1
|
Ledvina HE, Whiteley AT. Conservation and similarity of bacterial and eukaryotic innate immunity. Nat Rev Microbiol 2024; 22:420-434. [PMID: 38418927 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-024-01017-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Pathogens are ubiquitous and a constant threat to their hosts, which has led to the evolution of sophisticated immune systems in bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes. Bacterial immune systems encode an astoundingly large array of antiviral (antiphage) systems, and recent investigations have identified unexpected similarities between the immune systems of bacteria and animals. In this Review, we discuss advances in our understanding of the bacterial innate immune system and highlight the components, strategies and pathogen restriction mechanisms conserved between bacteria and eukaryotes. We summarize evidence for the hypothesis that components of the human immune system originated in bacteria, where they first evolved to defend against phages. Further, we discuss shared mechanisms that pathogens use to overcome host immune pathways and unexpected similarities between bacterial immune systems and interbacterial antagonism. Understanding the shared evolutionary path of immune components across domains of life and the successful strategies that organisms have arrived at to restrict their pathogens will enable future development of therapeutics that activate the human immune system for the precise treatment of disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah E Ledvina
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Aaron T Whiteley
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Chaumont L, Jouneau L, Huetz F, van Muilekom DR, Peruzzi M, Raffy C, Le Hir J, Minke J, Boudinot P, Collet B. Unexpected regulatory functions of cyprinid Viperin on inflammation and metabolism. BMC Genomics 2024; 25:650. [PMID: 38951796 PMCID: PMC11218377 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-024-10566-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Viperin, also known as radical S-adenosyl-methionine domain containing protein 2 (RSAD2), is an interferon-inducible protein that is involved in the innate immune response against a wide array of viruses. In mammals, Viperin exerts its antiviral function through enzymatic conversion of cytidine triphosphate (CTP) into its antiviral analog ddhCTP as well as through interactions with host proteins involved in innate immune signaling and in metabolic pathways exploited by viruses during their life cycle. However, how Viperin modulates the antiviral response in fish remains largely unknown. RESULTS For this purpose, we developed a fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) clonal cell line in which the unique viperin gene has been knocked out by CRISPR/Cas9 genome-editing. In order to decipher the contribution of fish Viperin to the antiviral response and its regulatory role beyond the scope of the innate immune response, we performed a comparative RNA-seq analysis of viperin-/- and wildtype cell lines upon stimulation with recombinant fathead minnow type I interferon. CONCLUSIONS Our results revealed that Viperin does not exert positive feedback on the canonical type I IFN but acts as a negative regulator of the inflammatory response by downregulating specific pro-inflammatory genes and upregulating repressors of the NF-κB pathway. It also appeared to play a role in regulating metabolic processes, including one carbon metabolism, bone formation, extracellular matrix organization and cell adhesion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lise Chaumont
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, VIM, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Luc Jouneau
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, VIM, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - François Huetz
- Unit of Antibodies in Therapy and Pathology, UMR 1222 INSERM, Institut Pasteur, 75015, Paris, France
| | | | - Mathilde Peruzzi
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, VIM, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | | | | | | | - Pierre Boudinot
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, VIM, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Bertrand Collet
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, VIM, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ahmad F, Ahmad S, Husain A, Pandey N, Khubaib M, Sharma R. Role of inflammatory cytokine burst in neuro-invasion of Japanese Encephalitis virus infection: an immunotherapeutic approaches. J Neurovirol 2024:10.1007/s13365-024-01212-z. [PMID: 38842651 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-024-01212-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Japanese Encephalitis remains a significant global health concern, contributing to millions of deaths annually worldwide. Microglial cells, as key innate immune cells within the central nervous system (CNS), exhibit intricate cellular structures and possess molecular phenotypic plasticity, playing pivotal roles in immune responses during CNS viral infections. Particularly under viral inflammatory conditions, microglial cells orchestrate innate and adaptive immune responses to mitigate viral invasion and dampen inflammatory reactions. This review article comprehensively summarizes the pathophysiology of viral invasion into the CNS and the cellular interactions involved, elucidating the roles of various immune mediators, including pro-inflammatory cytokines, in neuroinflammation. Leveraging this knowledge, strategies for modulating inflammatory responses and attenuating hyperactivation of glial cells to mitigate viral replication within the brain are discussed. Furthermore, current chemotherapeutic and antiviral drugs are examined, elucidating their mechanisms of action against viral replication. This review aims to provide insights into therapeutic interventions for Japanese Encephalitis and related viral infections, ultimately contributing to improved outcomes for affected individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Firoz Ahmad
- IIRC-3 Immunobiochemistry Lab, Department of Biosciences, Integral University, Lucknow, 226026, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Department of Clinical Immunology & Rheumatology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, 226014, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shad Ahmad
- Department of Biochemistry, Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Avadh University, Faizabad, 224001 Uttar Pradesh, India., 224001, Faizabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Adil Husain
- Department of Pathology, Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, 226016, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Niharika Pandey
- IIRC-3 Immunobiochemistry Lab, Department of Biosciences, Integral University, Lucknow, 226026, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mohd Khubaib
- IIRC-3 Immunobiochemistry Lab, Department of Biosciences, Integral University, Lucknow, 226026, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rolee Sharma
- IIRC-3 Immunobiochemistry Lab, Department of Biosciences, Integral University, Lucknow, 226026, Uttar Pradesh, India.
- Department of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, CSJM University, Kanpur, 228024, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Lindman M, Angel JP, Estevez I, Chang NP, Chou TW, McCourt M, Atkins C, Daniels BP. RIPK3 promotes brain region-specific interferon signaling and restriction of tick-borne flavivirus infection. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011813. [PMID: 38011306 PMCID: PMC10703404 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Innate immune signaling in the central nervous system (CNS) exhibits many remarkable specializations that vary across cell types and CNS regions. In the setting of neuroinvasive flavivirus infection, neurons employ the immunologic kinase receptor-interacting kinase 3 (RIPK3) to promote an antiviral transcriptional program, independently of the traditional function of this enzyme in promoting necroptotic cell death. However, while recent work has established roles for neuronal RIPK3 signaling in controlling mosquito-borne flavivirus infections, including West Nile virus and Zika virus, functions for RIPK3 signaling in the CNS during tick-borne flavivirus infection have not yet been explored. Here, we use a model of Langat virus (LGTV) encephalitis to show that RIPK3 signaling is specifically required in neurons of the cerebellum to control LGTV replication and restrict disease pathogenesis. This effect did not require the necroptotic executioner molecule mixed lineage kinase domain like protein (MLKL), a finding similar to previous observations in models of mosquito-borne flavivirus infection. However, control of LGTV infection required a unique, region-specific dependence on RIPK3 to promote expression of key antiviral interferon-stimulated genes (ISG) in the cerebellum. This RIPK3-mediated potentiation of ISG expression was associated with robust cell-intrinsic restriction of LGTV replication in cerebellar granule cell neurons. These findings further illuminate the complex roles of RIPK3 signaling in the coordination of neuroimmune responses to viral infection, as well as provide new insight into the mechanisms of region-specific innate immune signaling in the CNS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marissa Lindman
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Juan P. Angel
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Irving Estevez
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Nydia P. Chang
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Tsui-Wen Chou
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Micheal McCourt
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Colm Atkins
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Brian P. Daniels
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wang XF, Zhang X, Ma W, Li J, Wang X. Host cell restriction factors of equine infectious anemia virus. Virol Sin 2023; 38:485-496. [PMID: 37419416 PMCID: PMC10436108 DOI: 10.1016/j.virs.2023.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) is a member of the lentivirus genus in the Retroviridae family and is considered an animal model for HIV/AIDS research. An attenuated EIAV vaccine, which was successfully developed in the 1970s by classical serial passage techniques, is the first and only lentivirus vaccine that has been widely used to date. Restriction factors are cellular proteins that provide an early line of defense against viral replication and spread by interfering with various critical steps in the viral replication cycle. However, viruses have evolved specific mechanisms to overcome these host barriers through adaptation. The battle between the viruses and restriction factors is actually a natural part of the viral replication process, which has been well studied in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). EIAV has the simplest genome composition of all lentiviruses, making it an intriguing subject for understanding how the virus employs its limited viral proteins to overcome restriction factors. In this review, we summarize the current literature on the interactions between equine restriction factors and EIAV. The features of equine restriction factors and the mechanisms by which the EIAV counteract the restriction suggest that lentiviruses employ diverse strategies to counteract innate immune restrictions. In addition, we present our insights on whether restriction factors induce alterations in the phenotype of the attenuated EIAV vaccine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Feng Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Xiangmin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Weiwei Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Jiwei Li
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Xiaojun Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lindman M, Angel JP, Estevez I, Chang NP, Chou TW, McCourt M, Atkins C, Daniels BP. RIPK3 promotes brain region-specific interferon signaling and restriction of tick-borne flavivirus infection. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.23.525284. [PMID: 36747672 PMCID: PMC9900788 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.23.525284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Innate immune signaling in the central nervous system (CNS) exhibits many remarkable specializations that vary across cell types and CNS regions. In the setting of neuroinvasive flavivirus infection, neurons employ the immunologic kinase receptor-interacting kinase 3 (RIPK3) to promote an antiviral transcriptional program, independently of the traditional function of this enzyme in promoting necroptotic cell death. However, while recent work has established roles for neuronal RIPK3 signaling in controlling mosquito-borne flavivirus infections, including West Nile virus and Zika virus, functions for RIPK3 signaling in the CNS during tick-borne flavivirus infection have not yet been explored. Here, we use a model of Langat virus (LGTV) encephalitis to show that RIPK3 signaling is specifically required in neurons of the cerebellum to control LGTV replication and restrict disease pathogenesis. This effect did not require the necroptotic executioner molecule mixed lineage kinase domain like protein (MLKL), a finding similar to previous observations in models of mosquito-borne flavivirus infection. However, control of LGTV infection required a unique, region-specific dependence on RIPK3 to promote expression of key antiviral interferon-stimulated genes (ISG) in the cerebellum. This RIPK3-mediated potentiation of ISG expression was associated with robust cell-intrinsic restriction of LGTV replication in cerebellar granule cell neurons. These findings further illuminate the complex roles of RIPK3 signaling in the coordination of neuroimmune responses to viral infection, as well as provide new insight into the mechanisms of region-specific innate immune signaling in the CNS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marissa Lindman
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Juan P Angel
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Irving Estevez
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Nydia P Chang
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Tsui-Wen Chou
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Micheal McCourt
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Colm Atkins
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Brian P. Daniels
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Immune Functions of Astrocytes in Viral Neuroinfections. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043514. [PMID: 36834929 PMCID: PMC9960577 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroinfections of the central nervous system (CNS) can be triggered by various pathogens. Viruses are the most widespread and have the potential to induce long-term neurologic symptoms with potentially lethal outcomes. In addition to directly affecting their host cells and inducing immediate changes in a plethora of cellular processes, viral infections of the CNS also trigger an intense immune response. Regulation of the innate immune response in the CNS depends not only on microglia, which are fundamental immune cells of the CNS, but also on astrocytes. These cells align blood vessels and ventricle cavities, and consequently, they are one of the first cell types to become infected after the virus breaches the CNS. Moreover, astrocytes are increasingly recognized as a potential viral reservoir in the CNS; therefore, the immune response initiated by the presence of intracellular virus particles may have a profound effect on cellular and tissue physiology and morphology. These changes should be addressed in terms of persisting infections because they may contribute to recurring neurologic sequelae. To date, infections of astrocytes with different viruses originating from genetically distinct families, including Flaviviridae, Coronaviridae, Retroviridae, Togaviridae, Paramyxoviridae, Picomaviridae, Rhabdoviridae, and Herpesviridae, have been confirmed. Astrocytes express a plethora of receptors that detect viral particles and trigger signaling cascades, leading to an innate immune response. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on virus receptors that initiate the release of inflammatory cytokines from astrocytes and depict the involvement of astrocytes in immune functions of the CNS.
Collapse
|
8
|
Patel AM, Koebke KJ, Grunkemeyer TJ, Riordan CM, Kim Y, Bailey RC, Marsh ENG. Purification of the full-length, membrane-associated form of the antiviral enzyme viperin utilizing nanodiscs. Sci Rep 2022; 12:11909. [PMID: 35831548 PMCID: PMC9279394 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-16233-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Viperin is a radical S-adenosylmethionine enzyme that catalyzes the formation of the antiviral ribonucleotide, 3'-deoxy-3',4'-didehydroCTP. The enzyme is conserved across all kingdoms of life, and in higher animals viperin is localized to the ER-membrane and lipid droplets through an N-terminal extension that forms an amphipathic helix. Evidence suggests that the N-terminal extension plays an important role in viperin's interactions with other membrane proteins. These interactions serve to modulate the activity of various other enzymes that are important for viral replication and constitute another facet of viperin's antiviral properties, distinct from its catalytic activity. However, the full-length form of the enzyme, which has proved refractory to expression in E. coli, has not been previously purified. Here we report the purification of the full-length form of viperin from HEK293T cells transfected with viperin. The purification method utilizes nanodiscs to maintain the protein in its membrane-bound state. Unexpectedly, the enzyme exhibits significantly lower catalytic activity once purified, suggesting that interactions with other ER-membrane components may be important to maintain viperin's activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayesha M Patel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Karl J Koebke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | | | - Colleen M Riordan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Youngsoo Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Ryan C Bailey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - E Neil G Marsh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Reslan A, Haddad JG, Desprès P, Bascands JL, Gadea G. High Glucose Induces in HK2 Kidney Cells an IFN–Dependent ZIKV Antiviral Status Fueled by Viperin. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10071577. [PMID: 35884880 PMCID: PMC9313244 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10071577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is an emerging mosquito-borne flavivirus that rapidly became a major medical concern worldwide. We have recently reported that a high glucose level decreases the rate of Zika virus (ZIKV) replication with an impact on human kidney HK-2 cell survival. However, the mechanisms by which cells cultured in a high glucose medium inhibit ZIKV growth remain unclear. Viperin belongs to interferon-stimulated genes (ISG) and its expression is highly up-regulated upon viral infection, leading to antiviral activity against a variety of viruses, including flaviviruses. As such, viperin has been shown to be a major actor involved in the innate immune response against Zika virus (ZIKV). Our present study aims to further characterize the involvement of viperin in ZIKV growth inhibition under high glucose concentration (HK-2HGC). We show for the first time that endogenous viperin is over-expressed in HK-2 cells cultured under high glucose concentration (HK-2HGC), which is associated with ZIKV growth inhibition. Viperin knockdown in HK-2HGC rescues ZIKV growth. In addition, our results emphasize that up-regulated viperin in HK-2HGC leads to ZIKV growth inhibition through the stimulation of IFN-β production. In summary, our work provides new insights into the ZIKV growth inhibition mechanism observed in HK-2 cells cultured in a high glucose environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alawiya Reslan
- Unité Mixte Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical, Plateforme Technologique CYROI, Université de la Réunion, INSERM U1187, CNRS UMR 9192, IRD UMR 249, 94791 Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France; (A.R.); (J.G.H.); (P.D.)
- Unité Mixte Diabète Athérothrombose Thérapies Réunion Océan Indien, Plateforme Technologique CYROI, Université de la Réunion, INSERM U1188, 94791 Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France
| | - Juliano G. Haddad
- Unité Mixte Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical, Plateforme Technologique CYROI, Université de la Réunion, INSERM U1187, CNRS UMR 9192, IRD UMR 249, 94791 Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France; (A.R.); (J.G.H.); (P.D.)
| | - Philippe Desprès
- Unité Mixte Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical, Plateforme Technologique CYROI, Université de la Réunion, INSERM U1187, CNRS UMR 9192, IRD UMR 249, 94791 Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France; (A.R.); (J.G.H.); (P.D.)
| | - Jean-Loup Bascands
- Unité Mixte Diabète Athérothrombose Thérapies Réunion Océan Indien, Plateforme Technologique CYROI, Université de la Réunion, INSERM U1188, 94791 Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France
- Correspondence: (J.-L.B.); (G.G.); Tel.: +262-262-938-806 (G.G.)
| | - Gilles Gadea
- Unité Mixte Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical, Plateforme Technologique CYROI, Université de la Réunion, INSERM U1187, CNRS UMR 9192, IRD UMR 249, 94791 Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France; (A.R.); (J.G.H.); (P.D.)
- Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, Université de Montpellier, INSERM U1194, IRCM, F-34298 Montpellier, France
- Correspondence: (J.-L.B.); (G.G.); Tel.: +262-262-938-806 (G.G.)
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
AG1478 Elicits a Novel Anti-Influenza Function via an EGFR-Independent, GBF1-Dependent Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23105557. [PMID: 35628375 PMCID: PMC9145774 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Current options for preventing or treating influenza are still limited, and new treatments for influenza viral infection are urgently needed. In the present study, we serendipitously found that a small-molecule inhibitor (AG1478), previously used for epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibition, demonstrated a potent activity against influenza both in vitro and in vivo. Surprisingly, the antiviral effect of AG1478 was not mediated by its EGFR inhibitory activity, as influenza virus was insensitive to EGFR blockade by other EGFR inhibitors or by siRNA knockdown of EGFR. Its antiviral activity was also interferon independent as demonstrated by a Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) knockout approach. Instead, AG1478 was found to target the Golgi-specific brefeldin A-resistance guanine nucleotide exchange factor 1 (GBF1)–ADP-ribosylation factor 1 (ARF1) system by reversibly inhibiting GBF1 activity and disrupting its Golgi-cytoplasmic trafficking. Compared to known GBF1 inhibitors, AG1478 demonstrated lower cellular toxicity and better preservation of Golgi structure. Furthermore, GBF1 was found to interact with a specific set of viral proteins including M1, NP, and PA. Additionally, the alternation of GBF1 distribution induced by AG1478 treatment disrupted these interactions. Because targeting host factors, instead of the viral component, imposes a higher barrier for developing resistance, GBF1 modulation may be an effective approach to treat influenza infection.
Collapse
|
11
|
Kou Z, Fan X, Li J, Shao Z, Qiang X. Using amino acid features to identify the pathogenicity of influenza B virus. Infect Dis Poverty 2022; 11:50. [PMID: 35509019 PMCID: PMC9066401 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-022-00974-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Influenza B virus can cause epidemics with high pathogenicity, so it poses a serious threat to public health. A feature representation algorithm is proposed in this paper to identify the pathogenicity phenotype of influenza B virus. METHODS The dataset included all 11 influenza virus proteins encoded in eight genome segments of 1724 strains. Two types of features were hierarchically used to build the prediction model. Amino acid features were directly delivered from 67 feature descriptors and input into the random forest classifier to output informative features about the class label and probabilistic prediction. The sequential forward search strategy was used to optimize the informative features. The final features for each strain had low dimensions and included knowledge from different perspectives, which were used to build the machine learning model for pathogenicity identification. RESULTS The 40 signature positions were achieved by entropy screening. Mutations at position 135 of the hemagglutinin protein had the highest entropy value (1.06). After the informative features were directly generated from the 67 random forest models, the dimensions for class and probabilistic features were optimized as 4 and 3, respectively. The optimal class features had a maximum accuracy of 94.2% and a maximum Matthews correlation coefficient of 88.4%, while the optimal probabilistic features had a maximum accuracy of 94.1% and a maximum Matthews correlation coefficient of 88.2%. The optimized features outperformed the original informative features and amino acid features from individual descriptors. The sequential forward search strategy had better performance than the classical ensemble method. CONCLUSIONS The optimized informative features had the best performance and were used to build a predictive model so as to identify the phenotype of influenza B virus with high pathogenicity and provide early risk warning for disease control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Kou
- Institute of Computing Science and Technology, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Xinyue Fan
- Institute of Computing Science and Technology, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Junjie Li
- Institute of Computing Science and Technology, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Zehui Shao
- Institute of Computing Science and Technology, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Xiaoli Qiang
- School of Computer Science and Cyber Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Shiftless inhibits flavivirus replication in vitro and is neuroprotective in a mouse model of Zika virus pathogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2111266118. [PMID: 34873063 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2111266118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Flaviviruses such as Zika virus and West Nile virus have the potential to cause severe neuropathology if they invade the central nervous system. The type I interferon response is well characterized as contributing to control of flavivirus-induced neuropathogenesis. However, the interferon-stimulated gene (ISG) effectors that confer these neuroprotective effects are less well studied. Here, we used an ISG expression screen to identify Shiftless (SHFL, C19orf66) as a potent inhibitor of diverse positive-stranded RNA viruses, including multiple members of the Flaviviridae (Zika, West Nile, dengue, yellow fever, and hepatitis C viruses). In cultured cells, SHFL functions as a viral RNA-binding protein that inhibits viral replication at a step after primary translation of the incoming genome. The murine ortholog, Shfl, is expressed constitutively in multiple tissues, including the central nervous system. In a mouse model of Zika virus infection, Shfl -/- knockout mice exhibit reduced survival, exacerbated neuropathological outcomes, and increased viral replication in the brain and spinal cord. These studies demonstrate that Shfl is an important antiviral effector that contributes to host protection from Zika virus infection and virus-induced neuropathological disease.
Collapse
|
13
|
Khan NA, Kar M, Panwar A, Wangchuk J, Kumar S, Das A, Pandey AK, Lodha R, Medigeshi GR. Oxidative stress specifically inhibits replication of dengue virus. J Gen Virol 2021; 102. [PMID: 33904816 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are chemically active species which are involved in maintaining cellular and signalling processes at physiological concentrations. Therefore, cellular components that regulate redox balance are likely to play a crucial role in viral life-cycle either as promoters of viral replication or with antiviral functions. Zinc is an essential micronutrient associated with anti-oxidative systems and helps in maintaining a balanced cellular redox state. Here, we show that zinc chelation leads to induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in epithelial cells and addition of zinc restores ROS levels to basal state. Addition of ROS (H2O2) inhibited dengue virus (DENV) infection in a dose-dependent manner indicating that oxidative stress has adverse effects on DENV infection. ROS affects early stages of DENV replication as observed by quantitation of positive and negative strand viral RNA. We observed that addition of ROS specifically affected viral titres of positive strand RNA viruses. We further demonstrate that ROS specifically altered SEC31A expression at the ER suggesting a role for SEC31A-mediated pathways in the life-cycle of positive strand RNA viruses and provides an opportunity to identify drug targets regulating oxidative stress responses for antiviral development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naseem Ahmed Khan
- Clinical and Cellular Virology lab, Infection and Immunology, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Meenakshi Kar
- Clinical and Cellular Virology lab, Infection and Immunology, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Aleksha Panwar
- Clinical and Cellular Virology lab, Infection and Immunology, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Jigme Wangchuk
- Clinical and Cellular Virology lab, Infection and Immunology, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Saurabh Kumar
- Clinical and Cellular Virology lab, Infection and Immunology, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Asim Das
- Employees State Insurance Corporation Medical College and Hospital, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Anil Kumar Pandey
- Employees State Insurance Corporation Medical College and Hospital, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Rakesh Lodha
- Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Guruprasad R Medigeshi
- Clinical and Cellular Virology lab, Infection and Immunology, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Zhang X, Zhang Y, Jia R, Wang M, Yin Z, Cheng A. Structure and function of capsid protein in flavivirus infection and its applications in the development of vaccines and therapeutics. Vet Res 2021; 52:98. [PMID: 34193256 PMCID: PMC8247181 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-021-00966-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Flaviviruses are enveloped single positive-stranded RNA viruses. The capsid (C), a structural protein of flavivirus, is dimeric and alpha-helical, with several special structural and functional features. The functions of the C protein go far beyond a structural role in virions. It is not only responsible for encapsidation to protect the viral RNA but also able to interact with various host proteins to promote virus proliferation. Therefore, the C protein plays an important role in infected host cells and the viral life cycle. Flaviviruses have been shown to affect the health of humans and animals. Thus, there is an urgent need to effectively control flavivirus infections. The structure of the flavivirus virion has been determined, but there is relatively little information about the function of the C protein. Hence, a greater understanding of the role of the C protein in viral infections will help to discover novel antiviral strategies and provide a promising starting point for the further development of flavivirus vaccines or therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xingcui Zhang
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Yanting Zhang
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Renyong Jia
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China. .,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China. .,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China.
| | - Mingshu Wang
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhongqiong Yin
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Anchun Cheng
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China. .,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China. .,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Ghosh S, Marsh ENG. Viperin: An ancient radical SAM enzyme finds its place in modern cellular metabolism and innate immunity. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:11513-11528. [PMID: 32546482 PMCID: PMC7450102 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.rev120.012784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Viperin plays an important and multifaceted role in the innate immune response to viral infection. Viperin is also notable as one of very few radical SAM-dependent enzymes present in higher animals; however, the enzyme appears broadly conserved across all kingdoms of life, which suggests that it represents an ancient defense mechanism against viral infections. Although viperin was discovered some 20 years ago, only recently was the enzyme's structure determined and its catalytic activity elucidated. The enzyme converts CTP to 3'-deoxy-3',4'-didehydro-CTP, which functions as novel chain-terminating antiviral nucleotide when misincorporated by viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerases. Moreover, in higher animals, viperin interacts with numerous other host and viral proteins, and it is apparent that this complex network of interactions constitutes another important aspect of the protein's antiviral activity. An emerging theme is that viperin appears to facilitate ubiquitin-dependent proteasomal degradation of some of the proteins it interacts with. Viperin-targeted protein degradation contributes to the antiviral response either by down-regulating various metabolic pathways important for viral replication or by directly targeting viral proteins for degradation. Here, we review recent advances in our understanding of the structure and catalytic activity of viperin, together with studies investigating the interactions between viperin and its target proteins. These studies have provided detailed insights into the biochemical processes underpinning this unusual enzyme's wide-ranging antiviral activity. We also highlight recent intriguing reports that implicate a broader role for viperin in regulating nonpathological cellular processes, including thermogenesis and protein secretion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soumi Ghosh
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - E Neil G Marsh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Wu J, Chi H, Fu Y, Cao A, Shi J, Zhu M, Zhang L, Hua D, Huang J. The antiviral protein viperin interacts with the viral N protein to inhibit proliferation of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus. Arch Virol 2020; 165:2279-2289. [PMID: 32719955 PMCID: PMC7382991 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-020-04747-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In the early stage of virus infection, the pattern recognition receptor (PRR) signaling pathway of the host cell is activated to induce interferon production, activating interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) that encode antiviral proteins that exert antiviral effects. Viperin is one of the innate antiviral proteins that exert broad-spectrum antiviral effects by various mechanisms. Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is a coronavirus that causes huge losses to the pig industry. Research on early antiviral responses in the gastrointestinal tract is essential for developing strategies to prevent the spread of PEDV. In this study, we investigated the mechanisms of viperin in PEDV-infected IPEJ-C2 cells. Increased expression of interferon and viperin and decreased replication of PEDV with a clear reduction in the viral load were observed in PEDV-infected IPEC-J2 cells. Amino acids 1-50 of porcine viperin contain an endoplasmic reticulum signal sequence that allows viperin to be anchored to the endoplasmic reticulum and are necessary for its function in inhibiting PEDV proliferation. The interaction of the viperin S-adenosylmethionine domain with the N protein of PEDV was confirmed via confocal laser scanning microscopy and co-immunoprecipitation. This interaction might interfere with viral replication or assembly to reduce virus proliferation. Our results highlight a potential mechanism whereby viperin is able to inhibit PEDV replication and play an antiviral role in innate immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Wu
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, No. 92, Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Heng Chi
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, No. 92, Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Yali Fu
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, No. 92, Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Aiping Cao
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, No. 92, Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Jingxuan Shi
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, No. 92, Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Min Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, No. 92, Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Lilin Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, No. 92, Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Deping Hua
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, No. 92, Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Jinhai Huang
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, No. 92, Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300072, China.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Rivera-Serrano EE, Gizzi AS, Arnold JJ, Grove TL, Almo SC, Cameron CE. Viperin Reveals Its True Function. Annu Rev Virol 2020; 7:421-446. [PMID: 32603630 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-virology-011720-095930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Most cells respond to viral infections by activating innate immune pathways that lead to the induction of antiviral restriction factors. One such factor, viperin, was discovered almost two decades ago based on its induction during viral infection. Since then, viperin has been shown to possess activity against numerous viruses via multiple proposed mechanisms. Most recently, however, viperin was demonstrated to catalyze the conversion of cytidine triphosphate (CTP) to 3'-deoxy-3',4'-didehydro-CTP (ddhCTP), a previously unknown ribonucleotide. Incorporation of ddhCTP causes premature termination of RNA synthesis by the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of some viruses. To date, production of ddhCTP by viperin represents the only activity of viperin that links its enzymatic activity directly to an antiviral mechanism in human cells. This review examines the multiple antiviral mechanisms and biological functions attributed to viperin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Efraín E Rivera-Serrano
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA;
| | - Anthony S Gizzi
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA; , .,Department of Pharmacology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - Jamie J Arnold
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA;
| | - Tyler L Grove
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA; ,
| | - Steven C Almo
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA; ,
| | - Craig E Cameron
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Martínez JL, Arias CF. Role of the Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factor GBF1 in the Replication of RNA Viruses. Viruses 2020; 12:E682. [PMID: 32599855 PMCID: PMC7354614 DOI: 10.3390/v12060682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The guanine nucleotide exchange factor GBF1 is a well-known factor that can activate different ADP-ribosylation factor (Arf) proteins during the regulation of different cellular vesicular transport processes. In the last decade, it has become increasingly evident that GBF1 can also regulate different steps of the replication cycle of RNA viruses belonging to different virus families. GBF1 has been shown not only to facilitate the intracellular traffic of different viral and cellular elements during infection, but also to modulate the replication of viral RNA, the formation and maturation of viral replication complexes, and the processing of viral proteins through mechanisms that do not depend on its canonical role in intracellular transport. Here, we review the various roles that GBF1 plays during the replication of different RNA viruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Carlos F. Arias
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca 4510, Morelos, Mexico;
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Abstract
Flaviviruses are a genus of mostly arthropod-borne RNA viruses that cause a range of pathologies in humans. Basic knowledge on flaviviruses is rapidly expanding, partly due to their status as frequent emerging or re-emerging pathogens. Flaviviruses include the dengue, Zika, West Nile, tick-borne encephalitis and yellow fever viruses (DENV, ZIKV, WNV, TBEV and YFV, respectively). As is the case with other families of viruses, the success of productive infection of human cells by flaviviruses depends in part on the antiviral activity of a heterogeneous group of cellular antiviral proteins called restriction factors. Restriction factors are the effector proteins of the cell-autonomous innate response against viruses, an immune pathway that also includes virus sensors as well as intracellular and extracellular signal mediators such as type I interferons (IFN-I). In this review, I summarize recent progress toward the identification and characterization of flavivirus restriction factors. In particular, I focus on IFI6, Schlafen 11, FMRP, OAS-RNase L, RyDEN, members of the TRIM family of proteins (TRIM5α, TRIM19, TRIM56, TRIM69 and TRIM79α) and a new mechanism of action proposed for viperin. Recent and future studies on this topic will lead to a more complete picture of the flavivirus restrictome, defined as the ensemble of cellular factors with demonstrated anti-flaviviral activity.
Collapse
|
20
|
Ghosh S, Patel AM, Grunkemeyer TJ, Dumbrepatil AB, Zegalia K, Kennedy RT, Marsh ENG. Interactions between Viperin, Vesicle-Associated Membrane Protein A, and Hepatitis C Virus Protein NS5A Modulate Viperin Activity and NS5A Degradation. Biochemistry 2020; 59:780-789. [PMID: 31977203 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.9b01090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The radical SAM enzyme, viperin, exerts a wide range of antiviral effects through both the synthesis of the antiviral nucleotide 3'-deoxy-3',4'-didehydro-CTP (ddhCTP) and through its interactions with various cellular and viral proteins. Here we investigate the interaction of viperin with hepatitis C virus nonstructural protein 5A (NS5A) and the host sterol regulatory protein, vesicle-associated membrane protein A (VAP-33). NS5A and VAP-33 form part of the viral replication complex that is essential for replicating the RNA genome of the hepatitis C virus. Using transfected enzymes in HEK293T cells, we show that viperin binds independently to both NS5A and the C-terminal domain of VAP-33 (VAP-33C) and that this interaction is dependent on the proteins being colocalized to the ER membrane. Coexpression of VAP-33C and NS5A resulted in changes to the catalytic activity of viperin that depended upon viperin being colocalized to the ER membrane. The viperin-NS5A-VAP-33C complex exhibited the lowest specific activity, indicating that NS5A may inhibit viperin's ability to synthesize ddhCTP. Coexpression of viperin with NS5A was also found to significantly reduce cellular NS5A levels, most likely by increasing the rate of proteasomal degradation. An inactive mutant of viperin, unable to bind the iron-sulfur cluster, was similarly effective at reducing cellular NS5A levels.
Collapse
|
21
|
Uckeley ZM, Moeller R, Kühn LI, Nilsson E, Robens C, Lasswitz L, Lindqvist R, Lenman A, Passos V, Voss Y, Sommerauer C, Kampmann M, Goffinet C, Meissner F, Överby AK, Lozach PY, Gerold G. Quantitative Proteomics of Uukuniemi Virus-host Cell Interactions Reveals GBF1 as Proviral Host Factor for Phleboviruses. Mol Cell Proteomics 2019; 18:2401-2417. [PMID: 31570497 PMCID: PMC6885706 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.ra119.001631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 09/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel tick-borne phleboviruses in the Phenuiviridae family, which are highly pathogenic in humans and all closely related to Uukuniemi virus (UUKV), have recently emerged on different continents. How phleboviruses assemble, bud, and exit cells remains largely elusive. Here, we performed high-resolution, label-free mass spectrometry analysis of UUKV immunoprecipitated from cell lysates and identified 39 cellular partners interacting with the viral envelope glycoproteins. The importance of these host factors for UUKV infection was validated by silencing each host factor by RNA interference. This revealed Golgi-specific brefeldin A-resistance guanine nucleotide exchange factor 1 (GBF1), a guanine nucleotide exchange factor resident in the Golgi, as a critical host factor required for the UUKV life cycle. An inhibitor of GBF1, Golgicide A, confirmed the role of the cellular factor in UUKV infection. We could pinpoint the GBF1 requirement to UUKV replication and particle assembly. When the investigation was extended to viruses from various positive and negative RNA viral families, we found that not only phleboviruses rely on GBF1 for infection, but also Flavi-, Corona-, Rhabdo-, and Togaviridae In contrast, silencing or blocking GBF1 did not abrogate infection by the human adenovirus serotype 5 and immunodeficiency retrovirus type 1, the replication of both requires nuclear steps. Together our results indicate that UUKV relies on GBF1 for viral replication, assembly and egress. This study also highlights the proviral activity of GBF1 in the infection by a broad range of important zoonotic RNA viruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zina M Uckeley
- CellNetworks Cluster of Excellence and Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; CellNetworks Cluster of Excellence and Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rebecca Moeller
- Institute for Experimental Virology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Medical School Hannover and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hannover, Germany; CellNetworks Cluster of Excellence and Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lars I Kühn
- Experimental Systems Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Emma Nilsson
- Division of Virology, Department of Clinical Microbiology, and Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Claudia Robens
- CellNetworks Cluster of Excellence and Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lisa Lasswitz
- Institute for Experimental Virology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Medical School Hannover and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
| | - Richard Lindqvist
- Division of Virology, Department of Clinical Microbiology, and Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Annasara Lenman
- Institute for Experimental Virology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Medical School Hannover and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
| | - Vania Passos
- Institute for Experimental Virology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Medical School Hannover and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hannover, Germany; Instituto De Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade Do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Yannik Voss
- CellNetworks Cluster of Excellence and Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christian Sommerauer
- CellNetworks Cluster of Excellence and Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martin Kampmann
- CellNetworks Cluster of Excellence and Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christine Goffinet
- Institute for Experimental Virology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Medical School Hannover and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hannover, Germany; Institute of Virology, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
| | - Felix Meissner
- Experimental Systems Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Anna K Överby
- Division of Virology, Department of Clinical Microbiology, and Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Pierre-Yves Lozach
- CellNetworks Cluster of Excellence and Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; IVPC UMR754, INRA, Univ. Lyon, EPHE, 50 Av. Tony Garnier, 69007 Lyon, France.
| | - Gisa Gerold
- Institute for Experimental Virology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Medical School Hannover and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hannover, Germany; Department of Clinical Microbiology, Virology & Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine (WCMM), Umeå University, SE-90185 Umeå, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Pokorna Formanova P, Palus M, Salat J, Hönig V, Stefanik M, Svoboda P, Ruzek D. Changes in cytokine and chemokine profiles in mouse serum and brain, and in human neural cells, upon tick-borne encephalitis virus infection. J Neuroinflammation 2019; 16:205. [PMID: 31699097 PMCID: PMC6839073 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1596-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is a severe neuropathological disorder caused by tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV). Brain TBEV infection is characterized by extensive pathological neuroinflammation. The mechanism by which TBEV causes CNS destruction remains unclear, but growing evidence suggests that it involves both direct neuronal damage by the virus infection and indirect damage caused by the immune response. Here, we aimed to examine the TBEV-infection-induced innate immune response in mice and in human neural cells. We also compared cytokine/chemokine communication between naïve and infected neuronal cells and astrocytes. Methods We used a multiplexed Luminex system to measure multiple cytokines/chemokines and growth factors in mouse serum samples and brain tissue, and in human neuroblastoma cells (SK-N-SH) and primary cortical astrocytes (HBCA), which were infected with the highly pathogenic TBEV strain Hypr. We also investigated changes in cytokine/chemokine production in naïve HBCA cells treated with virus-free supernatants from TBEV-infected SK-N-SH cells and in naïve SK-N-SH cells treated with virus-free supernatants from TBEV-infected HBCA cells. Additionally, a plaque assay was performed to assess how cytokine/chemokine treatment influenced viral growth following TBEV infection. Results TBEV-infected mice exhibited time-dependent increases in serum and brain tissue concentrations of multiple cytokines/chemokines (mainly CXCL10/IP-10, and also CXCL1, G-CSF, IL-6, and others). TBEV-infected SK-N-SH cells exhibited increased production of IL-8 and RANTES and downregulated MCP-1 and HGF. TBEV infection of HBCA cells activated production of a broad spectrum of pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors (mainly IL-6, IL-8, CXCL10, RANTES, and G-CSF) and downregulated the expression of VEGF. Treatment of SK-N-SH with supernatants from infected HBCA induced expression of a variety of chemokines and pro-inflammatory cytokines, reduced SK-N-SH mortality after TBEV infection, and decreased virus growth in these cells. Treatment of HBCA with supernatants from infected SK-N-SH had little effect on cytokine/chemokine/growth factor expression but reduced TBEV growth in these cells after infection. Conclusions Our results indicated that both neurons and astrocytes are potential sources of pro-inflammatory cytokines in TBEV-infected brain tissue. Infected/activated astrocytes produce cytokines/chemokines that stimulate the innate neuronal immune response, limiting virus replication, and increasing survival of infected neurons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Petra Pokorna Formanova
- Department of Virology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, CZ-62100, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Palus
- Department of Virology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, CZ-62100, Brno, Czech Republic.,Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Branisovska 31, CZ-37005, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Salat
- Department of Virology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, CZ-62100, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vaclav Hönig
- Department of Virology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, CZ-62100, Brno, Czech Republic.,Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Branisovska 31, CZ-37005, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Stefanik
- Department of Virology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, CZ-62100, Brno, Czech Republic.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-61300, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Svoboda
- Department of Virology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, CZ-62100, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Ruzek
- Department of Virology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, CZ-62100, Brno, Czech Republic. .,Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Branisovska 31, CZ-37005, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
An Acute Stress Model in New Zealand White Rabbits Exhibits Altered Immune Response to Infection with West Nile Virus. Pathogens 2019; 8:pathogens8040195. [PMID: 31635289 PMCID: PMC6963736 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8040195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune competence of an individual is a major determinant of morbidity in West Nile virus (WNV)-infection. Previously, we showed that immunocompetent New Zealand White rabbits (NZWRs; Oryctolagus cuniculus) are phenotypically resistant to WNV-induced disease, thus presenting a suitable model for study of virus-control mechanisms. The current study used corticosteroid-treated NZWRs to model acute “stress”-related immunosuppression. Maximal effects on immune parameters were observed on day 3 post dexamethasone-treatment (pdt). However, contrary to our hypothesis, intradermal WNV challenge at this time pdt produced significantly lower viremia 1 day post-infection (dpi) compared to untreated controls, suggestive of changes to antiviral control mechanisms. To examine this further, RNAseq was performed on RNA extracted from draining lymph node—the first site of virus replication and immune detection. Unaffected by dexamethasone-treatment, an early antiviral response, primarily via interferon (IFN)-I, and induction of a range of known and novel IFN-stimulated genes, was observed. However, treatment was associated with expression of a different repertoire of IFN-α-21-like and IFN-ω-1-like subtypes on 1 dpi, which may have driven the different chemokine response on 3 dpi. Ongoing expression of Toll-like receptor-3 and transmembrane protein-173/STING likely contributed to signaling of the treatment-independent IFN-I response. Two novel genes (putative HERC6 and IFIT1B genes), and the SLC16A5 gene were also highlighted as important component of the transcriptomic response. Therefore, the current study shows that rabbits are capable of restricting WNV replication and dissemination by known and novel robust antiviral mechanisms despite environmental challenges such as stress.
Collapse
|
24
|
Xu C, Feng L, Chen P, Li A, Guo S, Jiao X, Zhang C, Zhao Y, Jin X, Zhong K, Guo Y, Zhu H, Han L, Yang G, Li H, Wang Y. Viperin inhibits classical swine fever virus replication by interacting with viral nonstructural 5A protein. J Med Virol 2019; 92:149-160. [PMID: 31517388 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Classical swine fever virus (CSFV) is a single-stranded RNA flavivirus that can cause serious diseases in porcine species, including symptoms of infarction, systemic hemorrhage, high fever, or depression. Viperin is an important interferon-inducible antiviral gene that has been shown to inhibit CSFV, but the exact mechanisms by which it is able to do so remain poorly characterized. In the present study, we determined that CSFV infection led to viperin upregulation in PK-15 cells (porcine kidney cell). When viperin was overexpressed in these cells, this markedly attenuated CSFV replication, with clear reductions in viral copy number after 12 to 48 hours postinfection. Immunofluorescence microscopy revealed that the viral NS5A protein colocalized with viperin in infected cells, and this was confirmed via confocal laser scanning microscopy using labeled versions of these proteins, and by co-immunoprecipitation which confirmed that NS5A directly interacts with viperin. When NS5A was overexpressed, this inhibited the replication of CSFV, and we determined that the radical SAM domain and N-terminal domain of viperin was critical for its ability to bind to NS5A, with the latter being most important for this interaction. Together, our in vitro results highlight a potential mechanism whereby viperin is able to inhibit CSFV replication. These results have the potential to assist future efforts to prevent or treat systemic CSFV-induced disease, and may also offer more general insights into the antiviral role of viperin in innate immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunmei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Luping Feng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Peige Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Anqi Li
- School of literature, Zhengzhou Sias University, Xinzheng, Henan, China
| | - Shuang Guo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xianqin Jiao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Chengyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yunze Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xiangyang Jin
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Kai Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yujie Guo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Heshui Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Liqiang Han
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Guoyu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Heping Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yueying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Dumbrepatil AB, Ghosh S, Zegalia KA, Malec PA, Hoff JD, Kennedy RT, Marsh ENG. Viperin interacts with the kinase IRAK1 and the E3 ubiquitin ligase TRAF6, coupling innate immune signaling to antiviral ribonucleotide synthesis. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:6888-6898. [PMID: 30872404 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.007719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Virus-inhibitory protein, endoplasmic reticulum-associated, interferon-inducible (viperin) is a radical SAM enzyme that plays a multifaceted role in the cellular antiviral response. Viperin has recently been shown to catalyze the SAM-dependent formation of 3'-deoxy-3',4'-didehydro-CTP (ddhCTP), which inhibits some viral RNA polymerases. Viperin is also implicated in regulating Lys-63-linked polyubiquitination of interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase-1 (IRAK1) by the E3 ubiquitin ligase tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6) as part of the Toll-like receptor-7 and -9 (TLR7/9) innate immune signaling pathways. In these pathways, the poly-ubiquitination of IRAK1 by TRAF6 is necessary to activate IRAK1, which then phosphorylates downstream targets and ultimately leads to the production of type I interferons. That viperin is a component of these pathways suggested that its enzymatic activity might be regulated by interactions with partner proteins. To test this idea, we have reconstituted the interactions between viperin, IRAK1, and TRAF6 by transiently expressing these enzymes in HEK 293T cells. We show that IRAK1 and TRAF6 increase viperin activity ∼10-fold to efficiently catalyze the radical-mediated dehydration of CTP to ddhCTP. Furthermore, we found that TRAF6-mediated ubiquitination of IRAK1 requires the association of viperin with both IRAK1 and TRAF6. Ubiquitination appears to depend on structural changes in viperin induced by SAM binding, but, significantly, does not require catalytically active viperin. We conclude that the synergistic activation of viperin and IRAK1 provides a mechanism that couples innate immune signaling with the production of the antiviral nucleotide ddhCTP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - E Neil G Marsh
- From the Departments of Chemistry, .,Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Tick-borne encephalitis in Europe and Russia: Review of pathogenesis, clinical features, therapy, and vaccines. Antiviral Res 2019; 164:23-51. [PMID: 30710567 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2019.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is an illness caused by tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) infection which is often limited to a febrile illness, but may lead to very aggressive downstream neurological manifestations. The disease is prevalent in forested areas of Europe and northeastern Asia, and is typically caused by infection involving one of three TBEV subtypes, namely the European (TBEV-Eu), the Siberian (TBEV-Sib), or the Far Eastern (TBEV-FE) subtypes. In addition to the three main TBEV subtypes, two other subtypes; i.e., the Baikalian (TBEV-Bkl) and the Himalayan subtype (TBEV-Him), have been described recently. In Europe, TBEV-Eu infection usually results in only mild TBE associated with a mortality rate of <2%. TBEV-Sib infection also results in a generally mild TBE associated with a non-paralytic febrile form of encephalitis, although there is a tendency towards persistent TBE caused by chronic viral infection. TBE-FE infection is considered to induce the most severe forms of TBE. Importantly though, viral subtype is not the sole determinant of TBE severity; both mild and severe cases of TBE are in fact associated with infection by any of the subtypes. In keeping with this observation, the overall TBE mortality rate in Russia is ∼2%, in spite of the fact that TBEV-Sib and TBEV-FE subtypes appear to be inducers of more severe TBE than TBEV-Eu. On the other hand, TBEV-Sib and TBEV-FE subtype infections in Russia are associated with essentially unique forms of TBE rarely seen elsewhere if at all, such as the hemorrhagic and chronic (progressive) forms of the disease. For post-exposure prophylaxis and TBE treatment in Russia and Kazakhstan, a specific anti-TBEV immunoglobulin is currently used with well-documented efficacy, but the use of specific TBEV immunoglobulins has been discontinued in Europe due to concerns regarding antibody-enhanced disease in naïve individuals. Therefore, new treatments are essential. This review summarizes available data on the pathogenesis and clinical features of TBE, plus different vaccine preparations available in Europe and Russia. In addition, new treatment possibilities, including small molecule drugs and experimental immunotherapies are reviewed. The authors caution that their descriptions of approved or experimental therapies should not be considered to be recommendations for patient care.
Collapse
|
27
|
Viperin Inhibits Enterovirus A71 Replication by Interacting with Viral 2C Protein. Viruses 2018; 11:v11010013. [PMID: 30587778 PMCID: PMC6357129 DOI: 10.3390/v11010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus A71 (EVA71) is a human enterovirus belonging to the Picornaviridae family and mostly causes hand-foot-and-mouth disease in infants. Viperin is an important interferon-stimulated gene with a broad antiviral activity against various viruses. However, the effect of viperin on human enteroviruses and the interaction mechanism between EVA71 and viperin remains elusive. Here, we confirmed the EVA71-induced expression of viperin in a mouse model and cell lines and showed that viperin upregulation by EVA71 infection occurred on both the mRNA and protein level. Viperin knockdown and overexpression in EVA71-infected cells indicated that this protein can markedly inhibit EVA71 infection. Interestingly, immunofluorescent confocal microscopy and co-immunoprecipitation assays indicated that viperin interacts and colocalizes with the EVA71 protein 2C in the endoplasmic reticulum. Furthermore, amino acids 50⁻60 in the N-terminal domain of viperin were the key residues responsible for viperin interaction with 2C. More importantly, the N-terminal domain of viperin was found responsible for inhibiting EVA71 replication. Our findings can potentially aid future research on the prevention and treatment of nervous system damage caused by EVA71 and may provide a potential target for antiviral therapy.
Collapse
|
28
|
Lindqvist R, Överby AK. The Role of Viperin in Antiflavivirus Responses. DNA Cell Biol 2018; 37:725-730. [DOI: 10.1089/dna.2018.4328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Richard Lindqvist
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Virology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Umeå Center for Microbial Research, Umeå Univeristy, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Anna K. Överby
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Virology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Umeå Center for Microbial Research, Umeå Univeristy, Umeå, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Pulkkinen LIA, Butcher SJ, Anastasina M. Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus: A Structural View. Viruses 2018; 10:v10070350. [PMID: 29958443 PMCID: PMC6071267 DOI: 10.3390/v10070350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) is a growing health concern. It causes a severe disease that can lead to permanent neurological complications or death and the incidence of TBEV infections is constantly rising. Our understanding of TBEV’s structure lags behind that of other flaviviruses, but has advanced recently with the publication of a high-resolution structure of the TBEV virion. The gaps in our knowledge include: aspects of receptor binding, replication and virus assembly. Furthermore, TBEV has mostly been studied in mammalian systems, even though the virus’ interaction with its tick hosts is a central part of its life cycle. Elucidating these aspects of TBEV biology are crucial for the development of TBEV antivirals, as well as the improvement of diagnostics. In this review, we summarise the current structural knowledge on TBEV, bringing attention to the current gaps in our understanding, and propose further research that is needed to truly understand the structural-functional relationship of the virus and its hosts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lauri I A Pulkkinen
- HiLIFE-Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, 00790 Helsinki, Finland.
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, 00790 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Sarah J Butcher
- HiLIFE-Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, 00790 Helsinki, Finland.
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, 00790 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Maria Anastasina
- HiLIFE-Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, 00790 Helsinki, Finland.
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, 00790 Helsinki, Finland.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Lindqvist R, Upadhyay A, Överby AK. Tick-Borne Flaviviruses and the Type I Interferon Response. Viruses 2018; 10:E340. [PMID: 29933625 PMCID: PMC6071234 DOI: 10.3390/v10070340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Flaviviruses are globally distributed pathogens causing millions of human infections every year. Flaviviruses are arthropod-borne viruses and are mainly transmitted by either ticks or mosquitoes. Mosquito-borne flaviviruses and their interactions with the innate immune response have been well-studied and reviewed extensively, thus this review will discuss tick-borne flaviviruses and their interactions with the host innate immune response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard Lindqvist
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Virology, Umeå University, SE-90185 Umeå, Sweden.
- Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå University, SE-90187 Umeå, Sweden.
- Umeå Centre for Microbial Research (UCMR), Umeå University, SE-90187 Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Arunkumar Upadhyay
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Virology, Umeå University, SE-90185 Umeå, Sweden.
- Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå University, SE-90187 Umeå, Sweden.
- Umeå Centre for Microbial Research (UCMR), Umeå University, SE-90187 Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Anna K Överby
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Virology, Umeå University, SE-90185 Umeå, Sweden.
- Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå University, SE-90187 Umeå, Sweden.
- Umeå Centre for Microbial Research (UCMR), Umeå University, SE-90187 Umeå, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Lindqvist R, Kurhade C, Gilthorpe JD, Överby AK. Cell-type- and region-specific restriction of neurotropic flavivirus infection by viperin. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:80. [PMID: 29544502 PMCID: PMC5856362 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1119-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Flaviviruses are a group of diverse and emerging arboviruses and an immense global health problem. A number of flaviviruses are neurotropic, causing severe encephalitis and even death. Type I interferons (IFNs) are the first line of defense of the innate immune system against flavivirus infection. IFNs elicit the concerted action of numerous interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) to restrict both virus infection and replication. Viperin (virus-inhibitory protein, endoplasmic reticulum-associated, IFN-inducible) is an ISG with broad-spectrum antiviral activity against multiple flaviviruses in vitro. Its activity in vivo restricts neurotropic infections to specific regions of the central nervous system (CNS). However, the cell types in which viperin activity is required are unknown. Here we have examined both the regional and cell-type specificity of viperin in the defense against infection by several model neurotropic flaviviruses. Methods Viral burden and IFN induction were analyzed in vivo in wild-type and viperin−/− mice infected with Langat virus (LGTV). The effects of IFN pretreatment were tested in vitro in primary neural cultures from different brain regions in response to infection with tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV), West Nile virus (WNV), and Zika virus (ZIKV). Results Viperin activity restricted nonlethal LGTV infection in the spleen and the olfactory bulb following infection via a peripheral route. Viperin activity was also necessary to restrict LGTV replication in the olfactory bulb and the cerebrum following CNS infection, but not in the cerebellum. In vitro, viperin could restrict TBEV replication in primary cortical neurons, but not in the cerebellar granule cell neurons. Interferon-induced viperin was also very important in primary cortical neurons to control TBEV, WNV, and ZIKV. Conclusions Our findings show that viperin restricts replication of neurotropic flaviviruses in the CNS in a region- and cell-type-specific manner. The most important sites of activity are the olfactory bulb and cerebrum. Activity within the cerebrum is required in the cortical neurons in order to restrict spread. This study exemplifies cell type and regional diversity of the IFN response within the CNS and shows the importance of a potent broad-spectrum antiviral ISG. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12974-018-1119-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard Lindqvist
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Virology, Umeå University, 90185, Umeå, Sweden.,The Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå University, 90187, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Chaitanya Kurhade
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Virology, Umeå University, 90185, Umeå, Sweden.,The Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå University, 90187, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Jonathan D Gilthorpe
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neurosciences, Umeå University, 90187, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Anna K Överby
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Virology, Umeå University, 90185, Umeå, Sweden. .,The Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå University, 90187, Umeå, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Viperin Restricts Zika Virus and Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus Replication by Targeting NS3 for Proteasomal Degradation. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.02054-17. [PMID: 29321318 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02054-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Flaviviruses are arthropod-borne viruses that constitute a major global health problem, with millions of human infections annually. Their pathogenesis ranges from mild illness to severe manifestations such as hemorrhagic fever and fatal encephalitis. Type I interferons (IFNs) are induced in response to viral infection and stimulate the expression of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs), including that encoding viperin (virus-inhibitory protein, endoplasmic reticulum associated, IFN inducible), which shows antiviral activity against a broad spectrum of viruses, including several flaviviruses. Here we describe a novel antiviral mechanism employed by viperin against two prominent flaviviruses, tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) and Zika virus (ZIKV). Viperin was found to interact and colocalize with the structural proteins premembrane (prM) and envelope (E) of TBEV, as well as with nonstructural (NS) proteins NS2A, NS2B, and NS3. Interestingly, viperin expression reduced the NS3 protein level, and the stability of the other interacting viral proteins, but only in the presence of NS3. We also found that although viperin interacted with NS3 of mosquito-borne flaviviruses (ZIKV, Japanese encephalitis virus, and yellow fever virus), only ZIKV was sensitive to the antiviral effect of viperin. This sensitivity correlated with viperin's ability to induce proteasome-dependent degradation of NS3. ZIKV and TBEV replication was rescued completely when NS3 was overexpressed, suggesting that the viral NS3 is the specific target of viperin. In summary, we present here a novel antiviral mechanism of viperin that is selective for specific viruses in the genus Flavivirus, affording the possible availability of new drug targets that can be used for therapeutic intervention.IMPORTANCE Flaviviruses are a group of enveloped RNA viruses that cause severe diseases in humans and animals worldwide, but no antiviral treatment is yet available. Viperin, a host protein produced in response to infection, effectively restricts the replication of several flaviviruses, but the exact molecular mechanisms have not been elucidated. Here we have identified a novel mechanism employed by viperin to inhibit the replication of two flaviviruses: tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) and Zika virus (ZIKV). Viperin induced selective degradation via the proteasome of TBEV and ZIKV nonstructural 3 (NS3) protein, which is involved in several steps of the viral life cycle. Furthermore, viperin also reduced the stability of several other viral proteins in a NS3-dependent manner, suggesting a central role of NS3 in viperin's antiflavivirus activity. Taking the results together, our work shows important similarities and differences among the members of the genus Flavivirus and could lead to the possibility of therapeutic intervention.
Collapse
|