1
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Johansson E, Nazziwa J, Freyhult E, Hong MG, Lindman J, Neptin M, Karlson S, Rezeli M, Biague AJ, Medstrand P, Månsson F, Norrgren H, Esbjörnsson J, Jansson M. HIV-2 mediated effects on target and bystander cells induce plasma proteome remodeling. iScience 2024; 27:109344. [PMID: 38500818 PMCID: PMC10945182 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite low or undetectable plasma viral load, people living with HIV-2 (PLWH2) typically progress toward AIDS. The driving forces behind HIV-2 disease progression and the role of viremia are still not known, but low-level replication in tissues is believed to play a role. To investigate the impact of viremic and aviremic HIV-2 infection on target and bystander cell pathology, we used data-independent acquisition mass spectrometry to determine plasma signatures of tissue and cell type engagement. Proteins derived from target and bystander cells in multiple tissues, such as the gastrointestinal tract and brain, were detected at elevated levels in plasma of PLWH2, compared with HIV negative controls. Moreover, viremic HIV-2 infection appeared to induce enhanced release of proteins from a broader range of tissues compared to aviremic HIV-2 infection. This study expands the knowledge on the link between plasma proteome remodeling and the pathological cell engagement in tissues during HIV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emil Johansson
- Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Lund University Virus Centre, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jamirah Nazziwa
- Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Lund University Virus Centre, Lund, Sweden
| | - Eva Freyhult
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, National Bioinformatics Infrastructure Sweden, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mun-Gwan Hong
- National Bioinformatics Infrastructure Sweden, Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jacob Lindman
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Malin Neptin
- Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Lund University Virus Centre, Lund, Sweden
| | - Sara Karlson
- Lund University Virus Centre, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Melinda Rezeli
- BioMS – Swedish National Infrastructure for Biological Mass Spectrometry, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Patrik Medstrand
- Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Lund University Virus Centre, Lund, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Månsson
- Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Hans Norrgren
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Joakim Esbjörnsson
- Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Lund University Virus Centre, Lund, Sweden
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Marianne Jansson
- Lund University Virus Centre, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - for the SWEGUB CORE group
- Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Lund University Virus Centre, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, National Bioinformatics Infrastructure Sweden, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- National Bioinformatics Infrastructure Sweden, Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- BioMS – Swedish National Infrastructure for Biological Mass Spectrometry, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- National Public Health Laboratory, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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2
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Zhang L, Li S, Xu X, Ma C, Zhang P, Ji W, Liu X. HIV-1 p17 matrix protein enhances type I interferon responses through the p17-OLA1-STING axis. J Cell Sci 2024; 137:jcs261500. [PMID: 38132845 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.261500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Stimulator of IFN genes (STING; also known as STING1) is an important adaptor protein for detecting cytosolic double-stranded DNA, which can come from HIV infection. Several HIV proteins, such as p6, Vpx and Vif, can influence STING-mediated innate immunity, but the function of p17 is still unknown. In this study, we find that HIV-1 p17, but not HIV-2 p17 or SIV p17, promotes STING signaling induced by cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP) treatment. Mechanistically, HIV-1 p17 binds to Obg-like ATPase 1 (OLA1) and inhibits the regulation of STING by OLA1. Here, OLA1 interacts with STING and inhibits the translocation and phosphorylation of STING upon cGAMP stimulation. Furthermore, compared with HIV-2 and SIV, the ATPase and GTPase activities of OLA1 are only promoted by HIV-1 p17. Our study shows that the p17 of HIV-1, but not HIV-2 or SIV, promotes STING-mediated innate immunity by interfering the interaction between OLA1 and STING, thus providing a new clue for specific immune activation of HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianfei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Science, Frontiers Science Center for Cell Responses, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Shuai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Science, Frontiers Science Center for Cell Responses, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xiaoyu Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Science, Frontiers Science Center for Cell Responses, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Chengxin Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Science, Frontiers Science Center for Cell Responses, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Pan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Science, Frontiers Science Center for Cell Responses, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Wangsheng Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Science, Frontiers Science Center for Cell Responses, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, the First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University, Henan University, Kaifeng 475000, China
| | - Xinqi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Science, Frontiers Science Center for Cell Responses, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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3
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Alabdulali F, Freije A, Al-Mannai M, Alsalman J, Buabbas FA, Rondanelli M, Perna S. Influence of HIV/AIDS Infection on Immunological and Nutritional Status in Adults and Older Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study in Kingdom of Bahrain. Geriatrics (Basel) 2023; 8:88. [PMID: 37736888 PMCID: PMC10514823 DOI: 10.3390/geriatrics8050088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives: HIV infection is a global public health problem that can lead to the progression of AIDS. Nutritional status and biochemical markers can significantly contribute to the progression of AIDS in HIV/AIDS patients. The main objective of this study is to examine the association between nutritional and biochemical markers as well as BMI in HIV/AIDS patients in the kingdom of Bahrain. Methods: A retrospective cohort study, including 300 patients (248 males and 52 females) with HIV/AIDS in Bahrain, was carried out. Various biochemical markers were collected from patients' medical records, including CD4+ T cell count, albumin, Hb, HCT, MCV, WBCs, and creatinine. A semi-structured questionnaire using a standardized food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) was used, from which total energy and total macronutrients were calculated. Results: The mean BMI of the participants was 27.20 kg/m2, and none of the participants had a BMI lower than 18.5 kg/m2 (underweight). The majority of patients' dietary intake of macronutrients and total calorie intake were either within or above the recommended RDA levels. The results also showed that all of the mean values of the nutritional and biochemical markers (CD4+ T cell count, albumin, Hb, HCT, MCV, WBCs, and creatinine) were within the normal reference ranges. A significant positive correlation between CD4+ T cell count, Hb, HCT, and albumin at the <0.05 level was found. There was no significant correlation between CD4+ T cell count and MCV, WBCs, and creatinine. A positive significant correlation was found between BMI, CD4+ T cell count, and WBCs at the <0.01 level. Conclusion: The BMI values were significantly correlated with the biochemical markers of AIDS progression. The dietary patterns of the participants were undiversified, with a high prevalence of obesity and overweight. Malnutrition among this study population was not present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Alabdulali
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Bahrain, Sakhir Campus, Zallaq P.O. Box 32038, Bahrain
| | - Afnan Freije
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Bahrain, Sakhir Campus, Zallaq P.O. Box 32038, Bahrain
| | - Mariam Al-Mannai
- Department of Mathematics, College of Science, University of Bahrain, Sakhir Campus, Zallaq P.O. Box 32038, Bahrain
| | - Jameela Alsalman
- Al Salmaniya Medical Complex, Ministry of Health, Manama 435, Bahrain
| | | | - Mariangela Rondanelli
- IRCCS Mondino Foundation, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Simone Perna
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, Division of Human Nutrition, Università Degli, Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
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4
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Bruggemans A, Vansant G, Van de Velde P, Debyser Z. The HIV-2 OGH double reporter virus shows that HIV-2 is less cytotoxic and less sensitive to reactivation from latency than HIV-1 in cell culture. J Virus Erad 2023; 9:100343. [PMID: 37701289 PMCID: PMC10493508 DOI: 10.1016/j.jve.2023.100343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
A better understanding of HIV-1 latency is a research priority in HIV cure research. Conversely, little is known about the latency characteristics of HIV-2, the closely related human lentivirus. Though both viruses cause AIDS, HIV-2 infection progresses more slowly with significantly lower viral loads, even when corrected for CD4+ T cell counts. Hence a direct comparison of latency characteristics between HIV-1 and HIV-2 could provide important clues towards a functional cure. Transduction of SupT1 cells with single-round HIV-1 and HIV-2 viruses with an enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) reporter showed higher levels of eGFP expression for HIV-2 than HIV-1, while HIV-1 expression appeared more cytotoxic. To compare HIV-1 and HIV-2 gene expression, latency and reactivation in more detail, we have generated HIV-2 OGH, a replication deficient, near full- length, double reporter virus that discriminates latently and productively infected cells in cell culture. This construct is based on HIV-1 OGH, and to our knowledge, first of its kind for HIV-2. Using this construct we have observed a higher eGFP expression for HIV-2, but higher losses of HIV-1 transduced cells in SupT1 and Jurkat cells and a reduced sensitivity of HIV-2 for reactivation with TNF-α. In addition, we have analysed HIV-2 integration sites and their epigenetic environment. HIV-1 and HIV-2 share a preference for actively transcribed genes in gene-dense regions and favor active chromatin marks while disfavoring methylation markers associated with heterochromatin. In conclusion the HIV-2 OGH construct provides an interesting tool for studying HIV-2 expression, latency and reactivation. As simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) and HIV-2 have been proposed to model a functional HIV cure, a better understanding of the mechanisms governing HIV-2 and SIV latency will be important to move forward. Further research is needed to investigate if HIV-2 uses similar mechanisms as HIV-1 to achieve its integration site selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Bruggemans
- Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, KU Leuven, Leuven, Flanders, Belgium
| | - Gerlinde Vansant
- Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, KU Leuven, Leuven, Flanders, Belgium
| | | | - Zeger Debyser
- Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, KU Leuven, Leuven, Flanders, Belgium
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5
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Moranguinho I, Taveira N, Bártolo I. Antiretroviral Treatment of HIV-2 Infection: Available Drugs, Resistance Pathways, and Promising New Compounds. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065905. [PMID: 36982978 PMCID: PMC10053740 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, it is estimated that 1-2 million people worldwide are infected with HIV-2, accounting for 3-5% of the global burden of HIV. The course of HIV-2 infection is longer compared to HIV-1 infection, but without effective antiretroviral therapy (ART), a substantial proportion of infected patients will progress to AIDS and die. Antiretroviral drugs in clinical use were designed for HIV-1 and, unfortunately, some do not work as well, or do not work at all, for HIV-2. This is the case for non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs), the fusion inhibitor enfuvirtide (T-20), most protease inhibitors (PIs), the attachment inhibitor fostemsavir and most broadly neutralizing antibodies. Integrase inhibitors work well against HIV-2 and are included in first-line therapeutic regimens for HIV-2-infected patients. However, rapid emergence of drug resistance and cross-resistance within each drug class dramatically reduces second-line treatment options. New drugs are needed to treat infection with drug-resistant isolates. Here, we review the therapeutic armamentarium available to treat HIV-2-infected patients, as well as promising drugs in development. We also review HIV-2 drug resistance mutations and resistance pathways that develop in HIV-2-infected patients under treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês Moranguinho
- Instituto de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-019 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Nuno Taveira
- Instituto de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-019 Lisboa, Portugal
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Instituto Superior de Ciências da Saúde Egas Moniz, 2829-511 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Inês Bártolo
- Instituto de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-019 Lisboa, Portugal
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6
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Lu MD, Telwatte S, Kumar N, Ferreira F, Martin HA, Kadiyala GN, Wedrychowski A, Moron-Lopez S, Chen TH, Goecker EA, Coombs RW, Lu CM, Wong JK, Tsibris A, Yukl SA. Novel assays to investigate the mechanisms of latent infection with HIV-2. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0267402. [PMID: 35476802 PMCID: PMC9045618 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0267402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although there have been great advancements in the field of HIV treatment and prevention, there is no cure. There are two types of HIV: HIV-1 and HIV-2. In addition to genetic differences between the two types of HIV, HIV-2 infection causes a slower disease progression, and the rate of new HIV-2 infections has dramatically decreased since 2003. Like HIV-1, HIV-2 is capable of establishing latent infection in CD4+ T cells, thereby allowing the virus to evade viral cytopathic effects and detection by the immune system. The mechanisms underlying HIV latency are not fully understood, rendering this a significant barrier to development of a cure. Using RT-ddPCR, we previously demonstrated that latent infection with HIV-1 may be due to blocks to HIV transcriptional elongation, distal transcription/polyadenylation, and multiple splicing. In this study, we describe the development of seven highly-specific RT-ddPCR assays for HIV-2 that can be applied to the study of HIV-2 infections and latency. We designed and validated seven assays targeting different HIV-2 RNA regions along the genome that can be used to measure the degree of progression through different blocks to HIV-2 transcription and splicing. Given that HIV-2 is vastly understudied relative to HIV-1 and that it can be considered a model of a less virulent infection, application of these assays to studies of HIV-2 latency may inform new therapies for HIV-2, HIV-1, and other retroviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D. Lu
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Sushama Telwatte
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, San Francisco VA Health Care System, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Nitasha Kumar
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, San Francisco VA Health Care System, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Fernanda Ferreira
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Holly Anne Martin
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, San Francisco VA Health Care System, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Gayatri Nikhila Kadiyala
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, San Francisco VA Health Care System, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Adam Wedrychowski
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, San Francisco VA Health Care System, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Sara Moron-Lopez
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, San Francisco VA Health Care System, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Tsui-Hua Chen
- Department of Medicine, San Francisco VA Health Care System, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Erin A. Goecker
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Robert W. Coombs
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Chuanyi M. Lu
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, San Francisco VA Health Care System, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Joseph K. Wong
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, San Francisco VA Health Care System, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Athe Tsibris
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Steven A. Yukl
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, San Francisco VA Health Care System, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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7
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Scharf L, Pedersen CB, Johansson E, Lindman J, Olsen LR, Buggert M, Wilhelmson S, Månsson F, Esbjörnsson J, Biague A, Medstrand P, Norrgren H, Karlsson AC, Jansson M. Inverted CD8 T-Cell Exhaustion and Co-Stimulation Marker Balance Differentiate Aviremic HIV-2-Infected From Seronegative Individuals. Front Immunol 2021; 12:744530. [PMID: 34712231 PMCID: PMC8545800 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.744530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-2 is less pathogenic compared to HIV-1. Still, disease progression may develop in aviremic HIV-2 infection, but the driving forces and mechanisms behind such development are unclear. Here, we aimed to reveal the immunophenotypic pattern associated with CD8 T-cell pathology in HIV-2 infection, in relation to viremia and markers of disease progression. The relationships between pathological differences of the CD8 T-cell memory population and viremia were analyzed in blood samples obtained from an occupational cohort in Guinea-Bissau, including HIV-2 viremic and aviremic individuals. For comparison, samples from HIV-1- or dually HIV-1/2-infected and seronegative individuals were obtained from the same cohort. CD8 T-cell exhaustion was evaluated by the combined expression patterns of activation, stimulatory and inhibitory immune checkpoint markers analyzed using multicolor flow cytometry and advanced bioinformatics. Unsupervised multidimensional clustering analysis identified a cluster of late differentiated CD8 T-cells expressing activation (CD38+, HLA-DRint/high), co-stimulatory (CD226+/-), and immune inhibitory (2B4+, PD-1high, TIGIThigh) markers that distinguished aviremic from viremic HIV-2, and treated from untreated HIV-1-infected individuals. This CD8 T-cell population displayed close correlations to CD4%, viremia, and plasma levels of IP-10, sCD14 and beta-2 microglobulin in HIV-2 infection. Detailed analysis revealed that aviremic HIV-2-infected individuals had higher frequencies of exhausted TIGIT+ CD8 T-cell populations lacking CD226, while reduced percentage of stimulation-receptive TIGIT-CD226+ CD8 T-cells, compared to seronegative individuals. Our results suggest that HIV-2 infection, independent of viremia, skews CD8 T-cells towards exhaustion and reduced co-stimulation readiness. Further knowledge on CD8 T-cell phenotypes might provide help in therapy monitoring and identification of immunotherapy targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Scharf
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christina B Pedersen
- Section for Bioinformatics, Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.,Center for Genomic Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Emil Johansson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jacob Lindman
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Lars R Olsen
- Section for Bioinformatics, Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.,Center for Genomic Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marcus Buggert
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sten Wilhelmson
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Månsson
- Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Antonio Biague
- National Laboratory for Public Health, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau
| | - Patrik Medstrand
- Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Hans Norrgren
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Annika C Karlsson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marianne Jansson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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8
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Evolution toward beta common chain receptor usage links the matrix proteins of HIV-1 and its ancestors to human erythropoietin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2021366118. [PMID: 33372148 PMCID: PMC7812818 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2021366118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The HIV-1 matrix protein p17 (p17) is a pleiotropic molecule impacting on different cell types. Its interaction with many cellular proteins underlines the importance of the viral protein as a major determinant of human specific adaptation. We previously showed the proangiogenic capability of p17. Here, by integrating functional analysis and receptor binding, we identify a functional epitope that displays molecular mimicry with human erythropoietin (EPO) and promotes angiogenesis through common beta chain receptor (βCR) activation. The functional EPO-like epitope was found to be present in the matrix protein of HIV-1 ancestors SIV originated in chimpanzees (SIVcpz) and gorillas (SIVgor) but not in that of HIV-2 and its ancestor SIVsmm from sooty mangabeys. According to biological data, evolution of the EPO-like epitope showed a clear differentiation between HIV-1/SIVcpz-gor and HIV-2/SIVsmm branches, thus highlighting this epitope on p17 as a divergent signature discriminating HIV-1 and HIV-2 ancestors. P17 is known to enhance HIV-1 replication. Similarly to other βCR ligands, p17 is capable of attracting and activating HIV-1 target cells and promoting a proinflammatory microenvironment. Thus, it is tempting to speculate that acquisition of an epitope on the matrix proteins of HIV-1 ancestors capable of triggering βCR may have represented a critical step to enhance viral aggressiveness and early human-to-human SIVcpz/gor dissemination. The hypothesis that the p17/βCR interaction and βCR abnormal stimulation may also play a role in sustaining chronic activation and inflammation, thus marking the difference between HIV-1 and HIV-2 in term of pathogenicity, needs further investigation.
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9
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Rees-Spear C, McCoy LE. Vaccine responses in ageing and chronic viral infection. OXFORD OPEN IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 2:iqab007. [PMID: 36845567 PMCID: PMC9914503 DOI: 10.1093/oxfimm/iqab007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the last few decades, changing population demographics have shown that there are a growing number of individuals living past the age of 60. With this expanding older population comes an increase in individuals that are more susceptible to chronic illness and disease. An important part of maintaining health in this population is through prophylactic vaccination, however, there is growing evidence that vaccines may be less effective in the elderly. Furthermore, with the success of anti-viral therapies, chronic infections such as HIV are becoming increasingly prevalent in older populations and present a relatively unstudied population with respect to the efficacy of vaccination. Here we will examine the evidence for age-associated reduction in antibody and cellular responsiveness to a variety of common vaccines and investigate the underlying causes attributed to this phenomenon, such as inflammation and senescence. We will also discuss the impact of chronic viral infections on immune responses in both young and elderly patients, particularly those living with HIV, and how this affects vaccinations in these populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe Rees-Spear
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - Laura E McCoy
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK,Correspondence address. Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK. E-mail:
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10
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Szojka Z, Mótyán JA, Miczi M, Mahdi M, Tőzsér J. Y44A Mutation in the Acidic Domain of HIV-2 Tat Impairs Viral Reverse Transcription and LTR-Transactivation. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21165907. [PMID: 32824587 PMCID: PMC7460587 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV transactivator protein (Tat) plays a pivotal role in viral replication through modulation of cellular transcription factors and transactivation of viral genomic transcription. The effect of HIV-1 Tat on reverse transcription has long been described in the literature, however, that of HIV-2 is understudied. Sequence homology between Tat proteins of HIV-1 and 2 is estimated to be less than 30%, and the main difference lies within their N-terminal region. Here, we describe Y44A-inactivating mutation of HIV-2 Tat, studying its effect on capsid production, reverse transcription, and the efficiency of proviral transcription. Investigation of the mutation was performed using sequence- and structure-based in silico analysis and in vitro experiments. Our results indicate that the Y44A mutant HIV-2 Tat inhibited the activity and expression of RT (reverse transcriptase), in addition to diminishing Tat-dependent LTR (long terminal repeat) transactivation. These findings highlight the functional importance of the acidic domain of HIV-2 Tat in the regulation of reverse transcription and transactivation of the integrated provirions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsófia Szojka
- Laboratory of Retroviral Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (Z.S.); (J.A.M.); (M.M.)
- Doctoral School of Molecular Cell and Immune Biology, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - János András Mótyán
- Laboratory of Retroviral Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (Z.S.); (J.A.M.); (M.M.)
| | - Márió Miczi
- Laboratory of Retroviral Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (Z.S.); (J.A.M.); (M.M.)
- Doctoral School of Molecular Cell and Immune Biology, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Mohamed Mahdi
- Laboratory of Retroviral Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (Z.S.); (J.A.M.); (M.M.)
- Correspondence: (M.M.); (J.T.)
| | - József Tőzsér
- Laboratory of Retroviral Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (Z.S.); (J.A.M.); (M.M.)
- Correspondence: (M.M.); (J.T.)
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11
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Iannetta M, Isnard S, Manuzak J, Guillerme JB, Notin M, Bailly K, Andrieu M, Amraoui S, Vimeux L, Figueiredo S, Charmeteau-de Muylder B, Vaton L, Hatton EX, Samri A, Autran B, Thiébaut R, Chaghil N, Glohi D, Charpentier C, Descamps D, Brun-Vézinet F, Matheron S, Cheynier R, Hosmalin A. Conventional Dendritic Cells and Slan + Monocytes During HIV-2 Infection. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1658. [PMID: 32903610 PMCID: PMC7438582 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-2 infection is characterized by low viremia and slow disease progression as compared to HIV-1 infection. Circulating CD14++CD16+ monocytes were found to accumulate and CD11c+ conventional dendritic cells (cDC) to be depleted in a Portuguese cohort of people living with HIV-2 (PLWHIV-2), compared to blood bank healthy donors (HD). We studied more precisely classical monocytes; CD16+ inflammatory (intermediate, non-classical and slan+ monocytes, known to accumulate during viremic HIV-1 infection); cDC1, important for cross-presentation, and cDC2, both depleted during HIV-1 infection. We analyzed by flow cytometry these PBMC subsets from Paris area residents: 29 asymptomatic, untreated PLWHIV-2 from the IMMUNOVIR-2 study, part of the ANRS-CO5 HIV-2 cohort: 19 long-term non-progressors (LTNP; infection ≥8 years, undetectable viral load, stable CD4 counts≥500/μL; 17 of West-African origin -WA), and 10 non-LTNP (P; progressive infection; 9 WA); and 30 age-and sex-matched controls: 16 blood bank HD with unknown geographical origin, and 10 HD of WA origin (GeoHD). We measured plasma bacterial translocation markers by ELISA. Non-classical monocyte counts were higher in GeoHD than in HD (54 vs. 32 cells/μL, p = 0.0002). Slan+ monocyte counts were twice as high in GeoHD than in HD (WA: 28 vs. 13 cells/μL, p = 0.0002). Thus cell counts were compared only between participants of WA origin. They were similar in LTNP, P and GeoHD, indicating that there were no HIV-2 related differences. cDC counts did not show major differences between the groups. Interestingly, inflammatory monocyte counts correlated with plasma sCD14 and LBP only in PLWHIV-2, especially LTNP, and not in GeoHD. In conclusion, in LTNP PLWHIV-2, inflammatory monocyte counts correlated with LBP or sCD14 plasma levels, indicating a potential innate immune response to subclinical bacterial translocation. As GeoHD had higher inflammatory monocyte counts than HD, our data also show that specific controls are important to refine innate immunity studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Iannetta
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Stéphane Isnard
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Jennifer Manuzak
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
| | | | - Mathilde Notin
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Karine Bailly
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Muriel Andrieu
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Sonia Amraoui
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Lene Vimeux
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Laura Vaton
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Etienne X Hatton
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Assia Samri
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm 1135, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, Cimi-Paris, Paris, France
| | - Brigitte Autran
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm 1135, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, Cimi-Paris, Paris, France
| | - Rodolphe Thiébaut
- INSERM, Univ. Bordeaux, CIC 1401, UMR 1219, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, CHU Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Nathalie Chaghil
- INSERM, Univ. Bordeaux, CIC 1401, UMR 1219, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, CHU Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - David Glohi
- Service des Maladies Infectieuses, AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat-Claude Bernard, Paris, France
| | - Charlotte Charpentier
- Service des Maladies Infectieuses, AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat-Claude Bernard, Paris, France
| | - Diane Descamps
- Service des Maladies Infectieuses, AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat-Claude Bernard, Paris, France
| | | | - Sophie Matheron
- Service des Maladies Infectieuses, AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat-Claude Bernard, Paris, France.,INSERM, UMR 1137, IAME (Infection Antimicrobials Modelling Evolution), Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Remi Cheynier
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Anne Hosmalin
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
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12
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Godinho-Santos A, Foxall RB, Antão AV, Tavares B, Ferreira T, Serra-Caetano A, Matoso P, Sousa AE. Follicular Helper T Cells Are Major Human Immunodeficiency Virus-2 Reservoirs and Support Productive Infection. J Infect Dis 2020; 221:122-126. [PMID: 31504642 PMCID: PMC6910871 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiz431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Follicular helper T cells (Tfh), CD4 lymphocytes critical for efficient antibody responses, have been shown to be key human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 reservoirs. Human immunodeficiency virus-2 infection represents a unique naturally occurring model for investigating Tfh role in HIV/acquired immune deficiency syndrome, given its slow rate of CD4 decline, low to undetectable viremia, and high neutralizing antibody titers throughout the disease course. In this study, we investigated, for the first time, Tfh susceptibility to HIV-2 infection by combining in vitro infection of tonsillar Tfh with the ex vivo study of circulating Tfh from HIV-2-infected patients. We reveal that Tfh support productive HIV-2 infection and are preferential viral targets in HIV-2-infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Godinho-Santos
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
| | | | | | - Bárbara Tavares
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
| | | | - Ana Serra-Caetano
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
| | | | - Ana E Sousa
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
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13
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Gea-Mallorquí E, Zablocki-Thomas L, Maurin M, Jouve M, Rodrigues V, Ruffin N, Benaroch P. HIV-2-Infected Macrophages Produce and Accumulate Poorly Infectious Viral Particles. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1603. [PMID: 32754142 PMCID: PMC7365954 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A significant proportion of HIV-2-infected patients exhibit natural virological control that is generally absent from HIV-1-infected patients. Along with CD4+ T cells, HIV-1 targets macrophages which may contribute to viral spreading and the latent reservoir. We have studied the relationship between macrophages and HIV-2, focusing on post-entry steps. HIV-2-infected monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) produced substantial amounts of viral particles that were largely harbored intracellularly. New viruses assembled at the limiting membrane of internal compartments similar to virus-containing compartments (VCCs) described for HIV-1. VCCs from MDMs infected with either virus shared protein composition and morphology. Strikingly, HIV-2 Gag was mostly absent from the cytosol and almost exclusively localized to the VCCs, whereas HIV-1 Gag was distributed in both locations. Ultrastructural analyses of HIV-2-infected MDMs revealed the presence of numerous VCCs containing both immature and mature particles in the lumen. HIV-2 particles produced de novo by MDMs were poorly infectious in reporter cells and in transmission to activated T cells through a process that appeared independent of BST2 restriction. Rather than being involved in viral spreading, HIV-2-infected macrophages may represent a cell-associated source of viral antigens that can participate in the immune control of HIV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mathieu Maurin
- Institut Curie, PSL∗ Research University, INSERM U932, Paris, France
| | - Mabel Jouve
- Institut Curie, PSL∗ Research University, UMR3216, Paris, France
| | - Vasco Rodrigues
- Institut Curie, PSL∗ Research University, INSERM U932, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Ruffin
- Institut Curie, PSL∗ Research University, INSERM U932, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Benaroch
- Institut Curie, PSL∗ Research University, INSERM U932, Paris, France
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14
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Esbjörnsson J, Jansson M, Jespersen S, Månsson F, Hønge BL, Lindman J, Medina C, da Silva ZJ, Norrgren H, Medstrand P, Rowland-Jones SL, Wejse C. HIV-2 as a model to identify a functional HIV cure. AIDS Res Ther 2019; 16:24. [PMID: 31484562 PMCID: PMC6727498 DOI: 10.1186/s12981-019-0239-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Two HIV virus types exist: HIV-1 is pandemic and aggressive, whereas HIV-2 is confined mainly to West Africa and less pathogenic. Despite the fact that it has been almost 40 years since the discovery of AIDS, there is still no cure or vaccine against HIV. Consequently, the concepts of functional vaccines and cures that aim to limit HIV disease progression and spread by persistent control of viral replication without life-long treatment have been suggested as more feasible options to control the HIV pandemic. To identify virus-host mechanisms that could be targeted for functional cure development, researchers have focused on a small fraction of HIV-1 infected individuals that control their infection spontaneously, so-called elite controllers. However, these efforts have not been able to unravel the key mechanisms of the infection control. This is partly due to lack in statistical power since only 0.15% of HIV-1 infected individuals are natural elite controllers. The proportion of long-term viral control is larger in HIV-2 infection compared with HIV-1 infection. We therefore present the idea of using HIV-2 as a model for finding a functional cure against HIV. Understanding the key differences between HIV-1 and HIV-2 infections, and the cross-reactive effects in HIV-1/HIV-2 dual-infection could provide novel insights in developing functional HIV cures and vaccines.
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15
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Boswell MT, Rowland-Jones SL. Delayed disease progression in HIV-2: the importance of TRIM5α and the retroviral capsid. Clin Exp Immunol 2019; 196:305-317. [PMID: 30773620 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-2 is thought to have entered the human population in the 1930s through cross-species transmission of SIV from sooty mangabeys in West Africa. Unlike HIV-1, HIV-2 has not led to a global pandemic, and recent data suggest that HIV-2 prevalence is declining in some West African states where it was formerly endemic. Although many early isolates of HIV-2 were derived from patients presenting with AIDS-defining illnesses, it was noted that a much larger proportion of HIV-2-infected subjects behaved as long-term non-progressors (LTNP) than their HIV-1-infected counterparts. Many HIV-2-infected adults are asymptomatic, maintaining an undetectable viral load for over a decade. However, despite lower viral loads, HIV-2 progresses to clinical AIDS without therapeutic intervention in most patients. In addition, successful treatment with anti-retroviral therapy (ART) is more challenging than for HIV-1. HIV-2 is significantly more sensitive to restriction by host restriction factor tripartite motif TRIM5α than HIV-1, and this difference in sensitivity is linked to differences in capsid structure. In this review we discuss the determinants of HIV-2 disease progression and focus on the important interactions between TRIM5α and HIV-2 capsid in long-term viral control.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Boswell
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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16
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Bártolo I, Borrego P, Gomes P, Gonçalves F, Caixas U, Pinto IV, Taveira N. In vitro evaluation of novel reverse transcriptase inhibitors TAF (tenofovir alafenamide) and OBP-601 (2,3-didehydro-3-deoxy-4-ethynylthymidine) against multi-drug resistant primary isolates of HIV-2. Antiviral Res 2018; 161:85-89. [PMID: 30391482 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2018.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
New antiretroviral drugs are needed to treat HIV-2 infected patients failing therapy. Herein, we evaluate the activity of novel reverse transcriptase inhibitors tenofovir alafenamide (TAF) and OBP-601(2,3-didehydro-3-deoxy-4-ethynylthymidine) against primary isolates from HIV-2 infected patients experiencing virologic failure. TAF and OBP-601 were tested against twelve primary isolates obtained from nine drug-experienced patients failing therapy and three drug naïve patients using a single-round infectivity assay in TZM-bl cells. The RT-coding region of pol was sequenced and the GRADE algorithm was used to identify resistance profiles and mutations. TAF and OBP-601 inhibited the replication of almost all isolates at a median EC50 of 0.27 nM and 6.83 nM, respectively. Two isolates showed moderate-level resistance to OBP-601 or TAF and two other isolates showed high-level resistance to OBP-601 or to both drugs. With one exception, all resistant viruses had canonical nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs)-associated resistance mutations (K65R, N69S, V111I, Y115F, Q151M and M184V). Our results show that TAF has potent activity against most multi-drug resistant HIV-2 isolates and should be considered for the treatment of HIV-2 infected patients failing therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês Bártolo
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Gama Pinto, 1649-003, Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Pedro Borrego
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Gama Pinto, 1649-003, Lisboa, Portugal; Centro de Administração e Políticas Públicas (CAPP), Instituto Superior de Ciências Sociais e Políticas (ISCSP) da Universidade de Lisboa, Rua Almerindo Lessa, 1300-663, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Perpétua Gomes
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Serviço de Patologia Clínica, Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Ocidental - Hospital de Egas Moniz, Rua da Junqueira, nº 126 1349-019, Lisboa, Portugal; Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz (IUEM), Campus Universitário, Quinta da Granja Monte de Caparica, 2829 - 511, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Fátima Gonçalves
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Serviço de Patologia Clínica, Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Ocidental - Hospital de Egas Moniz, Rua da Junqueira, nº 126 1349-019, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Umbelina Caixas
- Serviço de Medicina 1.4, Hospital de S. José, Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Central,- EPE, and Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Centro de Estudos de Doenças Crónicas - CEDOC, Rua Câmara Pestana nº6, 6-A, 1150-082, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Inês V Pinto
- Medicina Interna, Hospital de Cascais Dr. José de Almeida, Av. Brigadeiro Victor Novais Gonçalves, 2755-009, Alcabideche, Portugal
| | - Nuno Taveira
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Gama Pinto, 1649-003, Lisboa, Portugal; Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz (IUEM), Campus Universitário, Quinta da Granja Monte de Caparica, 2829 - 511, Caparica, Portugal.
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17
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Wittkop L, Arsandaux J, Trevino A, Schim van der Loeff M, Anderson J, van Sighem A, Böni J, Brun-Vezinet F, Soriano V, Boufassa F, Brockmeyer N, Calmy A, Dabis F, Jarrin I, Dorrucci M, Duque V, Fätkenheuer G, Zangerle R, Ferrer E, Porter K, Judd A, Sipsas NV, Lambotte O, Shepherd L, Leport C, Morrison C, Mussini C, Obel N, Ruelle J, Schwarze-Zander C, Sonnerborg A, Teira R, Torti C, Valadas E, Colin C, Friis-Møller N, Costagliola D, Thiebaut R, Chene G, Matheron S. CD4 cell count response to first-line combination ART in HIV-2+ patients compared with HIV-1+ patients: a multinational, multicohort European study. J Antimicrob Chemother 2018; 72:2869-2878. [PMID: 29091198 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkx210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background CD4 cell recovery following first-line combination ART (cART) is poorer in HIV-2+ than in HIV-1+ patients. Only large comparisons may allow adjustments for demographic and pretreatment plasma viral load (pVL). Methods ART-naive HIV+ adults from two European multicohort collaborations, COHERE (HIV-1 alone) and ACHIeV2e (HIV-2 alone), were included, if they started first-line cART (without NNRTIs or fusion inhibitors) between 1997 and 2011. Patients without at least one CD4 cell count before start of cART, without a pretreatment pVL and with missing a priori-defined covariables were excluded. Evolution of CD4 cell count was studied using adjusted linear mixed models. Results We included 185 HIV-2+ and 30321 HIV-1+ patients with median age of 46 years (IQR 36-52) and 37 years (IQR 31-44), respectively. Median observed pretreatment CD4 cell counts/mm3 were 203 (95% CI 100-290) in HIV-2+ patients and 223 (95% CI 100-353) in HIV-1+ patients. Mean observed CD4 cell count changes from start of cART to 12 months were +105 (95% CI 77-134) in HIV-2+ patients and +202 (95% CI 199-205) in HIV-1+ patients, an observed difference of 97 cells/mm3 in 1 year. In adjusted analysis, the mean CD4 cell increase was overall 25 CD4 cells/mm3/year lower (95% CI 5-44; P = 0.0127) in HIV-2+ patients compared with HIV-1+ patients. Conclusions A poorer CD4 cell increase during first-line cART was observed in HIV-2+ patients, even after adjusting for pretreatment pVL and other potential confounders. Our results underline the need to identify more potent therapeutic regimens or strategies against HIV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Wittkop
- Univ. Bordeaux, ISPED, Inserm, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, Team MORPH3EUS, UMR 1219, CIC-EC 1401, F-33000 Bordeaux, France.,CHU de Bordeaux, Pôle de santé publique, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Julie Arsandaux
- Univ. Bordeaux, ISPED, Inserm, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, Team MORPH3EUS, UMR 1219, CIC-EC 1401, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Ana Trevino
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Jürg Böni
- Institute of Medical Virology, Swiss National Center for Retroviruses, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Françoise Brun-Vezinet
- Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris, Hopital Bichat-Claude Bernard, Laboratoire de Virologie, Universite Paris 7, Paris, France
| | - Vicente Soriano
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Carlos III, Sinesio Delgado 10, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Faroudy Boufassa
- Inserm U1018, CESP Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, Epidemiology of HIV and STI Team, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France and Univ Paris-Sud, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | | | - Alexandra Calmy
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - François Dabis
- Univ. Bordeaux, ISPED, Inserm, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, Team MORPH3EUS, UMR 1219, CIC-EC 1401, F-33000 Bordeaux, France.,CHU de Bordeaux, Pôle de santé publique, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Inma Jarrin
- Red de Investigación en Sida, Centro Nacional de Epidemiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Avda. Monforte de Lemos, Madrid 528029, Spain and CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Vitor Duque
- Hospitais da Universidade de Coimbra, Departamento de Doenças Infecciosas, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Gerd Fätkenheuer
- First Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Robert Zangerle
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Elena Ferrer
- HIV Unit, Infectious Disease Service, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat Barcelona, Spain
| | - Kholoud Porter
- Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit, University College London, London, UK
| | - Ali Judd
- Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit, University College London, London, UK
| | - Nikolaos V Sipsas
- Pathophysiology Department, Laiko General Hospital and Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Olivier Lambotte
- AP-HP Service de Médecine Interne, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Leah Shepherd
- Department of Infection and Population Health, University College London Medical School, London NW32PF, UK
| | - Catherine Leport
- Universite Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cite, UMR 1137, Paris, France and INSERM, UMR 1137, Paris, France
| | | | - Cristina Mussini
- Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Niels Obel
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jean Ruelle
- Université catholique de Louvain, IREC, AIDS Reference Laboratory, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Anders Sonnerborg
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Carlo Torti
- Unit of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University 'Magna Graecia', Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Emilia Valadas
- Clínica Universitária de Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Celine Colin
- Univ. Bordeaux, ISPED, Inserm, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, Team MORPH3EUS, UMR 1219, CIC-EC 1401, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Nina Friis-Møller
- CHIP, Department of Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, 2100 Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Dominique Costagliola
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ. Paris 06, UMR_S 1136, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, F-75013 Paris, France and INSERM, UMR_S 1136, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Rodolphe Thiebaut
- Univ. Bordeaux, ISPED, Inserm, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, Team MORPH3EUS, UMR 1219, CIC-EC 1401, F-33000 Bordeaux, France.,CHU de Bordeaux, Pôle de santé publique, F-33000 Bordeaux, France.,INRIA SISTM, F-33405 Talence, France
| | - Geneviève Chene
- Univ. Bordeaux, ISPED, Inserm, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, Team MORPH3EUS, UMR 1219, CIC-EC 1401, F-33000 Bordeaux, France.,CHU de Bordeaux, Pôle de santé publique, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Sophie Matheron
- Assistance Publique-Hôpiteaux de Paris, Hôpital Bichat-Claude Bernard, Paris, France.,IAME, INSERM UMR 1137, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
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18
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Pasternak AO, Berkhout B. What do we measure when we measure cell-associated HIV RNA. Retrovirology 2018; 15:13. [PMID: 29378657 PMCID: PMC5789533 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-018-0397-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-associated (CA) HIV RNA has received much attention in recent years as a surrogate measure of the efficiency of HIV latency reversion and because it may provide an estimate of the viral reservoir size. This review provides an update on some recent insights in the biology and clinical utility of this biomarker. We discuss a number of important considerations to be taken into account when interpreting CA HIV RNA measurements, as well as different methods to measure this biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander O Pasternak
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Ben Berkhout
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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19
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Fernandes SM, Pires AR, Matoso P, Ferreira C, Nunes-Cabaço H, Correia L, Valadas E, Poças J, Pacheco P, Veiga-Fernandes H, Foxall RB, Sousa AE. HIV-2 infection is associated with preserved GALT homeostasis and epithelial integrity despite ongoing mucosal viral replication. Mucosal Immunol 2018; 11:236-248. [PMID: 28513595 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2017.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms that enable preservation of gut mucosal integrity during persistent viral replication and inherent inflammation remain unclear. Here, we investigated, for the first time, gut homeostasis in HIV-2 infection, a naturally occurring form of attenuated HIV disease. We found viral replication in both sigmoid and ileum of asymptomatic HIV-2+ patients (range: 240-851 circulating CD4+T-cells per μl) despite their undetectable viremia, accompanied by interferon-γ-producing CD8 T-cell expansion, irrespective of antiretroviral treatment. Nevertheless, there was no CD4 T-cell depletion, and Foxp3+ and IL-17- or IL-22-producing CD4 T-cell numbers were unaffected. Moreover, IL-22-producing innate lymphoid cells and IL-22-induced antimicrobial peptides and mucins were maintained. In agreement, the epithelium histology was preserved, including tight junction protein zonula occludens (ZO-1) levels. Furthermore, in vitro infection of colon epithelia with primary isolates revealed no HIV-2 impact on ZO-1 expression. Notably, sigmoid transcriptional levels of CCL20 and CCL28 were significantly increased, in direct correlation with GM-CSF, indicating a local response able to enhance CD4 T-cell recruitment. In conclusion, maintenance of mucosal integrity in HIV-2 infection was associated with T-cell recruitment responses, potentially counteracting CD4 T-cell depletion due to HIV-2 replication. These data have unique implications for the design of therapies targeting gut homeostasis in HIV-1 infection and other chronic inflammatory settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Fernandes
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Hospital de Santa Maria, Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Norte-EPE, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - A R Pires
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - P Matoso
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - C Ferreira
- Hospital de Santa Maria, Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Norte-EPE, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - H Nunes-Cabaço
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - L Correia
- Hospital de Santa Maria, Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Norte-EPE, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - E Valadas
- Hospital de Santa Maria, Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Norte-EPE, Lisboa, Portugal
- Clínica Universitária de Doenças Infecciosas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - J Poças
- Serviço de Infecciologia, Hospital de S. Bernardo, Setúbal, Portugal
| | - P Pacheco
- Serviço de Infecciologia, Hospital Fernando da Fonseca, Amadora, Portugal
| | - H Veiga-Fernandes
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - R B Foxall
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - A E Sousa
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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20
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Potency of HIV-2-specific antibodies increase in direct association with loss of memory B cells. AIDS 2017; 31:2431-2433. [PMID: 29028655 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000001661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
: Potent HIV-neutralizing antibodies are critical for vaccination and viral reservoir control. High levels of neutralizing antibodies characterize HIV-2 infection, a naturally occurring model of attenuated HIV disease with low-to-undectable viremia. We found that HIV-2-specific antibody potency increased in direct association with the loss of both switched and unswitched memory B cells in untreated HIV-2 infection. Thus, HIV antibody affinity maturation is linked to memory B-cell exhaustion even in reduced viremia settings.
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21
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Vidya Vijayan KK, Karthigeyan KP, Tripathi SP, Hanna LE. Pathophysiology of CD4+ T-Cell Depletion in HIV-1 and HIV-2 Infections. Front Immunol 2017; 8:580. [PMID: 28588579 PMCID: PMC5440548 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The hall mark of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is a gradual loss of CD4+ T-cells and imbalance in CD4+ T-cell homeostasis, with progressive impairment of immunity that leads ultimately to death. HIV infection in humans is caused by two related yet distinct viruses: HIV-1 and HIV-2. HIV-2 is typically less virulent than HIV-1 and permits the host to mount a more effective and sustained T-cell immunity. Although both infections manifest the same clinical spectrum, the much lower rate of CD4+ T-cell decline and slower progression of disease in HIV-2 infected individuals have grabbed the attention of several researchers. Here, we review the most recent findings on the differential rate of decline of CD4+ T-cell in HIV-1 and HIV-2 infections and provide plausible reasons for the observed differences between the two groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- K K Vidya Vijayan
- Division of HIV/AIDS, Department of Clinical Research, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (ICMR), Chennai, India
| | | | - Srikanth P Tripathi
- Division of HIV/AIDS, Department of Clinical Research, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (ICMR), Chennai, India
| | - Luke Elizabeth Hanna
- Division of HIV/AIDS, Department of Clinical Research, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (ICMR), Chennai, India
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22
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Total HIV-1 DNA, a Marker of Viral Reservoir Dynamics with Clinical Implications. Clin Microbiol Rev 2017; 29:859-80. [PMID: 27559075 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00015-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 DNA persists in infected cells despite combined antiretroviral therapy (cART), forming viral reservoirs. Recent trials of strategies targeting latent HIV reservoirs have rekindled hopes of curing HIV infection, and reliable markers are thus needed to evaluate viral reservoirs. Total HIV DNA quantification is simple, standardized, sensitive, and reproducible. Total HIV DNA load influences the course of the infection and is therefore clinically relevant. In particular, it is predictive of progression to AIDS and death, independently of HIV RNA load and the CD4 cell count. Baseline total HIV DNA load is predictive of the response to cART. It declines during cART but remains quantifiable, at a level that reflects both the history of infection (HIV RNA zenith, CD4 cell count nadir) and treatment efficacy (residual viremia, cumulative viremia, immune restoration, immune cell activation). Total HIV DNA load in blood is also predictive of the presence and severity of some HIV-1-associated end-organ disorders. It can be useful to guide individual treatment, notably, therapeutic de-escalation. Although it does not distinguish between replication-competent and -defective latent viruses, the total HIV DNA load in blood, tissues, and cells provides insights into HIV pathogenesis, probably because all viral forms participate in host cell activation and HIV pathogenesis. Total HIV DNA is thus a biomarker of HIV reservoirs, which can be defined as all infected cells and tissues containing all forms of HIV persistence that participate in pathogenesis. This participation may occur through the production of new virions, creating new cycles of infection and disseminating infected cells; maintenance or amplification of reservoirs by homeostatic cell proliferation; and viral transcription and synthesis of viral proteins without new virion production. These proteins can induce immune activation, thus participating in the vicious circle of HIV pathogenesis.
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23
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Vidyavijayan K, Hassan S, Precilla LK, Ashokkumar M, Chandrasekeran P, Swaminathan S, Hanna LE. Biased Nucleotide Composition and Differential Codon Usage Pattern in HIV-1 and HIV-2. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2017; 33:298-307. [PMID: 27599904 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2015.0320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 and HIV-2 are closely related retroviruses with differences in pathogenicity and geographic distribution. HIV-2 infection is associated with slower disease progression and transmission, longer latency period, low or undetectable plasmatic viral loads, and reduced likelihood of progression to AIDS, compared to HIV-1. In this investigation, we analyzed HIV-2 genes and genomes and compared them with that of HIV-1 belonging to various subtypes. Comparative analysis of the effective number of codons (ENC) for each of the nine genes of the two viruses revealed that the tat gene of HIV-2 had a higher ENC value compared to HIV-1 tat, reflecting lower levels of expression of HIV-2 tat. Lower levels of tat protein particularly during the early stages of infection could result in a lower viral load, lower viral set point, and delayed progression of disease in HIV-2-infected individuals compared to HIV-1-infected subjects. Furthermore, the GC3 composition of the regulatory genes of HIV-2 was ≥50%, suggesting a firm effort by these viruses to adapt themselves to evolutionary survival. We hypothesize that differential codon usage could be one of the possible factors that could contribute to the diminished pathogenicity of HIV-2 in the host as compared to HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- K.K. Vidyavijayan
- Department of HIV/AIDS, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (ICMR), Chennai, India
| | - Sameer Hassan
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, Department of Clinic Research, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (ICMR), Chennai, India
| | - Lucia K. Precilla
- Department of HIV/AIDS, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (ICMR), Chennai, India
| | - Manickam Ashokkumar
- Department of HIV/AIDS, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (ICMR), Chennai, India
| | | | - Soumya Swaminathan
- Department of HIV/AIDS, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (ICMR), Chennai, India
| | - Luke Elizabeth Hanna
- Department of HIV/AIDS, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (ICMR), Chennai, India
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24
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Amaral AJ, Andrade J, Foxall RB, Matoso P, Matos AM, Soares RS, Rocha C, Ramos CG, Tendeiro R, Serra-Caetano A, Guerra-Assunção JA, Santa-Marta M, Gonçalves J, Gama-Carvalho M, Sousa AE. miRNA profiling of human naive CD4 T cells links miR-34c-5p to cell activation and HIV replication. EMBO J 2017; 36:346-360. [PMID: 27993935 PMCID: PMC5286376 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201694335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell activation is a vital step for T-cell memory/effector differentiation as well as for productive HIV infection. To identify novel regulators of this process, we used next-generation sequencing to profile changes in microRNA expression occurring in purified human naive CD4 T cells in response to TCR stimulation and/or HIV infection. Our results demonstrate, for the first time, the transcriptional up-regulation of miR-34c-5p in response to TCR stimulation in naive CD4 T cells. The induction of this miR was further consistently found to be reduced by both HIV-1 and HIV-2 infections. Overexpression of miR-34c-5p led to changes in the expression of several genes involved in TCR signaling and cell activation, confirming its role as a novel regulator of naive CD4 T-cell activation. We additionally show that miR-34c-5p promotes HIV-1 replication, suggesting that its down-regulation during HIV infection may be part of an anti-viral host response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreia J Amaral
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- University of Lisboa, Faculty of Sciences, BioISI - Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Jorge Andrade
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- University of Lisboa, Faculty of Sciences, BioISI - Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Russell B Foxall
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Paula Matoso
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana M Matos
- University of Lisboa, Faculty of Sciences, BioISI - Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Rui S Soares
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Cheila Rocha
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Christian G Ramos
- University of Lisboa, Faculty of Sciences, BioISI - Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Rita Tendeiro
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana Serra-Caetano
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - José A Guerra-Assunção
- Bill Lyons Informatics Centre, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Mariana Santa-Marta
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - João Gonçalves
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Margarida Gama-Carvalho
- University of Lisboa, Faculty of Sciences, BioISI - Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana E Sousa
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
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25
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CD4+ T cells with an activated and exhausted phenotype distinguish immunodeficiency during aviremic HIV-2 infection. AIDS 2016; 30:2415-2426. [PMID: 27525551 PMCID: PMC5051526 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000001223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
HIV type 2 (HIV-2) represents an attenuated form of HIV, in which many infected individuals remain ‘aviremic’ without antiretroviral therapy. However, aviremic HIV-2 disease progression exists, and in the current study, we therefore aimed to examine if specific pathological characteristics of CD4+ T cells are linked to such outcome.
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26
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Thymic HIV-2 infection uncovers posttranscriptional control of viral replication in human thymocytes. J Virol 2014; 89:2201-8. [PMID: 25473058 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03047-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED A unique HIV-host equilibrium exists in untreated HIV-2-infected individuals. This equilibrium is characterized by low to undetectable levels of viremia throughout the disease course, despite the establishment of disseminated HIV-2 reservoirs at levels comparable to those observed in untreated HIV-1 infection. Although the clinical spectrum is similar in the two infections, HIV-2 infection is associated with a much lower rate of CD4 T-cell decline and has a limited impact on the mortality of infected adults. Here we investigated HIV-2 infection of the human thymus, the primary organ for T-cell production. Human thymic tissue and suspensions of total or purified CD4 single-positive thymocytes were infected with HIV-2 or HIV-1 primary isolates using either CCR5 or CXCR4 coreceptors. We found that HIV-2 infected both thymic organ cultures and thymocyte suspensions, as attested to by the total HIV DNA and cell-associated viral mRNA levels. Nevertheless, thymocytes featured reduced levels of intracellular Gag viral protein, irrespective of HIV-2 coreceptor tropism and cell differentiation stage, in agreement with the low viral load in culture supernatants. Our data show that HIV-2 is able to infect the human thymus, but the HIV-2 replication cycle in thymocytes is impaired, providing a new model to identify therapeutic targets for viral replication control. IMPORTANCE HIV-1 infects the thymus, leading to a decrease in CD4 T-cell production that contributes to the characteristic CD4 T-cell loss. HIV-2 infection is associated with a very low rate of progression to AIDS and is therefore considered a unique naturally occurring model of attenuated HIV disease. HIV-2-infected individuals feature low to undetectable plasma viral loads, in spite of the numbers of circulating infected T cells being similar to those found in patients infected with HIV-1. We assessed, for the first time, the direct impact of HIV-2 infection on the human thymus. We show that HIV-2 is able to infect the thymus but that the HIV-2 replication cycle in thymocytes is impaired. We propose that this system will be important to devise immunotherapies that target viral production, aiding the design of future therapeutic strategies for HIV control.
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27
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Beach LB, Rawson JM, Kim B, Patterson SE, Mansky LM. Novel inhibitors of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 infectivity. J Gen Virol 2014; 95:2778-2783. [PMID: 25103850 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.069864-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) infects about two million people worldwide. HIV-2 has fewer treatment options than HIV-1, yet may evolve drug resistance more quickly. We have analysed several novel drugs for anti-HIV-2 activity. It was observed that 5-azacytidine, clofarabine, gemcitabine and resveratrol have potent anti-HIV-2 activity. The EC50 values for 5-azacytidine, clofarabine and resveratrol were found to be significantly lower with HIV-2 than with HIV-1. A time-of-addition assay was used to analyse the ability of these drugs to interfere with HIV-2 replication. Reverse transcription was the likely target for antiretroviral activity. Taken together, several novel drugs have been discovered to have activity against HIV-2. Based upon their known activities, these drugs may elicit enhanced HIV-2 mutagenesis and therefore be useful for inducing HIV-2 lethal mutagenesis. In addition, the data are consistent with HIV-2 reverse transcriptase being more sensitive than HIV-1 reverse transcriptase to dNTP pool alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren B Beach
- Molecular, Cellular, Developmental Biology & Genetics Graduate Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.,Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Jonathan M Rawson
- Molecular, Cellular, Developmental Biology & Genetics Graduate Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.,Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Baek Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Steven E Patterson
- Center for Drug Design, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.,Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Louis M Mansky
- Center for Drug Design, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.,Molecular, Cellular, Developmental Biology & Genetics Graduate Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.,Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.,Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.,Department of Microbiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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28
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29
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Menéndez-Arias L, Alvarez M. Antiretroviral therapy and drug resistance in human immunodeficiency virus type 2 infection. Antiviral Res 2013; 102:70-86. [PMID: 24345729 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2013.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Revised: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
One to two million people worldwide are infected with the human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2), with highest prevalences in West African countries, but also present in Western Europe, Asia and North America. Compared to HIV-1, HIV-2 infection undergoes a longer asymptomatic phase and progresses to AIDS more slowly. In addition, HIV-2 shows lower transmission rates, probably due to its lower viremia in infected individuals. There is limited experience in the treatment of HIV-2 infection and several antiretroviral drugs used to fight HIV-1 are not effective against HIV-2. Effective drugs against HIV-2 include nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitors (e.g. zidovudine, tenofovir, lamivudine, emtricitabine, abacavir, stavudine and didanosine), protease inhibitors (saquinavir, lopinavir and darunavir), and integrase inhibitors (raltegravir, elvitegravir and dolutegravir). Maraviroc, a CCR5 antagonist blocking coreceptor binding during HIV entry, is active in vitro against CCR5-tropic HIV-2 but more studies are needed to validate its use in therapeutic treatments against HIV-2 infection. HIV-2 strains are naturally resistant to a few antiretroviral drugs developed to suppress HIV-1 propagation such as nonnucleoside RT inhibitors, several protease inhibitors and the fusion inhibitor enfuvirtide. Resistance selection in HIV-2 appears to be faster than in HIV-1. In this scenario, the development of novel drugs specific for HIV-2 is an important priority. In this review, we discuss current anti-HIV-2 therapies and mutational pathways leading to drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Menéndez-Arias
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas & Universidad Autónoma de Madrid), c/Nicolás Cabrera, 1, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Mar Alvarez
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas & Universidad Autónoma de Madrid), c/Nicolás Cabrera, 1, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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30
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Pasternak AO, Lukashov VV, Berkhout B. Cell-associated HIV RNA: a dynamic biomarker of viral persistence. Retrovirology 2013; 10:41. [PMID: 23587031 PMCID: PMC3637491 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-10-41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Accepted: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In most HIV-infected individuals adherent to modern antiretroviral therapy (ART), plasma viremia stays undetectable by clinical assays and therefore, additional virological markers for monitoring and predicting therapy responses and for measuring the degree of HIV persistence in patients on ART should be identified. For the above purposes, quantitation of cell-associated HIV biomarkers could provide a useful alternative to measurements of viral RNA in plasma. This review concentrates on cell-associated (CA) HIV RNA with the emphasis on its use as a virological biomarker. We discuss the significance of CA HIV RNA as a prognostic marker of disease progression in untreated patients and as an indicator of residual virus replication and the size of the dynamic viral reservoir in ART-treated patients. Potential value of this biomarker for monitoring the response to ART and to novel HIV eradication therapies is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander O Pasternak
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam-CINIMA, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, The Netherlands.
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31
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Cavaleiro R, Tendeiro R, Foxall RB, Soares RS, Baptista AP, Gomes P, Valadas E, Victorino RMM, Sousa AE. Monocyte and Myeloid Dendritic Cell Activation Occurs Throughout HIV Type 2 Infection, an Attenuated Form of HIV Disease. J Infect Dis 2013; 207:1730-42. [DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jit085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
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32
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Cordeil S, Nguyen XN, Berger G, Durand S, Ainouze M, Cimarelli A. Evidence for a different susceptibility of primate lentiviruses to type I interferons. J Virol 2013; 87:2587-96. [PMID: 23255800 PMCID: PMC3571359 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02553-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Type I interferons induce a complex transcriptional program that leads to a generalized antiviral response against a large panel of viruses, including human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). However, despite the fact that interferons negatively regulate HIV-1 ex vivo, a chronic interferon state is linked to the progression of AIDS and to robust viral replication, rather than protection, in vivo. To explain this apparent contradiction, we hypothesized that HIV-1 may have evolved a partial resistance to interferon, and to test this hypothesis, we analyzed the effects of alpha interferon (IFN-α) on the infectivity of HIV-1, human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2), and rhesus monkey simian immunodeficiency virus (SIVmac). The results we obtained indicate that HIV-1 is more resistant to an IFN-α-induced response than are HIV-2 and SIVmac. Our data indicate that the accumulation of viral DNA is more compromised following the infection of IFN-α-treated cells with HIV-2 and SIVmac than with HIV-1. This defect correlates with a faster destabilization of HIV-2 viral nucleoprotein complexes (VNCs), suggesting a link between VNC destabilization and impaired viral DNA (vDNA) accumulation. The differential susceptibilities to IFN-α of the primate lentiviruses tested here do not map to the capsid protein (CA), excluding de facto a role for human tripartite motif protein isoform 5 alpha (Trim5α) in this restriction; this also suggests that an additional restriction mechanism differentially affects primate lentivirus infection. The different behaviors of HIV-1 and HIV-2 with respect to IFN-α responses may account at least in part for the differences in pathogenesis observed between these two virus types.
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33
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Nyamweya S, Hegedus A, Jaye A, Rowland-Jones S, Flanagan KL, Macallan DC. Comparing HIV-1 and HIV-2 infection: Lessons for viral immunopathogenesis. Rev Med Virol 2013; 23:221-40. [PMID: 23444290 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.1739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2012] [Revised: 11/18/2012] [Accepted: 11/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1 and HIV-2 share many similarities including their basic gene arrangement, modes of transmission, intracellular replication pathways and clinical consequences: both result in AIDS. However, HIV-2 is characterised by lower transmissibility and reduced likelihood of progression to AIDS. The underlying mechanistic differences between these two infections illuminate broader issues of retroviral pathogenesis, which remain incompletely understood. Comparisons between these two infections from epidemiological, clinical, virologic and immunologic viewpoints provide a basis for hypothesis generation and testing in this 'natural experiment' in viral pathogenesis. In terms of epidemiology, HIV-2 remains largely confined to West Africa, whereas HIV-1 extends worldwide. Clinically, HIV-2 infected individuals seem to dichotomise, most remaining long-term non-progressors, whereas most HIV-1 infected individuals progress. When clinical progression occurs, both diseases demonstrate very similar pathological processes, although progression in HIV-2 occurs at higher CD4 counts. Plasma viral loads are consistently lower in HIV-2, as are average levels of immune activation. Significant differences exist between the two infections in all components of the immune system. For example, cellular responses to HIV-2 tend to be more polyfunctional and produce more IL-2; humoral responses appear broader with lower magnitude intratype neutralisation responses; innate responses appear more robust, possibly through differential effects of tripartite motif protein isoform 5 alpha. Overall, the immune response to HIV-2 appears more protective against disease progression suggesting that pivotal immune factors limit viral pathology. If such immune responses could be replicated or induced in HIV-1 infected patients, they might extend survival and reduce requirements for antiretroviral therapy.
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34
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Abstract
HIV-2 infection features a much slower course than HIV-1 infection, often asymptomatic for over 20 years, without antiretroviral therapy (ART). Nevertheless, CD4 T cells progressively decline, in direct correlation with immune activation and cell cycling. We report, for the first time, preserved telomere length within naive and memory CD4 subsets in prolonged HIV-2 infection despite the increased CD4 turnover.
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Memory B-cell depletion is a feature of HIV-2 infection even in the absence of detectable viremia. AIDS 2012; 26:1607-17. [PMID: 22695303 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0b013e3283568849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Memory B-cell loss has long been recognized as an important contributor to HIV immunodeficiency. HIV-2 infection, which is characterized by a slow rate of progression to AIDS and reduced to undetectable viremia, provides a unique model to investigate B-cell disturbances. DESIGN AND METHODS B-cell subsets were evaluated in 38 HIV-2-infected individuals, along with markers of T-cell activation and serum levels of immunoglobulins and a major B-cell homeostatic cytokine, B-cell activating factor (BAFF). Untreated HIV-1-infected and seronegative control individuals were studied in parallel. Statistical analysis was performed using Mann-Whitney tests and Spearman's correlations. RESULTS We found that HIV-2 was associated with significant depletion of both unswitched (CD27(+)IgD(+)) and switched (CD27(+)IgD(neg)) memory B-cells that directly correlated with T-cell activation, even in individuals with undetectable plasma viral load. Nevertheless, the presence of detectable viremia, even at low levels, was associated with significant memory B-cell loss and higher BAFF levels. Moreover, these alterations were not recovered by antiretroviral-therapy, as treated HIV-2-infected patients showed more pronounced B-cell disturbances, possibly related to their extended length of infection. CONCLUSION These first data regarding B-cell imbalances during HIV-2 infection show that, irrespective of viremia, prolonged HIV infection leads to irreversible damage of memory B-cell homeostasis.
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Elbeik T, Shults K, Patterson BK. Simultaneous ultrasensitive subpopulation staining/hybridization in situ: multiplex analyses of transcriptionally active HIV-1 intact cell reservoirs. Future Virol 2012. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl.12.72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tarek Elbeik
- Elbeik Associates LLC.,584 Castro Street #349, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Keith Shults
- IncellDx Inc. 1700 El Camino Real, Menlo Park, CA, USA
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Shults K, Flye-Blakemore L, Patterson BK, Elbeik T. Analysis of multiple cell reservoirs expressing unspliced HIV-1 gag-pol mRNA in patients on antiretroviral therapy. Future Virol 2012; 7:819-832. [PMID: 23125871 DOI: 10.2217/fvl.12.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
AIMS: Longitudinal percentage change of eight HIV-1 gag-pol mRNA cellular reservoirs from HIV-infected subjects on antiretroviral therapy was ascertained by simultaneous ultrasensitive subpopulation staining/hybridization in situ (SUSHI). MATERIALS #ENTITYSTARTX00026; METHODS: Serial peripheral blood mononuclear cells were taken from three subjects with treatment success, limited response and viral breakthrough plasma viral load (PVL) profiles. SUSHI was carried out on monocytes, macrophages, CD4(+) cells and naive, memory and activated T-cell reservoirs followed with broad light scatter flow cytometry. RESULTS: All gag-pol(+) reservoirs declined in the treatment success patient and similar to PVL. Only some gag-pol(+) reservoirs responded similarly to PVL for the limited treatment patient, and most gag-pol(+) reservoirs increased 16 weeks prior to PVL breakthrough in the viral breakthrough patient. CONCLUSION: SUSHI measures changes in a wide range of gag-pol(+) reservoirs in response to antiretroviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith Shults
- LabCorp Clinical Trials, Advanced Cytometric Applications, Brentwood, TN, USA ; IncellDx Inc., Menlo Park, CA, USA
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38
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PD-1 and its ligand PD-L1 are progressively up-regulated on CD4 and CD8 T-cells in HIV-2 infection irrespective of the presence of viremia. AIDS 2012; 26:1065-71. [PMID: 22441249 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0b013e32835374db] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Hyper-immune activation is a main determinant of HIV disease progression, potentially counter-acted by T-cell inhibitory pathways. Here we investigated, for the first time, inhibitory molecules in HIV-2 infection, a naturally occurring attenuated form of HIV disease, associated with reduced viremia and very slow rates of CD4 T-cell decline. DESIGN Programmed death (PD)-1/PD-L1, an important pathway in limiting immunopathology, and its possible relationship with T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin-domain containing molecule-3 (TIM-3), a recently identified inhibitory molecule, were studied in untreated HIV-2 and HIV-1 cohorts, matched for degree of CD4 T-cell depletion, and noninfected individuals. METHODS Flow cytometric analysis of T-cell expression of PD-1, PD-L1 and TIM-3, combined with markers of cell differentiation, activation, cycling and survival. Statistical analysis was performed using ANOVA, Mann-Whitney/Wilcoxon tests, Spearman's correlations, multiple linear regressions and canonical correlation analysis. RESULTS T-cell expression of PD-1 and PD-L1 was tightly associated and directly correlated with CD4 T-cell depletion and immune activation in HIV-2 infection. No such correlation was found for PD-L1 expression in HIV-1-positive patients. Central memory and intermediate memory cells, rather than terminally differentiated T-cells, expressed the highest levels of both PD-1 and PD-L1 molecules. Conversely, TIM-3 expression was independent of T-cell differentiation and dissociated from cell cycling, suggesting distinct induction mechanisms. Importantly, in contrast with HIV-1, no significant increases in TIM-3 expression were found in the HIV-2 cohort. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that PD-1/PD-L1 molecules, rather than markers of T-cell exhaustion, may act as modulators of T-cell immune activation, contributing to the slower course of HIV-2 infection. These data have implications for the design of antiretroviral therapy-complementary immune-based strategies.
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Oliveira V, Bártolo I, Borrego P, Rocha C, Valadas E, Barreto J, Almeida E, Antunes F, Taveira N. Genetic diversity and drug resistance profiles in HIV type 1- and HIV type 2-infected patients from Cape Verde Islands. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2012; 28:510-22. [PMID: 21902592 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2011.0174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Our aim was to characterize for the first time the genetic diversity of HIV in Cape Verde Islands as well as the drug resistance profiles in treated and untreated patients. Blood specimens were collected from 41 HIV-1 and 14 HIV-2 patients living in Santiago Island. Half of the patients were on antiretroviral treatment (ART). Pol and env gene sequences were obtained using in-house methods. Phylogenetic analysis was used for viral subtyping and the Stanford Algorithm was used for resistance genotyping. For HIV-1, the amplification of pol and env was possible in 27 patients (66%). HIV-1 patients were infected with subtypes G (13, 48%), B (2, 7%), F1 (2, 7%), and CRF02_AG (2, 7%), and complex recombinant forms including a new C/G variant (n=8, 30%). Drug resistance mutations were detected in the PR and RT of three (10%) treated patients. M41L and K103N transmitted drug resistance mutations were found in 2 of 17 (12%) untreated patients. All 14 HIV-2 isolates belonged to group A. The origin of 12 strains was impossible to determine whereas two strains were closely related to the historic ROD strain. In conclusion, in Cape Verde there is a long-standing HIV-2 epidemic rooted in ROD-like strains and a more recent epidemic of unknown origin. The HIV-1 epidemic is caused by multiple subtypes and complex recombinant forms. Drug resistance HIV-1 strains are present at moderate levels in both treated and untreated patients. Close surveillance in these two populations is crucial to prevent further transmission of drug-resistant strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vânia Oliveira
- Laboratório de Hemato-Oncologia, Instituto Português de Oncologia, Lisbon, Portugal
- Unidade dos Retrovírus e Infecções Associadas, Centro de Patogénese Molecular, Faculdade de Farmácia de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Inês Bártolo
- Unidade dos Retrovírus e Infecções Associadas, Centro de Patogénese Molecular, Faculdade de Farmácia de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Instituto Superior de Ciências da Saúde Egas Moniz, Monte de Caparica, Portugal
| | - Pedro Borrego
- Unidade dos Retrovírus e Infecções Associadas, Centro de Patogénese Molecular, Faculdade de Farmácia de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Instituto Superior de Ciências da Saúde Egas Moniz, Monte de Caparica, Portugal
| | - Cheila Rocha
- Unidade dos Retrovírus e Infecções Associadas, Centro de Patogénese Molecular, Faculdade de Farmácia de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Instituto Superior de Ciências da Saúde Egas Moniz, Monte de Caparica, Portugal
| | - Emília Valadas
- Clínica Universitária de Doenças Infecciosas/Serviço de Doenças Infecciosas, Faculdade de Medicina de Lisboa/Hospital de Santa Maria, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Jorge Barreto
- Hospital Dr. Agostinho Neto, Delegacia de Saúde, Cidade da Praia, Cabo Verde
| | - Elsa Almeida
- Hospital Dr. Agostinho Neto, Delegacia de Saúde, Cidade da Praia, Cabo Verde
| | - Francisco Antunes
- Clínica Universitária de Doenças Infecciosas/Serviço de Doenças Infecciosas, Faculdade de Medicina de Lisboa/Hospital de Santa Maria, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Nuno Taveira
- Unidade dos Retrovírus e Infecções Associadas, Centro de Patogénese Molecular, Faculdade de Farmácia de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Instituto Superior de Ciências da Saúde Egas Moniz, Monte de Caparica, Portugal
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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Eberle J, Gürtler L. The evolution of drug resistance interpretation algorithms: ANRS, REGA and extension of resistance analysis to HIV-1 group O and HIV-2. Intervirology 2012; 55:128-33. [PMID: 22286882 DOI: 10.1159/000332009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Antiretroviral drug resistance is mostly linked to a complex interaction of several amino acids with variable importance or a single amino acid. To facilitate the interpretation of observed mutation patterns, hospital university centers have developed several interpretation systems. All the currently available interpretation algorithms evolved, are being continuously updated and have been improved during the last decade. Some discrepancies are still evident that are partially smoothened by link of the individual programs with other systems. After the interpretation of HIV-1 group M subtype B mutations, a refined algorithm for the other group M subtypes was developed followed by the interpretation of HIV-1 group O and HIV-2 mutations. The process of improvement is ongoing, due to the better understanding and interpretation of single and cluster mutations and the availability of new antiretroviral substances. The knowledge gained from the experience of HIV drug resistance testing has been used to establish the interpretation of HBV polymerase mutations and will be extended for the treatment of HCV infected with protease inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef Eberle
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Munich, Germany
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41
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Faria NR, Hodges-Mameletzis I, Silva JC, Rodés B, Erasmus S, Paolucci S, Ruelle J, Pieniazek D, Taveira N, Treviño A, Gonçalves MF, Jallow S, Xu L, Camacho RJ, Soriano V, Goubau P, de Sousa JD, Vandamme AM, Suchard MA, Lemey P. Phylogeographical footprint of colonial history in the global dispersal of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 group A. J Gen Virol 2011; 93:889-899. [PMID: 22190015 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.038638-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) emerged in West Africa and has spread further to countries that share socio-historical ties with this region. However, viral origins and dispersal patterns at a global scale remain poorly understood. Here, we adopt a Bayesian phylogeographic approach to investigate the spatial dynamics of HIV-2 group A (HIV-2A) using a collection of 320 partial pol and 248 partial env sequences sampled throughout 19 countries worldwide. We extend phylogenetic diffusion models that simultaneously draw information from multiple loci to estimate location states throughout distinct phylogenies and explicitly attempt to incorporate human migratory fluxes. Our study highlights that Guinea-Bissau, together with Côte d'Ivoire and Senegal, have acted as the main viral sources in the early stages of the epidemic. We show that convenience sampling can obfuscate the estimation of the spatial root of HIV-2A. We explicitly attempt to circumvent this by incorporating rate priors that reflect the ratio of human flow from and to West Africa. We recover four main routes of HIV-2A dispersal that are laid out along colonial ties: Guinea-Bissau and Cape Verde to Portugal, Côte d'Ivoire and Senegal to France. Within Europe, we find strong support for epidemiological linkage from Portugal to Luxembourg and to the UK. We demonstrate that probabilistic models can uncover global patterns of HIV-2A dispersal providing sampling bias is taken into account and we provide a scenario for the international spread of this virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuno R Faria
- Rega Institute, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Joana C Silva
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Berta Rodés
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Smit Erasmus
- HPA Birmingham, Heartlands Hospital, Birmingham, UK
| | | | - Jean Ruelle
- AIDS Reference Laboratory, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Danuta Pieniazek
- Incidence and Case Surveillance Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Nuno Taveira
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Instituto Superior de Ciências da Saúde Egas Moniz, Monte de Caparica, Portugal.,Unidade dos Retrovírus e Infecções Associadas, Centro de Patogénese Molecular, Faculdade de Farmácia de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana Treviño
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria F Gonçalves
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Sabelle Jallow
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Li Xu
- HPA Birmingham, Heartlands Hospital, Birmingham, UK
| | - Ricardo J Camacho
- Centro de Malária e outras Doenças Tropicais, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Vincent Soriano
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Patrick Goubau
- AIDS Reference Laboratory, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - João D de Sousa
- Rega Institute, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Anne-Mieke Vandamme
- Centro de Malária e outras Doenças Tropicais, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,Rega Institute, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marc A Suchard
- Departments of Biomathematics and Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine; Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health; University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Philippe Lemey
- Rega Institute, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Strategies to quantify unspliced and multiply spliced mRNA expression in HIV-2 infection. J Virol Methods 2011; 175:38-45. [PMID: 21540056 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2011.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2011] [Revised: 04/11/2011] [Accepted: 04/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
HIV-2 infection is associated with a slower rate of disease progression with limited impact on the survival of the majority of infected adults, and much lower plasma viral load than HIV-1. In spite of the major differences in viremia, the quantitative assessment of HIV-2 proviral load documented levels similar to those observed in HIV-1 infected individuals, suggesting an equivalent number of circulating infected cells in both infections. It remains unclear whether this apparent paradox results from a contribution of latent/quiescent viruses or from transcriptional and/or post-transcriptional control of HIV-2 replication. In order to investigate these possibilities, a one-step and two-step reverse transcription quantitative real-time PCR based methods (RT-qPCR) for gag and tat mRNA HIV-2 transcripts were developed. These methods were validated and compared to assess the expression of HIV-2 gag and tat transcripts in parallel with proviral DNA and viral production. The results suggest that the two-step approach may allow a better detection of low level gag and tat mRNA HIV-2 transcripts.
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