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Cantoni D, Mayora-Neto M, Derveni M, da Costa K, Del Rosario J, Ameh VO, Sabeta CT, Auld B, Hamlet A, Jones IM, Wright E, Scott SD, Giotis ES, Banyard AC, Temperton N. Serological evidence of virus infection in Eidolon helvum fruit bats: implications for bushmeat consumption in Nigeria. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1283113. [PMID: 38106901 PMCID: PMC10723585 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1283113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The Eidolon helvum fruit bat is one of the most widely distributed fruit bats in Africa and known to be a reservoir for several pathogenic viruses that can cause disease in animals and humans. To assess the risk of zoonotic spillover, we conducted a serological survey of 304 serum samples from E. helvum bats that were captured for human consumption in Makurdi, Nigeria. Methods Using pseudotyped viruses, we screened 304 serum samples for neutralizing antibodies against viruses from the Coronaviridae, Filoviridae, Orthomyxoviridae and Paramyxoviridae families. Results We report the presence of neutralizing antibodies against henipavirus lineage GH-M74a virus (odds ratio 6.23; p < 0.001), Nipah virus (odds ratio 4.04; p = 0.00031), bat influenza H17N10 virus (odds ratio 7.25; p < 0.001) and no significant association with Ebola virus (odds ratio 0.56; p = 0.375) in this bat cohort. Conclusion The data suggest a potential risk of zoonotic spillover including the possible circulation of highly pathogenic viruses in E. helvum populations. These findings highlight the importance of maintaining sero-surveillance of E. helvum, and the necessity for further, more comprehensive investigations to monitor changes in virus prevalence, distribution over time, and across different geographic locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Cantoni
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, Medway School of Pharmacy, Universities of Kent and Greenwich, Chatham, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Mayora-Neto
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, Medway School of Pharmacy, Universities of Kent and Greenwich, Chatham, United Kingdom
| | - Mariliza Derveni
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Kelly da Costa
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, Medway School of Pharmacy, Universities of Kent and Greenwich, Chatham, United Kingdom
| | - Joanne Del Rosario
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, Medway School of Pharmacy, Universities of Kent and Greenwich, Chatham, United Kingdom
| | - Veronica O. Ameh
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Agriculture Makurdi, Makurdi, Nigeria
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - Claude T. Sabeta
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
- World Organisation for Animal Health Rabies Reference Laboratory, Agricultural Research Council-Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - Bethany Auld
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Arran Hamlet
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ian M. Jones
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Edward Wright
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Simon D. Scott
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, Medway School of Pharmacy, Universities of Kent and Greenwich, Chatham, United Kingdom
| | - Efstathios S. Giotis
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, United Kingdom
| | | | - Nigel Temperton
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, Medway School of Pharmacy, Universities of Kent and Greenwich, Chatham, United Kingdom
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2
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Gilbertson B, Subbarao K. What Have We Learned by Resurrecting the 1918 Influenza Virus? Annu Rev Virol 2023; 10:25-47. [PMID: 37774132 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-virology-111821-104408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
The 1918 Spanish influenza pandemic was one of the deadliest infectious disease events in recorded history, resulting in approximately 50-100 million deaths worldwide. The origins of the 1918 virus and the molecular basis for its exceptional virulence remained a mystery for much of the 20th century because the pandemic predated virologic techniques to isolate, passage, and store influenza viruses. In the late 1990s, overlapping fragments of influenza viral RNA preserved in the tissues of several 1918 victims were amplified and sequenced. The use of influenza reverse genetics then permitted scientists to reconstruct the 1918 virus entirely from cloned complementary DNA, leading to new insights into the origin of the virus and its pathogenicity. Here, we discuss some of the advances made by resurrection of the 1918 virus, including the rise of innovative molecular research, which is a topic in the dual use debate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brad Gilbertson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kanta Subbarao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia;
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3
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An anti-influenza combined therapy assessed by single cell RNA-sequencing. Commun Biol 2022; 5:1075. [PMID: 36216966 PMCID: PMC9549038 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-04013-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza makes millions of people ill every year, placing a large burden on the healthcare system and the economy. To develop a treatment against influenza, we combined virucidal sialylated cyclodextrins with interferon lambda and demonstrated, in human airway epithelia, that the two compounds inhibit the replication of a clinical H1N1 strain more efficiently when administered together rather than alone. We investigated the mechanism of action of the combined treatment by single cell RNA-sequencing analysis and found that both the single and combined treatments impair viral replication to different extents across distinct epithelial cell types. We showed that each cell type comprises multiple sub-types, whose proportions are altered by H1N1 infection, and assessed the ability of the treatments to restore them. To the best of our knowledge this is the first study investigating the effectiveness of an antiviral therapy against influenza virus by single cell transcriptomic studies. When combined with interferon lambda, virucidal sialylated cyclodextrins inhibit the replication of a clinical H1N1 influenza strain in ex vivo human airway epithelia more efficiently than when delivered alone.
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4
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Nishiuchi Y, Tateishi Y, Hirano H, Ozeki Y, Yamaguchi T, Miki M, Kitada S, Maruyama F, Matsumoto S. Direct Attachment with Erythrocytes Augments Extracellular Growth of Pathogenic Mycobacteria. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0245421. [PMID: 35293805 PMCID: PMC9045221 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02454-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic intracellular mycobacteria, such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium avium, which cause lung diseases, can grow in macrophages. Extracellular mycobacteria have been reported in the lungs, blood, and sputum of patients, indicating the involvement of these pathogens in disease progression. Erythrocytes are involved in the symptoms associated with pulmonary mycobacterial diseases, such as bloody sputum and hemoptysis; however, little attention has been paid to the role of erythrocytes in mycobacterial diseases. Herein, we found that Mycobacterium avium subsp. hominissuis (MAH) and Mycobacterium intracellulare colocalized with erythrocytes at the sites of lung infection, inside capillaries and necrotic areas of granulomas, using histopathological examinations. Electron microscopy showed that MAH adhered and entered human erythrocytes when they were cocultured in vitro. MAH adhered to erythrocytes through complement receptor 1 and cell-surface sialo-glycoproteins. Importantly, MAH grew vigorously without causing any pronounced damage to erythrocytes. This erythrocyte-mediated enhancement of MAH growth occurred extracellularly depending on its direct attachment to erythrocytes. In contrast, MAH failed to multiply inside erythrocytes. Similarly, erythrocytes augmented the growth of other pathogenic mycobacteria, such as M. intracellulare and M. tuberculosis. THP-1 cell-derived human macrophages preferentially phagocytosed erythrocytes that were attached to mycobacteria (compared to bacteria alone), suggesting that erythrocyte-attached mycobacteria are an efficient infectious source for macrophages. Our findings provide new insights into the pathogenesis of mycobacterial diseases and offer an alternative and useful strategy for treating mycobacterial disease. IMPORTANCE Pathogenic mycobacteria, such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium avium subsp. hominissuis (MAH), and Mycobacterium intracellulare, cause pulmonary infections as intracellular parasites of lung macrophages and epithelial cells. Here, using histopathological examinations we found that MAH and M. intracellulare colocalized with erythrocytes in lung infection sites. Subsequent studies demonstrated that direct interaction with erythrocytes enhances the extracellular proliferation of mycobacteria based on the following results: 1. MAH adhered and invaded human erythrocytes upon coculture in vitro; 2. MAH adhered to erythrocytes through complement receptor 1 and cell-surface sialo-glycoproteins; 3. MAH rapidly proliferated when directly attached to erythrocytes but not within them; 4. other mycobacteria, such as M. intracellulare and M. tuberculosis, also proliferated in the same way as MAH. The finding that pathogenic mycobacteria grow extracellularly in an erythrocyte-dependent manner is of considerable clinical importance for understanding disease progression and latent infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko Nishiuchi
- Toneyama Institute for Tuberculosis Research, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Toyonaka, Japan
- Office of Industry-Academia-Government and Community Collaboration, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Tateishi
- Department of Bacteriology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medicine, Niigata, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Hirano
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Tokyo Medical University Hachioji Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuriko Ozeki
- Department of Bacteriology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medicine, Niigata, Japan
| | - Takehiro Yamaguchi
- Department of Pharmacology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mari Miki
- National Hospital Organization, Osaka Toneyama Medical Center, Toyonaka, Japan
| | - Seigo Kitada
- National Hospital Organization, Osaka Toneyama Medical Center, Toyonaka, Japan
| | - Fumito Maruyama
- Office of Industry-Academia-Government and Community Collaboration, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Sohkichi Matsumoto
- Department of Bacteriology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medicine, Niigata, Japan
- Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Institute of Tropical Disease, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
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5
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Abstract
Avian influenza viruses pose a continuous threat to both poultry and human health, with significant economic impact. The ability of viruses to reassort and jump the species barrier into mammalian hosts generates a constant pandemic threat. H10Nx avian viruses have been shown to replicate in mammalian species without prior adaptation and have caused significant human infection and fatalities. They are able to rapidly reassort with circulating poultry strains and go undetected due to their low pathogenicity in chickens. Novel detections of both human reassortant strains and increasing endemicity of H10Nx poultry infections highlight the increasing need for heightened surveillance and greater understanding of the distribution, tropism, and infection capabilities of these viruses. In this minireview, we highlight the gap in the current understanding of this subtype and its prevalence across a vast range of host species and geographical locations.
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6
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Burkholz R, Quackenbush J, Bojar D. Using graph convolutional neural networks to learn a representation for glycans. Cell Rep 2021; 35:109251. [PMID: 34133929 PMCID: PMC9208909 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
As the only nonlinear and the most diverse biological sequence, glycans offer substantial challenges for computational biology. These carbohydrates participate in nearly all biological processes—from protein folding to viral cell entry—yet are still not well understood. There are few computational methods to link glycan sequences to functions, and they do not fully leverage all available information about glycans. SweetNet is a graph convolutional neural network that uses graph representation learning to facilitate a computational understanding of glycobiology. SweetNet explicitly incorporates the nonlinear nature of glycans and establishes a framework to map any glycan sequence to a representation. We show that SweetNet outperforms other computational methods in predicting glycan properties on all reported tasks. More importantly, we show that glycan representations, learned by SweetNet, are predictive of organismal phenotypic and environmental properties. Finally, we use glycan-focused machine learning to predict viral glycan binding, which can be used to discover viral receptors. Burkholz et al. develop an analysis platform for glycans, using graph convolutional neural networks, that considers the branched nature of these carbohydrates. They demonstrate that glycan-focused machine learning can be employed for various purposes, such as to cluster species according to their glycomic similarity or to identify viral receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekka Burkholz
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - John Quackenbush
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Daniel Bojar
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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7
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Overeem NJ, van der Vries E, Huskens J. A Dynamic, Supramolecular View on the Multivalent Interaction between Influenza Virus and Host Cell. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2007214. [PMID: 33682339 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202007214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Understanding how influenza viruses traverse the mucus and recognize host cells is critical for evaluating their zoonotic potential, and for prevention and treatment of the disease. The surface of the influenza A virus is covered with the receptor-binding protein hemagglutinin and the receptor-cleaving enzyme neuraminidase, which jointly control the interactions between the virus and the host cell. These proteins are organized in closely spaced trimers and tetramers to facilitate multivalent interactions with sialic acid-terminated glycans. This review shows that the individually weak multivalent interactions of influenza viruses allow superselective binding, virus-induced recruitment of receptors, and the formation of dynamic complexes that facilitate molecular walking. Techniques to measure the avidity and receptor specificity of influenza viruses are reviewed, and the pivotal role of multivalent interactions with their emergent properties in crossing the mucus and entering host cells is discussed. A model is proposed for the initiation of cell entry through virus-induced receptor clustering. The multivalent interactions of influenza viruses are maintained in a dynamic regime by a functional balance between binding and cleaving.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico J Overeem
- Department of Molecules and Materials, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, Enschede, 7500 AE, The Netherlands
| | - Erhard van der Vries
- Royal GD, Arnsbergstraat 7, Deventer, 7418 EZ, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 3584CX, The Netherlands
| | - Jurriaan Huskens
- Department of Molecules and Materials, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, Enschede, 7500 AE, The Netherlands
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8
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Everest H, Hill SC, Daines R, Sealy JE, James J, Hansen R, Iqbal M. The Evolution, Spread and Global Threat of H6Nx Avian Influenza Viruses. Viruses 2020; 12:v12060673. [PMID: 32580412 PMCID: PMC7354632 DOI: 10.3390/v12060673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza viruses of the subtype H6Nx are being detected globally with increasing frequency. Some H6Nx lineages are becoming enzootic in Asian poultry and sporadic incursions into European poultry are occurring more frequently. H6Nx viruses that contain mammalian adaptation motifs pose a zoonotic threat and have caused human cases. Although currently understudied globally, H6Nx avian influenza viruses pose a substantial threat to both poultry and human health. In this review we examine the current state of knowledge of H6Nx viruses including their global distribution, tropism, transmission routes and human health risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly Everest
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking GU24 0NF, UK
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Sarah C Hill
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SZ UK
- Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Rebecca Daines
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking GU24 0NF, UK
- Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, UK
| | | | - Joe James
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Rowena Hansen
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Munir Iqbal
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking GU24 0NF, UK
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9
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Host-Virus Interaction: How Host Cells Defend against Influenza A Virus Infection. Viruses 2020; 12:v12040376. [PMID: 32235330 PMCID: PMC7232439 DOI: 10.3390/v12040376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza A viruses (IAVs) are highly contagious pathogens infecting human and numerous animals. The viruses cause millions of infection cases and thousands of deaths every year, thus making IAVs a continual threat to global health. Upon IAV infection, host innate immune system is triggered and activated to restrict virus replication and clear pathogens. Subsequently, host adaptive immunity is involved in specific virus clearance. On the other hand, to achieve a successful infection, IAVs also apply multiple strategies to avoid be detected and eliminated by the host immunity. In the current review, we present a general description on recent work regarding different host cells and molecules facilitating antiviral defenses against IAV infection and how IAVs antagonize host immune responses.
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10
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Structural and functional analyses reveal promiscuous and species specific use of ephrin receptors by Cedar virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:20707-20715. [PMID: 31548390 PMCID: PMC6789926 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1911773116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cedar virus (CedV) is a bat-borne henipavirus related to Nipah virus (NiV) and Hendra virus (HeV), zoonotic agents of fatal human disease. CedV receptor-binding protein (G) shares only ∼30% sequence identity with those of NiV and HeV, although they can all use ephrin-B2 as an entry receptor. We demonstrate that CedV also enters cells through additional B- and A-class ephrins (ephrin-B1, ephrin-A2, and ephrin-A5) and report the crystal structure of the CedV G ectodomain alone and in complex with ephrin-B1 or ephrin-B2. The CedV G receptor-binding site is structurally distinct from other henipaviruses, underlying its capability to accommodate additional ephrin receptors. We also show that CedV can enter cells through mouse ephrin-A1 but not human ephrin-A1, which differ by 1 residue in the key contact region. This is evidence of species specific ephrin receptor usage by a henipavirus, and implicates additional ephrin receptors in potential zoonotic transmission.
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11
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Watanabe Y, Bowden TA, Wilson IA, Crispin M. Exploitation of glycosylation in enveloped virus pathobiology. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2019; 1863:1480-1497. [PMID: 31121217 PMCID: PMC6686077 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2019.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 318] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Glycosylation is a ubiquitous post-translational modification responsible for a multitude of crucial biological roles. As obligate parasites, viruses exploit host-cell machinery to glycosylate their own proteins during replication. Viral envelope proteins from a variety of human pathogens including HIV-1, influenza virus, Lassa virus, SARS, Zika virus, dengue virus, and Ebola virus have evolved to be extensively glycosylated. These host-cell derived glycans facilitate diverse structural and functional roles during the viral life-cycle, ranging from immune evasion by glycan shielding to enhancement of immune cell infection. In this review, we highlight the imperative and auxiliary roles glycans play, and how specific oligosaccharide structures facilitate these functions during viral pathogenesis. We discuss the growing efforts to exploit viral glycobiology in the development of anti-viral vaccines and therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasunori Watanabe
- School of Biological Sciences and Institute of Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK; Division of Structural Biology, University of Oxford, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK; Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Thomas A Bowden
- Division of Structural Biology, University of Oxford, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Ian A Wilson
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Max Crispin
- School of Biological Sciences and Institute of Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.
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12
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Du R, Cui Q, Rong L. Competitive Cooperation of Hemagglutinin and Neuraminidase during Influenza A Virus Entry. Viruses 2019; 11:v11050458. [PMID: 31137516 PMCID: PMC6563287 DOI: 10.3390/v11050458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) of influenza A virus possess antagonistic activities on interaction with sialic acid (SA), which is the receptor for virus attachment. HA binds SA through its receptor-binding sites, while NA is a receptor-destroying enzyme by removing SAs. The function of HA during virus entry has been extensively investigated, however, examination of NA has long been focused to its role in the exit of progeny virus from infected cells, and the role of NA in the entry process is still under-appreciated. This review summarizes the current understanding of the roles of HA and NA in relation to each other during virus entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruikun Du
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China.
- Shandong Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Antiviral Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China.
- Qingdao Academy of Chinese Medicinal Sciences, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Qingdao 266122, China.
| | - Qinghua Cui
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China.
- Shandong Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Antiviral Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China.
- Qingdao Academy of Chinese Medicinal Sciences, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Qingdao 266122, China.
| | - Lijun Rong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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13
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Zhang Y, Xu C, Zhang H, Liu GD, Xue C, Cao Y. Targeting Hemagglutinin: Approaches for Broad Protection against the Influenza A Virus. Viruses 2019; 11:v11050405. [PMID: 31052339 PMCID: PMC6563292 DOI: 10.3390/v11050405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A viruses are dynamically epidemic and genetically diverse. Due to the antigenic drift and shift of the virus, seasonal vaccines are required to be reformulated annually to match with current circulating strains. However, the mismatch between vaccinal strains and circulating strains occurs frequently, resulting in the low efficacy of seasonal vaccines. Therefore, several “universal” vaccine candidates based on the structure and function of the hemagglutinin (HA) protein have been developed to meet the requirement of a broad protection against homo-/heterosubtypic challenges. Here, we review recent novel constructs and discuss several important findings regarding the broad protective efficacy of HA-based universal vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Cong Xu
- Research Center of Agricultural of Dongguan City, Dongguan 523086, China.
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - George Dacai Liu
- Firstline Biopharmaceuticals Corporation, 12,050 167th PL NE, Redmond, WA 98052, USA.
| | - Chunyi Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Yongchang Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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14
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Saito S, Takayama I, Nakauchi M, Nagata S, Oba K, Odagiri T, Kageyama T. Development and evaluation of a new real-time RT-PCR assay for detecting the latest H9N2 influenza viruses capable of causing human infection. Microbiol Immunol 2019; 63:21-31. [PMID: 30599081 PMCID: PMC6590187 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The H9N2 subtype of avian influenza A viruses (AIV) has spread among domestic poultry and wild birds worldwide. H9N2 AIV is sporadically transmitted to humans from avian species. A total of 42 laboratory‐confirmed cases of non‐fatal human infection with the Eurasian Y280 and G1 lineages have been reported in China, Hong Kong, Bangladesh and Egypt since 1997. H9N2 AIV infections in poultry have become endemic in Asia and the Middle East and are a major source of viral internal genes for other AIV subtypes, such that continuous monitoring of H9N2 AIV is recommended. In this study, a new, one‐step, real‐time RT‐PCR assay was developed to detect two major Eurasian H9 lineages of AIV capable of causing human infection. The sensitivity of this assay was determined using in vitro‐transcribed RNA, and the detection limit was approximately 3 copies/reaction. In this assay, no cross‐reactivity was observed against RNA from H1–15 subtypes of influenza A viruses, influenza B viruses and other viral respiratory pathogens. In addition, this assay could detect the H9 hemagglutinin (HA) gene from artificially reconstituted clinical samples spiked with H9N2 virus without any non‐specific reactions. Therefore, this assay is highly sensitive and specific for H9 HA detection. The assay is useful both for diagnostic purposes in cases of suspected human infection with influenza H9N2 viruses and for the surveillance of both avian and human influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Saito
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Ikuyo Takayama
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Mina Nakauchi
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Shiho Nagata
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Kunihiro Oba
- Department of Pediatrics, Showa General Hospital, 8-1-1 Hanakoganei, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8510, Japan
| | - Takato Odagiri
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Kageyama
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
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15
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Song H, Qi J, Xiao H, Bi Y, Zhang W, Xu Y, Wang F, Shi Y, Gao GF. Avian-to-Human Receptor-Binding Adaptation by Influenza A Virus Hemagglutinin H4. Cell Rep 2018; 20:1201-1214. [PMID: 28768203 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Revised: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Low-pathogenicity avian influenza viruses (LPAIVs) have caused a global concern to public health since the first novel LPAIV H7N9 outbreak occurred. The receptor-binding properties of the viral hemagglutinin are one key factor for efficient transmission and infection in humans. Recent evidence shows that H4 subtype viruses have been widely circulating in domestic poultry and human asymptomatic infections might have occurred. Here, we evaluated the receptor-binding properties of two representative isolates, avian H4N6 (containing Q226 and G228) and swine H4N6 (containing L226 and S228), and found that the avian isolate preferentially binds to avian receptors, whereas the swine isolate preferentially binds to human receptors. The Q226L and G228S substitutions are pivotal for the receptor-binding switch, which resulted in similar human receptor-binding features to the pandemic H2 and H3, implying that H4 has the potential to cause human infections. This early-warning study calls for future extensive surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Song
- Research Network of Immunity and Health (RNIH), Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jianxun Qi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Haixia Xiao
- Laboratory of Protein Engineering and Vaccines, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China; Center for Influenza Research and Early-Warning (CASCIRE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yuhai Bi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Center for Influenza Research and Early-Warning (CASCIRE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Ying Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Fei Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yi Shi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Center for Influenza Research and Early-Warning (CASCIRE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China
| | - George F Gao
- Research Network of Immunity and Health (RNIH), Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Laboratory of Protein Engineering and Vaccines, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China; Center for Influenza Research and Early-Warning (CASCIRE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China; Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China; National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing 102206, China.
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Abstract
This chapter makes the case against performing exceptionally dangerous gain-of-function experiments that are designed to create potentially pandemic and novel strains of influenza, for example, by enhancing the airborne transmissibility in mammals of highly virulent avian influenza strains. This is a question of intense debate over the last 5 years, though the history of such experiments goes back at least to the synthesis of viable influenza A H1N1 (1918) based on material preserved from the 1918 pandemic. This chapter makes the case that experiments to create potential pandemic pathogens (PPPs) are nearly unique in that they present biosafety risks that extend well beyond the experimenter or laboratory performing them; an accidental release could, as the name suggests, lead to global spread of a virulent virus, a biosafety incident on a scale never before seen. In such cases, biosafety considerations should be uppermost in the consideration of alternative approaches to experimental objectives and design, rather than being settled after the fact, as is appropriately done for most research involving pathogens. The extensive recent discussion of the magnitude of risks from such experiments is briefly reviewed. The chapter argues that, while there are indisputably certain questions that can be answered only by gain-of-function experiments in highly pathogenic strains, these questions are narrow and unlikely to meaningfully advance public health goals such as vaccine production and pandemic prediction. Alternative approaches to experimental influenza virology and characterization of existing strains are in general completely safe, higher throughput, more generalizable, and less costly than creation of PPP in the laboratory and can thereby better inform public health. Indeed, virtually every finding of recent PPP experiments that has been cited for its public health value was predated by similar findings using safe methodologies. The chapter concludes that the unique scientific and public health value of PPP experiments is inadequate to justify the unique risks they entail and that researchers would be well-advised to turn their talents to other methodologies that will be safe and more rewarding scientifically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Lipsitch
- Departments of Epidemiology and Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Center for Communicable Disease Dynamics, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
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17
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Schneider EK, Li J, Velkov T. A Portrait of the Sialyl Glycan Receptor Specificity of the H10 Influenza Virus Hemagglutinin-A Picture of an Avian Virus on the Verge of Becoming a Pandemic? Vaccines (Basel) 2017; 5:vaccines5040051. [PMID: 29236069 PMCID: PMC5748617 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines5040051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Pandemic influenza is a constant global threat to human health. In particular, the pandemic potential of novel avian influenza viruses such as the H10N7 and H10N8 avian strains, which recently managed to cross the species barrier from birds to humans, are always of great concern as we are unlikely to have any prior immunity. Human and avian isolates of H10 influenza display the ability to rapidly adapt to replication in mammalian hosts. Fortunately, so far there is no evidence of efficient human-to-human transmission of any avian influenza virus. This review examines all of the available clinical and biological data for H10 influenza viruses with an emphasis on hemagglutinin as it is a major viral antigen that determines host range and immunity. The available glycan binding data on the influenza H10 hemagglutinin are discussed in a structure-recognition perspective. Importantly, this review raises the question of whether the emerging novel avian H10 influenza viruses truly represents a threat to global health that warrants close monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena K Schneider
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia.
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.
| | - Jian Li
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
| | - Tony Velkov
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia.
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.
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18
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Zhang C, Zhao Z, Guo Z, Zhang J, Li J, Yang Y, Lu S, Wang Z, Zhi M, Fu Y, Yang X, Liu L, Zhang Y, Hua Y, Liu L, Chai H, Qian J. Amino Acid Substitutions Associated with Avian H5N6 Influenza A Virus Adaptation to Mice. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1763. [PMID: 28966609 PMCID: PMC5605651 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
At least 15 cases of human beings infected with H5N6 have been reported since 2014, of which at least nine were fatal. The highly pathogenic avian H5N6 influenza virus may pose a serious threat to both public health and the poultry industry. However, the molecular features promoting the adaptation of avian H5N6 influenza viruses to mammalian hosts is not well understood. Here, we sequentially passaged an avian H5N6 influenza A virus (A/Northern Shoveler/Ningxia/488-53/2015) 10 times in mice to identify the adaptive amino acid substitutions that confer enhanced virulence to H5N6 in mammals. The 1st and 10th passages of the mouse-adapted H5N6 viruses were named P1 and P10, respectively. P1 and P10 displayed higher pathogenicity in mice than their parent strain. P10 showed significantly higher replication capability in vivo and could be detected in the brains of mice, whereas P1 displayed higher replication efficiency in their lungs but was not detectable in the brain. Similar to its parent strain, P10 remained no transmissible between guinea pigs. Using genome sequencing and alignment, multiple amino acid substitutions, including PB2 E627K, PB2 T23I, PA T97I, and HA R239H, were found in the adaptation of H5N6 to mice. In summary, we identified amino acid changes that are associated with H5N6 adaptation to mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunmao Zhang
- Military Veterinary Research Institute, Academy of Military Medical SciencesChangchun, China
| | - Zongzheng Zhao
- Military Veterinary Research Institute, Academy of Military Medical SciencesChangchun, China
| | - Zhendong Guo
- Military Veterinary Research Institute, Academy of Military Medical SciencesChangchun, China
| | - Jiajie Zhang
- College of Wildlife Resources, Northeast Forestry UniversityHarbin, China
| | - Jiaming Li
- Military Veterinary Research Institute, Academy of Military Medical SciencesChangchun, China
| | - Yifei Yang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical ScienceBeijing, China
| | - Shaoxia Lu
- College of Wildlife Resources, Northeast Forestry UniversityHarbin, China
| | - Zhongyi Wang
- Military Veterinary Research Institute, Academy of Military Medical SciencesChangchun, China
| | - Min Zhi
- College of Wildlife Resources, Northeast Forestry UniversityHarbin, China
| | - Yingying Fu
- Military Veterinary Research Institute, Academy of Military Medical SciencesChangchun, China
| | - Xiaoyu Yang
- College of Wildlife Resources, Northeast Forestry UniversityHarbin, China
| | - Lina Liu
- Military Veterinary Research Institute, Academy of Military Medical SciencesChangchun, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Military Veterinary Research Institute, Academy of Military Medical SciencesChangchun, China
| | - Yuping Hua
- College of Wildlife Resources, Northeast Forestry UniversityHarbin, China
| | - Linna Liu
- Military Veterinary Research Institute, Academy of Military Medical SciencesChangchun, China
| | - Hongliang Chai
- College of Wildlife Resources, Northeast Forestry UniversityHarbin, China
| | - Jun Qian
- Military Veterinary Research Institute, Academy of Military Medical SciencesChangchun, China
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Abente EJ, Gauger PC, Walia RR, Rajao DS, Zhang J, Harmon KM, Killian ML, Vincent AL. Detection and characterization of an H4N6 avian-lineage influenza A virus in pigs in the Midwestern United States. Virology 2017; 511:56-65. [PMID: 28841443 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
H4Nx viruses were reported in swine in Canada and China, but had not been recognized in swine in the USA. In late 2015, an avian-origin H4N6 influenza A virus was isolated from pigs in the United States during a routine diagnostic investigation of clinical respiratory disease in the herd. Serological analysis from additional pigs at the farm and other pigs within the swine production system indicated that the virus did not efficiently transmit from pig-to-pig and the mode of transmission to swine could not be determined. The isolate was characterized at the molecular level and the pathogenesis and transmission was experimentally evaluated in pigs. Although the virus replicated in the lungs of pigs and caused mild pulmonary lesions, there was no evidence of replication in the upper respiratory tract or transmission to indirect contacts, supporting the findings on the farm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenio J Abente
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Phillip C Gauger
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Rasna R Walia
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Daniela S Rajao
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Jianqiang Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Karen M Harmon
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Mary Lea Killian
- National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, USDA, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Amy L Vincent
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Ames, IA, United States.
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20
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The Interplay between the Host Receptor and Influenza Virus Hemagglutinin and Neuraminidase. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18071541. [PMID: 28714909 PMCID: PMC5536029 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18071541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) glycoproteins of influenza A virus are responsible for the surface interactions of the virion with the host. Entry of the virus is mediated by functions of the HA: binding to cellular receptors and facilitating fusion of the virion membrane with the endosomal membrane. The HA structure contains receptor binding sites in the globular membrane distal head domains of the trimer, and the fusion machinery resides in the stem region. These sites have specific characteristics associated with subtype and host, and the differences often define species barriers. For example, avian viruses preferentially recognize α2,3-Sialic acid terminating glycans as receptors and mammalian viruses recognize α2,6-Sialic acid. The neuraminidase, or the receptor-destroying protein, cleaves the sialic acid from cellular membrane constituents and viral glycoproteins allowing for egress of nascent virions. A functional balance of activity has been demonstrated between the two glycoproteins, resulting in an optimum level of HA affinity and NA enzymatic cleavage to allow for productive infection. As more is understood about both HA and NA, the relevance for functional balance between HA and NA continues to expand, with potential implications for interspecies transmission, host adaptation, and pathogenicity.
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21
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Zhang H, de Vries RP, Tzarum N, Zhu X, Yu W, McBride R, Paulson JC, Wilson IA. A human-infecting H10N8 influenza virus retains a strong preference for avian-type receptors. Cell Host Microbe 2015; 17:377-384. [PMID: 25766296 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2015.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Revised: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Recent avian-origin H10N8 influenza A viruses that have infected humans pose a potential pandemic threat. Alterations in the viral surface glycoprotein, hemagglutinin (HA), typically are required for influenza A viruses to cross the species barrier for adaptation to a new host, but whether H10N8 contains adaptations supporting human infection remains incompletely understood. We investigated whether H10N8 HA can bind human receptors. Sialoside glycan microarray analysis showed that the H10 HA retains a strong preference for avian receptor analogs and negligible binding to human receptor analogs. Crystal structures of H10 HA with avian and human receptor analogs revealed the basis for preferential recognition of avian-like receptors. Furthermore, introduction of mutations into the H10 receptor-binding site (RBS) known to convert other HA subtypes from avian to human receptor specificity failed to switch preference to human receptors. Collectively, these findings suggest that the current H10N8 human isolates are poorly adapted for efficient human-to-human transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Zhang
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.,Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Robert P de Vries
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Chemical Physiology, and Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Netanel Tzarum
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Xueyong Zhu
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Wenli Yu
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ryan McBride
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Chemical Physiology, and Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - James C Paulson
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Chemical Physiology, and Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ian A Wilson
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.,Department of Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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22
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Davis AS, Chertow DS, Moyer JE, Suzich J, Sandouk A, Dorward DW, Logun C, Shelhamer JH, Taubenberger JK. Validation of normal human bronchial epithelial cells as a model for influenza A infections in human distal trachea. J Histochem Cytochem 2015; 63:312-28. [PMID: 25604814 PMCID: PMC4409941 DOI: 10.1369/0022155415570968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary normal human bronchial/tracheal epithelial (NHBE) cells, derived from the distal-most aspect of the trachea at the bifurcation, have been used for a number of studies in respiratory disease research. Differences between the source tissue and the differentiated primary cells may impact infection studies based on this model. Therefore, we examined how well-differentiated NHBE cells compared with their source tissue, the human distal trachea, as well as the ramifications of these differences on influenza A viral pathogenesis research using this model. We employed a histological analysis including morphological measurements, electron microscopy, multi-label immunofluorescence confocal microscopy, lectin histochemistry, and microarray expression analysis to compare differentiated NHBEs to human distal tracheal epithelium. Pseudostratified epithelial height, cell type variety and distribution varied significantly. Electron microscopy confirmed differences in cellular attachment and paracellular junctions. Influenza receptor lectin histochemistry revealed that α2,3 sialic acids were rarely present on the apical aspect of the differentiated NHBE cells, but were present in low numbers in the distal trachea. We bound fluorochrome bioconjugated virus to respiratory tissue and NHBE cells and infected NHBE cells with human influenza A viruses. Both indicated that the pattern of infection progression in these cells correlated with autopsy studies of fatal cases from the 2009 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sally Davis
- Viral Pathogenesis and Evolution Section, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland (ASD, DSC, JEM, AS, JKT)
- Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, Kansas (ASD)
| | - Daniel S Chertow
- Viral Pathogenesis and Evolution Section, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland (ASD, DSC, JEM, AS, JKT)
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland (DSC, JS, CL, JHS)
| | - Jenna E Moyer
- Viral Pathogenesis and Evolution Section, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland (ASD, DSC, JEM, AS, JKT)
| | - Jon Suzich
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland (DSC, JS, CL, JHS)
| | - Aline Sandouk
- Viral Pathogenesis and Evolution Section, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland (ASD, DSC, JEM, AS, JKT)
| | - David W Dorward
- Electron Microscopy Unit, Research Technology Branch, NIAID, Hamilton, Montana (DWD)
| | - Carolea Logun
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland (DSC, JS, CL, JHS)
| | - James H Shelhamer
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland (DSC, JS, CL, JHS)
| | - Jeffery K Taubenberger
- Viral Pathogenesis and Evolution Section, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland (ASD, DSC, JEM, AS, JKT)
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23
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Hushegyi A, Bertok T, Damborsky P, Katrlik J, Tkac J. An ultrasensitive impedimetric glycan biosensor with controlled glycan density for detection of lectins and influenza hemagglutinins. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:7474-7. [PMID: 25828081 PMCID: PMC4883646 DOI: 10.1039/c5cc00922g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
An impedimetric glycan biosensor with optimised glycan density was applied for the detection of lectins and influenza hemagglutinins down to attomolar concentrations (aM).
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Affiliation(s)
- A Hushegyi
- Department of Glycobiotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 38 Bratislava, Slovakia.
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24
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Equine and Canine Influenza H3N8 Viruses Show Minimal Biological Differences Despite Phylogenetic Divergence. J Virol 2015; 89:6860-73. [PMID: 25903329 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00521-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The A/H3N8 canine influenza virus (CIV) emerged from A/H3N8 equine influenza virus (EIV) around the year 2000 through the transfer of a single virus from horses to dogs. We defined and compared the biological properties of EIV and CIV by examining their genetic variation, infection, and growth in different cell cultures, receptor specificity, hemagglutinin (HA) cleavage, and infection and growth in horse and dog tracheal explant cultures. Comparison of sequences of viruses from horses and dogs revealed mutations that may be linked to host adaptation and tropism. We prepared infectious clones of representative EIV and CIV strains that were similar to the consensus sequences of viruses from each host. The rescued viruses, including HA and neuraminidase (NA) double reassortants, exhibited similar degrees of long-term growth in MDCK cells. Different host cells showed various levels of susceptibility to infection, but no differences in infectivity were seen when comparing viruses. All viruses preferred α2-3- over α2-6-linked sialic acids for infections, and glycan microarray analysis showed that EIV and CIV HA-Fc fusion proteins bound only to α2-3-linked sialic acids. Cleavage assays showed that EIV and CIV HA proteins required trypsin for efficient cleavage, and no differences in cleavage efficiency were seen. Inoculation of the viruses into tracheal explants revealed similar levels of infection and replication by each virus in dog trachea, although EIV was more infectious in horse trachea than CIV. IMPORTANCE Influenza A viruses can cross species barriers and cause severe disease in their new hosts. Infections with highly pathogenic avian H5N1 virus and, more recently, avian H7N9 virus have resulted in high rates of lethality in humans. Unfortunately, our current understanding of how influenza viruses jump species barriers is limited. Our aim was to provide an overview and biological characterization of H3N8 equine and canine influenza viruses using various experimental approaches, since the canine virus emerged from horses approximately 15 years ago. We showed that although there were numerous genetic differences between the equine and canine viruses, this variation did not result in dramatic biological differences between the viruses from the two hosts, and the viruses appeared phenotypically equivalent in most assays we conducted. These findings suggest that the cross-species transmission and adaptation of influenza viruses may be mediated by subtle changes in virus biology.
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25
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Khan SU, Anderson BD, Heil GL, Liang S, Gray GC. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Seroprevalence of Influenza A(H9N2) Infection Among Humans. J Infect Dis 2015; 212:562-9. [PMID: 25712969 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiv109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Given that influenza A(H9N2) is recognized as a pandemic threat, we evaluated the overall burden of influenza A(H9N2) infections among avian-exposed human populations. METHODS We performed a systematic search of PubMed, AGRICOLA, and CAB Abstracts databases for literature published during 1997-2013. Studies reporting serological evidence of human influenza A(H9N2) infection among avian-exposed populations were included. We used a World Health Organization (WHO)-recommended case definition for serological evidence of infection based on results of hemagglutination inhibition (HI) and microneutralization (MN) assays. We calculated overall seroprevalence through a random effects meta-analysis model. RESULTS Seroprevalence data reported by the studies ranged from 1% to 43% (median, 9%) by HI, which was not significantly different from the seroprevalence estimated through the WHO-recommended case definition (median, 1.3%; range, 0.5%-42.6%). Reported seroprevalence by MN ranged from 0.6% to 9% (median, 2.7%), which was greater than the seroprevalence estimated through the WHO-recommended case definition (median, 0.3%; range, 0.1%-1.4%). CONCLUSIONS A small proportion of avian-exposed humans had evidence of influenza A(H9N2) infection. As the virus has a near global distribution in poultry, it seems likely that present surveillance efforts are missing mild or asymptomatic infections among avian-exposed persons. It seems prudent to closely monitor avian-exposed populations for influenza A(H9N2) infection to provide prepandemic warnings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salah Uddin Khan
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville
| | - Benjamin D Anderson
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville Division of Infectious Diseases, Global Health Institute, & Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina Laboratory of One Health Research, Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore
| | - Gary L Heil
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville
| | - Song Liang
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville
| | - Gregory C Gray
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Global Health Institute, & Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina Laboratory of One Health Research, Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore
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Abstract
ABSTRACT: The importance of macrophages in the control of infections has long been documented, but macrophages have also been shown to contribute to severe influenza A virus infections. Macrophage function ranges from highly proinflammatory to wound healing and regulatory and a picture of diverse subsets with considerable plasticity in function and phenotype is emerging. Within the lung three subsets of macrophage populations have been identified: resident alveolar macrophages, interstitial macrophages and exudate-derived macrophages. Here we review model systems and techniques for defining macrophage function in vivo and discuss macrophage infection in vitro. The use of detailed phenotypic approaches and techniques to dissect the role of individual macrophage subsets in vivo promises rapid advances in this area of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlynne Q Nicol
- The Roslin Institute & Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Bernadette M Dutia
- The Roslin Institute & Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, UK
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27
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Abstract
Please see later in the article for the Editors' Summary
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Lipsitch
- Center for Communicable Disease Dynamics, Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Alison P. Galvani
- Department of Epidemiology (Microbial Diseases), Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
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Romero-Tejeda A, Capua I. Virus-specific factors associated with zoonotic and pandemic potential. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2014; 7 Suppl 2:4-14. [PMID: 24034478 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza A is a highly contagious respiratory virus in constant evolution and represents a threat to both veterinary and human public health. IA viruses (IAVs) originate in avian reservoirs but may adapt to humans, either directly or through the spillover to another mammalian species, to the point of becoming pandemic. IAVs must successfully be able to (i) transmit from animal to human, (ii) interact with host cells, and (iii) transmit from human to human. The mechanisms by which viruses evolve, cause zoonotic infections, and adapt to a new host species are indeed complex and appear to be a heterogeneous collection of viral evolutionary events rather than a single phenomenon. Progress has been made in identifying some of the genetic markers mainly associated with virulence and transmission; this achievement has improved our knowledge of how to manage a pandemic event and of how to identify IAVs with pandemic potential. Early evidence of emerging viruses and surveillance of animal IAVs is made possible only by strengthening the collaboration between the public and veterinary health sectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurora Romero-Tejeda
- Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
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29
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Characterization of the sialic acid binding activity of influenza A viruses using soluble variants of the H7 and H9 hemagglutinins. PLoS One 2014; 9:e89529. [PMID: 24586849 PMCID: PMC3931807 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Binding of influenza viruses to target cells is mediated by the viral surface protein hemagglutinin. To determine the presence of binding sites for influenza A viruses on cells and tissues, soluble hemagglutinins of the H7 and H9 subtype were generated by connecting the hemagglutinin ectodomain to the Fc portion of human immunoglobulin G (H7Fc and H9Fc). Both chimeric proteins bound to different cells and tissues in a sialic acid-dependent manner. Pronounced differences were observed between H7Fc and H9Fc, in the binding both to different mammalian and avian cultured cells and to cryosections of the respiratory epithelium of different virus host species (turkey, chicken and pig). Binding of the soluble hemagglutinins was similar to the binding of virus particles, but showed differences in the binding pattern when compared to two sialic acid-specific plant lectins. These findings were substantiated by a comparative glycan array analysis revealing a very narrow recognition of sialoglycoconjugates by the plant lectins that does not reflect the glycan structures preferentially recognized by H7Fc and H9Fc. Thus, soluble hemagglutinins may serve as sialic acid-specific lectins and are a more reliable indicator of the presence of binding sites for influenza virus HA than the commonly used plant lectins.
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30
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To KKW, Tsang AKL, Chan JFW, Cheng VCC, Chen H, Yuen KY. Emergence in China of human disease due to avian influenza A(H10N8)--cause for concern? J Infect 2014; 68:205-15. [PMID: 24406432 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2013.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2013] [Accepted: 12/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In December 2013, China reported the first human case of avian influenza A(H10N8). A 73-year-old female with chronic diseases who had visited a live poultry market succumbed with community-acquired pneumonia. While human infections with avian influenza viruses are usually associated with subtypes prevalent in poultries, A(H10N8) isolates were mostly found in migratory birds and only recently in poultries. Although not possible to predict whether this single intrusion by A(H10N8) is an accident or the start of another epidemic like the preceding A(H7N9) and A(H5N1), several features suggest that A(H10N8) is a potential threat to humans. Recombinant H10 could attach to human respiratory epithelium, and A(H10N4) virus could cause severe infections in minks and chickens. A(H10N8) viruses contain genetic markers for mammalian adaptation and virulence in the haemagglutinin (A135T, S138A[H3 numbering]), M1(N30D, T215A), NS1(P42S) and PB2(E627K) protein. Studies on this human A(H10N8) isolate will reveal its adaptability to humans. Clinicians should alert the laboratory to test for A(H5,6,7,9,10) viruses in patients with epidemiological exposure in endemic geographical areas especially when human influenza A(H1,3) and B are negative. Vigilant virological and serological surveillance for A(H10N8) in human, poultry and wild bird is important for following the trajectory of this emerging influenza virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelvin K W To
- State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; Carol Yu Centre for Infection, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Alan K L Tsang
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Jasper F W Chan
- State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; Carol Yu Centre for Infection, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Vincent C C Cheng
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Honglin Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; Carol Yu Centre for Infection, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Kwok-Yung Yuen
- State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; Carol Yu Centre for Infection, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
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31
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The short stalk length of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus neuraminidase limits transmission of pandemic H1N1 virus in ferrets. J Virol 2013; 87:10539-51. [PMID: 23864615 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00967-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
H5N1 influenza viruses pose a pandemic threat but have not acquired the ability to support sustained transmission between mammals in nature. The restrictions to transmissibility of avian influenza viruses in mammals are multigenic, and overcoming them requires adaptations in hemagglutinin (HA) and PB2 genes. Here we propose that a further restriction to mammalian transmission of the majority of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 viruses may be the short stalk length of the neuraminidase (NA) protein. This genetic feature is selected for when influenza viruses adapt to chickens. In our study, a recombinant virus with seven gene segments from a human isolate of the 2009 H1N1 pandemic combined with the NA gene from a typical chicken-adapted H5N1 virus with a short stalk did not support transmission by respiratory droplet between ferrets. This virus was also compromised in multicycle replication in cultures of human airway epithelial cells at 32°C. These defects correlated with a reduction in the ability of virus with a short-stalk NA to penetrate mucus and deaggregate virions. The deficiency in transmission and in cleavage of tethered substrates was overcome by increasing the stalk length of the NA protein. These observations suggest that H5N1 viruses that acquire a long-stalk NA through reassortment might be more likely to support transmission between humans. Phylogenetic analysis showed that reassortment with long-stalk NA occurred sporadically and as recently as 2011. However, all identified H5N1 viruses with a long-stalk NA lacked other mammalian adapting features and were thus several genetic steps away from becoming transmissible between humans.
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32
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European H16N3 gull influenza virus attaches to the human respiratory tract and eye. PLoS One 2013; 8:e60757. [PMID: 23593303 PMCID: PMC3620227 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We explored the attachment of an H16N3 influenza virus to human, mallard, and gull tissues using virus histochemistry applied to tissue microarrays and employing human and mallard viruses as references. Of the viruses tested, the H16N3 gull virus most readily attached to the human respiratory tract and eye. These results underscore the need to assess the potential for gull influenza viruses to replicate in human tissues and further investigate the role of gulls in influenza virus ecology.
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33
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Tropism and infectivity of influenza virus, including highly pathogenic avian H5N1 virus, in ferret tracheal differentiated primary epithelial cell cultures. J Virol 2012; 87:2597-607. [PMID: 23255802 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02885-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tropism and adaptation of influenza viruses to new hosts is partly dependent on the distribution of the sialic acid (SA) receptors to which the viral hemagglutinin (HA) binds. Ferrets have been established as a valuable in vivo model of influenza virus pathogenesis and transmission because of similarities to humans in the distribution of HA receptors and in clinical signs of infection. In this study, we developed a ferret tracheal differentiated primary epithelial cell culture model that consisted of a layered epithelium structure with ciliated and nonciliated cells on its apical surface. We found that human-like (α2,6-linked) receptors predominated on ciliated cells, whereas avian-like (α2,3-linked) receptors, which were less abundant, were presented on nonciliated cells. When we compared the tropism and infectivity of three human (H1 and H3) and two avian (H1 and H5) influenza viruses, we observed that the human influenza viruses primarily infected ciliated cells and replicated efficiently, whereas a highly pathogenic avian H5N1 virus (A/Vietnam/1203/2004) replicated efficiently within nonciliated cells despite a low initial infection rate. Furthermore, compared to other influenza viruses tested, VN/1203 virus replicated more efficiently in cells isolated from the lower trachea and at a higher temperature (37°C) compared to a lower temperature (33°C). VN/1203 virus infection also induced higher levels of immune mediator genes and cell death, and virus was recovered from the basolateral side of the cell monolayer. This ferret tracheal differentiated primary epithelial cell culture system provides a valuable in vitro model for studying cellular tropism, infectivity, and the pathogenesis of influenza viruses.
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34
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Zheng D, Yi Y, Chen Z. Development of live-attenuated influenza vaccines against outbreaks of H5N1 influenza. Viruses 2012; 4:3589-605. [PMID: 23223214 PMCID: PMC3528281 DOI: 10.3390/v4123589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2012] [Revised: 11/14/2012] [Accepted: 11/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Several global outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 virus have increased the urgency of developing effective and safe vaccines against H5N1. Compared with H5N1 inactivated vaccines used widely, H5N1 live-attenuated influenza vaccines (LAIVs) have advantages in vaccine efficacy, dose-saving formula, long-lasting effect, ease of administration and some cross-protective immunity. Furthermore, H5N1 LAIVs induce both humoral and cellular immune responses, especially including improved IgA production at the mucosa. The current trend of H5N1 LAIVs development is toward cold-adapted, temperature-sensitive or replication-defective vaccines, and moreover, H5N1 LAIVs plus mucosal adjuvants are promising candidates. This review provides an update on the advantages and development of H5N1 live-attenuated influenza vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Zheng
- Shanghai Institute of Biological Products, 1262 YanAn Road(w), 200052, Shanghai, China; E-Mails: (D.Z.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Yinglei Yi
- Shanghai Institute of Biological Products, 1262 YanAn Road(w), 200052, Shanghai, China; E-Mails: (D.Z.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Ze Chen
- Shanghai Institute of Biological Products, 1262 YanAn Road(w), 200052, Shanghai, China; E-Mails: (D.Z.); (Y.Y.)
- College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha Yuelushan 410081, Hunan, China
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35
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Baschieri S. Virus Glycoproteins Tagged with the Human Fc Domain as Second Generation Vaccine Candidates. INNOVATION IN VACCINOLOGY 2012. [PMCID: PMC7122206 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-4543-8_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Traditional vaccines such as inactivated or live attenuated vaccines, are gradually giving way to more biochemically defined vaccines that are most often based on a recombinant antigen known to possess neutralizing epitopes. Such vaccines can offer improvements in speed, safety and manufacturing process but an inevitable consequence of their high degree of purification is that immunogenicity is reduced through the lack of the innate triggering molecules present in more complex preparations. Targeting recombinant vaccines to antigen presenting cells (APCs) such as dendritic cells however can improve immunogenicity by ensuring that antigen processing is as efficient as possible. Immune complexes, one of a number of routes of APC targeting, are mimicked by a recombinant approach, crystallizable fragment (Fc) fusion proteins, in which the target immunogen is linked directly to an antibody effector domain capable of interaction with receptors, FcR, on the APC cell surface. A number of virus Fc fusion proteins have been expressed in insect cells using the baculovirus expression system and shown to be efficiently produced and purified. Their use for immunization next to non-Fc tagged equivalents shows that they are powerfully immunogenic in the absence of added adjuvant and that immune stimulation is the result of the Fc-FcR interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selene Baschieri
- Italian National Agency for New Technolo, Energy and Sustainable Economic Developm, ENEA, Via Anguillarese 301, Rome, 00123 Italy
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36
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Watanabe Y, Ibrahim MS, Suzuki Y, Ikuta K. The changing nature of avian influenza A virus (H5N1). Trends Microbiol 2011; 20:11-20. [PMID: 22153752 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2011.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2011] [Revised: 10/16/2011] [Accepted: 10/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza A virus subtype H5N1 has been endemic in some bird species since its emergence in 1996 and its ecology, genetics and antigenic properties have continued to evolve. This has allowed diverse virus strains to emerge in endemic areas with altered receptor specificity, including a new H5 sublineage with enhanced binding affinity to the human-type receptor. The pandemic potential of H5N1 viruses is alarming and may be increasing. We review here the complex dynamics and changing nature of the H5N1 virus that may contribute to the emergence of pandemic strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Watanabe
- Department of Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases (BIKEN), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
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37
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A single amino acid in the HA of pH1N1 2009 influenza virus affects cell tropism in human airway epithelium, but not transmission in ferrets. PLoS One 2011; 6:e25755. [PMID: 21998692 PMCID: PMC3187803 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2011] [Accepted: 09/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The first pandemic of the 21st century, pandemic H1N1 2009 (pH1N1 2009), emerged from a swine-origin source. Although human infections with swine-origin influenza have been reported previously, none went on to cause a pandemic or indeed any sustained human transmission. In previous pandemics, specific residues in the receptor binding site of the haemagglutinin (HA) protein of influenza have been associated with the ability of the virus to transmit between humans. In the present study we investigated the effect of residue 227 in HA on cell tropism and transmission of pH1N1 2009. In pH1N1 2009 and recent seasonal H1N1 viruses this residue is glutamic acid, whereas in swine influenza it is alanine. Using human airway epithelium, we show a differential cell tropism of pH1N1 2009 compared to pH1N1 2009 E227A and swine influenza suggesting this residue may alter the sialic acid conformer binding preference of the HA. Furthermore, both pH1N1 2009 E227A and swine influenza multi-cycle viral growth was found to be attenuated in comparison to pH1N1 2009 in human airway epithelium. However this altered tropism and viral growth in human airway epithelium did not abrogate respiratory droplet transmission of pH1N1 2009 E227A in ferrets. Thus, acquisition of E at residue 227 was not solely responsible for the ability of pH1N1 2009 to transmit between humans.
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38
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Analysis of influenza virus hemagglutinin receptor binding mutants with limited receptor recognition properties and conditional replication characteristics. J Virol 2011; 85:12387-98. [PMID: 21917953 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.05570-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To examine the range of selective processes that potentially operate when poorly binding influenza viruses adapt to replicate more efficiently in alternative environments, we passaged a virus containing an attenuating mutation in the hemagglutinin (HA) receptor binding site in mice and characterized the resulting mutants with respect to the structural locations of mutations selected, the replication phenotypes of the viruses, and their binding properties on glycan microarrays. The initial attenuated virus had a tyrosine-to-phenylalanine mutation at HA1 position 98 (Y98F), located in the receptor binding pocket, but viruses that were selected contained second-site pseudoreversion mutations in various structural locations that revealed a range of molecular mechanisms for modulating receptor binding that go beyond the scope that is generally mapped using receptor specificity mutants. A comparison of virus titers in the mouse respiratory tract versus MDCK cells in culture showed that the mutants displayed distinctive replication properties depending on the system, but all were less attenuated in mice than the Y98F virus. An analysis of receptor binding properties confirmed that the initial Y98F virus bound poorly to several different species of erythrocytes, while all mutants reacquired various degrees of hemagglutination activity. Interestingly, both the Y98F virus and pseudoreversion mutants were shown to bind very inefficiently to standard glycan microarrays containing an abundance of binding substrates for most influenza viruses that have been characterized to date, provided by the Consortium for Functional Glycomics. The viruses were also examined on a recently developed microarray containing glycans terminating in sialic acid derivatives, and limited binding to a potentially interesting subset of glycans was revealed. The results are discussed with respect to mechanisms for HA-mediated receptor binding, as well as regarding the species of molecules that may act as receptors for influenza virus on host cell surfaces.
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39
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Cui S, Wu C, Zhou H, Zhao R, Guo L, Wang J, Hung T. Secretory expression of all 16 subtypes of the hemagglutinin 1 protein of influenza A virus in insect cells. J Virol Methods 2011; 177:160-7. [PMID: 21827791 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2011.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2011] [Revised: 07/19/2011] [Accepted: 07/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Influenza viruses are known for their ability to change their antigenic structure and create new viral strains. Hemagglutinin (HA), for which 16 subtypes have been identified, is a major antigenic determinant essential for the pathogenesis of influenza A viruses. To predict and monitor future epidemics, it is critical to produce various HA subtype antigens conveniently and rapidly. A simple, effective, and economic method to generate subunit HA1 of all 16 HA subtypes as recombinant proteins (rHA1) is reported. rHA1 proteins are expressed in insect cells as secretory proteins after integration into a baculovirus expression vector containing a 6×His tag element and the signal peptide of the GP67 protein, a membrane glycoprotein identified in Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus. The proteins can be purified to ≥90% purity using a single Ni(2+)-chelating affinity chromatography step, yielding a recovery rate of about 50%. The rHA1 proteins elicit high titer antibodies in mice and show high specificity in Western blots. This study paves the way for subtype specific detection methods and for future studies of the immune relationships among the subtypes of influenza A virus HA proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujuan Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Genetic Engineering, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
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40
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Avian influenza viruses infect primary human bronchial epithelial cells unconstrained by sialic acid α2,3 residues. PLoS One 2011; 6:e21183. [PMID: 21731666 PMCID: PMC3121740 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2010] [Accepted: 05/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza viruses (AIV) are an important emerging threat to public health. It is thought that sialic acid (sia) receptors are barriers in cross-species transmission where the binding preferences of AIV and human influenza viruses are sias α2,3 versus α2,6, respectively. In this study, we show that a normal fully differentiated, primary human bronchial epithelial cell model is readily infected by low pathogenic H5N1, H5N2 and H5N3 AIV, which primarily bind to sia α2,3 moieties, and replicate in these cells independent of specific sias on the cell surface. NHBE cells treated with neuraminidase prior to infection are infected by AIV despite removal of sia α2,3 moieties. Following AIV infection, higher levels of IP-10 and RANTES are secreted compared to human influenza virus infection, indicating differential chemokine expression patterns, a feature that may contribute to differences in disease pathogenesis between avian and human influenza virus infections in humans.
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41
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Roberts KL, Shelton H, Scull M, Pickles R, Barclay WS. Lack of transmission of a human influenza virus with avian receptor specificity between ferrets is not due to decreased virus shedding but rather a lower infectivity in vivo. J Gen Virol 2011; 92:1822-1831. [PMID: 21508186 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.031203-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus attaches to host cells by sialic acid (SA). Human influenza viruses show preferential affinity for α2,6-linked SA, whereas avian influenza viruses bind α2,3-linked SA. In this study, mutation of the haemagglutinin receptor-binding site of a human H3N2 influenza A virus to switch binding to α2,3-linked SA did not eliminate infection of ferrets but prevented transmission, even in a co-housed model. The mutant virus was shed from the noses of ferrets directly inoculated with virus in the same amounts and for the same length of time as wild-type virus. Mutant virus infection was localized to the same anatomical regions of the upper respiratory tract of directly inoculated animals. Interestingly, wild-type virus was more readily neutralized than the mutant virus in vitro by ferret nasal washes containing mucus. Moreover after inoculation of equal doses, the mutant virus grew poorly in ex vivo ferret nasal turbinate tissue compared with wild-type virus. The dose of mutant virus required to establish infection in the directly inoculated ferrets was 40-fold higher than for wild-type virus. It was concluded that minimum infectious dose is a predictor of virus transmissibility and it is suggested that, as virus passes from one host to another through stringent environmental conditions, viruses with a preference for α2,3-linked SA are unlikely to inoculate a new mammalian host in sufficient quantities to initiate a productive infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim L Roberts
- Department of Virology, Division of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Holly Shelton
- Department of Virology, Division of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Margaret Scull
- Center for the Study of Hepatitis C, The Rockefeller Univertity, New York, NY 10065, USA.,Cystic Fibrosis Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.,Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Raymond Pickles
- Cystic Fibrosis Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Wendy S Barclay
- Department of Virology, Division of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK
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