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Diana NE, Naicker S. The changing landscape of HIV-associated kidney disease. Nat Rev Nephrol 2024; 20:330-346. [PMID: 38273026 DOI: 10.1038/s41581-023-00801-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
The HIV epidemic has devastated millions of people globally, with approximately 40 million deaths since its start. The availability of antiretroviral therapy (ART) has transformed the prognosis of millions of individuals infected with HIV such that a diagnosis of HIV infection no longer automatically confers death. However, morbidity and mortality remain substantial among people living with HIV. HIV can directly infect the kidney to cause HIV-associated nephropathy (HIVAN) - a disease characterized by podocyte and tubular damage and associated with an increased risk of kidney failure. The reports of HIVAN occurring primarily in those of African ancestry led to the discovery of its association with APOL1 risk alleles. The advent of ART has led to a substantial decrease in the prevalence of HIVAN; however, reports have emerged of an increase in the prevalence of other kidney pathology, such as focal segmental glomerulosclerosis and pathological conditions associated with co-morbidities of ageing, such as hypertension and diabetes mellitus. Early initiation of ART also results in a longer cumulative exposure to medications, increasing the likelihood of nephrotoxicity. A substantial body of literature supports the use of kidney transplantation in people living with HIV, demonstrating significant survival benefits compared with that of people undergoing chronic dialysis, and similar long-term allograft and patient survival compared with that of HIV-negative kidney transplant recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina E Diana
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
| | - Saraladevi Naicker
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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2
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De Chiara L, Lazzeri E, Romagnani P. Polyploid tubular cells: a shortcut to stress adaptation. Kidney Int 2024; 105:709-716. [PMID: 38199322 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2023.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Tubular epithelial cells (TCs) compose the majority of kidney parenchyma and play fundamental roles in maintaining homeostasis. Like other tissues, mostly immature TC with progenitor capabilities are able to replace TC lost during injury via clonal expansion and differentiation. In contrast, differentiated TC lack this capacity. However, as the kidney is frequently exposed to toxic injuries, evolution positively selected a response program that endows differentiated TC to maintain residual kidney function during kidney injury. Recently, we and others have described polyploidization of differentiated TC, a mechanism to augment the function of remnant TC after injury by rapid hypertrophy. Polyploidy is a condition characterized by >2 complete sets of chromosomes. Polyploid cells often display an increased functional capacity and are generally more resilient to stress as evidenced by being conserved across many plants and eukaryote species from flies to mammals. Here, we discuss the occurrence of TC polyploidy in different contexts and conditions and how this integrates into existing concepts of kidney cell responses to injury. Collectively, we aim at stimulating the acquisition of novel knowledge in the kidney field as well as accelerating the translation of this basic response mechanism to the clinical sphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letizia De Chiara
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Florence, Italy.
| | - Elena Lazzeri
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Florence, Italy.
| | - Paola Romagnani
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Florence, Italy; Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, Meyer Children's Hospital IRCCS, Florence, Italy.
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3
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Vanegas-Torres CA, Schindler M. HIV-1 Vpr Functions in Primary CD4 + T Cells. Viruses 2024; 16:420. [PMID: 38543785 PMCID: PMC10975730 DOI: 10.3390/v16030420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 encodes four accesory proteins in addition to its structural and regulatory genes. Uniquely amongst them, Vpr is abundantly present within virions, meaning it is poised to exert various biological effects on the host cell upon delivery. In this way, Vpr contributes towards the establishment of a successful infection, as evidenced by the extent to which HIV-1 depends on this factor to achieve full pathogenicity in vivo. Although HIV infects various cell types in the host organism, CD4+ T cells are preferentially targeted since they are highly permissive towards productive infection, concomitantly bringing about the hallmark immune dysfunction that accompanies HIV-1 spread. The last several decades have seen unprecedented progress in unraveling the activities Vpr possesses in the host cell at the molecular scale, increasingly underscoring the importance of this viral component. Nevertheless, it remains controversial whether some of these advances bear in vivo relevance, since commonly employed cellular models significantly differ from primary T lymphocytes. One prominent example is the "established" ability of Vpr to induce G2 cell cycle arrest, with enigmatic physiological relevance in infected primary T lymphocytes. The objective of this review is to present these discoveries in their biological context to illustrate the mechanisms whereby Vpr supports HIV-1 infection in CD4+ T cells, whilst identifying findings that require validation in physiologically relevant models.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Schindler
- Institute for Medical Virology and Epidemiology of Viral Diseases, University Hospital Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany;
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4
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Kalyesubula R, Wearne N, Kubo M, Hussey N, Naicker S. HIV and Associated TB: A Lethal Association for Kidney Health? Semin Nephrol 2023; 43:151470. [PMID: 38245391 DOI: 10.1016/j.semnephrol.2023.151470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and tuberculosis (TB) are the leading infectious causes of death globally. The combined brunt of these diseases is experienced mainly in low-income and lower-middle-income countries. HIV/TB have devastating effects on the kidneys, leading to accelerated decline of kidney function as well as mortality. Managing the triad of TB/HIV and kidney disease is challenging. We discuss the epidemiology of HIV/TB coinfection and the kidney and the key mechanisms of kidney disease including genetic susceptibility. The clinical presentation and pathology, as well as the challenges of diagnosing CKD in these patients, also are discussed. The strategies to prevent and manage HIV/TB-related kidney disease such as proper assessment, avoiding nephrotoxic regimens, drug dose adjustments, kidney function monitoring, avoidance of drug-drug interactions, and other interventions are explored. We also briefly discuss the complexities around HIV/TB patients on dialysis and kidney transplantation. HIV/TB coinfection presents an increased risk for kidney-related morbidity and mortality; patients with this triad need to be given special consideration for future research and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Kalyesubula
- Department of Physiology and Department of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda.
| | - Nicola Wearne
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Mary Kubo
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Therapeutics, East African Kidney Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Nadia Hussey
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Saraladevi Naicker
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Kirsch-Volders M, Fenech M. Towards prevention of aneuploidy-associated cellular senescence and aging: more questions than answers? MUTATION RESEARCH. REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2023; 792:108474. [PMID: 37866738 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2023.108474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this review is to discuss how aneuploidy contributes to the aging process, and to identify plausible strategies for its prevention. After an overview of mechanisms leading to aneuploidy and the major features of cellular senescence, we discuss the link between (i) aneuploidy and cellular senescence; (ii) aneuploidy and aging; and (iii) cellular senescence and aging. We also consider (i) interactions between aneuploidy, micronuclei, cellular senescence and aging, (ii) the potential of nutritional treatments to prevent aneuploidy-associated senescence and aging, and (iii) knowledge and technological gaps. Evidence for a causal link between aneuploidy, senescence and aging is emerging. In vitro, aneuploidy accompanies the entry into cellular senescence and can itself induce senescence. How aneuploidy contributes in vivo to cellular senescence is less clear. Several routes depending on aneuploidy and/or senescence converge towards chronic inflammation, the major driver of unhealthy aging. Aneuploidy can induce the pro-inflammatory Senescence Associated Secretory Phenotype (SASP), either directly or as a result of micronucleus (MN) induction leading to leakage of DNA into the cytoplasm and triggering of the cGAS-STING pathway of innate immune response. A major difficulty in understanding the impact of aneuploidy on senescence and aging in vivo, results from the heterogeneity of cellular senescence in different tissues at the cytological and molecular level. Due to this complexity, there is at the present time no biomarker or biomarker combination characteristic for all types of senescent cells. In conclusion, a deeper understanding of the critical role aneuploidy plays in cellular senescence and aging is essential to devise practical strategies to protect human populations from aneuploidy-associated pathologies. We discuss emerging evidence, based on in vitro and in vivo studies, that adequate amounts of specific micronutrients are essential for prevention of aneuploidy in humans and that precise nutritional intervention may be essential to help avoid the scourge of aneuploidy-driven diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micheline Kirsch-Volders
- Laboratory for Cell Genetics, Department Biology, Faculty of Sciences and Bio-engineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Michael Fenech
- Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, SA 5000, Australia; Genome Health Foundation, North Brighton, SA 5048, Australia.
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Blasi M, Klotman M. HIV-1 infection of renal epithelial cells: 30 years of evidence from transgenic animal models, human studies and in vitro experiments. Retrovirology 2023; 20:2. [PMID: 36927552 PMCID: PMC10018895 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-023-00617-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Although antiretroviral therapy (ART) has increased life expectancy in people with HIV-1 (PWH), acute and chronic kidney disease remain common in this population and are associated with poor outcomes. A broad spectrum of kidney disorders can be observed in PWH, some of which are directly related to intrarenal HIV infection and gene expression. HIV-associated nephropathy (HIVAN) was the most common kidney disease in PWH before ART became available. Animal models and human biopsy studies established the causal relationships between direct HIV-1 infection of renal epithelial cells and HIVAN, expression of viral genes in renal epithelial cells, and dysregulation of host genes involved in cell differentiation and cell cycle. In this review, we provide a summary of the body of work demonstrating HIV-1 infection of epithelial cells in the kidney and recent advancements in the understanding of viral entry mechanisms and consequences of HIV-1 gene expression in those cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Blasi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA. .,Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA. .,Duke University Medical Center, MSRBII Room 3077, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
| | - Mary Klotman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA. .,Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA. .,Duke University Medical Center, 2927, Davison Building Room 125, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
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Chen Y, Chen Y, Fu J, Sun Z, Li H, Xiao W, E J, Lo BY, Wang N, Zhang W, Klotman ME, Klotman PE, Kopp JB, D'Agati VD, He JC, Lee K. Tubular-specific expression of HIV protein Vpr leads to severe tubulointerstitial damage accompanied by progressive fibrosis and cystic development. Kidney Int 2023; 103:529-543. [PMID: 36565808 PMCID: PMC9974916 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2022.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a common cause of morbidity in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive individuals. HIV infection leads to a wide spectrum of kidney cell damage, including tubular epithelial cell (TEC) injury. Among the HIV-1 proteins, the pathologic effects of viral protein R (Vpr) are well established and include DNA damage response, cell cycle arrest, and cell death. Several in vitro studies have unraveled the molecular pathways driving the cytopathic effects of Vpr in tubular epithelial cells. However, the in vivo effects of Vpr on tubular injury and CKD pathogenesis have not been thoroughly investigated. Here, we use a novel inducible tubular epithelial cell-specific Vpr transgenic mouse model to show that Vpr expression leads to progressive tubulointerstitial damage, interstitial inflammation and fibrosis, and tubular cyst development. Importantly, Vpr-expressing tubular epithelial cells displayed significant hypertrophy, aberrant cell division, and atrophy; all reminiscent of tubular injuries observed in human HIV-associated nephropathy (HIVAN). Single-cell RNA sequencing analysis revealed the Vpr-mediated transcriptomic responses in specific tubular subsets and highlighted the potential multifaceted role of p53 in the regulation of cell metabolism, proliferation, and death pathways in Vpr-expressing tubular epithelial cells. Thus, our study demonstrates that HIV Vpr expression in tubular cells is sufficient to induce HIVAN-like tubulointerstitial damage and fibrosis, independent of glomerulosclerosis and proteinuria. Additionally, as this new mouse model develops progressive CKD with diffuse fibrosis and kidney failure, it can serve as a useful tool to examine the mechanisms of kidney disease progression and fibrosis in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqiang Chen
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA; Department of Nephrology, Shanghai Six Municipal Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ya Chen
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jia Fu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Zeguo Sun
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Huilin Li
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Wenzhen Xiao
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jing E
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Benjamin Y Lo
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Niansong Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai Six Municipal Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Weijia Zhang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Mary E Klotman
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Paul E Klotman
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jeffrey B Kopp
- Kidney Disease Section, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Vivette D D'Agati
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - John Cijiang He
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA; Renal Section, James J Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA.
| | - Kyung Lee
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.
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Shrivastav S, Lee H, Okamoto K, Lu H, Yoshida T, Latt KZ, Wakashin H, Dalgleish JLT, Koritzinsky EH, Xu P, Asico LD, Chung JY, Hewitt S, Gildea JJ, Felder RA, Jose PA, Rosenberg AZ, Knepper MA, Kino T, Kopp JB. HIV-1 Vpr suppresses expression of the thiazide-sensitive sodium chloride co-transporter in the distal convoluted tubule. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0273313. [PMID: 36129874 PMCID: PMC9491550 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0273313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-associated nephropathy (HIVAN) impairs functions of both glomeruli and tubules. Attention has been previously focused on the HIVAN glomerulopathy. Tubular injury has drawn increased attention because sodium wasting is common in hospitalized HIV/AIDS patients. We used viral protein R (Vpr)-transgenic mice to investigate the mechanisms whereby Vpr contributes to urinary sodium wasting. In phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase promoter-driven Vpr-transgenic mice, in situ hybridization showed that Vpr mRNA was expressed in all nephron segments, including the distal convoluted tubule. Vpr-transgenic mice, compared with wild-type littermates, markedly increased urinary sodium excretion, despite similar plasma renin activity and aldosterone levels. Kidneys from Vpr-transgenic mice also markedly reduced protein abundance of the Na+-Cl- cotransporter (NCC), while mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) protein expression level was unchanged. In African green monkey kidney cells, Vpr abrogated the aldosterone-mediated stimulation of MR transcriptional activity. Gene expression of Slc12a3 (NCC) in Vpr-transgenic mice was significantly lower compared with wild-type mice, assessed by both qRT-PCR and RNAScope in situ hybridization analysis. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays identified multiple MR response elements (MRE), located from 5 kb upstream of the transcription start site and extending to the third exon of the SLC12A3 gene. Mutation of MRE and SP1 sites in the SLC12A3 promoter region abrogated the transcriptional responses to aldosterone and Vpr, indicating that functional MRE and SP1 are required for the SLC12A3 gene suppression in response to Vpr. Thus, Vpr attenuates MR transcriptional activity and inhibits Slc12a3 transcription in the distal convoluted tubule and contributes to salt wasting in Vpr-transgenic mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashi Shrivastav
- Kidney Disease Section, Kidney Diseases Branch, NIDDK, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Hewang Lee
- Kidney Disease Section, Kidney Diseases Branch, NIDDK, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, The George Washington University School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Koji Okamoto
- Kidney Disease Section, Kidney Diseases Branch, NIDDK, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Huiyan Lu
- Kidney Disease Section, Kidney Diseases Branch, NIDDK, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Teruhiko Yoshida
- Kidney Disease Section, Kidney Diseases Branch, NIDDK, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Khun Zaw Latt
- Kidney Disease Section, Kidney Diseases Branch, NIDDK, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Hidefumi Wakashin
- Kidney Disease Section, Kidney Diseases Branch, NIDDK, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - James L. T. Dalgleish
- Kidney Disease Section, Kidney Diseases Branch, NIDDK, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Erik H. Koritzinsky
- Kidney Disease Section, Kidney Diseases Branch, NIDDK, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Peng Xu
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Laureano D. Asico
- Department of Medicine, The George Washington University School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Joon-Yong Chung
- Experimental Pathology Laboratory, Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Stephen Hewitt
- Experimental Pathology Laboratory, Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - John J. Gildea
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Robin A. Felder
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Pedro A. Jose
- Department of Medicine, The George Washington University School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Avi Z. Rosenberg
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Mark A. Knepper
- Epithelial Systems Biology Laboratory, Systems Biology Center, Division of Intramural Research, NHLBI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Tomoshige Kino
- Laboratory for Molecular and Genomic Endocrinology, Division of Translational Medicine, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | - Jeffrey B. Kopp
- Kidney Disease Section, Kidney Diseases Branch, NIDDK, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Tubular Cell Cycle Response upon AKI: Revising Old and New Paradigms to Identify Novel Targets for CKD Prevention. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222011093. [PMID: 34681750 PMCID: PMC8537394 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222011093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is characterized by a rapid deterioration of kidney function, representing a global healthcare concern. In addition, AKI survivors frequently develop chronic kidney disease (CKD), contributing to a substantial proportion of disease burden globally. Yet, over the past 30 years, the burden of CKD has not declined to the same extent as many other important non-communicable diseases, implying a substantial deficit in the understanding of the disease progression. The assumption that the kidney response to AKI is based on a high proliferative potential of proximal tubular cells (PTC) caused a critical confounding factor, which has led to a limited development of strategies to prevent AKI and halt progression toward CKD. In this review, we discuss the latest findings on multiple mechanisms of response related to cell cycle behavior of PTC upon AKI, with a specific focus on their biological relevance. Collectively, we aim to (1) provide a new perspective on interpreting cell cycle progression of PTC in response to damage and (2) discuss how this knowledge can be used to choose the right therapeutic window of treatment for preserving kidney function while avoiding CKD progression.
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Lee K, Gusella GL, He JC. Epithelial proliferation and cell cycle dysregulation in kidney injury and disease. Kidney Int 2021; 100:67-78. [PMID: 33831367 PMCID: PMC8855879 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2021.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Various cellular insults and injury to renal epithelial cells stimulate repair mechanisms to adapt and restore the organ homeostasis. Renal tubular epithelial cells are endowed with regenerative capacity, which allows for a restoration of nephron function after acute kidney injury. However, recent evidence indicates that the repair is often incomplete, leading to maladaptive responses that promote the progression to chronic kidney disease. The dysregulated cell cycle and proliferation is also a key feature of renal tubular epithelial cells in polycystic kidney disease and HIV-associated nephropathy. Therefore, in this review, we provide an overview of cell cycle regulation and the consequences of dysregulated cell proliferation in acute kidney injury, polycystic kidney disease, and HIV-associated nephropathy. An increased understanding of these processes may help define better targets for kidney repair and combat chronic kidney disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Lee
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology Division, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.
| | - G Luca Gusella
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology Division, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - John Cijiang He
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology Division, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA; Renal Program, James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA.
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11
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Chen A, Xu J, Lai H, D'Agati VD, Guan TJ, Badal S, Liles J, He JC, Lee K. Inhibition of apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 mitigates the pathogenesis of human immunodeficiency virus-associated nephropathy. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2021; 36:430-441. [PMID: 33097961 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfaa198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a common cause of morbidity and mortality in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive individuals. Among the HIV-related kidney diseases, HIV-associated nephropathy (HIVAN) is a rapidly progressive renal disease characterized by collapsing focal glomerulosclerosis (GS), microcystic tubular dilation, interstitial inflammation and fibrosis. Although the incidence of end-stage renal disease due to HIVAN has dramatically decreased with the widespread use of antiretroviral therapy, the prevalence of CKD continues to increase in HIV-positive individuals. Recent studies have highlighted the role of apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1) in driving kidney disease progression through the activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and c-Jun N-terminal kinase and selective ASK-1 inhibitor GS-444217 was recently shown to reduce kidney injury and disease progression in various experimental models. Therefore we examined the efficacy of ASK1 antagonism by GS-444217 in the attenuation of HIVAN in Tg26 mice. METHODS GS-444217-supplemented rodent chow was administered in Tg26 mice at 4 weeks of age when mild GS and proteinuria were already established. After 6 weeks of treatment, the kidney function assessment and histological analyses were performed and compared between age- and gender-matched control Tg26 and GS-444217-treated Tg26 mice. RESULTS GS-444217 attenuated the development of GS, podocyte loss, tubular injury, interstitial inflammation and renal fibrosis in Tg26 mice. These improvements were accompanied by a marked reduction in albuminuria and improved renal function. Taken together, GS-4442217 attenuated the full spectrum of HIVAN pathology in Tg26 mice. CONCLUSIONS ASK1 signaling cascade is central to the development of HIVAN in Tg26 mice. Our results suggest that the select inhibition of ASK1 could be a potential adjunctive therapy for the treatment of HIVAN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anqun Chen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Division of Nephrology, Zhongshan Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Jin Xu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Han Lai
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Nephrology, First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | | | - Tian-Jun Guan
- Division of Nephrology, Zhongshan Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | | | - John Liles
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, CA, USA
| | - John C He
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Kidney Center at James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Kyung Lee
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
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Hughes K, Chang J, Stadtler H, Wyatt C, Klotman M, Blasi M. HIV-1 infection of the kidney: mechanisms and implications. AIDS 2021; 35:359-367. [PMID: 33229896 PMCID: PMC7855797 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000002753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
People living with HIV are at higher risk for acute and chronic kidney disease compared with uninfected individuals. Kidney disease in this population is multifactorial, with several contributors including HIV infection of kidney cells, chronic inflammation, genetic predisposition, aging, comorbidities, and coinfections. In this review, we provide a summary of recent advancements in the understanding of the mechanisms and implications of HIV infection and kidney disease, with particular focus on the role of direct HIV infection of renal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Hughes
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jerry Chang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Hannah Stadtler
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Christina Wyatt
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Mary Klotman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Maria Blasi
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
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Hughes K, Akturk G, Gnjatic S, Chen B, Klotman M, Blasi M. Proliferation of HIV-infected renal epithelial cells following virus acquisition from infected macrophages. AIDS 2020; 34:1581-1591. [PMID: 32701578 PMCID: PMC7579771 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000002589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES HIV-1 can infect and persist in different organs and tissues, resulting in the generation of multiple viral compartments and reservoirs. Increasing evidence supports the kidney as such a reservoir. Previous work demonstrated that HIV-1 infected CD4 T-cells transfer virus to renal tubule epithelial (RTE) cells through cell-to-cell contact. In addition to CD4 T cells, macrophages represent the other major target of HIV-1. Renal macrophages induce and regulate inflammatory responses and are critical to homeostatic regulation of the kidney environment. Combined with their ability to harbour virus, macrophages may also play an important role in the spread of HIV-1 infection in the kidney. DESIGN AND METHODS Multiparametric histochemistry analysis was performed on kidney biopsies from individuals with HIV-1 associated nephropathy (HIVAN). Primary monocyte-derived macrophages were infected with a GFP-expressing replication competent HIV-1. HIV-1 transfer from macrophages to RTE cells was carried out in a coculture system and evaluated by fluorescence-microscopy and flow-cytometry. Live imaging was performed to assess the fate of HIV-1 infected RTE cells over time. RESULTS We show that macrophages are abundantly present in the renal inflammatory infiltrate of individuals with HIVAN. We observed contact-dependent HIV-1 transfer from infected macrophages to both primary and immortalized renal cells. Live imaging of HIV-1 infected RTE cells revealed four different fates: proliferation, hypertrophy, latency and cell death. CONCLUSION Our study suggests that macrophages may play a role in the dissemination of HIV-1 in the kidney and that proliferation of infected renal cells may contribute to HIV-1 persistence in this compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Hughes
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Guray Akturk
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Sacha Gnjatic
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Benjamin Chen
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Mary Klotman
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Maria Blasi
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
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Fox DT, Soltis DE, Soltis PS, Ashman TL, Van de Peer Y. Polyploidy: A Biological Force From Cells to Ecosystems. Trends Cell Biol 2020; 30:688-694. [PMID: 32646579 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2020.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Polyploidy, resulting from the duplication of the entire genome of an organism or cell, greatly affects genes and genomes, cells and tissues, organisms, and even entire ecosystems. Despite the wide-reaching importance of polyploidy, communication across disciplinary boundaries to identify common themes at different scales has been almost nonexistent. However, a critical need remains to understand commonalities that derive from shared polyploid cellular processes across organismal diversity, levels of biological organization, and fields of inquiry - from biodiversity and biocomplexity to medicine and agriculture. Here, we review the current understanding of polyploidy at the organismal and suborganismal levels, identify shared research themes and elements, and propose new directions to integrate research on polyploidy toward confronting interdisciplinary grand challenges of the 21st century.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald T Fox
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| | - Douglas E Soltis
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
| | - Pamela S Soltis
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
| | - Tia-Lynn Ashman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA.
| | - Yves Van de Peer
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.
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