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Wu J, Zhang Y, Li F, Zhang X, Ye J, Wei T, Li Z, Tao X, Cui F, Wang X, Zhang L, Yan F, Li S, Liu Y, Li D, Zhou X, Li Y. Plant virology in the 21st century in China: Recent advances and future directions. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 66:579-622. [PMID: 37924266 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
Plant viruses are a group of intracellular pathogens that persistently threaten global food security. Significant advances in plant virology have been achieved by Chinese scientists over the last 20 years, including basic research and technologies for preventing and controlling plant viral diseases. Here, we review these milestones and advances, including the identification of new crop-infecting viruses, dissection of pathogenic mechanisms of multiple viruses, examination of multilayered interactions among viruses, their host plants, and virus-transmitting arthropod vectors, and in-depth interrogation of plant-encoded resistance and susceptibility determinants. Notably, various plant virus-based vectors have also been successfully developed for gene function studies and target gene expression in plants. We also recommend future plant virology studies in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianguo Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Ecological Pest Control of Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Vector-borne Virus Research Center, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Yongliang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Fangfang Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xiaoming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jian Ye
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Taiyun Wei
- State Key Laboratory for Ecological Pest Control of Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Vector-borne Virus Research Center, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Zhenghe Li
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xiaorong Tao
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Feng Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xianbing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Lili Zhang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Fei Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Shifang Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yule Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Dawei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xueping Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yi Li
- State Key Laboratory for Ecological Pest Control of Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Vector-borne Virus Research Center, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
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Tan H, Zhang X, Lozano-Duran R. Split-Luciferase Complementation Imaging Assay in Virus-Plant Interactions. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2724:235-245. [PMID: 37987910 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3485-1_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Protein-protein interactions constitute the interface between a virus and the cell it infects and are crucial determinants of the outcome of the viral infection. Multiple techniques have been developed to study how viral and host proteins interact in plants; among them, the split-luciferase complementation imaging assay stands out due to its capacity to detect protein-protein interactions in vivo, in the context of the infection, if desired, in an easy, fast, quantitative, and inexpensive manner. In this chapter, we use the interaction between the V2 protein from the geminivirus tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) and Nicotiana benthamiana Argonaute 4 (AGO4) as an example to present how to perform this simple yet powerful assay using transient Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation of N. benthamiana leaves to test the protein-protein interactions of choice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huang Tan
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Centre for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Xi Zhang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Rosa Lozano-Duran
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Centre for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
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Lettin L, Erbay B, Blair GE. Viruses and Cajal Bodies: A Critical Cellular Target in Virus Infection? Viruses 2023; 15:2311. [PMID: 38140552 PMCID: PMC10747631 DOI: 10.3390/v15122311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear bodies (NBs) are dynamic structures present in eukaryotic cell nuclei. They are not bounded by membranes and are often considered biomolecular condensates, defined structurally and functionally by the localisation of core components. Nuclear architecture can be reorganised during normal cellular processes such as the cell cycle as well as in response to cellular stress. Many plant and animal viruses target their proteins to NBs, in some cases triggering their structural disruption and redistribution. Although not all such interactions have been well characterised, subversion of NBs and their functions may form a key part of the life cycle of eukaryotic viruses that require the nucleus for their replication. This review will focus on Cajal bodies (CBs) and the viruses that target them. Since CBs are dynamic structures, other NBs (principally nucleoli and promyelocytic leukaemia, PML and bodies), whose components interact with CBs, will also be considered. As well as providing important insights into key virus-host cell interactions, studies on Cajal and associated NBs may identify novel cellular targets for development of antiviral compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Lettin
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK (B.E.)
| | - Bilgi Erbay
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK (B.E.)
- Moleküler Biyoloji ve Genetik Bölümü, Fen Fakültesi, Van Yuzuncu Yil University, Van 65140, Türkiye
| | - G. Eric Blair
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK (B.E.)
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Gong Q, Wang Y, He L, Huang F, Zhang D, Wang Y, Wei X, Han M, Deng H, Luo L, Cui F, Hong Y, Liu Y. Molecular basis of methyl-salicylate-mediated plant airborne defence. Nature 2023; 622:139-148. [PMID: 37704724 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06533-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Aphids transmit viruses and are destructive crop pests1. Plants that have been attacked by aphids release volatile compounds to elicit airborne defence (AD) in neighbouring plants2-5. However, the mechanism underlying AD is unclear. Here we reveal that methyl-salicylate (MeSA), salicylic acid-binding protein-2 (SABP2), the transcription factor NAC2 and salicylic acid-carboxylmethyltransferase-1 (SAMT1) form a signalling circuit to mediate AD against aphids and viruses. Airborne MeSA is perceived and converted into salicylic acid by SABP2 in neighbouring plants. Salicylic acid then causes a signal transduction cascade to activate the NAC2-SAMT1 module for MeSA biosynthesis to induce plant anti-aphid immunity and reduce virus transmission. To counteract this, some aphid-transmitted viruses encode helicase-containing proteins to suppress AD by interacting with NAC2 to subcellularly relocalize and destabilize NAC2. As a consequence, plants become less repellent to aphids, and more suitable for aphid survival, infestation and viral transmission. Our findings uncover the mechanistic basis of AD and an aphid-virus co-evolutionary mutualism, demonstrating AD as a potential bioinspired strategy to control aphids and viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Gong
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yunjing Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Linfang He
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fan Huang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Danfeng Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiang Wei
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Meng Han
- Protein Research Technology Center, Protein Chemistry and Omics Platform, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Haiteng Deng
- Protein Research Technology Center, Protein Chemistry and Omics Platform, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Lan Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yiguo Hong
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation and College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
- Research Centre for Plant RNA Signaling, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
- School of Science and the Environment, University of Worcester, Worcester, UK
| | - Yule Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, China.
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5
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Taliansky ME, Love AJ, Kołowerzo-Lubnau A, Smoliński DJ. Cajal bodies: Evolutionarily conserved nuclear biomolecular condensates with properties unique to plants. THE PLANT CELL 2023; 35:3214-3235. [PMID: 37202374 PMCID: PMC10473218 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koad140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Proper orchestration of the thousands of biochemical processes that are essential to the life of every cell requires highly organized cellular compartmentalization of dedicated microenvironments. There are 2 ways to create this intracellular segregation to optimize cellular function. One way is to create specific organelles, enclosed spaces bounded by lipid membranes that regulate macromolecular flux in and out of the compartment. A second way is via membraneless biomolecular condensates that form due to to liquid-liquid phase separation. Although research on these membraneless condensates has historically been performed using animal and fungal systems, recent studies have explored basic principles governing the assembly, properties, and functions of membraneless compartments in plants. In this review, we discuss how phase separation is involved in a variety of key processes occurring in Cajal bodies (CBs), a type of biomolecular condensate found in nuclei. These processes include RNA metabolism, formation of ribonucleoproteins involved in transcription, RNA splicing, ribosome biogenesis, and telomere maintenance. Besides these primary roles of CBs, we discuss unique plant-specific functions of CBs in RNA-based regulatory pathways such as nonsense-mediated mRNA decay, mRNA retention, and RNA silencing. Finally, we summarize recent progress and discuss the functions of CBs in responses to pathogen attacks and abiotic stresses, responses that may be regulated via mechanisms governed by polyADP-ribosylation. Thus, plant CBs are emerging as highly complex and multifunctional biomolecular condensates that are involved in a surprisingly diverse range of molecular mechanisms that we are just beginning to appreciate.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrew J Love
- The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Agnieszka Kołowerzo-Lubnau
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Lwowska 1, 87-100 Torun, Poland
- Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Wilenska 4, 87-100 Torun, Poland
| | - Dariusz Jan Smoliński
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Lwowska 1, 87-100 Torun, Poland
- Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Wilenska 4, 87-100 Torun, Poland
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Breves SS, Silva FA, Euclydes NC, Saia TFF, Jean-Baptiste J, Andrade Neto ER, Fontes EPB. Begomovirus-Host Interactions: Viral Proteins Orchestrating Intra and Intercellular Transport of Viral DNA While Suppressing Host Defense Mechanisms. Viruses 2023; 15:1593. [PMID: 37515277 PMCID: PMC10384534 DOI: 10.3390/v15071593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Begomoviruses, which belong to the Geminiviridae family, are intracellular parasites transmitted by whiteflies to dicotyledonous plants thatsignificantly damage agronomically relevant crops. These nucleus-replicating DNA viruses move intracellularly from the nucleus to the cytoplasm and then, like other plant viruses, cause disease by spreading systemically throughout the plant. The transport proteins of begomoviruses play a crucial role in recruiting host components for the movement of viral DNA within and between cells, while exhibiting functions that suppress the host's immune defense. Pioneering studies on species of the Begomovirus genus have identified specific viral transport proteins involved in intracellular transport, cell-to-cell movement, and systemic spread. Recent research has primarily focused on viral movement proteins and their interactions with the cellular host transport machinery, which has significantly expanded understanding on viral infection pathways. This review focuses on three components within this context: (i) the role of viral transport proteins, specifically movement proteins (MPs) and nuclear shuttle proteins (NSPs), (ii) their ability to recruit host factors for intra- and intercellular viral movement, and (iii) the suppression of antiviral immunity, with a particular emphasis on bipartite begomoviral movement proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sâmera S Breves
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology/Bioagro, National Institute of Science and Technology in Plant-Pest Interactions, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa 36570.000, MG, Brazil
| | - Fredy A Silva
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology/Bioagro, National Institute of Science and Technology in Plant-Pest Interactions, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa 36570.000, MG, Brazil
| | - Nívea C Euclydes
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology/Bioagro, National Institute of Science and Technology in Plant-Pest Interactions, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa 36570.000, MG, Brazil
| | - Thainá F F Saia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology/Bioagro, National Institute of Science and Technology in Plant-Pest Interactions, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa 36570.000, MG, Brazil
| | - James Jean-Baptiste
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology/Bioagro, National Institute of Science and Technology in Plant-Pest Interactions, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa 36570.000, MG, Brazil
| | - Eugenio R Andrade Neto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology/Bioagro, National Institute of Science and Technology in Plant-Pest Interactions, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa 36570.000, MG, Brazil
| | - Elizabeth P B Fontes
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology/Bioagro, National Institute of Science and Technology in Plant-Pest Interactions, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa 36570.000, MG, Brazil
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7
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Zwolinski AM, Brigden A, Rey MEC. Differences in the 3' intergenic region and the V2 protein of two sequence variants of tomato curly stunt virus play an important role in disease pathology in Nicotiana benthamiana. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0286149. [PMID: 37220127 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0286149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Tomato production in South Africa is threatened by the emergence of tomato curly stunt virus (ToCSV), a monopartite Begomovirus transmitted by the whitefly vector Bemisia tabaci (Genn.). We investigated the role of sequence differences present in the 3' intergenic region (IR) and the V2 coding region on the differing infectivity of ToCSV sequence variant isolates V30 and V22 in the model host Nicotiana benthamiana. Using virus mutant chimeras, we determined that the development of the upward leaf roll symptom phenotype is mediated by sequence differences present in the 3' IR containing the TATA-associated composite element. Sequence differences present in the V2 coding region are responsible for modulating disease severity and symptom recovery in V22-infected plants. Serine substitution of V22 V2 Val27 resulted in a significant increase in disease severity with reduced recovery, the first study to demonstrate the importance of this V2 residue in disease development. Two putative ORFs, C5 and C6, were identified using in silico analysis and detection of an RNA transcript spanning their coding region suggests that these ORFs may be transcribed during infection. Additional virus-derived RNA transcripts spanning multiple ORFs and crossing the boundaries of recognised polycistronic transcripts, as well as the origin of replication within the IR, were detected in ToCSV-infected plants providing evidence of bidirectional readthrough transcription. From our results, we conclude that the diverse responses of the model host to ToCSV infection is influenced by select sequence differences and our findings provide several avenues for further investigation into the mechanisms behind these responses to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander M Zwolinski
- School of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Alison Brigden
- School of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Marie E C Rey
- School of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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8
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Zhang J, Ma M, Liu Y, Ismayil A. Plant Defense and Viral Counter-Defense during Plant-Geminivirus Interactions. Viruses 2023; 15:v15020510. [PMID: 36851725 PMCID: PMC9964946 DOI: 10.3390/v15020510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Geminiviruses are the largest family of plant viruses that cause severe diseases and devastating yield losses of economically important crops worldwide. In response to geminivirus infection, plants have evolved ingenious defense mechanisms to diminish or eliminate invading viral pathogens. However, increasing evidence shows that geminiviruses can interfere with plant defense response and create a suitable cell environment by hijacking host plant machinery to achieve successful infections. In this review, we discuss recent findings about plant defense and viral counter-defense during plant-geminivirus interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
| | - Mengyuan Ma
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
| | - Yule Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Asigul Ismayil
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
- Correspondence:
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9
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Wu X, Liu H, Lian B, Jiang X, Chen C, Tang T, Ding X, Hu J, Zhao S, Zhang S, Wu J. Genome-wide analysis of epigenetic and transcriptional changes in the pathogenesis of RGSV in rice. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 13:1090794. [PMID: 36714706 PMCID: PMC9874293 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1090794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Rice grassy stunt virus (RGSV), a typical negative single-stranded RNA virus, invades rice and generates several disease signs, including dwarfing, tillering, and sterility. Previous research has revealed that RGSV-encoded proteins can force the host's ubiquitin-proteasome system to utilize them for viral pathogenesis. However, most of the studies were limited to a single omics level and lacked multidimensional data collection and correlation analysis on the mechanisms of RGSV-rice interactions. Here, we performed a comprehensive association analysis of genome-wide methylation sequencing, transcriptome sequencing, and histone H3K9me3 modification in RGSV-infested as well as non-infested rice leaves, and the levels of all three cytosine contexts (CG, CHG and CHH) were found to be slightly lower in RGSV-infected rice leaves than in normal rice. Large proportions of DMRs were distributed in the promoter and intergenic regions, and most DMRs were enriched in the CHH context, where the number of CHH hypo-DMRs was almost twice as high as that of hyper-DMRs. Among the genes with down-regulated expression and hypermethylation, we analyzed and identified 11 transcripts involved in fertility, plant height and tillering, and among the transcribed up-regulated and hypermethylated genes, we excavated 7 transcripts related to fertility, plant height and tillering. By analyzing the changes of histone H3K9me3 modification before and after virus infestation, we found that the distribution of H3K9me3 modification in the whole rice genome was prevalent, mainly concentrated in the gene promoter and gene body regions, which was distinctly different from the characteristics of animals. Combined with transcriptomic data, H3K9me3 mark was found to favor targeting highly expressed genes. After RGSV infection, H3K9me3 modifications in several regions of CTK and BR hormone signaling-related genes were altered, providing important targets for subsequent studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Wu
- Vector-borne Virus Research Center, Key Laboratory of Plant Virology of Fujian Province, Institute of Plant Virology, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Hongfei Liu
- Vector-borne Virus Research Center, Key Laboratory of Plant Virology of Fujian Province, Institute of Plant Virology, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Bi Lian
- Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xue Jiang
- Vector-borne Virus Research Center, Key Laboratory of Plant Virology of Fujian Province, Institute of Plant Virology, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Cheng Chen
- Vector-borne Virus Research Center, Key Laboratory of Plant Virology of Fujian Province, Institute of Plant Virology, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Tianxin Tang
- Vector-borne Virus Research Center, Key Laboratory of Plant Virology of Fujian Province, Institute of Plant Virology, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xinlun Ding
- Vector-borne Virus Research Center, Key Laboratory of Plant Virology of Fujian Province, Institute of Plant Virology, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jie Hu
- Vector-borne Virus Research Center, Key Laboratory of Plant Virology of Fujian Province, Institute of Plant Virology, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Shanshan Zhao
- Vector-borne Virus Research Center, Key Laboratory of Plant Virology of Fujian Province, Institute of Plant Virology, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Shuai Zhang
- Vector-borne Virus Research Center, Key Laboratory of Plant Virology of Fujian Province, Institute of Plant Virology, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jianguo Wu
- Vector-borne Virus Research Center, Key Laboratory of Plant Virology of Fujian Province, Institute of Plant Virology, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
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10
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Assessment of the RNA Silencing Suppressor Activity of Protein P0 of Pepper Vein Yellows Virus 5: Uncovering Natural Variability, Relevant Motifs and Underlying Mechanism. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11121801. [PMID: 36552310 PMCID: PMC9775047 DOI: 10.3390/biology11121801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Pepper vein yellows virus 5 (PeVYV-5) belongs to a group of emerging poleroviruses (family Solemoviridae) which pose a risk to pepper cultivation worldwide. Since its first detection in Spain in 2013 and the determination of the complete genome sequence of an isolate in 2018, little is known on the presence, genomic variation and molecular properties of this pathogen. As other members of genus Polerovirus, PeVYV-5 encodes a P0 protein that was predicted to act as viral suppressor of RNA silencing (VSR), one of the major antiviral defense mechanisms in plants. The results of the present work have indicated that PeVYV-5 P0 is a potent VSR, which is able to induce the degradation of Argonaute (AGO) endonucleases, the main effectors of RNA silencing. New viral isolates have been identified in samples collected in 2020-2021 and sequencing of their P0 gene has revealed limited heterogeneity, suggesting that the protein is under negative selection. Analysis of natural and engineered P0 variants has pinpointed distinct protein motifs as critical for the VSR role. Moreover, a positive correlation between the VSR activity of the protein and its capability to promote AGO degradation could be established, supporting that such activity essentially relies on the clearance of core components of the RNA silencing machinery.
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11
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Bahari A, Castillo AG, Safaie N, Bejarano ER, Luna AP, Shams-Bakhsh M. Functional Analysis of V2 Protein of Beet Curly Top Iran Virus. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:3351. [PMID: 36501393 PMCID: PMC9736138 DOI: 10.3390/plants11233351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Geminivirus beet curly top Iran virus (BCTIV) is one of the main causal agents of the beet curly top disease in Iran and the newly established Becurtovirus genus type species. Although the biological features of known becurtoviruses are similar to those of curtoviruses, they only share a limited sequence identity, and no information is available on the function of their viral genes. In this work, we demonstrate that BCTIV V2, as the curtoviral V2, is also a local silencing suppressor in Nicotiana benthamiana and can delay the systemic silencing spreading, although it cannot block the cell-to-cell movement of the silencing signal to adjacent cells. BCTIV V2 shows the same subcellular localization as curtoviral V2, being detected in the nucleus and perinuclear region, and its ectopic expression from a PVX-derived vector also causes the induction of necrotic lesions in N. benthamiana, such as the ones produced during the HR, both at the local and systemic levels. The results from the infection of N. benthamiana with a V2 BCTIV mutant showed that V2 is required for systemic infection, but not for viral replication, in a local infection. Considering all these results, we can conclude that BCTIV V2 is a functional homologue of curtoviral V2 and plays a crucial role in viral pathogenicity and systemic movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atiyeh Bahari
- Plant Pathology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University (TMU), Tehran 336-14115, Iran
| | - Araceli G. Castillo
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Departamento Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Universidad de Málaga, 29010 Malaga, Spain
| | - Naser Safaie
- Plant Pathology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University (TMU), Tehran 336-14115, Iran
| | - Eduardo R. Bejarano
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Departamento Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Universidad de Málaga, 29010 Malaga, Spain
| | - Ana P. Luna
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Departamento Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Universidad de Málaga, 29010 Malaga, Spain
| | - Masoud Shams-Bakhsh
- Plant Pathology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University (TMU), Tehran 336-14115, Iran
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12
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Voloudakis AE, Kaldis A, Patil BL. RNA-Based Vaccination of Plants for Control of Viruses. Annu Rev Virol 2022; 9:521-548. [PMID: 36173698 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-virology-091919-073708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Plant viruses cause nearly half of the emerging plant diseases worldwide, contributing to 10-15% of crop yield losses. Control of plant viral diseases is mainly accomplished by extensive chemical applications targeting the vectors (i.e., insects, nematodes, fungi) transmitting these viruses. However, these chemicals have a significant negative effect on human health and the environment. RNA interference is an endogenous, cellular, sequence-specific RNA degradation mechanism in eukaryotes induced by double-stranded RNA molecules that has been exploited as an antiviral strategy through transgenesis. Because genetically modified crop plants are not accepted for cultivation in several countries globally, there is an urgent demand for alternative strategies. This has boosted research on exogenous application of the RNA-based biopesticides that are shown to exhibit significant protective effect against viral infections. Such environment-friendly and efficacious antiviral agents for crop protection will contribute to global food security, without adverse effects on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas E Voloudakis
- Laboratory of Plant Breeding and Biometry, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece;
| | - Athanasios Kaldis
- Laboratory of Plant Breeding and Biometry, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece;
| | - Basavaprabhu L Patil
- Division of Basic Sciences, ICAR-Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Bengaluru, Karnataka State, India
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13
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Chiu CW, Li YR, Lin CY, Yeh HH, Liu MJ. Translation initiation landscape profiling reveals hidden open-reading frames required for the pathogenesis of tomato yellow leaf curl Thailand virus. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:1804-1821. [PMID: 35080617 PMCID: PMC9048955 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Plant viruses with densely packed genomes employ noncanonical translational strategies to increase the coding capacity for viral function. However, the diverse translational strategies used make it challenging to define the full set of viral genes. Here, using tomato yellow leaf curl Thailand virus (TYLCTHV, genus Begomovirus) as a model system, we identified genes beyond the annotated gene sets by experimentally profiling in vivo translation initiation sites (TISs). We found that unanticipated AUG TISs were prevalent and determined that their usage involves alternative transcriptional and/or translational start sites and is associated with flanking mRNA sequences. Specifically, two downstream in-frame TISs were identified in the viral gene AV2. These TISs were conserved in the begomovirus lineage and led to the translation of different protein isoforms localized to cytoplasmic puncta and at the cell periphery, respectively. In addition, we found translational evidence of an unexplored gene, BV2. BV2 is conserved among TYLCTHV isolates and localizes to the endoplasmic reticulum and plasmodesmata. Mutations of AV2 isoforms and BV2 significantly attenuated disease symptoms in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). In conclusion, our study pinpointing in vivo TISs untangles the coding complexity of a plant viral genome and, more importantly, illustrates the biological significance of the hidden open-reading frames encoding viral factors for pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Wen Chiu
- Biotechnology Center in Southern Taiwan, Academia Sinica, Tainan 711, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Ru Li
- Biotechnology Center in Southern Taiwan, Academia Sinica, Tainan 711, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Yuan Lin
- Biotechnology Center in Southern Taiwan, Academia Sinica, Tainan 711, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Hung Yeh
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
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14
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Gui X, Liu C, Qi Y, Zhou X. Geminiviruses employ host DNA glycosylases to subvert DNA methylation-mediated defense. Nat Commun 2022; 13:575. [PMID: 35102164 PMCID: PMC8803994 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28262-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA methylation is an epigenetic mechanism that plays important roles in gene regulation and transposon silencing. Active DNA demethylation has evolved to counterbalance DNA methylation at many endogenous loci. Here, we report that active DNA demethylation also targets viral DNAs, tomato yellow leaf curl China virus (TYLCCNV) and its satellite tomato yellow leaf curl China betasatellite (TYLCCNB), to promote their virulence. We demonstrate that the βC1 protein, encoded by TYLCCNB, interacts with a ROS1-like DNA glycosylase in Nicotiana benthamiana and with the DEMETER (DME) DNA glycosylase in Arabidopsis thaliana. The interaction between βC1 and DME facilitates the DNA glycosylase activity to decrease viral DNA methylation and promote viral virulence. These findings reveal that active DNA demethylation can be regulated by a viral protein to subvert DNA methylation-mediated defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojian Gui
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- Tsinghua University-Peking University Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yijun Qi
- Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
- Tsinghua University-Peking University Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
| | - Xueping Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China.
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15
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Devendran R, Namgial T, Reddy KK, Kumar M, Zarreen F, Chakraborty S. Insights into the multifunctional roles of geminivirus-encoded proteins in pathogenesis. Arch Virol 2022; 167:307-326. [PMID: 35079902 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-021-05338-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Geminiviruses are a major threat to agriculture in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Geminiviruses have small genome with limited coding capacity. Despite this limitation, these viruses have mastered hijacking the host cellular metabolism for their survival. To compensate for the small size of their genome, geminiviruses encode multifunctional proteins. In addition, geminiviruses associate themselves with satellite DNA molecules which also encode proteins that support the virus in establishing successful infection. Geminiviral proteins recruit multiple host factors, suppress the host defense, and manipulate host metabolism to establish infection. We have updated the knowledge accumulated about the proteins of geminiviruses and their satellites in the context of pathogenesis in a single review. We also discuss their interactions with host factors to provide a mechanistic understanding of the infection process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ragunathan Devendran
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Tsewang Namgial
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Kishore Kumar Reddy
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Manish Kumar
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Fauzia Zarreen
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Supriya Chakraborty
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India.
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16
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Ghosh D, M M, Chakraborty S. Impact of viral silencing suppressors on plant viral synergism: a global agro-economic concern. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:6301-6313. [PMID: 34423406 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11483-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Plant viruses are known for their devastating impact on global agriculture. These intracellular biotrophic pathogens can infect a wide variety of plant hosts all over the world. The synergistic association of plant viruses makes the situation more alarming. It usually promotes the replication, movement, and transmission of either or both the coexisting synergistic viral partners. Although plants elicit a robust antiviral immune reaction, including gene silencing, to limit these infamous invaders, viruses counter it by encoding viral suppressors of RNA silencing (VSRs). Growing evidence also suggests that VSRs play a driving role in mediating the plant viral synergism. This review briefly discusses the evil impacts of mixed infections, especially synergism, and then comprehensively describes the emerging roles of VSRs in mediating the synergistic association of plant viruses. KEY POINTS: • Synergistic associations of plant viruses have devastating impacts on global agriculture. • Viral suppressors of RNA silencing (VSRs) play key roles in driving plant viral synergism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dibyendu Ghosh
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Malavika M
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Supriya Chakraborty
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India.
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17
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Gupta N, Reddy K, Bhattacharyya D, Chakraborty✉ S. Plant responses to geminivirus infection: guardians of the plant immunity. Virol J 2021; 18:143. [PMID: 34243802 PMCID: PMC8268416 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-021-01612-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Geminiviruses are circular, single-stranded viruses responsible for enormous crop loss worldwide. Rapid expansion of geminivirus diversity outweighs the continuous effort to control its spread. Geminiviruses channelize the host cell machinery in their favour by manipulating the gene expression, cell signalling, protein turnover, and metabolic reprogramming of plants. As a response to viral infection, plants have evolved to deploy various strategies to subvert the virus invasion and reinstate cellular homeostasis. MAIN BODY Numerous reports exploring various aspects of plant-geminivirus interaction portray the subtlety and flexibility of the host-pathogen dynamics. To leverage this pool of knowledge towards raising antiviral resistance in host plants, a comprehensive account of plant's defence response against geminiviruses is required. This review discusses the current knowledge of plant's antiviral responses exerted to geminivirus in the light of resistance mechanisms and the innate genetic factors contributing to the defence. We have revisited the defence pathways involving transcriptional and post-transcriptional gene silencing, ubiquitin-proteasomal degradation pathway, protein kinase signalling cascades, autophagy, and hypersensitive responses. In addition, geminivirus-induced phytohormonal fluctuations, the subsequent alterations in primary and secondary metabolites, and their impact on pathogenesis along with the recent advancements of CRISPR-Cas9 technique in generating the geminivirus resistance in plants have been discussed. CONCLUSIONS Considering the rapid development in the field of plant-virus interaction, this review provides a timely and comprehensive account of molecular nuances that define the course of geminivirus infection and can be exploited in generating virus-resistant plants to control global agricultural damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Gupta
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067 India
| | - Kishorekumar Reddy
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067 India
| | - Dhriti Bhattacharyya
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067 India
| | - Supriya Chakraborty✉
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067 India
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18
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Zhou X. Hijack to escape: a geminivirus seizes a host imprinted E3 ligase to escape epigenetic repression. SCIENCE CHINA. LIFE SCIENCES 2021; 64:323-325. [PMID: 33083970 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-020-1829-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xueping Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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19
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Li M, Li C, Jiang K, Li K, Zhang J, Sun M, Wu G, Qing L. Characterization of Pathogenicity-Associated V2 Protein of Tobacco Curly Shoot Virus. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:E923. [PMID: 33477652 PMCID: PMC7831499 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
V2 proteins encoded by some whitefly-transmitted geminiviruses were reported to be functionally important proteins. However, the functions of the V2 protein of tobacco curly shoot virus (TbCSV), a monopartite begomovirus that causes leaf curl disease on tomato and tobacco in China, remains to be characterized. In our report, an Agrobacterium infiltration-mediated transient expression assay indicated that TbCSV V2 can suppress local and systemic RNA silencing and the deletion analyses demonstrated that the amino acid region 1-92 of V2, including the five predicted α-helices, are required for local RNA silencing suppression. Site-directed substitutions showed that the conserved basic and ring-structured amino acids in TbCSV V2 are critical for its suppressor activity. Potato virus X-mediated heteroexpression of TbCSV V2 in Nicotiana benthamiana induced hypersensitive response-like (HR-like) cell death and systemic necrosis in a manner independent of V2's suppressor activity. Furthermore, TbCSV infectious clone mutant with untranslated V2 protein (TbCSV∆V2) could not induce visual symptoms, and coinfection with betasatellite (TbCSB) could obviously elevate the viral accumulation and symptom development. Interestingly, symptom recovery occurred at 15 days postinoculation (dpi) and onward in TbCSV∆V2/TbCSB-inoculated plants. The presented work contributes to understanding the RNA silencing suppression activity of TbCSV V2 and extends our knowledge of the multifunctional role of begomovirus-encoded V2 proteins during viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjun Li
- Correspondence: (M.L.); (L.Q.); Tel.: +86-023-68250517 (L.Q.)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ling Qing
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Disease Biology, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; (C.L.); (K.J.); (K.L.); (J.Z.); (M.S.); (G.W.)
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20
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Sanan-Mishra N, Abdul Kader Jailani A, Mandal B, Mukherjee SK. Secondary siRNAs in Plants: Biosynthesis, Various Functions, and Applications in Virology. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:610283. [PMID: 33737942 PMCID: PMC7960677 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.610283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The major components of RNA silencing include both transitive and systemic small RNAs, which are technically called secondary sRNAs. Double-stranded RNAs trigger systemic silencing pathways to negatively regulate gene expression. The secondary siRNAs generated as a result of transitive silencing also play a substantial role in gene silencing especially in antiviral defense. In this review, we first describe the discovery and pathways of transitivity with emphasis on RNA-dependent RNA polymerases followed by description on the short range and systemic spread of silencing. We also provide an in-depth view on the various size classes of secondary siRNAs and their different roles in RNA silencing including their categorization based on their biogenesis. The other regulatory roles of secondary siRNAs in transgene silencing, virus-induced gene silencing, transitivity, and trans-species transfer have also been detailed. The possible implications and applications of systemic silencing and the different gene silencing tools developed are also described. The details on mobility and roles of secondary siRNAs derived from viral genome in plant defense against the respective viruses are presented. This entails the description of other compatible plant-virus interactions and the corresponding small RNAs that determine recovery from disease symptoms, exclusion of viruses from shoot meristems, and natural resistance. The last section presents an overview on the usefulness of RNA silencing for management of viral infections in crop plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeti Sanan-Mishra
- Plant RNAi Biology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - A. Abdul Kader Jailani
- Plant RNAi Biology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
- Advanced Center for Plant Virology, Division of Plant Pathology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Bikash Mandal
- Advanced Center for Plant Virology, Division of Plant Pathology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Sunil K. Mukherjee
- Advanced Center for Plant Virology, Division of Plant Pathology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
- *Correspondence: Sunil K. Mukherjee,
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21
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Zarreen F, Chakraborty S. Epigenetic regulation of geminivirus pathogenesis: a case of relentless recalibration of defence responses in plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:6890-6906. [PMID: 32869846 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Geminiviruses constitute one of the largest families of plant viruses and they infect many economically important crops. The proteins encoded by the single-stranded DNA genome of these viruses interact with a wide range of host proteins to cause global dysregulation of cellular processes and help establish infection in the host. Geminiviruses have evolved numerous mechanisms to exploit host epigenetic processes to ensure the replication and survival of the viral genome. Here, we review our current knowledge of diverse epigenetic processes that have been implicated in the regulation of geminivirus pathogenesis, including DNA methylation, histone post-transcriptional modification, chromatin remodelling, and nucleosome repositioning. In addition, we discuss the currently limited evidence of host epigenetic defence responses that are aimed at counteracting geminivirus infection, and the potential for exploiting these responses for the generation of resistance against geminiviruses in crop species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fauzia Zarreen
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Supriya Chakraborty
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
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22
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Wang L, Ding Y, He L, Zhang G, Zhu JK, Lozano-Duran R. A virus-encoded protein suppresses methylation of the viral genome through its interaction with AGO4 in the Cajal body. eLife 2020; 9:e55542. [PMID: 33064077 PMCID: PMC7567605 DOI: 10.7554/elife.55542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In plants, establishment of de novo DNA methylation is regulated by the RNA-directed DNA methylation (RdDM) pathway. RdDM machinery is known to concentrate in the Cajal body, but the biological significance of this localization has remained elusive. Here, we show that the antiviral methylation of the Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) genome requires the Cajal body in Nicotiana benthamiana cells. Methylation of the viral genome is countered by a virus-encoded protein, V2, which interacts with the central RdDM component AGO4, interfering with its binding to the viral DNA; Cajal body localization of the V2-AGO4 interaction is necessary for the viral protein to exert this function. Taken together, our results draw a long sought-after functional connection between RdDM, the Cajal body, and antiviral DNA methylation, paving the way for a deeper understanding of DNA methylation and antiviral defences in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Wang
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- University of the Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Yi Ding
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- University of the Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Li He
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Guiping Zhang
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Jian-Kang Zhu
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Rosa Lozano-Duran
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
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23
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Vinoth Kumar R, Shivaprasad PV. Plant-virus-insect tritrophic interactions: insights into the functions of geminivirus virion-sense strand genes. Proc Biol Sci 2020; 287:20201846. [PMID: 33049166 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2020.1846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The genome of the plant-infecting viruses in the family Geminiviridae is composed of one or two circular single stranded DNA of approximately 2.7-5.2 kb in length. These viruses have emerged as the most devastating pathogen infecting a large number of crops and weeds across the continents. They code for fewer open reading frames (ORFs) through the generation of overlapping transcripts derived from the bidirectional viral promoters. Members of geminiviruses code for up to four ORFs in the virion-sense strand, and their gene expression is regulated by various cis-elements located at their promoters in the intergenic region. These viral proteins perform multiple functions at every stage of the viral life cycle such as virus transport, insect-mediated virus transmission and suppression of host defence. They impede the host's multi-layered antiviral mechanisms including gene silencing (at transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels) and hypersensitive response. This review summarizes the essential role of virion-sense strand encoded proteins in transport of viral genomes within and between plant cells, countering defence in hosts (both plants and the insects), and also in the ubiquitous role in vector-mediated transmission. We highlight the significance of their pro-viral activities in manipulating host-derived innate immune responses and the interaction with whitefly-derived proteins. We also discuss the current knowledge on virus replication and transcription within the insect body.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Vinoth Kumar
- National Centre for Biological Sciences (NCBS), Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR), GKVK campus, Bengaluru 560065, Karnataka, India
| | - P V Shivaprasad
- National Centre for Biological Sciences (NCBS), Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR), GKVK campus, Bengaluru 560065, Karnataka, India
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24
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Abstract
RNA-directed DNA methylation (RdDM) is a biological process in which non-coding RNA molecules direct the addition of DNA methylation to specific DNA sequences. The RdDM pathway is unique to plants, although other mechanisms of RNA-directed chromatin modification have also been described in fungi and animals. To date, the RdDM pathway is best characterized within angiosperms (flowering plants), and particularly within the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. However, conserved RdDM pathway components and associated small RNAs (sRNAs) have also been found in other groups of plants, such as gymnosperms and ferns. The RdDM pathway closely resembles other sRNA pathways, particularly the highly conserved RNAi pathway found in fungi, plants, and animals. Both the RdDM and RNAi pathways produce sRNAs and involve conserved Argonaute, Dicer and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase proteins. RdDM has been implicated in a number of regulatory processes in plants. The DNA methylation added by RdDM is generally associated with transcriptional repression of the genetic sequences targeted by the pathway. Since DNA methylation patterns in plants are heritable, these changes can often be stably transmitted to progeny. As a result, one prominent role of RdDM is the stable, transgenerational suppression of transposable element (TE) activity. RdDM has also been linked to pathogen defense, abiotic stress responses, and the regulation of several key developmental transitions. Although the RdDM pathway has a number of important functions, RdDM-defective mutants in Arabidopsis thaliana are viable and can reproduce, which has enabled detailed genetic studies of the pathway. However, RdDM mutants can have a range of defects in different plant species, including lethality, altered reproductive phenotypes, TE upregulation and genome instability, and increased pathogen sensitivity. Overall, RdDM is an important pathway in plants that regulates a number of processes by establishing and reinforcing specific DNA methylation patterns, which can lead to transgenerational epigenetic effects on gene expression and phenotype.
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Mei Y, Wang Y, Li F, Zhou X. The C4 protein encoded by tomato leaf curl Yunnan virus reverses transcriptional gene silencing by interacting with NbDRM2 and impairing its DNA-binding ability. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008829. [PMID: 33002088 PMCID: PMC7529289 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In plants, cytosine DNA methylation is an efficient defense mechanism against geminiviruses, since methylation of the viral genome results in transcriptional gene silencing (TGS). As a counter-defense mechanism, geminiviruses encode viral proteins to suppress viral DNA methylation and TGS. However, the molecular mechanisms by which viral proteins contribute to TGS suppression remain incompletely understood. In this study, we found that the C4 protein encoded by tomato leaf curl Yunnan virus (TLCYnV) suppresses methylation of the viral genome through interacting with and impairing the DNA-binding ability of NbDRM2, a pivotal DNA methyltransferase in the methyl cycle. We show that NbDRM2 catalyzes the addition of methyl groups on specific cytosine sites of the viral genome, hence playing an important role in anti-viral defense. Underscoring the relevance of the C4-mediated suppression of NbDRM2 activity, plants infected by TLCYnV producing C4(S43A), a point mutant version of C4 unable to interact with NbDRM2, display milder symptoms and lower virus accumulation, concomitant with enhanced viral DNA methylation, than plants infected by wild-type TLCYnV. Expression of TLCYnV C4, but not of the NbDRM2-interaction compromised C4(S43A) mutant, in 16c-TGS Nicotiana benthamiana plants results in the recovery of GFP, a proxy for suppression of TGS. This study provides new insights into the molecular mechanisms by which geminiviruses suppress TGS, and uncovers a new viral strategy based on the inactivation of the methyltransferase NbDRM2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhen Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yaqin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fangfang Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xueping Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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26
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Wang D, Sun S, Ren Y, Li S, Yang X, Zhou X. RepA Promotes the Nucleolar Exclusion of the V2 Protein of Mulberry Mosaic Dwarf-Associated Virus. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1828. [PMID: 32903838 PMCID: PMC7438950 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant viruses have limited coding capacities so that they rely heavily on the expression of multifunctional viral proteins to achieve a successful infection. The functional specification of viral proteins is often related to their differential interaction with plant and viral components and somewhat depends on their localization to various subcellular compartments. In this study, we analyzed the intracellular localization of the V2 protein of Mulberry mosaic dwarf-associated virus (MMDaV), an unsigned species of the family Geminiviridae. We show that the V2 protein colocalizes with the nucleolar protein fibrillarin (NbFib2) in the nucleolus upon transient expression in the epidermal cells of Nicotiana benthamiana. A yeast-two hybrid assay, followed by bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays, demonstrated the specific interaction between V2 and NbFib2. Intriguingly, we find that the presence of MMDaV excludes the V2 protein from the nucleolus to nucleoplasm. We present evidence that the replication-associated protein A (RepA) protein of MMDaV interacts with V2 and enables the nucleolar exclusion of V2. We also show that, while V2 interacts with itself primarily in the nucleolus, the presence of RepA redirects the site of V2-V2 interaction from the nucleolus to the nucleoplasm. We further reveal that RepA promotes V2 out of the nucleolus presumably by directing the NbFib2-V2 complex from the nucleolus to the nucleoplasm. Considering the critical role of the nucleolus in plant virus infection, this RepA-dependent modulation of V2 nucleolar localization would be crucial for understanding the involvement of this subcellular compartment in plant-virus interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongxue Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shaoshuang Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yanxiang Ren
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Shifang Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiuling Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xueping Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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27
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Srivastava K. Association between COVID-19 and cardiovascular disease. IJC HEART & VASCULATURE 2020; 29:100583. [PMID: 32715080 PMCID: PMC7359796 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcha.2020.100583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has reached a pandemic level. SARS-CoV-2 infects host cells through ACE2 receptors, leading to COVID-19-related pneumonia. The rapid increase in confirmed cases makes the prevention and control of COVID-19 extremely serious. Real-time reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) assays remain the molecular test of choice for the etiologic diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection while radiographic findings (chest computed tomography [CT]) and antibody-based techniques are being introduced as supplemental tools. Novel virus also cause chronic damage to the cardiovascular system, and attention should be given to cardiovascular protection during treatment for COVID-19. Acute cardiac injury determined by elevated high-sensitivity troponin levels is commonly observed in severe cases and is strongly associated with mortality. This review suggests that cardiovascular comorbidities are common in patients with COVID-19 and such patients are at higher risk of morbidity and mortality. The continuation of clinically indicated ACE inhibitor and ARB medications is recommended in COVID-19. We review the basics of coronaviruses, novel molecular targets for the coronaviruses with a focus on COVID-19, along with their effects on the cardiovascular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamna Srivastava
- Molecular Cardiology Lab, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
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28
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Li H, Li F, Zhang M, Gong P, Zhou X. Dynamic Subcellular Localization, Accumulation, and Interactions of Proteins From Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl China Virus and Its Associated Betasatellite. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:840. [PMID: 32612626 PMCID: PMC7308551 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Geminiviruses contain the largest number of species of plant viruses, and cause devastating crop diseases worldwide. The development of resistance to these viruses will require a clear understanding of viral protein function and interactions. Tomato yellow leaf curl China virus (TYLCCNV) is a typical monopartite geminivirus, which is associated with a tomato yellow leaf curl China betasatellite (TYLCCNB) in the field; the complex infection of TYLCCNV/TYLCCNB leads to serious economic losses in solanaceous plants. The functions of each protein encoded by the TYLCCNV/TYLCCNB complex have not yet been examined in a targeted manner. Here, we show the dynamic subcellular localization and accumulation of six viral proteins encoded by TYLCCNV and the βC1 protein encoded by TYLCCNB in plants over time, and analyzed the effect of TYLCCNV or TYLCCNV/TYLCCNB infection on these parameters. The interaction among the seven viral proteins was also tested in this study: C2 acts as a central player in the viral protein interaction network, since it interacts with C3, C4, V2, and βC1. Self-interactions were also found for C1, C2, and V2. Together, the data presented here provide a template for investigating the function of viral proteins with or without viral infection over time, and points at C2 as a pivotal protein potentially playing a central role in the coordination of the viral life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fangfang Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mingzhen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Pan Gong
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xueping Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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29
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Ismayil A, Yang M, Haxim Y, Wang Y, Li J, Han L, Wang Y, Zheng X, Wei X, Nagalakshmi U, Hong Y, Hanley-Bowdoin L, Liu Y. Cotton leaf curl Multan virus βC1 Protein Induces Autophagy by Disrupting the Interaction of Autophagy-Related Protein 3 with Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenases. THE PLANT CELL 2020; 32:1124-1135. [PMID: 32051213 PMCID: PMC7145496 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.19.00759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy plays an important role in plant-pathogen interactions. Several pathogens including viruses induce autophagy in plants, but the underpinning mechanism remains largely unclear. Furthermore, in virus-plant interactions, viral factor(s) that induce autophagy have yet to be identified. Here, we report that the βC1 protein of Cotton leaf curl Multan betasatellite (CLCuMuB) interacts with cytosolic glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPC), a negative autophagic regulator, to induce autophagy in Nicotiana benthamiana CLCuMuB βC1 bound to GAPCs and disrupted the interaction between GAPCs and autophagy-related protein 3 (ATG3). A mutant βC1 protein (βC13A) in which I45, Y48, and I53 were all substituted with Ala (A), had a dramatically reduced binding capacity with GAPCs, failed to disrupt the GAPCs-ATG3 interactions and failed to induce autophagy. Furthermore, mutant virus carrying βC13A showed increased symptoms and viral DNA accumulation associated with decreased autophagy in plants. These results suggest that CLCuMuB βC1 activates autophagy by disrupting GAPCs-ATG3 interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asigul Ismayil
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Plant Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Meng Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Plant Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Yakupjan Haxim
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Plant Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Yunjing Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Plant Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Jinlin Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Plant Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Lu Han
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Plant Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Yan Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Plant Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Xiyin Zheng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Plant Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Xiang Wei
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Plant Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Ugrappa Nagalakshmi
- Department of Plant Biology and The Genome Center, College of Biological Sciences, University of California at Davis, California 95616
| | - Yiguo Hong
- Research Centre for Plant RNA Signaling, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, 310036 Hangzhou, China
| | - Linda Hanley-Bowdoin
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695
| | - Yule Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Plant Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
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30
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Ding Y, Lozano-Durán R. The Cajal Body in Plant-Virus Interactions. Viruses 2020; 12:E250. [PMID: 32102236 PMCID: PMC7077289 DOI: 10.3390/v12020250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Cajal bodies (CBs) are nuclear membraneless bodies composed of proteins and RNA. Although it is known that CBs play a role in RNA metabolism and the formation of functional ribonucleoprotein (RNP) particles, the whole breadth of CB functions is far from being fully elucidated. In this short review, we will summarize and discuss the growing body of evidence pointing to an involvement of this subnuclear compartment in plant-virus interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Ding
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201602, China;
- Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201602, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Rosa Lozano-Durán
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201602, China;
- Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201602, China
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31
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Frequent occurrence of Mungbean yellow mosaic India virus in tomato leaf curl disease affected tomato in Oman. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16634. [PMID: 31719590 PMCID: PMC6851148 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53106-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Next generation sequencing (NGS) of DNAs amplified by rolling circle amplification from 6 tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plants with leaf curl symptoms identified a number of monopartite begomoviruses, including Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV), and a betasatellite (Tomato leaf curl betasatellite [ToLCB]). Both TYLCV and ToLCB have previously been identified infecting tomato in Oman. Surprisingly the NGS results also suggested the presence of the bipartite, legume-adapted begomovirus Mungbean yellow mosaic Indian virus (MYMIV). The presence of MYMIV was confirmed by cloning and Sanger sequencing from four of the six plants. A wider analysis by PCR showed MYMIV infection of tomato in Oman to be widespread. Inoculation of plants with full-length clones showed the host range of MYMIV not to extend to Nicotiana benthamiana or tomato. Inoculation to N. benthamiana showed TYLCV to be capable of maintaining MYMIV in both the presence and absence of the betasatellite. In tomato MYMIV was only maintained by TYLCV in the presence of the betasatellite and then only at low titre and efficiency. This is the first identification of TYLCV with ToLCB and the legume adapted bipartite begomovirus MYMIV co-infecting tomato. This finding has far reaching implications. TYLCV has spread around the World from its origins in the Mediterranean/Middle East, in some instances, in live tomato planting material. The results here may suggest that begomoviruses which do not commonly infect tomato, such as MYMIV, could be spread as a passenger of TYLCV in tomato.
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32
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RNA-Targeted Antiviral Immunity: More Than Just RNA Silencing. Trends Microbiol 2019; 27:792-805. [PMID: 31213342 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2019.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
RNA silencing is a fundamental, evolutionarily conserved mechanism that regulates gene expression in eukaryotes. It also functions as a primary immune defense in microbes, such as viruses in plants. In addition to RNA silencing, RNA decay and RNA quality-control pathways are also two ancestral forms of intrinsic antiviral immunity, and the three RNA-targeted pathways may operate cooperatively for their antiviral function. Plant viruses encode viral suppressors of RNA silencing (VSRs) to suppress RNA silencing and facilitate virus infection. In response, plants may activate a counter-counter-defense mechanism to cope with VSR-mediated RNA silencing suppression. In this review, we summarize current knowledge of RNA silencing, RNA decay, and RNA quality control in antiviral defense, and highlight the mechanisms by which viruses compromise RNA-targeted immunity for their infection and survival in plants.
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