and genetics. Because of the Rhesus macaque's sensitivity to bacteria, parasites and viruses that cause similar disease in humans, these animals represent an excellent model to study infectious diseases. The recent pandemic of HIV and the discovery of SIV, a lentivirus genetically related to HIV Type 1 that causes AIDS in Rhesus macaques, have prompted the development of reagents that can be used to study innate and adaptive immune responses in macaques at the single cell level. This review will focus on the distribution of memory cells in the different immunologic compartments of Rhesus macaques. In addition, the strategies available to manipulate memory cells in Rhesus macaques to understand their trafficking and function will be discussed. Emphasis is placed on studies of memory cells in macaques infected with SIV because many studies are available. Lastly, we highlight the usefulness of the Rhesus macaque model in studies related to the aging of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Vaccari
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccine Section, NCI, NIH, Building 41, Room D804, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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23
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Gudo ES, Bhatt NB, Bila DR, Abreu CM, Tanuri A, Savino W, Silva-Barbosa SD, Jani IV. Co-infection by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and human T cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1): does immune activation lead to a faster progression to AIDS? BMC Infect Dis 2009; 9:211. [PMID: 20028500 PMCID: PMC2813852 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-9-211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2009] [Accepted: 12/22/2009] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent data have shown that HTLV-1 is prevalent among HIV positive patients in Mozambique, although the impact of HTLV-1 infection on HIV disease progression remains controversial. Our aim was to determine the phenotypic profile of T lymphocytes subsets among Mozambican patients co-infected by HIV and HTLV-1. METHODS We enrolled 29 patients co-infected by HTLV-1 and HIV (co-infected), 59 patients mono-infected by HIV (HIV) and 16 healthy controls (HC), respectively.For phenotypic analysis, cells were stained with the following fluorochrome-labeled anti-human monoclonal antibodies CD4-APC, CD8-PerCP, CD25-PE, CD62L-FITC, CD45RA-FITC. CD45RO-PE, CD38-PE; being analysed by four-colour flow cytometry. RESULTS We initially found that CD4+ T cell counts were significantly higher in co-infected, as compared to HIV groups. Moreover, CD4+ T Lymphocytes from co-infected patients presented significantly higher levels of CD45RO and CD25, but lower levels of CD45RA and CD62L, strongly indicating that CD4+ T cells are more activated under HTLV-1 plus HIV co-infection. CONCLUSION Our data indicate that HTLV-1/HIV co-infected patients progress with higher CD4+ T cell counts and higher levels of activation markers. In this context, it is conceivable that in co-infected individuals, these higher levels of activation may account for a faster progression to AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Samo Gudo
- Department of Immunology, National Institute of Health, Maputo, Mozambique
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Nilesh B Bhatt
- Department of Immunology, National Institute of Health, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Dulce Ramalho Bila
- Department of Immunology, National Institute of Health, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Celina Monteiro Abreu
- Departament of Genetics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Amílcar Tanuri
- Departament of Genetics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Wilson Savino
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Suse Dayse Silva-Barbosa
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Center for Bone Marrow Transplantation, National Cancer Institute, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ilesh V Jani
- Department of Immunology, National Institute of Health, Maputo, Mozambique
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Recent work in pathogenic simian immunodeficiency (SIV) infection of Asian macaques and in natural, nonpathogenic SIV infections of African nonhuman primate species has demonstrated that persistent activation has profound effects on CD4+ memory T-cell proliferation, differentiation and survival. Disease progression in pathogenic infection has been closely linked to these dynamics, reflecting a complex interplay of virus-mediated killing, the effects of systemic activation and host regenerative mechanisms. We review these recent advances. RECENT FINDINGS Massive depletion of CD4+ effector-memory T cells invariably occurs during acute CCR5-tropic SIV infection, but is initially stabilized by new production of these cells from spared central memory precursors above the threshold required to maintain clinical immune competence. In pathogenic (but not natural, apathogenic) infections, a persistent state of immune activation, characterized by multiple, recurrent bursts of lymphocyte proliferation, differentiation, migration, death and functional modification of 'resting' cells, is associated with progressive depletion of central memory CD4+ T cells, and ultimately, a collapse of effector site CD4+ memory populations that is closely associated with overt immune deficiency. SUMMARY The importance of maintaining the regenerative capacity of the central-memory compartment of CD4+ T cells is increasingly evident. Defining the physiologic and molecular mechanisms responsible for instability of the CD4+ central-memory T cell pool could enable new immunotherapeutic interventions.
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Koehler JW, Bolton M, Rollins A, Snook K, deHaro E, Henson E, Rogers L, Martin LN, Krogstad DJ, James MA, Rice J, Davison B, Veazey RS, Prabhu R, Amedee AM, Garry RF, Cogswell FB. Altered immune responses in rhesus macaques co-infected with SIV and Plasmodium cynomolgi: an animal model for coincident AIDS and relapsing malaria. PLoS One 2009; 4:e7139. [PMID: 19774084 PMCID: PMC2744481 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0007139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2009] [Accepted: 08/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dual epidemics of the malaria parasite Plasmodium and HIV-1 in sub-Saharan Africa and Asia present a significant risk for co-infection in these overlapping endemic regions. Recent studies of HIV/Plasmodium falciparum co-infection have reported significant interactions of these pathogens, including more rapid CD4+ T cell loss, increased viral load, increased immunosuppression, and increased episodes of clinical malaria. Here, we describe a novel rhesus macaque model for co-infection that supports and expands upon findings in human co-infection studies and can be used to identify interactions between these two pathogens. Methodology/Principal Findings Five rhesus macaques were infected with P. cynomolgi and, following three parasite relapses, with SIV. Compared to macaques infected with SIV alone, co-infected animals had, as a group, decreased survival time and more rapid declines in markers for SIV progression, including peripheral CD4+ T cells and CD4+/CD8+ T cell ratios. The naïve CD4+ T cell pool of the co-infected animals was depleted more rapidly than animals infected with SIV alone. The co-infected animals also failed to generate proliferative responses to parasitemia by CD4+ and CD8+ T cells as well as B cells while also having a less robust anti-parasite and altered anti-SIV antibody response. Conclusions/Significance These data suggest that infection with both SIV and Plasmodium enhances SIV-induced disease progression and impairs the anti-Plasmodium immune response. These data support findings in HIV/Plasmodium co-infection studies. This animal model can be used to further define impacts of lentivirus and Plasmodium co-infection and guide public health and therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey W Koehler
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America.
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Ourmanov I, Kuwata T, Goeken R, Goldstein S, Iyengar R, Buckler-White A, Lafont B, Hirsch VM. Improved survival in rhesus macaques immunized with modified vaccinia virus Ankara recombinants expressing simian immunodeficiency virus envelope correlates with reduction in memory CD4+ T-cell loss and higher titers of neutralizing antibody. J Virol 2009; 83:5388-400. [PMID: 19321617 PMCID: PMC2681965 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02598-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2008] [Accepted: 03/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies demonstrated that immunization of macaques with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) Gag-Pol and Env recombinants of the attenuated poxvirus modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) provided protection from high viremia and AIDS following challenge with a pathogenic strain of SIV. Although all animals became infected, plasma viremia was significantly reduced in animals that received the MVA-SIV recombinant vaccines compared with animals that received nonrecombinant MVA. Most importantly, the reduction in viremia resulted in a significant increase in median and cumulative survival. Continued analysis of these animals over the subsequent 9 years has shown that they maintain a survival advantage, although all but two of the macaques have progressed to AIDS. Importantly, improved survival correlated with preservation of memory CD4(+) T cells in the peripheral blood. The greatest survival advantage was observed in macaques immunized with regimens containing SIV Env, and the titer of neutralizing antibodies to the challenge virus prior to or shortly following challenge correlated with preservation of CD4(+) T cells. These data are consistent with a role for neutralizing antibodies in nonsterilizing protection from high viremia and associated memory CD4(+) T-cell loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilnour Ourmanov
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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27
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Initiation of antiretroviral therapy 48 hours after infection with simian immunodeficiency virus potently suppresses acute-phase viremia and blocks the massive loss of memory CD4+ T cells but fails to prevent disease. J Virol 2009; 83:7099-108. [PMID: 19420078 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02522-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated whether a 28-day course of potent antiretroviral therapy, initiated at a time point (48 h postinoculation) following simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) inoculation when the acquisition of a viral infection was virtually assured, would sufficiently sensitize the immune system and result in controlled virus replication when treatment was stopped. The administration of tenofovir 48 h after SIV inoculation to six Mamu-A*01-negative rhesus macaques did, in fact, potently suppress virus replication in all of the treated rhesus macaques, but plasma viral RNA rapidly became detectable in all six animals following its cessation. Unexpectedly, the viral set points in the treated monkeys became established at two distinct levels. Three controller macaques had chronic phase virus loads in the range of 1 x 10(3) RNA copies/ml, whereas three noncontroller animals had set points of 2 x 10(5) to 8 x 10(5) RNA copies/ml. All of the noncontroller monkeys died with symptoms of immunodeficiency by week 60 postinfection, whereas two of the three controller animals were alive at week 80. Interestingly, the three controller macaques each carried major histocompatibility complex class I alleles that previously were reported to confer protection against SIV, and two of these animals generated cytotoxic T-lymphocyte escape viral variants during the course of their infections.
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Association of progressive CD4(+) T cell decline in SIV infection with the induction of autoreactive antibodies. PLoS Pathog 2009; 5:e1000372. [PMID: 19360097 PMCID: PMC2662887 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2009] [Accepted: 03/09/2009] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The progressive decline of CD4(+) T cells is a hallmark of disease progression in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection. Whereas the acute phase of the infection is dominated by virus-mediated depletion of memory CD4(+) T cells, chronic infection is often associated with a progressive decline of total CD4(+) T cells, including the naïve subset. The mechanism of this second phase of CD4(+) T cell loss is unclear and may include immune activation-induced cell death, immune-mediated destruction, and regenerative or homeostatic failure. We studied patterns of CD4(+) T cell subset depletion in blood and tissues in a group of 20 rhesus macaques inoculated with derivatives of the pathogenic SIVsmE543-3 or SIVmac239. Phenotypic analysis of CD4(+) T cells demonstrated two patterns of CD4(+) T cell depletion, primarily affecting either naïve or memory CD4(+) T cells. Progressive decline of total CD4(+) T cells was observed only in macaques with naïve CD4(+) T cell depletion (ND), though the depletion of memory CD4(+) T cells was profound in macaques with memory CD4(+) T cell depletion (MD). ND macaques exhibited lower viral load and higher SIV-specific antibody responses and greater B cell activation than MD macaques. Depletion of naïve CD4(+) T cells was associated with plasma antibodies autoreactive with CD4(+) T cells, increasing numbers of IgG-coated CD4(+) T cells, and increased incidence of autoreactive antibodies to platelets (GPIIIa), dsDNA, and phospholipid (aPL). Consistent with a biological role of these antibodies, these latter antibodies were accompanied by clinical features associated with autoimmune disorders, thrombocytopenia, and catastrophic thrombotic events. More importantly for AIDS pathogenesis, the level of autoreactive antibodies significantly correlated with the extent of naïve CD4(+) T cell depletion. These results suggest an important role of autoreactive antibodies in the CD4(+) T cell decline observed during progression to AIDS.
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Souquière S, Onanga R, Makuwa M, Pandrea I, Ngari P, Rouquet P, Bourry O, Kazanji M, Apetrei C, Simon F, Roques P. Simian immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2 (SIV mnd 1 and 2) have different pathogenic potentials in rhesus macaques upon experimental cross-species transmission. J Gen Virol 2009; 90:488-499. [PMID: 19141460 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.005181-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The mandrill (Mandrillus sphinx) is naturally infected by two types of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV): SIVmnd types 1 and 2. Both of these viruses cause long-term, non-progressive infections in their natural host despite high plasma viral loads. This study assessed the susceptibility of rhesus macaques to infection by these two types of SIVmnd and compared the virological and basic immunological characteristics of the resulting infections with those observed in natural infection in mandrills. Whilst both SIVmnd types induced similar levels of virus replication during acute infection in both mandrills and macaques, they produced a more pronounced CD4(+) T-cell depletion in rhesus macaques that persisted longer during the initial stage of infection. Pro-inflammatory cytokine responses were also induced at higher levels in rhesus macaques early in the infection. During the chronic phase of infection in mandrills, which in this case was followed for up to 2 years after infection, high levels of chronic virus replication did not induce significant changes in CD4(+) or CD8(+) T-cell counts. In rhesus macaques, the overall chronic virus replication level was lower than in mandrills. At the end of the follow-up period, although the viral loads of SIVmnd-1 and SIVmnd-2 were relatively similar in rhesus macaques, only SIVmnd-1-infected rhesus macaques showed significant CD4(+) T-cell depletion, in the context of higher levels of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cell activation, compared with SIVmnd-infected mandrills. The demonstration of the ability of both SIVmnd types to induce persistent infections in rhesus macaques calls for a careful assessment of the potential of these two viruses to emerge as new human pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Souquière
- Laboratoire de Rétrovirologie, Centre International de Recherches Médicales (CIRMF), Franceville, Gabon
| | - Richard Onanga
- Laboratoire de Rétrovirologie, Centre International de Recherches Médicales (CIRMF), Franceville, Gabon
| | - Maria Makuwa
- Laboratoire de Rétrovirologie, Centre International de Recherches Médicales (CIRMF), Franceville, Gabon
| | - Ivona Pandrea
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA.,Laboratoire de Rétrovirologie, Centre International de Recherches Médicales (CIRMF), Franceville, Gabon
| | - Paul Ngari
- Laboratoire de Rétrovirologie, Centre International de Recherches Médicales (CIRMF), Franceville, Gabon
| | - Pierre Rouquet
- Centre de Primatologie, Centre International de Recherches Médicales (CIRMF), Franceville, Gabon
| | - Olivier Bourry
- Centre de Primatologie, Centre International de Recherches Médicales (CIRMF), Franceville, Gabon
| | - Mirdad Kazanji
- Laboratoire de Rétrovirologie, Centre International de Recherches Médicales (CIRMF), Franceville, Gabon
| | - Cristian Apetrei
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA.,Laboratoire de Rétrovirologie, Centre International de Recherches Médicales (CIRMF), Franceville, Gabon
| | - François Simon
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Hôpital St Louis, Paris, France.,Laboratoire de Rétrovirologie, Centre International de Recherches Médicales (CIRMF), Franceville, Gabon
| | - Pierre Roques
- Service de Neurovirologie, CEA iMETI, 92265 Fontenay aux Roses, France.,Laboratoire de Rétrovirologie, Centre International de Recherches Médicales (CIRMF), Franceville, Gabon
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Partial protection of Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected rhesus monkeys against superinfection with a heterologous SIV isolate. J Virol 2009; 83:2686-96. [PMID: 19129440 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02237-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Although there is increasing evidence that individuals already infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) can be infected with a heterologous strain of the virus, the extent of protection against superinfection conferred by the first infection and the biologic consequences of superinfection are not well understood. We explored these questions in the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)/rhesus monkey model of HIV-1/AIDS. We infected cohorts of rhesus monkeys with either SIVmac251 or SIVsmE660 and then exposed animals to the reciprocal virus through intrarectal inoculations. Employing a quantitative real-time PCR assay, we determined the replication kinetics of the two strains of virus for 20 weeks. We found that primary infection with a replication-competent virus did not protect against acquisition of infection by a heterologous virus but did confer relative control of the superinfecting virus. In animals that became superinfected, there was a reduction in peak replication and rapid control of the second virus. The relative susceptibility to superinfection was not correlated with CD4(+) T-cell count, CD4(+) memory T-cell subsets, cytokine production by virus-specific CD8(+) or CD4(+) cells, or neutralizing antibodies at the time of exposure to the second virus. Although there were transient increases in viral loads of the primary virus and a modest decline in CD4(+) T-cell counts after superinfection, there was no evidence of disease acceleration. These findings indicate that an immunodeficiency virus infection confers partial protection against a second immunodeficiency virus infection, but this protection may be mediated by mechanisms other than classical adaptive immune responses.
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31
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Li H, Huang X, Guo C, Wang W, Li Z, Zhang T, Peng Q, Chen X, Wu H. Heightened T-cell proliferation without an elevation of CD4+ T cell spontaneous apoptosis in AIDS patients. Clin Immunol 2008; 129:499-508. [PMID: 18835751 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2008.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2008] [Revised: 07/22/2008] [Accepted: 08/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
T lymphocyte turnover has been studied extensively in HIV infection. The dynamic characteristics of various subsets of T cells in antiretroviral-naive, HIV-1-infected individuals, however, have not been well defined. Here, we performed a cross-sectional study using peripheral blood T cells from 39 antiretroviral-naive, chronically HIV-infected patients, as well as 16 healthy, HIV-negative controls. T-cell subset turnover rates were measured by Ki-67 antigen staining; levels of spontaneous apoptosis and activation in T-cell subsets were also determined by flow cytometry. Surprisingly, with disease progression, the level of T-cell spontaneous apoptosis did not increase significantly, despite a heightened rate of T-cell subset turnover and increased expression of the CD38 activation marker. These data refute the idea that increased T cell turnover is merely a homeostatic process in response to CD4 T cell loss during HIV disease progression, and suggest that future mechanistic studies may be needed for a comprehensive understanding of T-cell dynamics during HIV infection. Such understanding may help to develop new strategies for the immune modulation of clinical disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiying Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Beijing You'an Hospital, Capital Medical University, China
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Mason RD, Rose RD, Seddiki N, Kelleher AD, Kent SJ. Low pre-infection levels and loss of central memory CD4+ T cells may predict rapid progression in SIV-infected pigtail macaques. Virology 2008; 381:11-5. [PMID: 18835006 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2008.08.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2008] [Revised: 08/15/2008] [Accepted: 08/30/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
CD4+ T lymphocyte subsets are targeted to different degrees by SIV infection. We studied central memory, effector memory, naïve, and regulatory T cell levels longitudinally in 11 SIV(mac251)-infected pigtail macaques. Depletion of CD28+CD95+ central memory CD4+ T cells, but not other populations, correlated with both SIV viral load and disease progression. A low pre-infection level of central memory CD4+ T cells was also predictive of rapid disease progression. If confirmed in larger studies, our results suggest stratifying macaques for baseline central memory CD4+ T cells would be useful in defining both the pathogenesis of SIV disease and SIV vaccine efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosemarie D Mason
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, 3010 Australia
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Sustained suppression of SHIV89.6P replication in macaques by vaccine-induced CD8+ memory T cells. AIDS 2008; 22:1739-48. [PMID: 18753858 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0b013e32830efdae] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We previously demonstrated that a strategy of co-immunizing cynomologous macaques with a simian/human immunodeficiency virus DNA-based vaccine and a plasmid encoding macaque interleukin (IL)-15 induces a strong CD8 and CD4 effector T-cell response that, upon subsequent challenge with SHIV89.6P, controls viral replication and protects immunized animals against ongoing infection. In this follow-up study, we measured viral replication 2 years after vaccination challenge and determined the mechanism by which antigen-specific CD8 T cells suppress viral replication. METHOD From the original group of 18, we assessed the immune response in the 13 surviving animals. In addition, using cM-T807, we depleted CD8 lymphocytes to assess the role CD8 cells play in suppression of viral replication. RESULT We found that peripheral blood mononuclear cells from vaccinated animals had a robust simian immunodeficiency virus Gag-specific IFN-gamma response. In addition, in the DNA and IL-15 group, we observed higher levels of simian immunodeficiency virus Gag-specific, proliferating CD8 T cells. The profile of these cells revealed more central memory than effector cells. When we transiently depleted animals of CD8 T cells, plasma viral load increased, and peak viral load was lower in the DNA and IL-15 group compared with the DNA alone and control groups. As CD8 T cells recovered, viral replication was controlled and we observed an increase in the number of antigen-specific effector CD8 T cells. CONCLUSION We conclude that co-immunization with a simian/human immunodeficiency virus DNA-based vaccine and IL-15 achieves sustained viral suppression and that vaccine-induced CD8 memory T cells, which differentiate into effector cells, are central to that suppression.
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Preferential cytolysis of peripheral memory CD4+ T cells by in vitro X4-tropic human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection before the completion of reverse transcription. J Virol 2008; 82:9154-63. [PMID: 18596085 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00773-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
CD4+ T-cell depletion is the hallmark of AIDS pathogenesis. Multiple mechanisms may contribute to the death of productively infected CD4+ T cells and innocent-bystander cells. In this study, we characterize a novel mechanism in which human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection preferentially depletes peripheral memory CD4+ T cells before the completion of reverse transcription. Using a recombinant HIV-1 carrying the green fluorescent protein reporter gene, we demonstrate that memory CD4+ T cells were susceptible to infection-induced cell death at a low multiplicity of infection. Infected memory CD4+ T cells underwent rapid necrotic cell death. Killing of host cells was dependent on X4 envelope-mediated viral fusion, but not on virion-associated Vpr or Nef. In contrast to peripheral resting CD4+ T cells, CD4+ T cells stimulated by mitogen or certain cytokines were resistant to HIV-1-induced early cell death. These results demonstrate that early steps in HIV-1 infection have a detrimental effect on certain subsets of CD4+ T cells. The early cell death may serve as a selective disadvantage for X4-tropic HIV-1 in acute infection but may play a role in accelerated disease progression, which is associated with the emergence of X4-tropic HIV-1 in the late stage of AIDS.
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Choi B, Fermin CD, Comardelle AM, Haislip AM, Voss TG, Garry RF. Alterations in intracellular potassium concentration by HIV-1 and SIV Nef. Virol J 2008; 5:60. [PMID: 18489774 PMCID: PMC2396157 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-5-60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2008] [Accepted: 05/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background HIV-1 mediated perturbation of the plasma membrane can produce an alteration in the transmembrane gradients of cations and other small molecules leading to cell death. Several HIV-1 proteins have been shown to perturb membrane permeability and ion transport. Xenopus laevis oocytes have few functional endogenous ion channels, and have proven useful as a system to examine direct effects of exogenously added proteins on ion transport. Results HIV-1 Nef induces alterations in the intracellular potassium concentration in CD4+ T-lymphoblastoid cells, but not intracellular pH. Two electrode voltage-clamp recording was used to determine that Nef did not form ion channel-like pores in Xenopus oocytes. Conclusion These results suggest that HIV-1 Nef regulates intracellular ion concentrations indirectly, and may interact with membrane proteins such as ion channels to modify their electrical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bongkun Choi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
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Foxall RB, Soares RS, Albuquerque AS, Cortesão CS, Victorino RM, Sousa AE. Increased frequency of CD25dimCD4+ T-cells in HIV-2 infection, a naturally occurring attenuated form of HIV-1. Clin Immunol 2008; 127:158-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2008.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2007] [Revised: 01/07/2008] [Accepted: 01/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Rapid disease progression to AIDS due to Simian immunodeficiency virus infection of macaques: host and viral factors. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY 2008; 56:369-98. [PMID: 18086418 DOI: 10.1016/s1054-3589(07)56012-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
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38
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Karlsson I, Malleret B, Brochard P, Delache B, Calvo J, Le Grand R, Vaslin B. Dynamics of T-cell responses and memory T cells during primary simian immunodeficiency virus infection in cynomolgus macaques. J Virol 2007; 81:13456-68. [PMID: 17913797 PMCID: PMC2168859 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01619-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular immune responses make an important contribution to both the control of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) replication and disease progression. We used a pathogenic model of SIVmac251 infection of cynomolgus macaques to longitudinally evaluate cellular immune responses in association with various rates of disease progression. We found an inverse relationship between plasma viral load and the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-specific T cells responses in peripheral blood and lymph nodes. SIV-specific T-cell responses in peripheral blood were transient during primary infection, with the highest responses detected around 3 months after infection. There was also a transient increase of central memory CD8(+) T cells in peripheral blood during primary infection, and effector memory T-cell counts in peripheral lymph nodes were increased. This study emphasizes the importance of the early virus-specific immune responses in the outcome of HIV/SIV disease and provides details about the changes of virus-specific immune responses over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Karlsson
- CEA, Service d'Immuno-Virologie, DSV/iMETI, IPSC, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
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Karlsson I, Malleret B, Brochard P, Delache B, Calvo J, Le Grand R, Vaslin B. FoxP3+ CD25+ CD8+ T-cell induction during primary simian immunodeficiency virus infection in cynomolgus macaques correlates with low CD4+ T-cell activation and high viral load. J Virol 2007; 81:13444-55. [PMID: 17898053 PMCID: PMC2168878 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01466-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The early immune response fails to prevent the establishment of chronic human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection but may influence viremia during primary infection, thereby possibly affecting long-term disease progression. CD25(+) FoxP3(+) regulatory T cells may contribute to HIV/simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) pathogenesis by suppressing efficient antiviral responses during primary infection, favoring high levels of viral replication and the establishment of chronic infection. In contrast, they may decrease immune activation during chronic infection. CD4(+) regulatory T cells have been studied in the most detail, but CD8(+) CD25(+) FoxP3(+) T cells also have regulatory properties. We monitored the dynamics of CD25(+) FoxP3(+) T cells during primary and chronic SIVmac251 infection in cynomolgus macaques. The number of peripheral CD4(+) CD25(+) FoxP3(+) T cells paralleled that of memory CD4(+) T cells, with a rapid decline during primary infection followed by a rebound to levels just below baseline and gradual depletion during the course of infection. No change in the proportion of CD25(+) FoxP3(+) T cells was observed in peripheral lymph nodes. A small number of CD4(+) CD25(+) FoxP3(+) T cells at set point was associated with a high plasma viral load. In contrast, peripheral CD8(+) CD25(+) FoxP3(+) T cells were induced a few days after peak plasma viral load during primary infection. The number of these cells was positively correlated with viral load and negatively correlated with CD4(+) T-cell activation, SIV antigen-specific proliferative responses during primary infection, and plasma viral load at set point, with large numbers of CD8(+) CD25(+) FoxP3(+) T cells being indicative of a poor prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Karlsson
- CEA, Service d'Immuno-Virologie, DSV/iMETI, IPSC, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
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Okoye A, Meier-Schellersheim M, Brenchley JM, Hagen SI, Walker JM, Rohankhedkar M, Lum R, Edgar JB, Planer SL, Legasse A, Sylwester AW, Piatak M, Lifson JD, Maino VC, Sodora DL, Douek DC, Axthelm MK, Grossman Z, Picker LJ. Progressive CD4+ central memory T cell decline results in CD4+ effector memory insufficiency and overt disease in chronic SIV infection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 204:2171-85. [PMID: 17724130 PMCID: PMC2118701 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20070567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Primary simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infections of rhesus macaques result in the dramatic depletion of CD4+ CCR5+ effector–memory T (TEM) cells from extra-lymphoid effector sites, but in most infections, an increased rate of CD4+ memory T cell proliferation appears to prevent collapse of effector site CD4+ TEM cell populations and acute-phase AIDS. Eventually, persistent SIV replication results in chronic-phase AIDS, but the responsible mechanisms remain controversial. Here, we demonstrate that in the chronic phase of progressive SIV infection, effector site CD4+ TEM cell populations manifest a slow, continuous decline, and that the degree of this depletion remains a highly significant correlate of late-onset AIDS. We further show that due to persistent immune activation, effector site CD4+ TEM cells are predominantly short-lived, and that their homeostasis is strikingly dependent on the production of new CD4+ TEM cells from central–memory T (TCM) cell precursors. The instability of effector site CD4+ TEM cell populations over time was not explained by increasing destruction of these cells, but rather was attributable to progressive reduction in their production, secondary to decreasing numbers of CCR5− CD4+ TCM cells. These data suggest that although CD4+ TEM cell depletion is a proximate mechanism of immunodeficiency, the tempo of this depletion and the timing of disease onset are largely determined by destruction, failing production, and gradual decline of CD4+ TCM cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afam Okoye
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Department of Pathology, and the Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006., USA
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Igarashi T, Donau OK, Imamichi H, Nishimura Y, Theodore TS, Iyengar R, Erb C, Buckler-White A, Buckler CE, Martin MA. Although macrophage-tropic simian/human immunodeficiency viruses can exhibit a range of pathogenic phenotypes, a majority of isolates induce no clinical disease in immunocompetent macaques. J Virol 2007; 81:10669-79. [PMID: 17626082 PMCID: PMC2045473 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00517-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Unlike prototypical lentiviruses like visna and caprine arthritis-encephalitis viruses, which are mainly macrophage tropic (M-tropic), primate lentiviruses primarily target CD4+ T lymphocytes. We previously reported that during the late phase of highly pathogenic chimeric simian/human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) infections of rhesus macaques, when CD4+ T cells have been systemically eliminated, high levels of viremia are maintained from productively infected macrophages. The availability of several different M-tropic SHIVs from such late-stage immunocompromised animals provided the opportunity to assess whether they might contribute to the immune deficiency induced by their T-cell-tropic parental viruses or possibly cause a distinct disease based on their capacity to infect macrophages. Pairs of rhesus monkeys were therefore inoculated intravenously with six different M-tropic SHIV preparations, and their plasma viral RNA loads, circulating lymphocyte subset numbers, and eventual disease outcomes were monitored. Only one of these six M-tropic SHIVs induced any disease; the disease phenotype observed was the typical rapid, complete, and irreversible depletion of CD4+ T cells induced by pathogenic SHIVs. An analysis of two asymptomatic monkeys, previously inoculated with an M-tropic SHIV recovered directly from alveolar macrophages, revealed that this inoculum targeted alveolar macrophages in vivo, compared to a T-cell-tropic virus, yet no clinical disease occurred. Although one isolate did, in fact, induce the prototypical rapid, irreversible, and complete loss of CD4+ T cells, indicating that M-tropism and pathogenicity may not be inversely related, the majority of M-tropic SHIVs induced no clinical disease in immunocompetent macaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuhiko Igarashi
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Building 4, Room 315, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Kuwata T, Byrum R, Whitted S, Goeken R, Buckler-White A, Plishka R, Iyengar R, Hirsch VM. A rapid progressor-specific variant clone of simian immunodeficiency virus replicates efficiently in vivo only in the absence of immune responses. J Virol 2007; 81:8891-904. [PMID: 17596304 PMCID: PMC1951398 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00614-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A subset of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected macaques progresses rapidly to disease with transient SIV-specific immune responses and high viral loads. Unique SIV variants with convergent Env mutations evolve in these rapid progressor (RP) macaques. To address the pathogenic significance of RP-specific variants, we generated infectious molecular clones from the terminal-phase plasma of an RP macaque. Inoculation of macaques with a representative clone, SIVsmH635FC, resulted in a persistent viremia, comparable to that produced by pathogenic SIVsmE543-3, and a chronic disease with progressive loss of CD4(+) T cells. However, SIVsmH635FC did not reproduce the rapid-disease phenomenon. Molecular analyses of viruses from these macaques revealed rapid reversion to the wild-type SIVsmE543-3 sequence at two RP-specific sites and slower reversion at another three sites. SIVsmH635FC infection was not sufficient to cause rapid progression even following coinoculation with SIVsmE543-3, despite acute depletion of memory CD4(+) T cells. SIVsmH635FC competed efficiently during primary infection in the coinoculated macaques, but SIVsmE543-3 predominated after the development of SIV-specific immune responses. These data suggest that the replication fitness of the RP variant was similar to that of SIVsmE543-3 in a naïve host; however, SIVsmH635FC was at a disadvantage following the development of SIV-specific immune responses. Consistent with these findings, neutralization assays revealed that SIVsmH635FC was highly sensitive to neutralization but that the parental SIVsmE543-3 strain was highly resistant. This study suggests that the evolution of RP-specific variants is the result of replication in a severely immunocompromised host, rather than the direct cause of rapid progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeo Kuwata
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Sun Y, Permar SR, Buzby AP, Letvin NL. Memory CD4+ T-lymphocyte loss and dysfunction during primary simian immunodeficiency virus infection. J Virol 2007; 81:8009-15. [PMID: 17522197 PMCID: PMC1951297 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00482-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
It has long been appreciated that CD4+ T lymphocytes are dysfunctional in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected individuals, and it has recently been shown that HIV/SIV infections are associated with a dramatic early destruction of memory CD4+ T lymphocytes. However, the relative contributions of CD4+ T-lymphocyte dysfunction and loss to immune dysregulation during primary HIV/SIV infection have not been fully elucidated. In the current study, we evaluated CD4+ T lymphocytes and their functional repertoire during primary SIVmac251 infection in rhesus monkeys. We show that the extent of loss of memory CD4+ T lymphocytes and staphylococcal enterotoxin B-stimulated cytokine production by total CD4+ T lymphocytes during primary SIVmac251 infection is tightly linked in a cohort of six rhesus monkeys to set point plasma viral RNA levels, with greater loss and dysfunction being associated with higher steady-state viral replication. Moreover, in exploring the mechanism underlying this phenomenon, we demonstrate that the loss of functional CD4+ T lymphocytes during primary SIVmac251 infection is associated with both a selective depletion of memory CD4+ T cells and a loss of the functional capacity of the memory CD4+ T lymphocytes that escape viral destruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Sun
- Division of Viral Pathogenesis, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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Brown CR, Czapiga M, Kabat J, Dang Q, Ourmanov I, Nishimura Y, Martin MA, Hirsch VM. Unique pathology in simian immunodeficiency virus-infected rapid progressor macaques is consistent with a pathogenesis distinct from that of classical AIDS. J Virol 2007; 81:5594-606. [PMID: 17376901 PMCID: PMC1900277 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00202-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection of macaques and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection of humans result in variable but generally fatal disease outcomes. Most SIV-infected macaques progress to AIDS over a period of 1 to 3 years, in the face of robust SIV-specific immune responses (conventional progressors [CP]). A small number of SIV-inoculated macaques mount transient immune responses and progress rapidly to AIDS (rapid progressors [RP]). We speculated that the underlying pathogenic mechanisms may differ between RP and CP macaques. We compared the pathological lesions, virus loads, and distribution of virus and target cells in SIVsmE660- or SIVsmE543-infected RP and CP rhesus macaques at terminal disease. RP macaques developed a wasting syndrome characterized by severe SIV enteropathy in the absence of opportunistic infections. In contrast, opportunistic infections were commonly observed in CP macaques. RP and CP macaques showed distinct patterns of CD4(+) T-cell depletion, with a selective loss of memory cells in RP macaques and a generalized (naive and memory) CD4 depletion in CP macaques. In situ hybridization demonstrated higher levels of virus expression in lymphoid tissues (P < 0.001) of RP macaques and a broader distribution to include many nonlymphoid tissues. Finally, SIV was preferentially expressed in macrophages in RP macaques whereas the primary target cells in CP macaques were T lymphocytes at end stage disease. These data suggest distinct pathogenic mechanisms leading to the deaths of these two groups of animals, with CP macaques being more representative of HIV-induced AIDS in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles R Brown
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, NIAID, NIH, 4 Center Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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