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Wang T, Luo R, Zhang J, Lan J, Lu Z, Zhai H, Li LF, Sun Y, Qiu HJ. The African swine fever virus MGF300-4L protein is associated with viral pathogenicity by promoting the autophagic degradation of IKK β and increasing the stability of I κB α. Emerg Microbes Infect 2024; 13:2333381. [PMID: 38501350 PMCID: PMC11018083 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2024.2333381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a highly contagious, often fatal viral disease caused by African swine fever virus (ASFV), which imposes a substantial economic burden on the global pig industry. When screening for the virus replication-regulating genes in the left variable region of the ASFV genome, we observed a notable reduction in ASFV replication following the deletion of the MGF300-4L gene. However, the role of MGF300-4L in ASFV infection remains unexplored. In this study, we found that MGF300-4L could effectively inhibit the production of proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β and TNF-α, which are regulated by the NF-κB signaling pathway. Mechanistically, we demonstrated that MGF300-4L interacts with IKKβ and promotes its lysosomal degradation via the chaperone-mediated autophagy. Meanwhile, the interaction between MGF300-4L and IκBα competitively inhibits the binding of the E3 ligase β-TrCP to IκBα, thereby inhibiting the ubiquitination-dependent degradation of IκBα. Remarkably, although ASFV encodes other inhibitors of NF-κB, the MGF300-4L gene-deleted ASFV (Del4L) showed reduced virulence in pigs, indicating that MGF300-4L plays a critical role in ASFV pathogenicity. Importantly, the attenuation of Del4L was associated with a significant increase in the production of IL-1β and TNF-α early in the infection of pigs. Our findings provide insights into the functions of MGF300-4L in ASFV pathogenicity, suggesting that MGF300-4L could be a promising target for developing novel strategies and live attenuated vaccines against ASF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National African Swine Fever Para-Reference Laboratory, National High Containment Facilities for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rui Luo
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National African Swine Fever Para-Reference Laboratory, National High Containment Facilities for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National African Swine Fever Para-Reference Laboratory, National High Containment Facilities for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing Lan
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National African Swine Fever Para-Reference Laboratory, National High Containment Facilities for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
- College of Animal Sciences, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhanhao Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National African Swine Fever Para-Reference Laboratory, National High Containment Facilities for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huanjie Zhai
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National African Swine Fever Para-Reference Laboratory, National High Containment Facilities for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lian-Feng Li
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National African Swine Fever Para-Reference Laboratory, National High Containment Facilities for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuan Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National African Swine Fever Para-Reference Laboratory, National High Containment Facilities for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hua-Ji Qiu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National African Swine Fever Para-Reference Laboratory, National High Containment Facilities for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
- College of Animal Sciences, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, People’s Republic of China
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Li Y, Huang L, Li H, Zhu Y, Yu Z, Zheng X, Weng C, Feng WH. ASFV pA151R negatively regulates type I IFN production via degrading E3 ligase TRAF6. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1339510. [PMID: 38449860 PMCID: PMC10914938 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1339510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) caused by African swine fever virus (ASFV) is a highly mortal and hemorrhagic infectious disease in pigs. Previous studies have indicated that ASFV modulates interferon (IFN) production. In this study, we demonstrated that ASFV pA151R negatively regulated type I IFN production. Ectopic expression of pA151R dramatically inhibited K63-linked polyubiquitination and Ser172 phosphorylation of TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1). Mechanically, we demonstrated that E3 ligase TNF receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6) participated in the ubiquitination of TBK1 in cGAS-STING signaling pathway. We showed that pA151R interacted with TRAF6 and degraded it through apoptosis pathway, leading to the disruption of TBK1 and TRAF6 interaction. Moreover, we clarified that the amino acids H102, C109, C132, and C135 in pA151R were crucial for pA151R to inhibit type I interferon production. In addition, we verified that overexpression of pA151R facilitated DNA virus Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) replication by inhibiting IFN-β production. Importantly, knockdown of pA151R inhibited ASFV replication and enhanced IFN-β production in porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs). Our findings will help understand how ASFV escapes host antiviral immune responses and develop effective ASFV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- You Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Li Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Hui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yingqi Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zilong Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaojie Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Changjiang Weng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Wen-hai Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Wang T, Luo R, Zhang J, Lu Z, Li LF, Zheng YH, Pan L, Lan J, Zhai H, Huang S, Sun Y, Qiu HJ. The MGF300-2R protein of African swine fever virus is associated with viral pathogenicity by promoting the autophagic degradation of IKKα and IKKβ through the recruitment of TOLLIP. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011580. [PMID: 37566637 PMCID: PMC10446188 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The multigene family genes (MGFs) in the left variable region (LVR) of the African swine fever virus (ASFV) genome have been reported to be involved in viral replication in primary porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs) and virulence in pigs. However, the exact functions of key MGFs in the LVR that regulate the replication and virulence of ASFV remain unclear. In this study, we identified the MGF300-2R gene to be critical for viral replication in PAMs by deleting different sets of MGFs in the LVR from the highly virulent strain ASFV HLJ/18 (ASFV-WT). The ASFV mutant lacking the MGF300-2R gene (Del2R) showed a 1-log reduction in viral titer, and induced higher IL-1β and TNF-α production in PAMs than did ASFV-WT. Mechanistically, the MGF300-2R protein was found to interact with and degrade IKKα and IKKβ via the selective autophagy pathway. Furthermore, we showed that MGF300-2R promoted the K27-linked polyubiquitination of IKKα and IKKβ, which subsequently served as a recognition signal for the cargo receptor TOLLIP-mediated selective autophagic degradation. Importantly, Del2R exhibited a significant reduction in both replication and virulence compared with ASFV-WT in pigs, likely due to the increased IL-1β and TNF-α, indicating that MGF300-2R is a virulence determinant. These findings reveal that MGF300-2R suppresses host innate immune responses by mediating the degradation of IKKα and IKKβ, which provides clues to paving the way for the rational design of live attenuated vaccines to control ASF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National African Swine Fever Para-reference Laboratory, National High Containment Facilities for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Rui Luo
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National African Swine Fever Para-reference Laboratory, National High Containment Facilities for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
- School of Life Science Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National African Swine Fever Para-reference Laboratory, National High Containment Facilities for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Zhanhao Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National African Swine Fever Para-reference Laboratory, National High Containment Facilities for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Lian-Feng Li
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National African Swine Fever Para-reference Laboratory, National High Containment Facilities for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yong-Hui Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National African Swine Fever Para-reference Laboratory, National High Containment Facilities for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Li Pan
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National African Swine Fever Para-reference Laboratory, National High Containment Facilities for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Jing Lan
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National African Swine Fever Para-reference Laboratory, National High Containment Facilities for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Huanjie Zhai
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National African Swine Fever Para-reference Laboratory, National High Containment Facilities for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Shujian Huang
- School of Life Science Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Yuan Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National African Swine Fever Para-reference Laboratory, National High Containment Facilities for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Hua-Ji Qiu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National African Swine Fever Para-reference Laboratory, National High Containment Facilities for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
- School of Life Science Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
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Riera E, García-Belmonte R, Madrid R, Pérez-Núñez D, Revilla Y. African swine fever virus ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme pI215L inhibits IFN-I signaling pathway through STAT2 degradation. Front Microbiol 2023; 13:1081035. [PMID: 36713190 PMCID: PMC9880986 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1081035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) is the causative agent of one of the most lethal diseases affecting domestic pig and wild boar, which is endangering the swine industry due to its rapid expansion. ASFV has developed different mechanisms to evade the host immune response, including inhibition of type I IFN (IFN-I) production and signaling, since IFN-I is a key element in the cellular antiviral response. Here, we report a novel mechanism of evasion of the IFN-I signaling pathway carried out by the ASFV ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme pI215L. Our data showed that pI215L inhibited IFN-stimulated response element (ISRE) activity and the consecutive mRNA induction of the IFN-stimulated genes ISG15 and IFIT1 through the ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of STAT2. Additionally, by immunofluorescence, co-immunoprecipitation and nucleus-cytoplasm fractionation approaches, we have confirmed the interaction and colocalization of STAT2 and pI215L, in ectopic experiments and during ASFV infection. Moreover, expression of the catalytic mutant (I215L-C85A) did not inhibit the induction of ISG15 and IFIT1, nor the activity of ISRE. Furthermore, we confirmed that STAT2 degradation by pI215L is dependent on its catalytic activity, since expression of the pI215L-C85A mutant did not affect STAT2 levels, compared to the wild-type protein. Yet, our data reveal that the interaction of pI215L with STAT2 does not require the integrity of its catalytic domain since the pI215L-C85A mutant co-immunoprecipitates with STAT2. All these findings reveal, for the first time, the involvement of E2-ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme activity of pI215L in the immune response modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Riera
- Microbes in Health and Welfare Department, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel García-Belmonte
- Microbes in Health and Welfare Department, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ricardo Madrid
- Bioassays SL, UAM, Madrid, Spain,Department of Genetics, Physiology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Biology, UCM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Pérez-Núñez
- Microbes in Health and Welfare Department, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Yolanda Revilla
- Microbes in Health and Welfare Department, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain,*Correspondence: Yolanda Revilla, ✉
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Pérez-Núñez D, Sunwoo SY, García-Belmonte R, Kim C, Vigara-Astillero G, Riera E, Kim DM, Jeong J, Tark D, Ko YS, You YK, Revilla Y. Recombinant African Swine Fever Virus Arm/07/CBM/c2 Lacking CD2v and A238L Is Attenuated and Protects Pigs against Virulent Korean Paju Strain. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10121992. [PMID: 36560402 PMCID: PMC9784410 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10121992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is an obligated declaration swine disease, provoking farm isolation measures and the closing of affected country boarders. ASF virus (ASFV) is currently the cause of a pandemic across China and Eurasia. By the end of 2019, ASF was detected in nine EU Member States: Bulgaria, Romania, Slovakia, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland and Belgium. The affected area of the EU extended progressively, moving mostly in a southwestern direction (EFSA). Inactivated and/or subunit vaccines have proven to fail since certain virus replication is needed for protection. LAVs are thus the most realistic option, which must be safe, effective and industrially scalable. We here generated a vaccine prototype from the Arm/07/CBM/c2 genotype II strain, in which we have deleted the EP402R (CD2v) and A238L genes by CRISPR/Cas9 in COS-1 cells, without detectable further genetic changes. The successful immunization of pigs has proven this vaccine to be safe and fully protective against the circulating Korean Paju genotype II strain, opening the possibility of a new vaccine on the market in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Pérez-Núñez
- Microbes in Health and Welfare Department, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, c/Nicolás Cabrera 1, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sun-Young Sunwoo
- Careside Co., Ltd., Sagimakgol-ro 45 Beongil 14, Seongnam-si 13209, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Raquel García-Belmonte
- Microbes in Health and Welfare Department, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, c/Nicolás Cabrera 1, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Chansong Kim
- Careside Co., Ltd., Sagimakgol-ro 45 Beongil 14, Seongnam-si 13209, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Gonzalo Vigara-Astillero
- Microbes in Health and Welfare Department, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, c/Nicolás Cabrera 1, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Riera
- Microbes in Health and Welfare Department, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, c/Nicolás Cabrera 1, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Dae-min Kim
- Laboratory for infectious Disease Prevention, Korea Zoonosis Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, 79 Gobong-ro, Ma-dong, Iksan 54531, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyun Jeong
- Careside Co., Ltd., Sagimakgol-ro 45 Beongil 14, Seongnam-si 13209, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongseob Tark
- Laboratory for infectious Disease Prevention, Korea Zoonosis Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, 79 Gobong-ro, Ma-dong, Iksan 54531, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Seung Ko
- Laboratory for infectious Disease Prevention, Korea Zoonosis Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, 79 Gobong-ro, Ma-dong, Iksan 54531, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Kook You
- Careside Co., Ltd., Sagimakgol-ro 45 Beongil 14, Seongnam-si 13209, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Yolanda Revilla
- Microbes in Health and Welfare Department, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, c/Nicolás Cabrera 1, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-911964570
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Co-Deletion of A238L and EP402R Genes from a Genotype IX African Swine Fever Virus Results in Partial Attenuation and Protection in Swine. Viruses 2022; 14:v14092024. [PMID: 36146830 PMCID: PMC9501025 DOI: 10.3390/v14092024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) is the causative agent of African swine fever (ASF), resulting in up to 100% mortality in pigs. Although endemic in most sub-Saharan African countries, where all known ASFV genotypes have been reported, the disease has caused pandemics of significant economic impact in Eurasia, and no vaccines or therapeutics are available to date. In endeavors to develop live-attenuated vaccines against ASF, deletions of several of the ~170 ASFV genes have shown contrasting results depending on the genotype of the investigated ASFV. Here, we report the in vivo outcome of a single deletion of the A238L (5EL) gene and double deletions of A238L (5EL) and EP402R (CD2v) genes from the genome of a highly virulent genotype IX ASFV isolate. Domestic pigs were intramuscularly inoculated with (i) ASFV-Ke-ΔA238L to assess the safety of A238L deletion and (ii) ASFV-Ke-ΔEP402RΔA238L to investigate protection against challenge with the virulent wildtype ASFV-Ke virus. While A238L (5EL) gene deletion did not yield complete attenuation, co-deletion of A238L (5EL) and EP402R (CD2v) improved the safety profile of the single deletions, eliciting both humoral and cellular immune responses and conferred partial protection against challenge with the virulent wildtype ASFV-Ke virus.
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Garcia-Erill G, Jørgensen CHF, Muwanika VB, Wang X, Rasmussen MS, de Jong YA, Gaubert P, Olayemi A, Salmona J, Butynski TM, Bertola LD, Siegismund HR, Albrechtsen A, Heller R. Warthog Genomes Resolve an Evolutionary Conundrum and Reveal Introgression of Disease Resistance Genes. Mol Biol Evol 2022; 39:6627297. [PMID: 35779009 PMCID: PMC9250280 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msac134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
African wild pigs have a contentious evolutionary and biogeographic history. Until recently, desert warthog (Phacochoerus aethiopicus) and common warthog (P. africanus) were considered a single species. Molecular evidence surprisingly suggested they diverged at least 4.4 million years ago, and possibly outside of Africa. We sequenced the first whole-genomes of four desert warthogs and 35 common warthogs from throughout their range. We show that these two species diverged much later than previously estimated, 400,000–1,700,000 years ago depending on assumptions of gene flow. This brings it into agreement with the paleontological record. We found that the common warthog originated in western Africa and subsequently colonized eastern and southern Africa. During this range expansion, the common warthog interbred with the desert warthog, presumably in eastern Africa, underlining this region’s importance in African biogeography. We found that immune system–related genes may have adaptively introgressed into common warthogs, indicating that resistance to novel diseases was one of the most potent drivers of evolution as common warthogs expanded their range. Hence, we solve some of the key controversies surrounding warthog evolution and reveal a complex evolutionary history involving range expansion, introgression, and adaptation to new diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genís Garcia-Erill
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Christian H F Jørgensen
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Vincent B Muwanika
- Department of Environmental Management, Makerere University, PO Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Xi Wang
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Malthe S Rasmussen
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Yvonne A de Jong
- Eastern Africa Primate Diversity and Conservation Program & Lolldaiga Hills Research Programme, PO Box 149, Nanyuki 10400, Kenya
| | - Philippe Gaubert
- Laboratoire Évolution & Diversité Biologique, Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Ayodeji Olayemi
- Natural History Museum, Obafemi Awolowo University, HO 220005 Ile Ife, Nigeria
| | - Jordi Salmona
- Laboratoire Évolution & Diversité Biologique, Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Thomas M Butynski
- Eastern Africa Primate Diversity and Conservation Program & Lolldaiga Hills Research Programme, PO Box 149, Nanyuki 10400, Kenya
| | - Laura D Bertola
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Hans R Siegismund
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Anders Albrechtsen
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Rasmus Heller
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
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8
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African Swine Fever Virus and host response - transcriptome profiling of the Georgia 2007/1 strain and porcine macrophages. J Virol 2022; 96:e0193921. [PMID: 35019713 PMCID: PMC8906413 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01939-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) has a major global economic impact. With a case fatality in domestic pigs approaching 100%, it currently presents the largest threat to animal farming. Although genomic differences between attenuated and highly virulent ASFV strains have been identified, the molecular determinants for virulence at the level of gene expression have remained opaque. Here, we characterize the transcriptome of ASFV genotype II Georgia 2007/1 (GRG) during infection of the physiologically relevant host cells, porcine macrophages. In this study, we applied cap analysis gene expression sequencing (CAGE-seq) to map th0e 5′ ends of viral mRNAs at 5 and 16 h postinfection. A bioinformatics analysis of the sequence context surrounding the transcription start sites (TSSs) enabled us to characterize the global early and late promoter landscape of GRG. We compared transcriptome maps of the GRG isolate and the lab-attenuated BA71V strain that highlighted GRG virulence-specific transcripts belonging to multigene families, including two predicted MGF 100 genes, I7L and I8L. In parallel, we monitored transcriptome changes in the infected host macrophage cells. Of the 9,384 macrophage genes studied, transcripts for 652 host genes were differentially regulated between 5 and 16 h postinfection compared with only 25 between uninfected cells and 5 h postinfection. NF-κB activated genes and lysosome components such as S100 were upregulated, and chemokines such as CCL24, CXCL2, CXCL5, and CXCL8 were downregulated. IMPORTANCE African swine fever virus (ASFV) causes hemorrhagic fever in domestic pigs, with case fatality rates approaching 100% and no approved vaccines or antivirals. The highly virulent ASFV Georgia 2007/1 strain (GRG) was the first isolated when ASFV spread from Africa to the Caucasus region in 2007, then spreading through Eastern Europe and, more recently, across Asia. We used an RNA-based next-generation sequencing technique called CAGE-seq to map the starts of viral genes across the GRG DNA genome. This has allowed us to investigate which viral genes are expressed during early or late stages of infection and how this is controlled, comparing their expression to the nonvirulent ASFV-BA71V strain to identify key genes that play a role in virulence. In parallel, we investigated how host cells respond to infection, which revealed how the ASFV suppresses components of the host immune response to ultimately win the arms race against its porcine host.
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9
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Riera E, Pérez-Núñez D, García-Belmonte R, Miorin L, García-Sastre A, Revilla Y. African Swine Fever Virus Induces STAT1 and STAT2 Degradation to Counteract IFN-I Signaling. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:722952. [PMID: 34512601 PMCID: PMC8427279 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.722952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) causes a serious disease in domestic pigs and wild boars and is currently expanding worldwide. No safe and efficacious vaccines against ASFV are available, which threats the swine industry worldwide. African swine fever virus (ASFV) is a complex dsDNA virus that displays multiple mechanisms to counteract the host innate immune response, whose efficacy might determine the different degrees of virulence displayed by attenuated and virulent ASFV strains. Here we report that infection with both virulent Arm/07/CBM/c2 and attenuated NH/P68 strains prevents interferon-stimulated gene (ISG) expression in interferon (IFN)-treated cells by counteracting the JAK/STAT pathway. This inhibition results in an impaired nuclear translocation of the interferon-stimulated gene factor 3 (ISGF3) complex, as well as in the proteasome-dependent STAT2 degradation and caspase 3-dependent STAT1 cleavage. The existence of two independent mechanisms of control of the JAK/STAT pathway, suggests the importance of preventing this pathway for successful viral replication. As ASFV virulence is likely associated with the efficacy of the IFN signaling inhibitory mechanisms, a better understanding of these IFN antagonistic properties may lead to new strategies to control this devastating pig disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Riera
- Microbes in Health and Welfare Department, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, c/Nicolás Cabrera, Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Pérez-Núñez
- Microbes in Health and Welfare Department, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, c/Nicolás Cabrera, Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel García-Belmonte
- Microbes in Health and Welfare Department, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, c/Nicolás Cabrera, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lisa Miorin
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States.,Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Global Health and Emergent Pathogens Institute, New York, NY, United States
| | - Adolfo García-Sastre
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States.,Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Global Health and Emergent Pathogens Institute, New York, NY, United States.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States.,Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, The Tisch Cancer Institute, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Yolanda Revilla
- Microbes in Health and Welfare Department, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, c/Nicolás Cabrera, Madrid, Spain
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10
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Barrado-Gil L, del Puerto A, Galindo I, Cuesta-Geijo MÁ, García-Dorival I, de Motes CM, Alonso C. African Swine Fever Virus Ubiquitin-Conjugating Enzyme Is an Immunomodulator Targeting NF-κB Activation. Viruses 2021; 13:v13061160. [PMID: 34204411 PMCID: PMC8233900 DOI: 10.3390/v13061160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) is an acute and persistent swine virus with a high economic burden that encodes multiple genes to evade host immune response. In this work, we have revealed that early viral protein UBCv1, the only known conjugating enzyme encoded by a virus, modulates innate immune and inflammatory signaling. Transient overexpression of UBCv1 impaired activation of NF-κB and AP-1 transcription factors induced by several agonists of these pathways. In contrast, activation of IRF3 and ISRE signaling upon stimulation with TRIFΔRIP, cGAS/STING or RIG-I-CARD remained unaltered. Experiments aimed at mapping UBCv1 inhibitory activity indicated that this viral protein acts upstream or at the level step of IKKβ. In agreement with this, UBCv1 was able to block p65 nuclear translocation upon cytokine stimulation, a key event in NF-ĸB signaling. Additionally, A549 stably transduced for UBCv1 showed a significant decrease in the levels of NF-ĸB dependent genes. Interestingly, despite the well-defined capacity of UBCv1 to conjugate ubiquitin chains, a mutant disabled for ubiquitylation activity retained similar immunomodulatory activity as the wild-type enzyme, suggesting that the two functions are segregated. Altogether these data suggest that ASFV UBCv1 manipulates the innate immune response targeting the NF-κB and AP-1 pathways and opens new questions about the multifunctionality of this enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Barrado-Gil
- Department of Biotechnology, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA-CSIC), Ctra. de la Coruña km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (L.B.-G.); (A.d.P.); (I.G.); (M.Á.C.-G.); (I.G.-D.)
| | - Ana del Puerto
- Department of Biotechnology, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA-CSIC), Ctra. de la Coruña km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (L.B.-G.); (A.d.P.); (I.G.); (M.Á.C.-G.); (I.G.-D.)
| | - Inmaculada Galindo
- Department of Biotechnology, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA-CSIC), Ctra. de la Coruña km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (L.B.-G.); (A.d.P.); (I.G.); (M.Á.C.-G.); (I.G.-D.)
| | - Miguel Ángel Cuesta-Geijo
- Department of Biotechnology, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA-CSIC), Ctra. de la Coruña km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (L.B.-G.); (A.d.P.); (I.G.); (M.Á.C.-G.); (I.G.-D.)
| | - Isabel García-Dorival
- Department of Biotechnology, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA-CSIC), Ctra. de la Coruña km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (L.B.-G.); (A.d.P.); (I.G.); (M.Á.C.-G.); (I.G.-D.)
| | - Carlos Maluquer de Motes
- Department of Microbial Sciences, School of Biosciences and Medicine, University of Surrey, Stag Hill, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK
- Correspondence: (C.M.d.M.); (C.A.)
| | - Covadonga Alonso
- Department of Biotechnology, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA-CSIC), Ctra. de la Coruña km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (L.B.-G.); (A.d.P.); (I.G.); (M.Á.C.-G.); (I.G.-D.)
- Correspondence: (C.M.d.M.); (C.A.)
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11
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[African swine fever]. Uirusu 2020; 70:15-28. [PMID: 33967108 DOI: 10.2222/jsv.70.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a hemorrhagic infectious disease of Suids, which is endemic in sub-Saharan area of African continent. ASF is usually circulating sub-symptomatically among wild species of Suidae family, such as warthogs and bush pigs, by mediating Ornithodoros soft ticks. Domestic pigs (Sus scrofa) are, however, highly sensitive to the infection and show severe clinical signs with a high mortality rate, resulting a huge impact on pork production. Currently, there is no treatment or vaccine available. The etiological agent, ASFV, is highly resistant to environmental conditions, and resides in unheated pork meat or pork meat products for a long period, which may be a chance of its long-distance spread. Since August 2018, ASFV has been circulating in East and Southeast Asian countries and may possibly be introduced into Japan. Here, I describe the outline of the disease and the etiology of the pathogen in order to remind the importance of "awareness" and "preparedness" for the disease.
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12
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Dixon LK, Islam M, Nash R, Reis AL. African swine fever virus evasion of host defences. Virus Res 2019; 266:25-33. [PMID: 30959069 PMCID: PMC6505686 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2019.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
African swine fever virus causes a haemorrhagic fever in domestic pigs and wild boar. The continuing spread in Africa, Europe and Asia threatens the global pig industry. The lack of a vaccine limits disease control. To underpin rational strategies for vaccine development improved knowledge is needed of how the virus interacts with and modulates the host's responses to infection. The virus long double-stranded DNA genome codes for more than 160 proteins of which many are non-essential for replication in cells but can have important roles in evading the host's defences. Here we review knowledge of the pathways targeted by ASFV and the mechanisms by which these are inhibited. The impact of deleting single or multiple ASFV genes on virus replication in cells and infection in pigs is summarised providing information on strategies for rational development of modified live vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- L K Dixon
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK.
| | - M Islam
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK
| | - R Nash
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK
| | - A L Reis
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK
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13
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Sánchez EG, Pérez-Núñez D, Revilla Y. Development of vaccines against African swine fever virus. Virus Res 2019; 265:150-155. [PMID: 30922809 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2019.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
An outbreak in the Caucasus in 2007 initiated the spread of ASFV through Russia and Eastern Europe, subsequently affecting Ukraine, Belarus, Poland, the Baltic States, the Czech Republic, Moldova, Romania and Bulgaria. The declaration of outbreaks in China and Central Europe in August 2018, definitely confirms the serious threat that the extension of ASF represents for the global swine industry and the environment. Despite the efforts of several groups to generate a vaccine against ASFV, currently only control and eradication measures are available based mainly on the early detection and implementation of strict sanitary procedures, including the mass slaughter of animals, both domestic and wild boar. However, the rapid spread of the disease shows that these actions are clearly insufficient to control the current pandemic situation, and the development of a vaccine is urgently required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena G Sánchez
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Yolanda Revilla
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain.
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14
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Gallardo C, Sánchez EG, Pérez-Núñez D, Nogal M, de León P, Carrascosa ÁL, Nieto R, Soler A, Arias ML, Revilla Y. African swine fever virus (ASFV) protection mediated by NH/P68 and NH/P68 recombinant live-attenuated viruses. Vaccine 2018; 36:2694-2704. [PMID: 29609966 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The risk of spread of African swine fever virus (ASFV) from Russia and Caucasian areas to several EU countries has recently emerged, making it imperative to improve our knowledge and defensive tools against this important pathogen. The ASFV genome encodes many genes which are not essential for virus replication but are known to control host immune evasion, such as NFκB and the NFAT regulator A238L, the apoptosis inhibitor A224L, the MHC-I antigen presenting modulator EP153R, and the A276R gene, involved in modulating type I IFN. These genes are hypothesized to be involved in virulence of the genotype I parental ASFV NH/P68. We here describe the generation of putative live attenuated vaccines (LAV) prototypes by constructing recombinant NH/P68 viruses lacking these specific genes and containing specific markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmina Gallardo
- European Union Reference Laboratory for ASF, Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (INIA-CISA), Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena G Sánchez
- Virology Department, Centro Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Daniel Pérez-Núñez
- Virology Department, Centro Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Marisa Nogal
- Virology Department, Centro Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Patricia de León
- Virology Department, Centro Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Ángel L Carrascosa
- Virology Department, Centro Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Raquel Nieto
- European Union Reference Laboratory for ASF, Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (INIA-CISA), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandro Soler
- European Union Reference Laboratory for ASF, Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (INIA-CISA), Madrid, Spain
| | - María Luisa Arias
- European Union Reference Laboratory for ASF, Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (INIA-CISA), Madrid, Spain
| | - Yolanda Revilla
- Virology Department, Centro Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, Madrid 28049, Spain.
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15
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The L83L ORF of African swine fever virus strain Georgia encodes for a non-essential gene that interacts with the host protein IL-1β. Virus Res 2018; 249:116-123. [PMID: 29605728 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2018.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) causes a contagious and frequently lethal disease of pigs causing significant economic consequences to the swine industry. The ASFV genome encodes for more than 150 genes, but only a few of them have been studied in detail. Here we report the characterization of open reading frame L83L which encodes a highly conserved protein across all ASFV isolates. A recombinant ASFV harboring a HA tagged L83L protein was developed (ASFV-G-L83L-HA) and used to demonstrate that L83L is a transiently expressed early virus protein. A recombinant ASFV lacking the L83L gene (ASFV-G-ΔL83L) was developed from the highly virulent field isolate Georgia2007 (ASFV-G) and was used to show that L83L is a non-essential gene. ASFV-G-ΔL83L had similar replication in primary swine macrophage cells when compared to its parental virus ASFV-G. Analysis of host-protein interactions for L83L identified IL-1β as its host ligand. Experimental infection of domestic pigs showed that ASFV-G-ΔL83L is as virulent as the parental virus ASFV-G.
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16
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Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is an acute and often fatal disease affecting domestic pigs and wild boar, with severe economic consequences for affected countries. ASF is endemic in sub-Saharan Africa and the island of Sardinia, Italy. Since 2007, the virus emerged in the republic of Georgia, and since then spread throughout the Caucasus region and Russia. Outbreaks have also been reported in Belarus, Ukraine, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Romania, Moldova, Czech Republic, and Poland, threatening neighboring West European countries. The causative agent, the African swine fever virus (ASFV), is a large, enveloped, double-stranded DNA virus that enters the cell by macropinocytosis and a clathrin-dependent mechanism. African Swine Fever Virus is able to interfere with various cellular signaling pathways resulting in immunomodulation, thus making the development of an efficacious vaccine very challenging. Inactivated preparations of African Swine Fever Virus do not confer protection, and the role of antibodies in protection remains unclear. The use of live-attenuated vaccines, although rendering suitable levels of protection, presents difficulties due to safety and side effects in the vaccinated animals. Several African Swine Fever Virus proteins have been reported to induce neutralizing antibodies in immunized pigs, and vaccination strategies based on DNA vaccines and recombinant proteins have also been explored, however, without being very successful. The complexity of the virus particle and the ability of the virus to modulate host immune responses are most likely the reason for this failure. Furthermore, no permanent cell lines able to sustain productive virus infection by both virulent and naturally attenuated African Swine Fever Virus strains exist so far, thus impairing basic research and the commercial production of attenuated vaccine candidates.
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17
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Arias M, de la Torre A, Dixon L, Gallardo C, Jori F, Laddomada A, Martins C, Parkhouse RM, Revilla Y, Rodriguez F, Sanchez-Vizcaino JM. Approaches and Perspectives for Development of African Swine Fever Virus Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2017; 5:vaccines5040035. [PMID: 28991171 PMCID: PMC5748602 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines5040035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 10/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a complex disease of swine, caused by a large DNA virus belonging to the family Asfarviridae. The disease shows variable clinical signs, with high case fatality rates, up to 100%, in the acute forms. ASF is currently present in Africa and Europe where it circulates in different scenarios causing a high socio-economic impact. In most affected regions, control has not been effective in part due to lack of a vaccine. The availability of an effective and safe ASFV vaccines would support and enforce control-eradication strategies. Therefore, work leading to the rational development of protective ASF vaccines is a high priority. Several factors have hindered vaccine development, including the complexity of the ASF virus particle and the large number of proteins encoded by its genome. Many of these virus proteins inhibit the host's immune system thus facilitating virus replication and persistence. We review previous work aimed at understanding ASFV-host interactions, including mechanisms of protective immunity, and approaches for vaccine development. These include live attenuated vaccines, and "subunit" vaccines, based on DNA, proteins, or virus vectors. In the shorter to medium term, live attenuated vaccines are the most promising and best positioned candidates. Gaps and future research directions are evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa Arias
- European Union Reference Laboratory for ASF, Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (INIA-CISA), 28015 Madrid, Spain; (A.D.L.T.); (C.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-916-202-300
| | - Ana de la Torre
- European Union Reference Laboratory for ASF, Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (INIA-CISA), 28015 Madrid, Spain; (A.D.L.T.); (C.G.)
| | - Linda Dixon
- The Pirbright Institute (TPI), Surrey GU24 0NF, UK;
| | - Carmina Gallardo
- European Union Reference Laboratory for ASF, Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (INIA-CISA), 28015 Madrid, Spain; (A.D.L.T.); (C.G.)
| | - Ferran Jori
- ASTRE, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, F-34398 Montpellier, France
| | - Alberto Laddomada
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna (IZS-Sardegna), 07100 Sassari, Sardinia, Italy;
| | - Carlos Martins
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária (FMV-ULisboa), 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal;
| | - R. Michael Parkhouse
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência (IGC), Rua Quinta Grande 6, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal;
| | - Yolanda Revilla
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CBMSO-CSIC-UAM), C/ Nicolás Cabrera nº 1, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Fernando Rodriguez
- Institute for Research and Technology Food and Agriculture (IRTA), Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain;
| | - Jose-Manuel Sanchez-Vizcaino
- OIE Reference Laboratory for ASF, Centro de Vigilancia Sanitaria Veterinaria (VISAVET), Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avda. Puerta del Hierro, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
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18
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Phenotyping and susceptibility of established porcine cells lines to African Swine Fever Virus infection and viral production. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10369. [PMID: 28871180 PMCID: PMC5583235 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09948-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) is a highly pathogenic, double-stranded DNA virus with a marked tropism for cells of the monocyte-macrophage lineage, affecting swine species and provoking severe economic losses and health threats. In the present study, four established porcine cell lines, IPAM-WT, IPAM-CD163, C∆2+ and WSL, were compared to porcine alveolar macrophage (PAM) in terms of surface marker phenotype, susceptibility to ASFV infection and virus production. The virulent ASFV Armenia/07, E70 or the naturally attenuated NHV/P68 strains were used as viral models. Cells expressed only low levels of specific receptors linked to the monocyte/macrophage lineage, with low levels of infection overall, with the exception of WSL, which showed more efficient production of strain NHV/P68 but not of strains E70 and Armenia/07.
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19
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HMGCR inhibits the early stage of PCV2 infection, while PKC enhances the infection at the late stage*. Virus Res 2017; 229:41-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2016.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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20
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Chen HM, Yang CM, Chang JF, Wu CS, Sia KC, Lin WN. AdipoR-increased intracellular ROS promotes cPLA2 and COX-2 expressions via activation of PKC and p300 in adiponectin-stimulated human alveolar type II cells. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2016; 311:L255-69. [PMID: 27288489 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00218.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Adiponectin, an adipokine, accumulated in lung system via T-cadherin after allergens/ozone challenge. However, the roles of adiponectin on lung pathologies were controversial. Here we reported that adiponectin stimulated expression of inflammatory proteins, cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in human alveolar type II A549 cells. AdipoR1/2 involved in adiponectin-activated NADPH oxidase and mitochondria, which further promoted intracellular ROS accumulation. Protein kinase C (PKC) may involve an adiponectin-activated NADPH oxidase. Similarly, p300 phosphorylation and histone H4 acetylation occurred in adiponectin-challenged A549 cells. Moreover, adiponectin-upregulated cPLA2 and COX-2 expression was significantly abrogated by ROS scavenger (N-acetylcysteine) or the inhibitors of NADPH oxidase (apocynin), mitochondrial complex I (rotenone), PKC (Ro31-8220, Gö-6976, and rottlerin), and p300 (garcinol). Briefly, we reported that adiponectin stimulated cPLA2 and COX-2 expression via AdipoR1/2-dependent activation of PKC/NADPH oxidase/mitochondria resulting in ROS accumulation, p300 phosphorylation, and histone H4 acetylation. These results suggested that adiponectin promoted lung inflammation, resulting in exacerbation of pulmonary diseases via upregulating cPLA2 and COX-2 expression together with intracellular ROS production. Understanding the adiponectin signaling pathways on regulating cPLA2 and COX-2 may help develop therapeutic strategies on pulmonary diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiao-Mei Chen
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Science, Fu Jen Catholic University, Xinzhuang, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Chuen-Mao Yang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and Health Aging Research Center, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-San, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan; Department of Anesthetics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkuo, Kwei-San, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan; Research Center for Industry of Human Ecology and Graduate Institute of Health Industry Technology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Feng Chang
- PhD Program in Nutrition and Food Science, Fu Jen Catholic University, Xinzhuang, New Taipei City, Taiwan; Department of Internal Medicine, En-Chu-Kong Hospital, Sanxia, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Sheng Wu
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Science, Fu Jen Catholic University, Xinzhuang, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Kee-Chin Sia
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Science, Fu Jen Catholic University, Xinzhuang, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Ning Lin
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Science, Fu Jen Catholic University, Xinzhuang, New Taipei City, Taiwan
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21
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CD2v Interacts with Adaptor Protein AP-1 during African Swine Fever Infection. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123714. [PMID: 25915900 PMCID: PMC4411086 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) CD2v protein is believed to be involved in virulence enhancement, viral hemadsorption, and pathogenesis, although the molecular mechanisms of the function of this viral protein are still not fully understood. Here we describe that CD2v localized around viral factories during ASFV infection, suggesting a role in the generation and/or dynamics of these viral structures and hence in disturbing cellular traffic. We show that CD2v targeted the regulatory trans-Golgi network (TGN) protein complex AP-1, a key element in cellular traffic. This interaction was disrupted by brefeldin A even though the location of CD2v around the viral factory remained unchanged. CD2v-AP-1 binding was independent of CD2v glycosylation and occurred on the carboxy-terminal part of CD2v, where a canonical di-Leu motif previously reported to mediate AP-1 binding in eukaryotic cells, was identified. This motif was shown to be functionally interchangeable with the di-Leu motif present in HIV-Nef protein in an AP-1 binding assay. However, we demonstrated that it was not involved either in CD2v cellular distribution or in CD2v-AP-1 binding. Taken together, these findings shed light on CD2v function during ASFV infection by identifying AP-1 as a cellular factor targeted by CD2v and hence elucidate the cellular pathways used by the virus to enhance infectivity.
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22
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Impact on antibody responses of B-cell-restricted transgenic expression of a viral gene inhibiting activation of NF-κB and NFAT. Arch Virol 2015; 160:1477-88. [PMID: 25864175 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-015-2419-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we have assessed the impact in vivo of the evasion gene A238L of African swine fever virus, an inhibitor of both NF-κB- and NFAT-mediated transcription. The A238L gene was selectively expressed in mouse B lymphocytes using the promoter and enhancer sequences of the mouse Ig μ heavy chain. The IgM primary and IgG2b secondary serological responses and the number of splenic germinal centres in response to the TD antigens DNP-keyhole limpet hemocyanin and sheep red blood cells, respectively, were both lower in the transgenic mice, whereas the response to the TI type-1 and type-2 antigens DNP-Ficoll and DNP-LPS, respectively, were normal, except for the increased levels of IgG3 at day 14 in the DNP-LPS-immunized mice. Thus, it appears that neither p65 (NF-κB) nor NFAT is essential for B-cell development but, in a manner that is still unclear, may be relevant for their function.
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Li S, Kong L, Yu X, Zheng Y. Host-virus interactions: from the perspectives of epigenetics. Rev Med Virol 2014; 24:223-41. [PMID: 24677359 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.1783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Revised: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Chromatin structure and histone modifications play key roles in gene regulation. Some virus genomes are organized into chromatin-like structure, which undergoes different histone modifications facilitating complex functions in virus life cycles including replication. Here, we present a comprehensive summary of recent research in this field regarding the interaction between viruses and host epigenetic factors with emphasis on how chromatin modifications affect viral gene expression and virus infection. We also describe the strategies employed by viruses to manipulate the host epigenetic program to facilitate virus replication as well as the underlying mechanisms. Together, knowledge from this field not only generates novel insights into virus life cycles but may also have important therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Li
- Department of Plant Pathology & Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
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Identification and utility of innate immune system evasion mechanisms of ASFV. Virus Res 2013; 173:87-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2012.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2012] [Revised: 10/09/2012] [Accepted: 10/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Modulation of chemokine and chemokine receptor expression following infection of porcine macrophages with African swine fever virus. Vet Microbiol 2012; 162:937-943. [PMID: 23265239 PMCID: PMC3605585 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2012] [Revised: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 11/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) is the only member of the Asfarviridae, a large DNA virus family which replicates predominantly in the cytoplasm. Most isolates cause a fatal haemorrhagic disease in domestic pigs, although some low virulence isolates cause little or no mortality. The modulation of chemokine responses following infection of porcine macrophages with low and high virulence isolates was studied to indicate how this may be involved in the induction of pathogenesis and of effective immune responses. Infection with both low and high virulence isolates resulted in down-regulation of mRNA levels for chemokines CCL2, CCL3L, CXCL2 and chemokine receptors CCR1, CCR5, CXCR3, CXCR4 and up-regulation in expression of mRNAs for CCL4, CXCL10 and chemokine receptor CCR7. Levels of CCL4, CXCL8, CXCL10 mRNAs were higher in macrophages infected with low virulence isolate OURT88/3 compared to high virulence isolate Benin 97/1. Levels of CXCL8 and CCL2 protein were significantly reduced in supernatants from macrophages infected with Benin 97/1 isolate compared to OURT88/3 and mock-infected macrophages. There was also a decreased chemotactic response of donor cells exposed to supernatants from Benin 97/1 infected macrophages compared to those from OURT88/3 and mock-infected macrophages. The data show that infection of macrophages with the low virulence strain OURT88/3 induces higher expression of key inflammatory chemokines compared to infection with high virulence strain Benin 97/1. This may be important for the induction of effective protective immunity that has been observed in pigs immunised with the OURT88/3 isolate.
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African swine fever virus controls the host transcription and cellular machinery of protein synthesis. Virus Res 2012; 173:58-75. [PMID: 23154157 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2012.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2012] [Revised: 10/19/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Throughout a viral infection, the infected cell reprograms the gene expression pattern in order to establish a satisfactory antiviral response. African swine fever virus (ASFV), like other complex DNA viruses, sets up a number of strategies to evade the host's defense systems, such as apoptosis, inflammation and immune responses. The capability of the virus to persist in its natural hosts and in domestic pigs, which recover from infection with less virulent isolates, suggests that the virus displays effective mechanisms to escape host defense systems. ASFV has been described to regulate the activation of several transcription factors, thus regulating the activation of specific target genes during ASFV infection. Whereas some reports have concerned about anti-apoptotic ASFV genes and the molecular mechanisms by which ASFV interferes with inducible gene transcription and immune evasion, less is yet known regarding how ASFV regulates the translational machinery in infected cells, although a recent report has shown a mechanism for favored expression of viral genes based on compartmentalization of viral mRNA and ribosomes with cellular translation factors within the virus factory. The viral mechanisms involved both in the regulation of host genes transcription and in the control of cellular protein synthesis are summarized in this review.
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African swine fever virus uses macropinocytosis to enter host cells. PLoS Pathog 2012; 8:e1002754. [PMID: 22719252 PMCID: PMC3375293 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2012] [Accepted: 04/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is caused by a large and highly pathogenic DNA virus, African swine fever virus (ASFV), which provokes severe economic losses and expansion threats. Presently, no specific protection or vaccine against ASF is available, despite the high hazard that the continued occurrence of the disease in sub-Saharan Africa, the recent outbreak in the Caucasus in 2007, and the potential dissemination to neighboring countries, represents. Although virus entry is a remarkable target for the development of protection tools, knowledge of the ASFV entry mechanism is still very limited. Whereas early studies have proposed that the virus enters cells through receptor-mediated endocytosis, the specific mechanism used by ASFV remains uncertain. Here we used the ASFV virulent isolate Ba71, adapted to grow in Vero cells (Ba71V), and the virulent strain E70 to demonstrate that entry and internalization of ASFV includes most of the features of macropinocytosis. By a combination of optical and electron microscopy, we show that the virus causes cytoplasm membrane perturbation, blebbing and ruffles. We have also found that internalization of the virions depends on actin reorganization, activity of Na+/H+ exchangers, and signaling events typical of the macropinocytic mechanism of endocytosis. The entry of virus into cells appears to directly stimulate dextran uptake, actin polarization and EGFR, PI3K-Akt, Pak1 and Rac1 activation. Inhibition of these key regulators of macropinocytosis, as well as treatment with the drug EIPA, results in a considerable decrease in ASFV entry and infection. In conclusion, this study identifies for the first time the whole pathway for ASFV entry, including the key cellular factors required for the uptake of the virus and the cell signaling involved. ASFV is a highly pathogenic zoonotic virus, which can cause severe economic losses and bioterrorism threats. No vaccine against ASFV is available so far. A strong hazard of ASFV dissemination through EU countries from Caucasian areas has recently emerged, thus making urgent to acquire knowledge and tools for protection against this virus. Despite that, our understanding of how ASFV enters host cells is very limited. A thorough understanding of this process would enable to design targeted antiviral therapies and vaccine development. The present study clearly defines key steps of ASFV cellular uptake, as well as the host factors responsible for permitting virus entry into cells. Our results indicate that the primary mechanism of ASFV uptake is a macropinocytosis-like process, that involves cellular membrane perturbation, actin polarization, activity of Na+/H+ membrane channels, and signaling proceedings typical of the macropinocytic mechanism of endocytosis, such as Rac1-Pak1 pathways, PI3K and tyrosine-kinases activation. These findings help understanding how ASFV infects cells and suggest that disturbance of macropinocytosis may be useful in the impairment of infection and vaccine development.
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Karalyan Z, Zakaryan H, Sargsyan K, Voskanyan H, Arzumanyan H, Avagyan H, Karalova E. Interferon status and white blood cells during infection with African swine fever virus in vivo. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2011; 145:551-5. [PMID: 22226551 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2011.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2011] [Revised: 11/22/2011] [Accepted: 12/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) is the causative agent of African swine fever that is the significant disease of domestic pigs, with high rates of mortality. ASFV is double-stranded DNA virus whose genes encode some proteins that are implicated in the suppression of host immune response. In this study, we have modeled in vivo infection of ASFV for determination of interferon (IFN) status in infected pigs. We measured the level of IFN-α, -β and -γ by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and showed that the level of IFN-α sharply decreased during infection. Unlike IFN-α, the level of IFN-β and -γ increased from the 2nd and 4th days post-infection, respectively. Also, we analyzed the population dynamics of peripheral white blood cells of infected pigs due to their important role in host immune system. We showed that the atypical lymphocytes appeared after short time of infection and this result is in accordance with our previous study done in vitro. At the last day of infection about 50% of the total white blood cells were destroyed, and the remaining cells were represented mainly by small-sized lymphocytes, reactive lymphocytes and lymphoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Karalyan
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular Biology of NAS, 7 Hasratyan St., 0014 Yerevan, Armenia.
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Howie HL, Koop JI, Weese J, Robinson K, Wipf G, Kim L, Galloway DA. Beta-HPV 5 and 8 E6 promote p300 degradation by blocking AKT/p300 association. PLoS Pathog 2011; 7:e1002211. [PMID: 21901101 PMCID: PMC3161984 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2010] [Accepted: 07/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The E6 oncoprotein from high-risk genus alpha human papillomaviruses (α-HPVs), such as HPV 16, has been well characterized with respect to the host-cell proteins it interacts with and corresponding signaling pathways that are disrupted due to these interactions. Less is known regarding the interacting partners of E6 from the genus beta papillomaviruses (β-HPVs); however, it is generally thought that β-HPV E6 proteins do not interact with many of the proteins known to bind to α-HPV E6. Here we identify p300 as a protein that interacts directly with E6 from both α- and β-HPV types. Importantly, this association appears much stronger with β-HPV types 5 and 8-E6 than with α-HPV type 16-E6 or β-HPV type 38-E6. We demonstrate that the enhanced association between 5/8-E6 and p300 leads to p300 degradation in a proteasomal-dependent but E6AP-independent manner. Rather, 5/8-E6 inhibit the association of AKT with p300, an event necessary to ensure p300 stability within the cell. Finally, we demonstrate that the decreased p300 protein levels concomitantly affect downstream signaling events, such as the expression of differentiation markers K1, K10 and Involucrin. Together, these results demonstrate a unique way in which β-HPV E6 proteins are able to affect host-cell signaling in a manner distinct from that of the α-HPVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather L. Howie
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Jennifer I. Koop
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Joleen Weese
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Kristin Robinson
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Greg Wipf
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Leslie Kim
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Denise A. Galloway
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Proteomic analysis of Pichindé virus infection identifies differential expression of prothymosin-alpha. J Biomed Biotechnol 2010; 2010. [PMID: 20706531 PMCID: PMC2896915 DOI: 10.1155/2010/956823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2009] [Accepted: 03/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The arenaviruses include a number of important pathogens including Lassa virus and Junin virus. Presently, the only treatment is supportive care and the antiviral Ribavirin. In the event of an epidemic, patient triage may be required to more effectively manage resources; the development of prognostic biomarker signatures, correlating with disease severity, would allow rational triage. Using a pair of arenaviruses, which cause mild or severe disease, we analyzed extracts from infected cells using SELDI mass spectrometry to characterize potential biomarker profiles. EDGE analysis was used to analyze longitudinal expression differences. Extracts from infected guinea pigs revealed protein peaks which could discriminate between mild or severe infection, and between times post-infection. Tandem mass-spectrometry identified several peaks, including the transcriptional regulator prothymosin-alpha. Further investigation revealed differences in secretion of this peptide. These data show proof of concept that proteomic profiling of host markers could be used as prognostic markers of infectious disease.
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