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Espinoza J, Alfaro-Núñez A, Cedillo-Peláez C, Fernández-Sanz H, Mancini A, Zavala-Norzagaray AA, Ley-Quiñonez CP, López ES, Garcia-Bereguiain MA, Alonso Aguirre A, Reséndiz E. Epidemiology of marine turtle fibropapillomatosis and tumour-associated chelonid alphaherpesvirus 5 (ChHV5; Scutavirus chelonidalpha5) in North-Western Mexico: a scoping review implementing the one health approach. Vet Res Commun 2024; 48:2943-2961. [PMID: 38922387 PMCID: PMC11442556 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-024-10429-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Fibropapillomatosis (FP) - tumour-associated chelonid alphaherpesvirus 5 (ChHV5; Scutavirus chelonidalpha5) - is a disease that affect marine turtles around the world, and characterized by the formation of cutaneous tumours that can appear anywhere on the body. We carried out a thorough literature search (from 1990 to 2024) in the feeding sites of North-western Mexico, a region that hosts important habitats for feeding, development, and reproduction for five of the seven existing sea turtle species. We found 18 reports recording a total of 32 cases of FP and/or ChHV5/Scutavirus chelonidalpha5 in coastal and insular areas of North-western Mexico. Baja California Sur resulted with the highest number of cases (75%). While the first case of ChHV5/Scutavirus chelonidalpha5 infection was reported in 2004, the presence of FP tumours was reported in 2014 and became more frequent between 2019 and 2024. The affected species were black, Chelonia mydas (50%), olive ridley, Lepidochelys olivacea (46.8%) and loggerhead turtles, Caretta caretta (3.2%). Tumours occurred mainly in anterior flippers (46.1%) and neck (22.5%), and most had a nodular and verrucous appearance with a rough surface. In the study region, there is a potential sign of the emergence of the ChHV5/Scutavirus chelonidalpha5 infections and FP disease during the last 20 years, with a rapid increase during the last 10 years. As long as infections by ChHV5/Scutavirus chelonidalpha5 and the prevalence of the FP disease may be potentially influenced by anthropogenic activities, a One Health approach is needed to understand and improve sea turtles' health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joelly Espinoza
- Posgrado en Ciencias Marinas y Costeras (CIMACO), Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur (UABCS), Carretera al Sur Km 5.5., Apartado Postal 19-B, 23080, La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico
- Health assessments in sea turtles from B.C.S, La Paz, 23085, Baja California Sur, México
| | - Alonzo Alfaro-Núñez
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Naestved Hospital, Ringstedgade 57a, Naestved, 4700, Denmark.
- Section for Evolutionary Genomics, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5, Copenhagen K, 1353, Denmark.
| | - Carlos Cedillo-Peláez
- Laboratorio de Inmunología experimental, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Insurgentes Cuicuilco, Av. Insurgentes Sur 3700, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México, 04530, Mexico
| | - Helena Fernández-Sanz
- Posgrado en Ciencias Marinas y Costeras (CIMACO), Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur (UABCS), Carretera al Sur Km 5.5., Apartado Postal 19-B, 23080, La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico
- Health assessments in sea turtles from B.C.S, La Paz, 23085, Baja California Sur, México
| | - Agnese Mancini
- Grupo Tortuguero de las Californias A.C, La Paz, 23098, Baja California Sur, Mexico
| | - Alan A Zavala-Norzagaray
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigación para el Desarrollo Integral Regional (IPN-CIIDIR), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Cesar Paul Ley-Quiñonez
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigación para el Desarrollo Integral Regional (IPN-CIIDIR), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Erika Santacruz López
- Grupo tortuguero de Bahía de los Ángeles, Bahía de los ángeles, 22980, Baja California, Mexico
| | | | - A Alonso Aguirre
- Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology, Warner College of Natural Resources, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Eduardo Reséndiz
- Departamento académico de Ciencia Animal y Conservación del Hábitat, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur (UABCS), Carretera al Sur KM 5.5., Apartado Postal 19-B, La Paz, 23080, Baja California Sur, México
- Asociación Mexicana de Veterinarios de Tortugas A.C, Xalapa, 91050, Veracruz, México
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Wu H, Yin J, Li S, Wang H, Jiang P, Li P, Ding Z, Yan H, Chen B, Wang L, Wang Q. Oral immunization with recombinant L. lactis expressing GCRV-II VP4 produces protection against grass carp reovirus infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 147:109439. [PMID: 38341115 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
The hemorrhagic disease causing by grass carp reovirus (GCRV) infection, is associated with major economic losses and significant impact on aquaculture worldwide. VP4 of GCRV is one of the major outer capsid proteins which can induce an immune response in the host. In this study, pNZ8148-VP4/L. lactis was constructed to express recombinant VP4 protein of GCRV, which was confirmed by the Western-Blot and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Then we performed the oral immunization for rare minnow model and the challenge with GCRV-II. After oral administration, pNZ8148-VP4/L. lactis can continuously reside in the intestinal tract to achieve antigen presentation. The intestinal and spleen samples were collected at different time intervals after immunization, and the expression of immune-related genes was detected by real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR. The results showed that VP4 recombinant L. lactis could induce complete cellular and humoral immune responses in the intestinal mucosal system, and effectively regulate the immunological effect of the spleen. The immunogenicity and the protective efficacy of the oral vaccine was evaluated by determining IgM levels and viral challenge to vaccinated fish, a significant level (P < 0.01) of antigen-specific IgM with GCRV-II neutralizing activity was able to be detected, which provided a effective protection in the challenge experiment. These results indicated that an oral probiotic vaccine with VP4 expression can provide effective protection for grass carp against GCRV-II challenge, suggesting a promising vaccine strategy for fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiliang Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immunology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Pearl River Fishery Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, 510380, China
| | - Jiyuan Yin
- Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immunology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Pearl River Fishery Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, 510380, China
| | - Siming Li
- Institute for Quality & Safety and Standards of Agricultural Products Research, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanlian Road 602, Nanchang, 330200, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Shanghai Ocean University/National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Peng Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immunology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Pearl River Fishery Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, 510380, China
| | - Pengfei Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, 530000, China
| | - Zhaoyang Ding
- Shanghai Ocean University/National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Han Yan
- Institute for Quality & Safety and Standards of Agricultural Products Research, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanlian Road 602, Nanchang, 330200, China
| | - Bo Chen
- Nanchang Yimen Biology Technology Co., Ltd., Nanchang, 330200, China
| | - Linchuan Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Qing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immunology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Pearl River Fishery Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, 510380, China.
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Immunity in Sea Turtles: Review of a Host-Pathogen Arms Race Millions of Years in the Running. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13040556. [PMID: 36830343 PMCID: PMC9951749 DOI: 10.3390/ani13040556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The immune system of sea turtles is not completely understood. Sea turtles (as reptiles) bridge a unique evolutionary gap, being ectothermic vertebrates like fish and amphibians and amniotes like birds and mammals. Turtles are ectotherms; thus, their immune system is influenced by environmental conditions like temperature and season. We aim to review the turtle immune system and note what studies have investigated sea turtles and the effect of the environment on the immune response. Turtles rely heavily on the nonspecific innate response rather than the specific adaptive response. Turtles' innate immune effectors include antimicrobial peptides, complement, and nonspecific leukocytes. The antiviral defense is understudied in terms of the diversity of pathogen receptors and interferon function. Turtles also mount adaptive responses to pathogens. Lymphoid structures responsible for lymphocyte activation and maturation are either missing in reptiles or function is affected by season. Turtles are a marker of health for their marine environment, and their immune system is commonly dysregulated because of disease or contaminants. Fibropapillomatosis (FP) is a tumorous disease that afflicts sea turtles and is thought to be caused by a virus and an environmental factor. We aim, by exploring the current understanding of the immune system in turtles, to aid the investigation of environmental factors that contribute to the pathogenesis of this disease and provide options for immunotherapy.
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Muñoz Tenería FA, Labrada-Martagón V, Herrera-Pavón RL, Work TM, González-Ballesteros E, Negrete-Philippe AC, Maldonado-Saldaña G. Fibropapillomatosis dynamics in green sea turtles Chelonia mydas over 15 years of monitoring in Akumal Bay, Quintana Roo, Mexico. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2022; 149:133-143. [PMID: 35735233 DOI: 10.3354/dao03669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Fibropapillomatosis (FP) is a tumor disease that affects all sea turtle species but is mainly seen in green turtles Chelonia mydas. The pathology of FP has been described extensively, but its dynamics in populations over time have been less studied. We analyzed the dynamics of FP in a population of green turtles in Akumal Bay on the central coast of the Mexican Caribbean. A total of 475 green turtles were captured over 15 yr (2004-2018). The highest prevalence of FP was found in the largest turtles, and there was a positive relationship between FP prevalence and size of turtles. FP was first detected in 2008 at a prevalence of 1.6%, and annual prevalence increased markedly from 17.9% in 2015 to 54% by 2018. Likewise, severity of FP increased over time, with most turtles falling into moderately to severely diseased categories (tumor score 2). The average size of turtles with FP was significantly larger than the size of individuals without FP. Regression of tumors was seen in 21% of turtles, tumor score was higher in smaller individuals, and only tumor score 2 was present in the largest sea turtles. An increase in the prevalence and tumor score of FP coincided with the massive arrival of Sargassum in 2015, suggesting that altered environmental conditions may have played a role. The increased prevalence of FP in Akumal Bay prompts the need to explain what might be driving this phenomenon and how widespread it is in the Caribbean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando A Muñoz Tenería
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Facultad de Agronomía y Veterinaria, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, S.L.P., CP 78399, Mexico
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Roost T, Schies JA, Girondot M, Robin JP, Lelong P, Martin J, Siegwalt F, Jeantet L, Giraudeau M, Le Loch G, Bejarano M, Bonola M, Benhalilou A, Murgale C, Andreani L, Jacaria F, Campistron G, Lathière A, Martial F, Hielard G, Arqué A, Régis S, Lecerf N, Frouin C, Lefebvre F, Aubert N, Flora F, Pimentel E, Lafolle R, Thobor F, Arthus M, Etienne D, Lecerf N, Allenou JP, Desigaux F, Larcher E, Larcher C, Curto AL, Befort J, Maceno-Panevel M, Lepori M, Chevallier P, Chevallier T, Meslier S, Landreau A, Habold C, Le Maho Y, Chevallier D. Fibropapillomatosis Prevalence and Distribution in Immature Green Turtles (Chelonia mydas) in Martinique Island (Lesser Antilles). ECOHEALTH 2022; 19:190-202. [PMID: 35665871 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-022-01601-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Fibropapillomatosis (FP) threatens the survival of green turtle (Chelonia mydas) populations at a global scale, and human activities are regularly pointed as causes of high FP prevalence. However, the association of ecological factors with the disease's severity in complex coastal systems has not been well established and requires further studies. Based on a set of 405 individuals caught over ten years, this preliminary study provides the first insight of FP in Martinique Island, which is a critical development area for immature green turtles. Our main results are: (i) 12.8% of the individuals were affected by FP, (ii) FP has different prevalence and temporal evolution between very close sites, (iii) green turtles are more frequently affected on the upper body part such as eyes (41.4%), fore flippers (21.9%), and the neck (9.4%), and (iv) high densities of individuals are observed on restricted areas. We hypothesise that turtle's aggregation enhances horizontal transmission of the disease. FP could represent a risk for immature green turtles' survival in the French West Indies, a critical development area, which replenishes the entire Atlantic population. Continuing scientific monitoring is required to identify which factors are implicated in this panzootic disease and ensure the conservation of the green turtle at an international scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibaut Roost
- BOREA Research Unit, CNRS Borea, Laboratoire de Biologie des Organismes et des Ecosystèmes Aquatiques, MNHN, CNRS 8067, SU, IRD 207, UCN, UA, Martinique - FWI, Campus Martinique, BP-7207, 97275, Schoelcher Cedex, France
| | - Jo-Ann Schies
- BOREA Research Unit, CNRS Borea, Laboratoire de Biologie des Organismes et des Ecosystèmes Aquatiques, MNHN, CNRS 8067, SU, IRD 207, UCN, UA, Martinique - FWI, Campus Martinique, BP-7207, 97275, Schoelcher Cedex, France
| | - Marc Girondot
- Laboratoire Écologie, Systématique, Évolution, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris Saclay, 91405, Orsay, France
| | - Jean-Patrice Robin
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, 23 rue Becquerel, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Pierre Lelong
- BOREA Research Unit, CNRS Borea, Laboratoire de Biologie des Organismes et des Ecosystèmes Aquatiques, MNHN, CNRS 8067, SU, IRD 207, UCN, UA, Martinique - FWI, Campus Martinique, BP-7207, 97275, Schoelcher Cedex, France
| | - Jordan Martin
- BOREA Research Unit, CNRS Borea, Laboratoire de Biologie des Organismes et des Ecosystèmes Aquatiques, MNHN, CNRS 8067, SU, IRD 207, UCN, UA, Martinique - FWI, Campus Martinique, BP-7207, 97275, Schoelcher Cedex, France
| | - Flora Siegwalt
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, 23 rue Becquerel, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Lorène Jeantet
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, 23 rue Becquerel, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Mathieu Giraudeau
- LIttoral, Environnement et Sociétés (LIENSs), UMR7266, CNRS Université de La Rochelle, 2 rue Olympe de Gouges, 17042, La Rochelle Cedex, France
| | | | - Manola Bejarano
- BOREA Research Unit, CNRS Borea, Laboratoire de Biologie des Organismes et des Ecosystèmes Aquatiques, MNHN, CNRS 8067, SU, IRD 207, UCN, UA, Martinique - FWI, Campus Martinique, BP-7207, 97275, Schoelcher Cedex, France
| | - Marc Bonola
- BOREA Research Unit, CNRS Borea, Laboratoire de Biologie des Organismes et des Ecosystèmes Aquatiques, MNHN, CNRS 8067, SU, IRD 207, UCN, UA, Martinique - FWI, Campus Martinique, BP-7207, 97275, Schoelcher Cedex, France
| | | | - Céline Murgale
- Association POEMM, 73 lot papayers, Anse à l'âne, 97229, Les Trois Ilets, France
| | - Lucas Andreani
- Association POEMM, 73 lot papayers, Anse à l'âne, 97229, Les Trois Ilets, France
| | - François Jacaria
- Association POEMM, 73 lot papayers, Anse à l'âne, 97229, Les Trois Ilets, France
| | - Guilhem Campistron
- Association POEMM, 73 lot papayers, Anse à l'âne, 97229, Les Trois Ilets, France
| | - Anthony Lathière
- Association POEMM, 73 lot papayers, Anse à l'âne, 97229, Les Trois Ilets, France
| | - François Martial
- Association POEMM, 73 lot papayers, Anse à l'âne, 97229, Les Trois Ilets, France
| | - Gaëlle Hielard
- Office de L'Eau Martinique, 7 avenue Condorcet, 97200, Fort-de-France, France
| | - Alexandre Arqué
- Office de L'Eau Martinique, 7 avenue Condorcet, 97200, Fort-de-France, France
| | - Sidney Régis
- BOREA Research Unit, CNRS Borea, Laboratoire de Biologie des Organismes et des Ecosystèmes Aquatiques, MNHN, CNRS 8067, SU, IRD 207, UCN, UA, Martinique - FWI, Campus Martinique, BP-7207, 97275, Schoelcher Cedex, France
| | - Nicolas Lecerf
- BOREA Research Unit, CNRS Borea, Laboratoire de Biologie des Organismes et des Ecosystèmes Aquatiques, MNHN, CNRS 8067, SU, IRD 207, UCN, UA, Martinique - FWI, Campus Martinique, BP-7207, 97275, Schoelcher Cedex, France
| | - Cédric Frouin
- BOREA Research Unit, CNRS Borea, Laboratoire de Biologie des Organismes et des Ecosystèmes Aquatiques, MNHN, CNRS 8067, SU, IRD 207, UCN, UA, Martinique - FWI, Campus Martinique, BP-7207, 97275, Schoelcher Cedex, France
| | - Fabien Lefebvre
- Association ACWAA, rue grand fleur, quartier Epinay, 97228, Sainte-Luce, France
| | - Nathalie Aubert
- Association ACWAA, rue grand fleur, quartier Epinay, 97228, Sainte-Luce, France
| | - Frédéric Flora
- BOREA Research Unit, CNRS Borea, Laboratoire de Biologie des Organismes et des Ecosystèmes Aquatiques, MNHN, CNRS 8067, SU, IRD 207, UCN, UA, Martinique - FWI, Campus Martinique, BP-7207, 97275, Schoelcher Cedex, France
| | | | - Rachelle Lafolle
- BOREA Research Unit, CNRS Borea, Laboratoire de Biologie des Organismes et des Ecosystèmes Aquatiques, MNHN, CNRS 8067, SU, IRD 207, UCN, UA, Martinique - FWI, Campus Martinique, BP-7207, 97275, Schoelcher Cedex, France
| | - Florence Thobor
- BOREA Research Unit, CNRS Borea, Laboratoire de Biologie des Organismes et des Ecosystèmes Aquatiques, MNHN, CNRS 8067, SU, IRD 207, UCN, UA, Martinique - FWI, Campus Martinique, BP-7207, 97275, Schoelcher Cedex, France
| | - Mosiah Arthus
- BOREA Research Unit, CNRS Borea, Laboratoire de Biologie des Organismes et des Ecosystèmes Aquatiques, MNHN, CNRS 8067, SU, IRD 207, UCN, UA, Martinique - FWI, Campus Martinique, BP-7207, 97275, Schoelcher Cedex, France
| | - Denis Etienne
- DEAL Martinique, Pointe de Jaham, 97274, Schoelcher, France
| | - Nathaël Lecerf
- BOREA Research Unit, CNRS Borea, Laboratoire de Biologie des Organismes et des Ecosystèmes Aquatiques, MNHN, CNRS 8067, SU, IRD 207, UCN, UA, Martinique - FWI, Campus Martinique, BP-7207, 97275, Schoelcher Cedex, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Allenou
- IFREMER Délégation de Martinique, 79 route de Pointe-Fort, 97231, Le Robert, France
| | - Florian Desigaux
- BOREA Research Unit, CNRS Borea, Laboratoire de Biologie des Organismes et des Ecosystèmes Aquatiques, MNHN, CNRS 8067, SU, IRD 207, UCN, UA, Martinique - FWI, Campus Martinique, BP-7207, 97275, Schoelcher Cedex, France
| | - Eugène Larcher
- Mairie des Anses d'Arlet, Boulevard des Arlésiens, 97217, Les Anses-d'Arlet, France
| | - Christian Larcher
- Mairie des Anses d'Arlet, Boulevard des Arlésiens, 97217, Les Anses-d'Arlet, France
| | - Alberto Lo Curto
- Laboratoire Territorial d'Analyses de Martinique, quartier la Favorite, 97232, Le Lamentin, France
| | - Joanne Befort
- Laboratoire Territorial d'Analyses de Martinique, quartier la Favorite, 97232, Le Lamentin, France
| | - Myriane Maceno-Panevel
- Communauté d'Agglomération de L'Espace Sud, Les Frangipaniers, 97228, Sainte-Luce, France
| | - Muriel Lepori
- Association POEMM, 73 lot papayers, Anse à l'âne, 97229, Les Trois Ilets, France
| | - Pascale Chevallier
- Association POEMM, 73 lot papayers, Anse à l'âne, 97229, Les Trois Ilets, France
| | - Tao Chevallier
- Association POEMM, 73 lot papayers, Anse à l'âne, 97229, Les Trois Ilets, France
| | - Stéphane Meslier
- ANSLO-S Association Naturaliste de Soutien Logistique À La Science, 7 Avenue Georges Clémenceau, 49280, La Tessoualle, France
| | - Anthony Landreau
- ANSLO-S Association Naturaliste de Soutien Logistique À La Science, 7 Avenue Georges Clémenceau, 49280, La Tessoualle, France
| | - Caroline Habold
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, 23 rue Becquerel, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Yvon Le Maho
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, 23 rue Becquerel, 67000, Strasbourg, France
- Centre Scientifique de Monaco, Principauté de Monaco, Monaco
| | - Damien Chevallier
- BOREA Research Unit, CNRS Borea, Laboratoire de Biologie des Organismes et des Ecosystèmes Aquatiques, MNHN, CNRS 8067, SU, IRD 207, UCN, UA, Martinique - FWI, Campus Martinique, BP-7207, 97275, Schoelcher Cedex, France.
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Loganathan AL, Palaniappan P, Subbiah VK. First Evidence of Chelonid Herpesvirus 5 (ChHV5) Infection in Green Turtles ( Chelonia mydas) from Sabah, Borneo. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10111404. [PMID: 34832560 PMCID: PMC8624793 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10111404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibropapillomatosis (FP) of sea turtles is characterised by cutaneous tumours and is associated with Chelonid herpesvirus 5 (ChHV5), an alphaherpesvirus from the family Herpesviridae. Here, we provide the first evidence of ChHV5-associated FP in endangered Green turtles (Chelonia mydas) from Sabah, which is located at the northern region of Malaysian Borneo. The aims of our study were firstly, to determine the presence of ChHV5 in both tumour exhibiting and tumour-free turtles using molecular techniques and secondly, to determine the phylogeography of ChHV5 in Sabah. We also aim to provide evidence of ChHV5 infection through histopathological examinations. A total of 115 Green turtles were sampled from Mabul Island, Sabah. We observed three Green turtles that exhibited FP tumours and were positive for ChHV5. In addition, six clinically healthy turtles (with no presence of tumours) were also positive for the virus based on Polymerase Chain Reaction of three viral genes (Capsid protein gene UL18, Glycoprotein H gene UL22, and Glycoprotein B gene UL27). The prevalence of the ChHV5 was 5.22% in asymptomatic Green turtles. Epidermal intranuclear inclusions were identified in tumour lesions upon histopathological examination. In addition, phylogenetic analyses of the UL18, UL22, UL27, and UL30 gene sequences showed a worldwide distribution of the ChHV5 strain with no clear distinction based on geographical location suggesting an interoceanic connection and movement of the sea turtles. Thus, the emergence of ChHV5 in Green turtles in the waters of Sabah could indicate a possible threat to sea turtle populations in the future and requires further monitoring of the populations along the Bornean coast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aswini Leela Loganathan
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, Malaysia;
- Genomics Facility, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway 47500, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Pushpa Palaniappan
- Borneo Marine Research Institute, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, Malaysia;
| | - Vijay Kumar Subbiah
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, Malaysia;
- Correspondence:
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Sea Turtles in the Cancer Risk Landscape: A Global Meta-Analysis of Fibropapillomatosis Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10101295. [PMID: 34684244 PMCID: PMC8540842 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10101295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Several cancer risk factors (exposure to ultraviolet-B, pollution, toxins and pathogens) have been identified for wildlife, to form a “cancer risk landscape.” However, information remains limited on how the spatiotemporal variability of these factors impacts the prevalence of cancer in wildlife. Here, we evaluated the cancer risk landscape at 49 foraging sites of the globally distributed green turtle (Chelonia mydas), a species affected by fibropapillomatosis, by integrating data from a global meta-analysis of 31 publications (1994–2019). Evaluated risk factors included ultraviolet light exposure, eutrophication, toxic phytoplanktonic blooms, sea surface temperature, and the presence of mechanical vectors (parasites and symbiotic species). Prevalence was highest in areas where nutrient concentrations facilitated the emergence of toxic phytoplankton blooms. In contrast, ultraviolet light exposure and the presence of parasitic and/or symbiotic species did not appear to impact disease prevalence. Our results indicate that, to counter outbreaks of fibropapillomatosis, management actions that reduce eutrophication in foraging areas should be implemented.
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Work TM, Weatherby TM, DeRito CM, Besemer RM, Hewson I. Sea star wasting disease pathology in Pisaster ochraceus shows a basal-to-surface process affecting color phenotypes differently. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2021; 145:21-33. [PMID: 34080580 DOI: 10.3354/dao03598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Sea star wasting disease (SSWD) refers to a suite of poorly described non-specific clinical signs including abnormal posture, epidermal ulceration, and limb autotomy (sloughing) causing mortalities of over 20 species of sea stars and subsequent ecological shifts throughout the northeastern Pacific. While SSWD is widely assumed to be infectious, with environmental conditions facilitating disease progression, few data exist on cellular changes associated with the disease. This is unfortunate, because such observations could inform mechanisms of disease pathogenesis and host susceptibility. Here, we replicated SSWD by exposing captive Pisaster ochraceus to a suite of non-infectious organic substances and show that development of gross lesions is a basal-to-surface process involving inflammation (e.g. infiltration of coelomocytes) of ossicles and mutable collagenous tissue, leading to epidermal ulceration. Affected sea stars also manifest increases in a heretofore undocumented coelomocyte type, spindle cells, that might be a useful marker of inflammation in this species. Finally, compared to purple morphs, orange P. ochraceus developed more severe lesions but survived longer. Longer-lived, and presumably more visible, severely-lesioned orange sea stars could have important demographic implications in terms of detectability of lesioned animals in the wild and measures of apparent prevalence of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry M Work
- US Geological Survey, National Wildlife Health Center, Honolulu Field Station, Honolulu, HI 96850, USA
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Okoh GR, Horwood PF, Whitmore D, Ariel E. Herpesviruses in Reptiles. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:642894. [PMID: 34026888 PMCID: PMC8131531 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.642894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the 1970s, several species of herpesviruses have been identified and associated with significant diseases in reptiles. Earlier discoveries placed these viruses into different taxonomic groups on the basis of morphological and biological characteristics, while advancements in molecular methods have led to more recent descriptions of novel reptilian herpesviruses, as well as providing insight into the phylogenetic relationship of these viruses. Herpesvirus infections in reptiles are often characterised by non-pathognomonic signs including stomatitis, encephalitis, conjunctivitis, hepatitis and proliferative lesions. With the exception of fibropapillomatosis in marine turtles, the absence of specific clinical signs has fostered misdiagnosis and underreporting of the actual disease burden in reptilian populations and hampered potential investigations that could lead to the effective control of these diseases. In addition, complex life histories, sampling bias and poor monitoring systems have limited the assessment of the impact of herpesvirus infections in wild populations and captive collections. Here we review the current published knowledge of the taxonomy, pathogenesis, pathology and epidemiology of reptilian herpesviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- God'spower Richard Okoh
- Division of Tropical Health and Medicine, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
| | - Paul F Horwood
- Division of Tropical Health and Medicine, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
| | - David Whitmore
- Division of Tropical Health and Medicine, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
| | - Ellen Ariel
- Division of Tropical Health and Medicine, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
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Farrell JA, Whitmore L, Duffy DJ. The Promise and Pitfalls of Environmental DNA and RNA Approaches for the Monitoring of Human and Animal Pathogens from Aquatic Sources. Bioscience 2021. [PMCID: PMC8083301 DOI: 10.1093/biosci/biab027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Novel forensics-inspired molecular approaches have revolutionized species detection in the wild and are particularly useful for tracing endangered or invasive species. These new environmental DNA or RNA (eDNA or eRNA)–based techniques are now being applied to human and animal pathogen surveillance, particularly in aquatic environments. They allow better disease monitoring (presence or absence and geographical spread) and understanding of pathogen occurrence and transmission, benefitting species conservation and, more recently, our understanding of the COVID-19 global human pandemic. In the present article, we summarize the benefits of eDNA-based monitoring, highlighted by two case studies: The first is a fibropapillomatosis tumor-associated herpesvirus (chelonid herpesvirus 5) driving a sea turtle panzootic, and the second relates to eRNA-based detection of the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus driving the COVID-19 human pandemic. The limitations of eDNA- or eRNA-based approaches are also summarized, and future directions and recommendations of the field are discussed. Continuous eDNA- or eRNA-based monitoring programs can potentially improve human and animal health by predicting disease outbreaks in advance, facilitating proactive rather than reactive responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Farrell
- University of Florida's Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience and Sea Turtle Hospital (St. Augustine), and The University of Florida's Department of Biology in the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences (Gainesville), United States
| | - Liam Whitmore
- University of Limerick's Department of Biological Sciences in the School of Natural Sciences and Faculty of Science and Engineering, Limerick, Ireland
| | - David J Duffy
- University of Florida's Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience and Sea Turtle Hospital (St. Augustine), and The University of Florida's Department of Biology in the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences (Gainesville), United States
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Insights on Immune Function in Free-Ranging Green Sea Turtles ( Chelonia mydas) with and without Fibropapillomatosis. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11030861. [PMID: 33803547 PMCID: PMC8003005 DOI: 10.3390/ani11030861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chelonid alphaherpesviruses 5 and 6 (ChHV5 and ChHV6) are viruses that affect wild sea turtle populations. ChHV5 is associated with the neoplastic disease fibropapillomatosis (FP), which affects green turtles (Chelonia mydas) in panzootic proportions. ChHV6 infection is associated with lung-eye-trachea disease (LETD), which has only been observed in maricultured sea turtles, although antibodies to ChHV6 have been detected in free-ranging turtles. To better understand herpesvirus prevalence and host immunity in various green turtle foraging aggregations in Florida, USA, our objectives were to compare measures of innate and adaptive immune function in relation to (1) FP tumor presence and severity, and (2) ChHV5 and ChHV6 infection status. Free-ranging, juvenile green turtles (N = 45) were captured and examined for external FP tumors in Florida's Big Bend, Indian River Lagoon, and Lake Worth Lagoon. Blood samples were collected upon capture and analyzed for ChHV5 and ChHV6 DNA, antibodies to ChHV5 and ChHV6, in vitro lymphocyte proliferation using a T-cell mitogen (concanavalin A), and natural killer cell activity. Despite an overall high FP prevalence (56%), ChHV5 DNA was only observed in one individual, whereas 20% of turtles tested positive for antibodies to ChHV5. ChHV6 DNA was not observed in any animals and only one turtle tested positive for ChHV6 antibodies. T-cell proliferation was not significantly related to FP presence, tumor burden, or ChHV5 seroprevalence; however, lymphocyte proliferation in response to concanavalin A was decreased in turtles with severe FP (N = 3). Lastly, green turtles with FP (N = 9) had significantly lower natural killer cell activity compared to FP-free turtles (N = 5). These results increase our understanding of immune system effects related to FP and provide evidence that immunosuppression occurs after the onset of FP disease.
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Mashkour N, Jones K, Wirth W, Burgess G, Ariel E. The Concurrent Detection of Chelonid Alphaherpesvirus 5 and Chelonia mydas Papillomavirus 1 in Tumoured and Non-Tumoured Green Turtles. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11030697. [PMID: 33807588 PMCID: PMC7999010 DOI: 10.3390/ani11030697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Characterised by benign tumours, fibropapillomatosis is a debilitating disease that predominantly afflicts the endangered green turtle (Chelonia mydas). A growing body of evidence has associated these tumours with a herpesvirus. However, a recent study detected both herpesvirus and papillomavirus in these tumours. This result challenged the idea that the herpesvirus is the sole virus associated with this disease. The present study aimed to better understand the co-occurrence of these viruses in turtles with fibropapillomatosis (in both tumour samples and non-tumoured skin samples), in addition to samples from non-tumoured turtles. Both viruses were detected in all sample types, with the 43.5% of tumours containing both herpesvirus and papillomavirus. Tumour samples were found to contain the most herpesvirus while the highest amount of papillomavirus was detected in non-tumoured skin from turtles with tumours. Collectively, these results pivot the way we think about this disease; as an infectious disease where two separate viruses may be at play. Abstract Characterised by benign tumours, fibropapillomatosis (FP) is a debilitating disease that predominantly afflicts the endangered green turtle (Chelonia mydas). A growing body of histological and molecular evidence has associated FP tumours with Chelonid alphaherpesvirus 5 (ChHV5). However, a recent study which detected both ChHV5 and Chelonia mydas papillomavirus 1 (CmPV1) DNA in FP tumour tissues has challenged this hypothesis. The present study aimed to establish a probe-based qPCR to assess the wider prevalence of CmPV1 and co-occurrence with ChHV5 in 275 marine turtles foraging in waters adjacent to the east coast of Queensland, Australia: three categories: Group A (FP tumours), Group B (non-tumoured skin from FP turtles) and Group C (non-tumoured skin from turtles without FP). Concurrent detection of ChHV5 and CmPV1 DNA is reported for all three categories, where Group A had the highest rate (43.5%). ChHV5 viral loads in Group A were significantly higher than loads seen in Group B and C. This was not the case for CmPV1 where the loads in Group B were highest, followed by Group A. However, the mean CmPV1 load for Group A samples was not significantly different to the mean load reported from Group B or C samples. Collectively, these results pivot the way we think about FP; as an infectious disease where two separate viruses may be at play.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narges Mashkour
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4814, Australia; (K.J.); (W.W.); (G.B.); (E.A.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Karina Jones
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4814, Australia; (K.J.); (W.W.); (G.B.); (E.A.)
- College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4814, Australia
| | - Wytamma Wirth
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4814, Australia; (K.J.); (W.W.); (G.B.); (E.A.)
| | - Graham Burgess
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4814, Australia; (K.J.); (W.W.); (G.B.); (E.A.)
| | - Ellen Ariel
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4814, Australia; (K.J.); (W.W.); (G.B.); (E.A.)
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Yetsko K, Farrell JA, Blackburn NB, Whitmore L, Stammnitz MR, Whilde J, Eastman CB, Ramia DR, Thomas R, Krstic A, Linser P, Creer S, Carvalho G, Devlin MA, Nahvi N, Leandro AC, deMaar TW, Burkhalter B, Murchison EP, Schnitzler C, Duffy DJ. Molecular characterization of a marine turtle tumor epizootic, profiling external, internal and postsurgical regrowth tumors. Commun Biol 2021; 4:152. [PMID: 33526843 PMCID: PMC7851172 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-01656-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Sea turtle populations are under threat from an epizootic tumor disease (animal epidemic) known as fibropapillomatosis. Fibropapillomatosis continues to spread geographically, with prevalence of the disease also growing at many longer-affected sites globally. However, we do not yet understand the precise environmental, mutational and viral events driving fibropapillomatosis tumor formation and progression.Here we perform transcriptomic and immunohistochemical profiling of five fibropapillomatosis tumor types: external new, established and postsurgical regrowth tumors, and internal lung and kidney tumors. We reveal that internal tumors are molecularly distinct from the more common external tumors. However, they have a small number of conserved potentially therapeutically targetable molecular vulnerabilities in common, such as the MAPK, Wnt, TGFβ and TNF oncogenic signaling pathways. These conserved oncogenic drivers recapitulate remarkably well the core pan-cancer drivers responsible for human cancers. Fibropapillomatosis has been considered benign, but metastatic-related transcriptional signatures are strongly activated in kidney and established external tumors. Tumors in turtles with poor outcomes (died/euthanized) have genes associated with apoptosis and immune function suppressed, with these genes providing putative predictive biomarkers.Together, these results offer an improved understanding of fibropapillomatosis tumorigenesis and provide insights into the origins, inter-tumor relationships, and therapeutic treatment for this wildlife epizootic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey Yetsko
- The Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience and Sea Turtle Hospital, University of Florida, St. Augustine, FL, 32080, USA
| | - Jessica A Farrell
- The Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience and Sea Turtle Hospital, University of Florida, St. Augustine, FL, 32080, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Nicholas B Blackburn
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX, USA
- South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX, USA
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Liam Whitmore
- The Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience and Sea Turtle Hospital, University of Florida, St. Augustine, FL, 32080, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Maximilian R Stammnitz
- Transmissible Cancer Group, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0ES, UK
| | - Jenny Whilde
- The Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience and Sea Turtle Hospital, University of Florida, St. Augustine, FL, 32080, USA
| | - Catherine B Eastman
- The Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience and Sea Turtle Hospital, University of Florida, St. Augustine, FL, 32080, USA
| | - Devon Rollinson Ramia
- The Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience and Sea Turtle Hospital, University of Florida, St. Augustine, FL, 32080, USA
| | - Rachel Thomas
- The Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience and Sea Turtle Hospital, University of Florida, St. Augustine, FL, 32080, USA
| | - Aleksandar Krstic
- Systems Biology Ireland & Precision Oncology Ireland, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, 4, Ireland
| | - Paul Linser
- The Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience and Sea Turtle Hospital, University of Florida, St. Augustine, FL, 32080, USA
| | - Simon Creer
- Molecular Ecology and Fisheries Genetics Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd, LL57 2UW, UK
| | - Gary Carvalho
- Molecular Ecology and Fisheries Genetics Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd, LL57 2UW, UK
| | | | - Nina Nahvi
- Sea Turtle Inc., South Padre Island, TX, USA
| | - Ana Cristina Leandro
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX, USA
- South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX, USA
| | | | - Brooke Burkhalter
- The Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience and Sea Turtle Hospital, University of Florida, St. Augustine, FL, 32080, USA
| | - Elizabeth P Murchison
- Transmissible Cancer Group, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0ES, UK
| | - Christine Schnitzler
- The Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience and Sea Turtle Hospital, University of Florida, St. Augustine, FL, 32080, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - David J Duffy
- The Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience and Sea Turtle Hospital, University of Florida, St. Augustine, FL, 32080, USA.
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.
- Systems Biology Ireland & Precision Oncology Ireland, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, 4, Ireland.
- Molecular Ecology and Fisheries Genetics Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd, LL57 2UW, UK.
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Rittenburg LT, Kelley JR, Mansfield KL, Savage AE. Marine leech parasitism of sea turtles varies across host species, seasons, and the tumor disease fibropapillomatosis. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2021; 143:1-12. [PMID: 33443237 DOI: 10.3354/dao03549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Fibropapillomatosis (FP) is a tumorous disease affecting all species of sea turtles and is associated with the pathogen chelonid alphaherpesvirus 5 (ChHV5). Hypothesized ChHV5 vectors include the marine leeches Ozobranchus branchiatus and O. margoi, but data on their associations with FP and ChHV5 are minimal. To establish relationships between leech parasitism, turtle hosts, and FP, we compared green and loggerhead turtles from the Indian River Lagoon (IRL), Florida, USA, in terms of (1) the presence or absence of ChHV5 within associated leeches, (2) the association between leech parasitism and host FP status, and (3) seasonal variation in leech presence. We identified 55 leeches collected from green turtles as O. branchiatus and 22 leeches collected from loggerhead turtles as O. margoi. Of 77 sequenced leeches, 10 O. branchiatus and 5 O. margoi were ChHV5 positive. ChHV5-positive O. branchiatus trended towards coming from FP-positive hosts. Using 12 yr of turtle capture data from the IRL, we found that leech parasitism was significantly correlated with FP and capture month in green turtles but not in loggerhead turtles. These results suggest that O. branchiatus and O. margoi may differ in their ability to transmit ChHV5 or to encounter and remain on FP-positive hosts. Alternatively, potential immunological differences between green and loggerhead turtles may explain the observed relationships. This study is the first to provide robust statistical evidence of an association between leeches and FP, as well as seasonal fluctuations in leech presence, in green turtles but not in loggerhead turtles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah T Rittenburg
- Department of Biology, University of Central Florida, 4110 Libra Drive, Orlando, FL 32816, USA
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Molecular Assessment of Chelonid Alphaherpesvirus 5 Infection in Tumor-Free Green ( Chelonia mydas) and Loggerhead ( Caretta caretta) Sea Turtles in North Carolina, USA, 2015-2019. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10111964. [PMID: 33113823 PMCID: PMC7692682 DOI: 10.3390/ani10111964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Fibropapillomatosis is a debilitating tumor disease of sea turtles that is sometimes fatal. This disease is a key concern for sea turtle rehabilitation facilities due to its infectious nature, as it is associated with a virus called chelonid alphaherpesvirus 5. This is the first study to analyze antibodies to this virus in loggerhead sea turtles and represents the most complete dataset on viral detection in sea turtles encountered in the more northern latitudes of their habitat in the western Atlantic. Abstract Fibropapillomatosis is associated with chelonid alphaherpesvirus 5 (ChHV5) and tumor formation in sea turtles. We collected blood samples from 113 green (Chelonia mydas) and 112 loggerhead (Caretta caretta) turtles without fibropapillomatosis, including 46 free-ranging turtles (20 green turtles, 26 loggerheads), captured in Core Sound, North Carolina, and 179 turtles (93 green turtles, 86 loggerheads) in rehabilitative care in North Carolina. Blood samples were analyzed for ChHV5 DNA using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), and for antibodies to ChHV5 peptides using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). None of the samples from foraging turtles tested positive for ChHV5 by qPCR; ELISA was not used for foraging turtles. Samples from 18/179 (10.1%) rehabilitating turtles tested positive for ChHV5 using qPCR, and 32/56 (57.1%) rehabilitating turtles tested positive for antibodies to ChHV5 using ELISA. Five turtles that tested positive by qPCR or ELISA at admission converted to being undetectable during rehabilitation, and five that initially tested negative converted to being positive. Both sea turtle species were significantly more likely to test positive for ChHV5 using ELISA than with qPCR (p < 0.001). There was no difference in the proportions of green turtles versus loggerheads that tested positive for ChHV5 using qPCR, but loggerheads were significantly more likely than green turtles to test positive for ChHV5 using ELISA. This finding suggests that loggerheads infected with ChHV5 at some point in their life may be more able than green turtles to mount an effective immune response against recrudescent infection, pointing to species-specific genetic differences in the two species’ immune response to ChHV5 infection. This is the first study to analyze antibodies to ChHV5 in loggerhead turtles and represents the most complete dataset on ChHV5 DNA detection in sea turtles encountered in the more northern latitudes of their western Atlantic habitat.
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