1
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Sun H, Ciska M, Makki M, Tenllado F, Canto T. Adaptive substitutions at two amino acids of HCPro modify its functional properties to separately increase the virulence of a potyviral chimera. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2024; 25:e13487. [PMID: 38877765 PMCID: PMC11178974 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
We had previously reported that a plum pox virus (PPV)-based chimera that had its P1-HCPro bi-cistron replaced by a modified one from potato virus Y (PVY) increased its virulence in some Nicotiana benthamiana plants, after mechanical passages. This correlated with the natural acquisition of amino acid substitutions in several proteins, including in HCPro at either position 352 (Ile→Thr) or 454 (Leu→Arg), or of mutations in non-coding regions. Thr in position 352 is not found among natural potyviruses, while Arg in 454 is a reversion to the native PVY HCPro amino acid. We show here that both mutations separately contributed to the increased virulence observed in the passaged chimeras that acquired them, and that Thr in position 352 is no intragenic suppressor to a Leu in position 454, because their combined effects were cumulative. We demonstrate that Arg in position 454 improved HCPro autocatalytic cleavage, while Thr in position 352 increased its accumulation and the silencing suppression of a reporter in agropatch assays. We assessed infection by four cloned chimera variants expressing HCPro with none of the two substitutions, one of them or both, in wild-type versus DCL2/4-silenced transgenic plants. We found that during infection, the transgenic context of altered small RNAs affected the accumulation of the four HCPro variants differently and hence, also infection virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Sun
- Department of Microbial and Plant Biotechnology, Margarita Salas Center for Biological Research (CIB), Spanish National Research Council, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Malgorzata Ciska
- Department of Microbial and Plant Biotechnology, Margarita Salas Center for Biological Research (CIB), Spanish National Research Council, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mongia Makki
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Immunology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Francisco Tenllado
- Department of Microbial and Plant Biotechnology, Margarita Salas Center for Biological Research (CIB), Spanish National Research Council, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Tomás Canto
- Department of Microbial and Plant Biotechnology, Margarita Salas Center for Biological Research (CIB), Spanish National Research Council, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
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2
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Mäkinen K, Aspelin W, Pollari M, Wang L. How do they do it? The infection biology of potyviruses. Adv Virus Res 2023; 117:1-79. [PMID: 37832990 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2023.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kristiina Mäkinen
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - William Aspelin
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maija Pollari
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Linping Wang
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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3
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Krieger C, Halter D, Baltenweck R, Cognat V, Boissinot S, Maia-Grondard A, Erdinger M, Bogaert F, Pichon E, Hugueney P, Brault V, Ziegler-Graff V. An Aphid-Transmitted Virus Reduces the Host Plant Response to Its Vector to Promote Its Transmission. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2023; 113:1745-1760. [PMID: 37885045 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-12-22-0454-fi] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
The success of virus transmission by vectors relies on intricate trophic interactions between three partners, the host plant, the virus, and the vector. Despite numerous studies that showed the capacity of plant viruses to manipulate their host plant to their benefit, and potentially of their transmission, the molecular mechanisms sustaining this phenomenon has not yet been extensively analyzed at the molecular level. In this study, we focused on the deregulations induced in Arabidopsis thaliana by an aphid vector that were alleviated when the plants were infected with turnip yellows virus (TuYV), a polerovirus strictly transmitted by aphids in a circulative and nonpropagative mode. By setting up an experimental design mimicking the natural conditions of virus transmission, we analyzed the deregulations in plants infected with TuYV and infested with aphids by a dual transcriptomic and metabolomic approach. We observed that the virus infection alleviated most of the gene deregulations induced by the aphids in a noninfected plant at both time points analyzed (6 and 72 h) with a more pronounced effect at the later time point of infestation. The metabolic composition of the infected and infested plants was altered in a way that could be beneficial for the vector and the virus transmission. Importantly, these substantial modifications observed in infected and infested plants correlated with a higher TuYV transmission efficiency. This study revealed the capacity of TuYV to alter the plant nutritive content and the defense reaction against the aphid vector to promote the viral transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Célia Krieger
- Institut de biologie moléculaire des plantes, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 67084 Strasbourg, France
| | - David Halter
- INRAE, Université de Strasbourg, SVQV UMR1131, 68000 Colmar, France
| | | | - Valérie Cognat
- Institut de biologie moléculaire des plantes, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 67084 Strasbourg, France
| | | | | | - Monique Erdinger
- INRAE, Université de Strasbourg, SVQV UMR1131, 68000 Colmar, France
| | - Florent Bogaert
- INRAE, Université de Strasbourg, SVQV UMR1131, 68000 Colmar, France
| | - Elodie Pichon
- INRAE, Université de Strasbourg, SVQV UMR1131, 68000 Colmar, France
| | | | - Véronique Brault
- INRAE, Université de Strasbourg, SVQV UMR1131, 68000 Colmar, France
| | - Véronique Ziegler-Graff
- Institut de biologie moléculaire des plantes, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 67084 Strasbourg, France
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4
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Fang N, Zhao X, Li Y, Luo Y, Wang X, He H, Zhang C, Jiang J. Uptake, translocation and subcellular distribution of broflanilide, afidopyropen, and flupyradifurone in mustard (Brassica juncea). JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 452:131381. [PMID: 37030221 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Novel pesticides broflanilide (BFI), afidopyropen (ADP), and flupyradifurone (FPO) have been widely used and become the new organic pollutants. However, uptake, translocation and residual distribution of BFI, ADP, and FPO in plants remain unclear. Therefore, residues distribution, uptake, and translocation of BFI, ADP, and FPO were investigated in mustard field trials and hydroponic experiments. The field results indicated that the residues of BFI, ADP, and FPO were 0.001-1.87 mg/kg at 0-21 d and dissipated fast in mustard (half-lives=5.2-11.3 d). More than 66.5 % of FPO residues were distributed in the cell-soluble fractions because of their high hydrophilicity, while hydrophobic BFI and ADP were primarily stored in the cell walls and organelles. The hydroponic data showed that the foliar uptake rates of BFI, ADP, and FPO were weak (bioconcentration factors<1), but the root uptake rate was strong (bioconcentration factors>1). The upward and downward translations of BFI, ADP, and FPO were limited (translation factor<1). BFI and ADP are uptake by roots via apoplast pathway, and FPO is uptake via symplastic pathway. This study contributes to the understanding of the formation of pesticide residues in plants and provides a reference for safe application and risk assessment of BFI, ADP, and FPO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Fang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection, Institute of Agro-Products Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Xueping Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection, Institute of Agro-Products Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Yanjie Li
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection, Institute of Agro-Products Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Yuqin Luo
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection, Institute of Agro-Products Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Xiangyun Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection, Institute of Agro-Products Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Hongmei He
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection, Institute of Agro-Products Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Changpeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection, Institute of Agro-Products Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China.
| | - Jinhua Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection, Institute of Agro-Products Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China.
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5
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Raja JAJ, Huang C, Chen C, Hu W, Cheng H, Goh R, Chao C, Tan Y, Yeh S. Modification of the N-terminal FWKG-αH1 element of potyviral HC-Pro affects its multiple functions and generates effective attenuated mutants for cross-protection. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2022; 23:947-965. [PMID: 35285990 PMCID: PMC9190983 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Control of plant viruses by cross-protection is limited by the availability of effective protective strains. Incorporation of an NIa-protease processing site in the extreme N-terminal region of the helper component protease (HC-Pro) of turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) resulted in a mutant virus TuHND I that induced highly attenuated symptoms. Recombination analysis verified that two variations, F7I mutation and amino acid 7-upstream-deletion, in HC-Pro co-determined TuHND I attenuation. TuHND I provided complete protection to Nicotiana benthamiana and Brassica campestris subsp. chinensis plants against infection by the severe parental strain. Aphid transmission tests revealed that TuHND I was not aphid-transmissible. An RNA silencing suppression (RSS) assay by agroinfiltration suggested the RSS-defective nature of the mutant HC-Pro. In the context (amino acids 3-17) encompassing the two variations of HC-Pro, we uncovered an FWKG-α-helix 1 (αH1) element that influenced the functions of aphid transmission and RSS, whose motifs were located far downstream. We further demonstrated that HC-Pro F7 was a critical residue on αH1 for HC-Pro functions and that reinstating αH1 in the RSS-defective HC-Pro of TuHND I restored the protein's RSS function. Yeast two-hybrid and bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays indicated the FWKG-αH1 element as an integral part of the HC-Pro self-interaction domain. The possibility of regulation of the mechanistically independent functions of RSS and aphid transmission by the FWKG-αH1 element is discussed. Extension of TuMV HC-Pro FWKG-αH1 variations to another potyvirus, zucchini yellow mosaic virus, also generated nonaphid-transmissible cross-protective mutant viruses. Hence, the modification of the FWKG-αH1 element can generate effective attenuated viruses for the control of potyviruses by cross-protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A. J. Raja
- Department of Plant PathologyNational Chung Hsing UniversityTaichungTaiwan, R.O.C.
- Advanced Plant Biotechnology CenterNational Chung Hsing UniversityTaichungTaiwan, R.O.C.
| | - Chung‐Hao Huang
- Department of Plant PathologyNational Chung Hsing UniversityTaichungTaiwan, R.O.C.
| | - Chin‐Chih Chen
- Department of Plant PathologyNational Chung Hsing UniversityTaichungTaiwan, R.O.C.
- Division of Plant PathologyTaiwan Agricultural Research InstituteWu‐FengTaichungTaiwan, R.O.C.
| | - Wen‐Chi Hu
- Department of Plant PathologyNational Chung Hsing UniversityTaichungTaiwan, R.O.C.
| | - Hao‐Wen Cheng
- Advanced Plant Biotechnology CenterNational Chung Hsing UniversityTaichungTaiwan, R.O.C.
| | - Reun‐Ping Goh
- Department of Plant PathologyNational Chung Hsing UniversityTaichungTaiwan, R.O.C.
| | - Chia‐Hung Chao
- Taichung District Agricultural Research and Extension StationDacunChanghua CountyTaiwan, R.O.C.
| | - Yue‐Rong Tan
- Department of Plant PathologyNational Chung Hsing UniversityTaichungTaiwan, R.O.C.
| | - Shyi‐Dong Yeh
- Department of Plant PathologyNational Chung Hsing UniversityTaichungTaiwan, R.O.C.
- Advanced Plant Biotechnology CenterNational Chung Hsing UniversityTaichungTaiwan, R.O.C.
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6
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Del Toro F, Sun H, Robinson C, Jiménez Á, Covielles E, Higuera T, Aguilar E, Tenllado F, Canto T. In planta vs viral expression of HCPro affects its binding of nonplant 21-22 nucleotide small RNAs, but not its preference for 5'-terminal adenines, or its effects on small RNA methylation. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 233:2266-2281. [PMID: 34942019 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have found a correlation between the abilities of PVX vector-expressed HCPro variants to bind small RNAs (sRNAs), and to suppress silencing. Moreover, HCPro preferred to bind viral sRNAs of 21-22 nucleotides (nt) containing 5'-terminal adenines. This would require such viral sRNAs to have either different access to the suppressor than those of plant sequences, or different molecular properties. To investigate this preference further, we have used suppressor-competent or suppressor-deficient HCPro variants, expressed from either T-DNAs or potyvirus constructs. Then, the sRNAs generated in plants and associated with the purified HCPro variants were characterized. Marked differences were observed in the ratios of sRNAs of plant vs nonplant origin that bound to suppressor-competent HCPro, depending on the mode of its expression. Regardless of the means of expression, HCPro retained the same preference among the nonplant sRNAs of 21-22 nt for those with 5'-terminal adenines. Relative methylation levels of individual sRNAs were assessed, and the nonplant sRNAs were found to be significantly less methylated in the presence of the suppressor. Targeted binding of sRNAs based on size, 5'-terminal sequence and origin, together with affecting their methylation, could explain how HCPro counteracts silencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Del Toro
- Department of Microbial and Plant Biotechnology, Margarita Salas Center for Biological Research, CIB-CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - Hao Sun
- Department of Microbial and Plant Biotechnology, Margarita Salas Center for Biological Research, CIB-CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - Carmen Robinson
- Department of Microbial and Plant Biotechnology, Margarita Salas Center for Biological Research, CIB-CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - Álvaro Jiménez
- Department of Microbial and Plant Biotechnology, Margarita Salas Center for Biological Research, CIB-CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - Eva Covielles
- Department of Microbial and Plant Biotechnology, Margarita Salas Center for Biological Research, CIB-CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - Tomás Higuera
- Department of Microbial and Plant Biotechnology, Margarita Salas Center for Biological Research, CIB-CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - Emmanuel Aguilar
- Department of Microbial and Plant Biotechnology, Margarita Salas Center for Biological Research, CIB-CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - Francisco Tenllado
- Department of Microbial and Plant Biotechnology, Margarita Salas Center for Biological Research, CIB-CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - Tomás Canto
- Department of Microbial and Plant Biotechnology, Margarita Salas Center for Biological Research, CIB-CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, Madrid, 28040, Spain
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7
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Plant Viruses Can Alter Aphid-Triggered Calcium Elevations in Infected Leaves. Cells 2021; 10:cells10123534. [PMID: 34944040 PMCID: PMC8700420 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Alighting aphids probe a new host plant by intracellular test punctures for suitability. These induce immediate calcium signals that emanate from the punctured sites and might be the first step in plant recognition of aphid feeding and the subsequent elicitation of plant defence responses. Calcium is also involved in the transmission of non-persistent plant viruses that are acquired by aphids during test punctures. Therefore, we wanted to determine whether viral infection alters calcium signalling. For this, calcium signals triggered by aphids were imaged on transgenic Arabidopsis plants expressing the cytosolic FRET-based calcium reporter YC3.6-NES and infected with the non-persistent viruses cauliflower mosaic (CaMV) and turnip mosaic (TuMV), or the persistent virus, turnip yellows (TuYV). Aphids were placed on infected leaves and calcium elevations were recorded by time-lapse fluorescence microscopy. Calcium signal velocities were significantly slower in plants infected with CaMV or TuMV and signal areas were smaller in CaMV-infected plants. Transmission tests using CaMV-infected Arabidopsis mutants impaired in pathogen perception or in the generation of calcium signals revealed no differences in transmission efficiency. A transcriptomic meta-analysis indicated significant changes in expression of receptor-like kinases in the BAK1 pathway as well as of calcium channels in CaMV- and TuMV-infected plants. Taken together, infection with CaMV and TuMV, but not with TuYV, impacts aphid-induced calcium signalling. This suggests that viruses can modify plant responses to aphids from the very first vector/host contact.
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8
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Qiu S, Chen X, Zhai Y, Cui W, Ai X, Rao S, Chen J, Yan F. Downregulation of Light-Harvesting Complex II Induces ROS-Mediated Defense Against Turnip Mosaic Virus Infection in Nicotiana benthamiana. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:690988. [PMID: 34290685 PMCID: PMC8287655 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.690988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b complex protein 3 (LHCB3) of photosystem II plays important roles distributing the excitation energy and modulating the rate of state transition and stomatal response to abscisic acid. However, the functions of LHCB3 in plant immunity have not been well investigated. Here, we show that the expression of LHCB3 in Nicotiana benthamiana (NbLHCB3) was down-regulated by turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) infection. When NbLHCB3 was silenced by tobacco rattle virus-induced gene silencing, systemic infection of TuMV was inhibited. H2O2 was over-accumulated in NbLHCB3-silenced plants. Chemical treatment to inhibit or eliminate reactive oxygen species (ROS) impaired the resistance of the NbLHCB3-silenced plants to TuMV infection. Co-silencing of NbLHCB3 with genes involved in ROS production compromised the resistance of plants to TuMV but co-silencing of NbLHCB3 with genes in the ROS scavenging pathway increased resistance to the virus. Transgenic plants overexpressing NbLHCB3 were more susceptible to TuMV. These results indicate that downregulation of NbLHCB3 is involved in defense against TuMV by inducing ROS production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyou Qiu
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China.,Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA of China and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xuwei Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Yushan Zhai
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China.,Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA of China and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weijun Cui
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China.,Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA of China and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xuhong Ai
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China.,Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA of China and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shaofei Rao
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Jianping Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China.,Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA of China and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fei Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China.,Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA of China and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
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9
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Rajarapu SP, Ullman DE, Uzest M, Rotenberg D, Ordaz NA, Whitfield AE. Plant–Virus–Vector Interactions. Virology 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/9781119818526.ch7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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10
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Ye J, Zhang L, Zhang X, Wu X, Fang R. Plant Defense Networks against Insect-Borne Pathogens. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 26:272-287. [PMID: 33277186 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2020.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Revised: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Upon infection with insect-borne microbial pathogens, plants are exposed to two types of damage simultaneously. Over the past decade, numerous molecular studies have been conducted to understand how plants respond to pathogens or herbivores. However, investigations of host responses typically focus on a single stress and are performed under static laboratory conditions. In this review, we highlight research that sheds light on how plants deploy broad-spectrum mechanisms against both vector-borne pathogens and insect vectors. Among the host genes involved in multistress resistance, many are involved in innate immunity and phytohormone signaling (especially jasmonate and salicylic acid). The potential for genome editing or chemical modulators to fine-tune crop defensive signaling, to develop sustainable methods to control insect-borne diseases, is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Lili Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Xiujuan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Rongxiang Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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11
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Nachappa P, Challacombe J, Margolies DC, Nechols JR, Whitfield AE, Rotenberg D. Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus Benefits Its Thrips Vector by Modulating Metabolic and Plant Defense Pathways in Tomato. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:575564. [PMID: 33424878 PMCID: PMC7793759 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.575564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Several plant viruses modulate vector fitness and behavior in ways that may enhance virus transmission. Previous studies have documented indirect, plant-mediated effects of tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) infection on the fecundity, growth and survival of its principal thrips vector, Frankliniella occidentalis, the western flower thrips. We conducted thrips performance and preference experiments combined with plant gene expression, phytohormone and total free amino acid analyses to determine if systemically-infected tomato plants modulate primary metabolic and defense-related pathways to culminate into a more favorable environment for the vector. In a greenhouse setting, we documented a significant increase in the number of offspring produced by F. occidentalis on TSWV-infected tomato plants compared to mock-inoculated plants, and in choice test assays, females exhibited enhanced settling on TSWV-infected leaves. Microarray analysis combined with phytohormone signaling pathway analysis revealed reciprocal modulation of key phytohormone pathways under dual attack, possibly indicating a coordinated and dampening defense against the vector on infected plants. TSWV infection, alone or in combination with thrips, suppressed genes associated with photosynthesis and chloroplast function thereby significantly impacting primary metabolism of the host plant, and hierarchical cluster and network analyses revealed that many of these genes were co-regulated with phytohormone defense signaling genes. TSWV infection increased expression of genes related to protein synthesis and degradation which was reflected in the increased total free amino acid content in virus-infected plants that harbored higher thrips populations. These results suggest coordinated gene networks that regulate plant primary metabolism and defense responses rendering virus-infected plants more conducive for vector colonization, an outcome that is potentially beneficial to the vector and the virus when considered within the context of the complex transmission biology of TSWV. To our knowledge this is the first study to identify global transcriptional networks that underlie the TSWV-thrips interaction as compared to a single mechanistic approach. Findings of this study increase our fundamental knowledge of host plant-virus-vector interactions and identifies underlying mechanisms of induced host susceptibility to the insect vector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Punya Nachappa
- Department of Agricultural Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Jean Challacombe
- Department of Agricultural Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
- College of Agricultural Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - David C. Margolies
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - James R. Nechols
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Anna E. Whitfield
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Dorith Rotenberg
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
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Hyodo K, Okuno T. Hijacking of host cellular components as proviral factors by plant-infecting viruses. Adv Virus Res 2020; 107:37-86. [PMID: 32711734 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2020.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Plant viruses are important pathogens that cause serious crop losses worldwide. They are obligate intracellular parasites that commandeer a wide array of proteins, as well as metabolic resources, from infected host cells. In the past two decades, our knowledge of plant-virus interactions at the molecular level has exploded, which provides insights into how plant-infecting viruses co-opt host cellular machineries to accomplish their infection. Here, we review recent advances in our understanding of how plant viruses divert cellular components from their original roles to proviral functions. One emerging theme is that plant viruses have versatile strategies that integrate a host factor that is normally engaged in plant defense against invading pathogens into a viral protein complex that facilitates viral infection. We also highlight viral manipulation of cellular key regulatory systems for successful virus infection: posttranslational protein modifications for fine control of viral and cellular protein dynamics; glycolysis and fermentation pathways to usurp host resources, and ion homeostasis to create a cellular environment that is beneficial for viral genome replication. A deeper understanding of viral-infection strategies will pave the way for the development of novel antiviral strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiwamu Hyodo
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki, Okayama, Japan.
| | - Tetsuro Okuno
- Department of Plant Life Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ryukoku University, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
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13
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Ziegler-Graff V. Molecular Insights into Host and Vector Manipulation by Plant Viruses. Viruses 2020; 12:v12030263. [PMID: 32121032 PMCID: PMC7150927 DOI: 10.3390/v12030263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant viruses rely on both host plant and vectors for a successful infection. Essentially to simplify studies, transmission has been considered for decades as an interaction between two partners, virus and vector. This interaction has gained a third partner, the host plant, to establish a tripartite pathosystem in which the players can react with each other directly or indirectly through changes induced in/by the third partner. For instance, viruses can alter the plant metabolism or plant immune defence pathways to modify vector’s attraction, settling or feeding, in a way that can be conducive for virus propagation. Such changes in the plant physiology can also become favourable to the vector, establishing a mutualistic relationship. This review focuses on the recent molecular data on the interplay between viral and plant factors that provide some important clues to understand how viruses manipulate both the host plants and vectors in order to improve transmission conditions and thus ensuring their survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Véronique Ziegler-Graff
- Institut de biologie moléculaire des plantes, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 67084 Strasbourg, France
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14
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van Munster M. Impact of Abiotic Stresses on Plant Virus Transmission by Aphids. Viruses 2020; 12:E216. [PMID: 32075208 PMCID: PMC7077179 DOI: 10.3390/v12020216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants regularly encounter abiotic constraints, and plant response to stress has been a focus of research for decades. Given increasing global temperatures and elevated atmospheric CO2 levels and the occurrence of water stress episodes driven by climate change, plant biochemistry, in particular, plant defence responses, may be altered significantly. Environmental factors also have a wider impact, shaping viral transmission processes that rely on a complex set of interactions between, at least, the pathogen, the vector, and the host plant. This review considers how abiotic stresses influence the transmission and spread of plant viruses by aphid vectors, mainly through changes in host physiology status, and summarizes the latest findings in this research field. The direct effects of climate change and severe weather events that impact the feeding behaviour of insect vectors as well as the major traits (e.g., within-host accumulation, disease severity and transmission) of viral plant pathogens are discussed. Finally, the intrinsic capacity of viruses to react to environmental cues in planta and how this may influence viral transmission efficiency is summarized. The clear interaction between biotic (virus) and abiotic stresses is a risk that must be accounted for when modelling virus epidemiology under scenarios of climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuella van Munster
- INRA, UMR385, CIRAD TA-A54K, Campus International de Baillarguet, CEDEX 05, 34398 Montpellier, France
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15
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Pharmacological analysis of transmission activation of two aphid-vectored plant viruses, turnip mosaic virus and cauliflower mosaic virus. Sci Rep 2019; 9:9374. [PMID: 31253881 PMCID: PMC6599202 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45904-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV, family Potyviridae) and cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV, family Caulimoviridae) are transmitted by aphid vectors. They are the only viruses shown so far to undergo transmission activation (TA) immediately preceding plant-to-plant propagation. TA is a recently described phenomenon where viruses respond to the presence of vectors on the host by rapidly and transiently forming transmissible complexes that are efficiently acquired and transmitted. Very little is known about the mechanisms of TA and on whether such mechanisms are alike or distinct in different viral species. We use here a pharmacological approach to initiate the comparison of TA of TuMV and CaMV. Our results show that both viruses rely on calcium signaling and reactive oxygen species (ROS) for TA. However, whereas application of the thiol-reactive compound N-ethylmaleimide (NEM) inhibited, as previously shown, TuMV transmission it did not alter CaMV transmission. On the other hand, sodium azide, which boosts CaMV transmission, strongly inhibited TuMV transmission. Finally, wounding stress inhibited CaMV transmission and increased TuMV transmission. Taken together, the results suggest that transmission activation of TuMV and CaMV depends on initial calcium and ROS signaling that are generated during the plant's immediate responses to aphid manifestation. Interestingly, downstream events in TA of each virus appear to diverge, as shown by the differential effects of NEM, azide and wounding on TuMV and CaMV transmission, suggesting that these two viruses have evolved analogous TA mechanisms.
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