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Zhang J, Zhang K, Sun S, He P, Deng D, Zhang P, Zheng W, Chen N, Zhu J. Specific Monoclonal Antibodies against African Swine Fever Virus Protease pS273R Revealed a Novel and Conserved Antigenic Epitope. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:8906. [PMID: 39201592 PMCID: PMC11354548 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25168906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2024] [Revised: 08/12/2024] [Accepted: 08/14/2024] [Indexed: 09/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The African swine fever virus (ASFV) is a large enveloped DNA virus that causes a highly pathogenic hemorrhagic disease in both domestic pigs and wild boars. The ASFV genome contains a double-stranded DNA encoding more than 150 proteins. The ASFV possesses only one protease, pS273R, which is important for virion assembly and host immune evasion. Therefore, the specific monoclonal antibody (mAb) against pS273R is useful for ASFV research. Here, we generated two specific anti-pS273R mAbs named 2F3 and 3C2, both of which were successfully applied for ELISA, Western blotting, and immunofluorescence assays. Further, we showed that both 2F3 and 3C2 mAbs recognize a new epitope of N terminal 1-25 amino acids of pS273R protein, which is highly conserved across different ASFV strains including all genotype I and II strains. Based on the recognized epitope, an indirect ELISA was established and was effective in detecting antibodies during ASFV infection. To conclude, the specific pS273R mAbs and corresponding epitope identified will strongly promote ASFV serological diagnosis and vaccine research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Zhang
- College Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Kaili Zhang
- College Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Shaohua Sun
- College Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Ping He
- College Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Dafu Deng
- College Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Pingping Zhang
- College Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Wanglong Zheng
- College Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Nanhua Chen
- College Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Jianzhong Zhu
- College Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
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Huang T, Li F, Xia Y, Zhao J, Zhu Y, Liu Y, Qian Y, Zou X. African Swine Fever Virus Immunosuppression and Virulence-Related Gene. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2024; 46:8268-8281. [PMID: 39194705 DOI: 10.3390/cimb46080488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2024] [Revised: 07/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV), a highly contagious pathogen characterized by a complex structure and a variety of immunosuppression proteins, causes hemorrhagic, acute, and aggressive infectious disease that severely injures the pork products and industry. However, there is no effective vaccine or treatment. The main reasons are not only the complex mechanisms that lead to immunosuppression but also the unknown functions of various proteins. This review summarizes the interaction between ASFV and the host immune system, along with the involvement of virulence-related genes and proteins, as well as the corresponding molecular mechanism of immunosuppression of ASFV, encompassing pathways such as cGAS-STING, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB), Janus Kinase (JAK) and JAK Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription (STAT), apoptosis, and other modulation. The aim is to summarize the dynamic process during ASFV infection and entry into the host cell, provide a rational insight into development of a vaccine, and provide a better clear knowledge of how ASFV impacts the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Huang
- China/WOAH Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing 100081, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Fangtao Li
- China/WOAH Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yingju Xia
- China/WOAH Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Junjie Zhao
- China/WOAH Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhu
- China/WOAH Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yebing Liu
- China/WOAH Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yingjuan Qian
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xingqi Zou
- China/WOAH Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing 100081, China
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Venkateswaran D, Prakash A, Nguyen QA, Salman M, Suntisukwattana R, Atthaapa W, Tantituvanont A, Lin H, Songkasupa T, Nilubol D. Comprehensive Characterization of the Genetic Landscape of African Swine Fever Virus: Insights into Infection Dynamics, Immunomodulation, Virulence and Genes with Unknown Function. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:2187. [PMID: 39123713 PMCID: PMC11311002 DOI: 10.3390/ani14152187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2024] [Revised: 07/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
African Swine Fever (ASF) is a lethal contagious hemorrhagic viral disease affecting the swine population. The causative agent is African Swine Fever Virus (ASFV). There is no treatment or commercial vaccine available at present. This virus poses a significant threat to the global swine industry and economy, with 100% mortality rate in acute cases. ASFV transmission occurs through both direct and indirect contact, with control measures limited to early detection, isolation, and culling of infected pigs. ASFV exhibits a complex genomic structure and encodes for more than 50 structural and 100 non-structural proteins and has 150 to 167 open reading frames (ORFs). While many of the proteins are non-essential for viral replication, they play crucial roles in mediating with the host to ensure longevity and transmission of virus in the host. The dynamic nature of ASFV research necessitates constant updates, with ongoing exploration of various genes and their functions, vaccine development, and other ASF-related domains. This comprehensive review aims to elucidate the structural and functional roles of both newly discovered and previously recorded genes involved in distinct stages of ASFV infection and immunomodulation. Additionally, the review discusses the virulence genes and genes with unknown functions, and proposes future interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhithya Venkateswaran
- Swine Viral Evolution and Vaccine Development Research Unit, Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Anwesha Prakash
- Swine Viral Evolution and Vaccine Development Research Unit, Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Quynh Anh Nguyen
- Swine Viral Evolution and Vaccine Development Research Unit, Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Muhammad Salman
- Swine Viral Evolution and Vaccine Development Research Unit, Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Roypim Suntisukwattana
- Swine Viral Evolution and Vaccine Development Research Unit, Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Waranya Atthaapa
- Swine Viral Evolution and Vaccine Development Research Unit, Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Angkana Tantituvanont
- Department of Pharmaceutic and Industrial Pharmacies, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Hongyao Lin
- MSD Animal Health Innovation Pte Ltd., Singapore 718847, Singapore
| | - Tapanut Songkasupa
- National Institute of Animal Health, Department of Livestock Development, 50/2 Kasetklang, Phahonyothin 45-15, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Dachrit Nilubol
- Swine Viral Evolution and Vaccine Development Research Unit, Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
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Wang Y, Liu S, Wang W, Liu L, Zhao Y, Qin Q, Huang X, Huang Y. SGIV VP82 inhibits the interferon response by degradation of IRF3 and IRF7. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 150:109611. [PMID: 38734119 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
During virus-host co-evolution, viruses have developed multiple strategies to dampen IFN response and prevent its antiviral activity in host cells. To date, the interactions between host IFN response and the immune evasion strategies exploited by fish iridoviruses still remain largely uncertain. Here, a potential immune evasion protein candidate of Singapore grouper iridovirus (SGIV), VP82 (encoded by SGIV ORF82) was screened and its roles during viral replication were investigated in detail. Firstly, VP82 overexpression dramatically decreased IFN or ISRE promoter activity and the transcription levels of IFN stimulated genes (ISGs) stimulated by grouper cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (EccGAS)/stimulator of interferon genes (EcSTING), TANK-binding kinase 1 (EcTBK1), IFN regulatory factor 3 (EcIRF3)and EcIRF7. Secondly, Co-IP assays indicated that VP82 interacted with EcIRF3 and EcIRF7, but not EcSTING and EcTBK1, which was consistent with the co-localization between VP82 and EcIRF3 or EcIRF7. Furthermore, VP82 promoted the degradation of EcIRF3 and EcIRF7 in a dose-dependent manner via the autophagy pathway. Finally, VP82 overexpression accelerated SGIV replication, evidenced by the increased transcriptions of viral core genes and viral production. Moreover, the antiviral action of EcIRF3 or EcIRF7 was significantly depressed in VP82 overexpressed cells. Together, VP82 was speculated to exert crucial roles for SGIV replication by inhibiting the IFN response via the degradation of IRF3 and IRF7. Our findings provided new insights into understanding the immune evasion strategies utilized by fish iridovirus through IFN regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Shanxing Liu
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Wenji Wang
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Nansha-South China Agricultural University Fishery Research Institute, Guangzhou, 511464, China
| | - Lin Liu
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Yin Zhao
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Qiwei Qin
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Nansha-South China Agricultural University Fishery Research Institute, Guangzhou, 511464, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhuhai, 519082, China
| | - Xiaohong Huang
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Nansha-South China Agricultural University Fishery Research Institute, Guangzhou, 511464, China.
| | - Youhua Huang
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Nansha-South China Agricultural University Fishery Research Institute, Guangzhou, 511464, China.
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Wang S, Xiang Z, Gao P, Zhang Y, Zhou L, Ge X, Guo X, Han J, Yang H. African swine fever virus structural protein p17 inhibits IRF3 activation by recruiting host protein PR65A and inducing apoptotic degradation of STING. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1428233. [PMID: 38957619 PMCID: PMC11217484 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1428233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) is notoriously known for evolving strategies to modulate IFN signaling. Despite lots of efforts, the underlying mechanisms have remained incompletely understood. This study concerns the regulatory role of viral inner membrane protein p17. We found that the ASFV p17 shows a preferential interaction with cGAS-STING-IRF3 pathway, but not the RIG-I-MAVS-NF-κB signaling, and can inhibit both poly(I:C)- and poly(A:T)-induced activation of IRF3, leading to attenuation of IFN-β induction. Mechanistically, p17 interacts with STING and IRF3 and recruits host scaffold protein PR65A, a subunit of cellular phosphatase PP2A, to down-regulate the level of p-IRF3. Also, p17 targets STING for partial degradation via induction of cellular apoptosis that consequently inhibits activation of both p-TBK1 and p-IRF3. Thus, our findings reveal novel regulatory mechanisms for p17 modulation of IFN signaling and shed light on the intricate interplay between ASFV proteins and host immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, China
| | - Zhiyong Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yongning Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xinna Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Han
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Hanchun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Lu Z, Luo R, Lan J, Chen S, Qiu HJ, Wang T, Sun Y. The MGF300-2R Protein of African Swine Fever Virus Promotes IKKβ Ubiquitination by Recruiting the E3 Ubiquitin Ligase TRIM21. Viruses 2024; 16:949. [PMID: 38932241 PMCID: PMC11209375 DOI: 10.3390/v16060949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is an acute, hemorrhagic, highly contagious disease in pigs caused by African swine fever virus (ASFV). Our previous study identified that the ASFV MGF300-2R protein functions as a virulence factor and found that MGF300-2R degrades IKKβ via selective autophagy. However, the E3 ubiquitin ligase responsible for IKKβ ubiquitination during autophagic degradation still remains unknown. In order to solve this problem, we first pulled down 328 proteins interacting with MGF300-2R through immunoprecipitation-mass spectrometry. Next, we analyzed and confirmed the interaction between the E3 ubiquitin ligase TRIM21 and MGF300-2R and demonstrated the catalytic role of TRIM21 in IKKβ ubiquitination. Finally, we indicated that the degradation of IKKβ by MGF300-2R was dependent on TRIM21. In summary, our results indicate TRIM21 is the E3 ubiquitin ligase involved in the degradation of IKKβ by MGF300-2R, thereby augmenting our understanding of the functions of MGF300-2R and offering insights into the rational design of live attenuated vaccines and antiviral strategies against ASF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanhao Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National African Swine Fever Para-Reference Laboratory, National High Containment Facilities for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Rui Luo
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National African Swine Fever Para-Reference Laboratory, National High Containment Facilities for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Jing Lan
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National African Swine Fever Para-Reference Laboratory, National High Containment Facilities for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
- College of Animal Sciences, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434000, China
| | - Shengmei Chen
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, China
| | - Hua-Ji Qiu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National African Swine Fever Para-Reference Laboratory, National High Containment Facilities for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
- College of Animal Sciences, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434000, China
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, China
| | - Tao Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National African Swine Fever Para-Reference Laboratory, National High Containment Facilities for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Yuan Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National African Swine Fever Para-Reference Laboratory, National High Containment Facilities for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
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Xu Y, Wu L, Hong J, Chi X, Zheng M, Wang L, Chen JL, Guo G. African swine fever virus A137R protein inhibits NF-κB activation via suppression of MyD88 signaling in PK15 and 3D4/21 cells in vitro. Vet Microbiol 2024; 292:110067. [PMID: 38564905 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2024.110067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is an infectious disease with high mortality caused by African swine fever virus (ASFV), which poses a great threat to the global swine industry. ASFV has evolved multiple strategies to evade host antiviral innate immunity by perturbing inflammatory responses and interferon production. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying manipulation of inflammatory responses by ASFV proteins are not fully understood. Here, we report that A137R protein of ASFV is a key suppressor of host inflammatory responses. Ectopic expression of ASFV A137R in HEK293T cells significantly inhibited the activation of IL-8 and NF-κB promoters triggered by Sendai virus (SeV), influenza A virus (IAV), or vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV). Accordingly, forced A137R expression caused a significant decrease in the production of several inflammatory cytokines such as IL-8, IL-6 and TNF-α in the cells infected with SeV or IAV. Similar results were obtained from experiments using A137R overexpressing PK15 and 3D4/21 cells infected with SeV or VSV. Furthermore, we observed that A137R impaired the activation of MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways, as enhanced expression of A137R significantly decreased the phosphorylation of JNK, p38 and p65 respectively upon viral infection (SeV or IAV) and IL-1β treatment. Mechanistically, we found that A137R interacted with MyD88, and dampened MyD88-mediated activation of MAPK and NF-κB signaling. Together, these findings uncover a critical role of A137R in restraining host inflammatory responses, and improve our understanding of complicated mechanisms whereby ASFV evades innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogen Infection and Immunology of Fujian Province, College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Fujian-Taiwan Animal Pathogen Biology, College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Lei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogen Infection and Immunology of Fujian Province, College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Fujian-Taiwan Animal Pathogen Biology, College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jinxuan Hong
- Key Laboratory of Fujian-Taiwan Animal Pathogen Biology, College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiaojuan Chi
- Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogen Infection and Immunology of Fujian Province, College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Meichun Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogen Infection and Immunology of Fujian Province, College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Liwei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogen Infection and Immunology of Fujian Province, College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Ji-Long Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogen Infection and Immunology of Fujian Province, College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Fujian-Taiwan Animal Pathogen Biology, College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.
| | - Guijie Guo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogen Infection and Immunology of Fujian Province, College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Fujian-Taiwan Animal Pathogen Biology, College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.
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Sunwoo SY, García-Belmonte R, Walczak M, Vigara-Astillero G, Kim DM, Szymankiewicz K, Kochanowski M, Liu L, Tark D, Podgórska K, Revilla Y, Pérez-Núñez D. Deletion of MGF505-2R Gene Activates the cGAS-STING Pathway Leading to Attenuation and Protection against Virulent African Swine Fever Virus. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:407. [PMID: 38675789 PMCID: PMC11054455 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12040407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) is the etiological agent causing African swine fever (ASF), affecting domestic pigs and wild boar, which is currently the biggest animal epidemic in the world and a major threat to the swine sector. At present, some safety concerns about using LAVs against ASFV still exist despite a commercial vaccine licensed in Vietnam. Therefore, the efforts to identify virulence factors and their mechanisms, as well as to generate new vaccine prototypes, are of major interest. In this work, we have identified the MGF505-2R gene product as an inhibitor of the cGAS/STING pathway, specifically through its interaction with STING protein, controlling IFN-β production. In addition, immunization of a recombinant virus lacking this gene, Arm/07-ΔMGF505-2R, resulted in complete attenuation, demonstrating its involvement in ASFV virulence. Finally, immunization with Arm/07-ΔMGF505-2R induced the generation of antibodies and proved to be partially protective against virulent ASFV strains. These results identify MGF505-2R, as well as its mechanism of action, as a gene contributing to understanding the molecular mechanisms of ASFV virulence, which will be of great value in the design of future vaccine prototypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Young Sunwoo
- Careside Co., Ltd., Sagimakgol-ro 45 Beongil 14, Seongnam-si 13209, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea;
| | - Raquel García-Belmonte
- Microbes in Health and Welfare Department, Centro de Biologia Molecular Severo Ochoa (CBM), CSIC-UAM, c/Nicolás Cabrera 1, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (R.G.-B.); (G.V.-A.)
| | - Marek Walczak
- Department of Swine Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, 57 Partyzantów Avenue, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland; (M.W.); (K.S.); (M.K.); (K.P.)
| | - Gonzalo Vigara-Astillero
- Microbes in Health and Welfare Department, Centro de Biologia Molecular Severo Ochoa (CBM), CSIC-UAM, c/Nicolás Cabrera 1, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (R.G.-B.); (G.V.-A.)
| | - Dae-Min Kim
- Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention, Korea Zoonosis Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, 79 Gobong-ro, Ma-dong, Iksan 54531, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea; (D.-M.K.); (D.T.)
| | - Krzesimir Szymankiewicz
- Department of Swine Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, 57 Partyzantów Avenue, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland; (M.W.); (K.S.); (M.K.); (K.P.)
| | - Maciej Kochanowski
- Department of Swine Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, 57 Partyzantów Avenue, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland; (M.W.); (K.S.); (M.K.); (K.P.)
| | - Lihong Liu
- Department of Microbiology, Swedish Veterinary Agency, 751 89 Uppsala, Sweden;
| | - Dongseob Tark
- Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention, Korea Zoonosis Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, 79 Gobong-ro, Ma-dong, Iksan 54531, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea; (D.-M.K.); (D.T.)
| | - Katarzyna Podgórska
- Department of Swine Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, 57 Partyzantów Avenue, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland; (M.W.); (K.S.); (M.K.); (K.P.)
| | - Yolanda Revilla
- Microbes in Health and Welfare Department, Centro de Biologia Molecular Severo Ochoa (CBM), CSIC-UAM, c/Nicolás Cabrera 1, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (R.G.-B.); (G.V.-A.)
| | - Daniel Pérez-Núñez
- Microbes in Health and Welfare Department, Centro de Biologia Molecular Severo Ochoa (CBM), CSIC-UAM, c/Nicolás Cabrera 1, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (R.G.-B.); (G.V.-A.)
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9
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Geng XM, Xi YM, Huang XM, Wang YL, Wang XY, Ouyang K, Chen Y, Wei ZZ, Qin YF, Huang WJ. Construction of and evaluation of the immune response to two recombinant pseudorabies viruses expressing the B119L and EP364R proteins of African swine fever virus. Arch Virol 2024; 169:22. [PMID: 38193974 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-023-05935-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is an infectious disease caused by ASF virus (ASFV), which is characterized by high infectivity, rapid onset of disease, and a high mortality rate. Outbreaks of ASFV have caused great economic losses to the global pig industry, and there is a need to develop safe and effective vaccines. In this study, two recombinant pseudorabies virus (PRV) strains, rGXGG-2016-ΔgI/ΔgE-EP364R and rGXGG-2016-ΔgI/ΔgE-B119L, expressing the EP364R and B119L protein, respectively, of ASFV, were constructed by homologous recombination technology. Western blotting and immunofluorescence analysis showed that these foreign proteins were expressed in cells infected with the recombinant strains. The strains showed good genetic stability and proliferative characteristics for 20 passages in BHK-21 cells. Both of these strains were immunogenic in mice, inducing the production of specific antibodies against the expressed ASFV proteins while providing protection against lethal challenge with PRV. Thus, the recombinant strains rGXGG-2016-ΔgI/ΔgE-EP364R and rGXGG-2016-ΔgI/ΔgE-B119L could be used as candidate vaccines for both ASFV and PRV. In addition, our study identifies two potential target genes for the development of safe and efficient ASFV vaccines, provides a reference for the construction of bivalent ASFV and PRV vaccines, and demonstrates the feasibility of developing a live ASFV vector vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Mei Geng
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning, 530004, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, 530004, China
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Ying-Mu Xi
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning, 530004, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, 530004, China
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Xiang-Mei Huang
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning, 530004, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, 530004, China
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Yang-Lin Wang
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning, 530004, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, 530004, China
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Xu-Ying Wang
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning, 530004, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, 530004, China
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Kang Ouyang
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning, 530004, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, 530004, China
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning, 530004, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, 530004, China
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Zu-Zhang Wei
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning, 530004, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, 530004, China
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Yi-Feng Qin
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China.
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning, 530004, China.
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, 530004, China.
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, Nanning, 530004, China.
| | - Wei-Jian Huang
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China.
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning, 530004, China.
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, 530004, China.
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, Nanning, 530004, China.
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10
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Niu S, Guo Y, Wang X, Wang Z, Sun L, Dai H, Peng G. Innate immune escape and adaptive immune evasion of African swine fever virus: A review. Virology 2023; 587:109878. [PMID: 37708611 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2023.109878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) causes hemorrhagic fever in domestic and wild pigs. The continued spread of the virus in Africa, Europe and Asia threatens the global pig industry. The lack of an effective vaccine limits disease control. ASFV has evolved a variety of encoded immune escape proteins and can evade host adaptive immunity, inducing cellular inflammation, autophagy, or apoptosis in host cells. Frequent persistent infections hinder the development of a viral vaccine and impose technical barriers. Currently, knowledge of the virulence-related genes, main pathogenic genes and immunoregulatory mechanism of ASFV is not comprehensive. We explain that ASFV invades the host to regulate its inflammatory response, interferon production, antigen presentation and cellular immunity. Furthermore, we propose potential ideas for ASFV vaccine target design, such as knocking out high-virulence genes in ASFV and performing data mining to identify the main genes that induce antiviral responses. To support a rational strategy for vaccine development, a better understanding of how ASFV interacts with the host and regulates the host's response to infection is needed. We review the current knowledge about ASFV targeting of host innate and adaptive immunity and the mechanisms by which the affected immune pathways are suppressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Prevention & Control for African Swine Fever and Other Major Pig Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Yilin Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Prevention & Control for African Swine Fever and Other Major Pig Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Xueying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Prevention & Control for African Swine Fever and Other Major Pig Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Zixuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Prevention & Control for African Swine Fever and Other Major Pig Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Limeng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Prevention & Control for African Swine Fever and Other Major Pig Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Hanchuan Dai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Guiqing Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Prevention & Control for African Swine Fever and Other Major Pig Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China.
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11
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Dolata KM, Pei G, Netherton CL, Karger A. Functional Landscape of African Swine Fever Virus-Host and Virus-Virus Protein Interactions. Viruses 2023; 15:1634. [PMID: 37631977 PMCID: PMC10459248 DOI: 10.3390/v15081634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral replication fully relies on the host cell machinery, and physical interactions between viral and host proteins mediate key steps of the viral life cycle. Therefore, identifying virus-host protein-protein interactions (PPIs) provides insights into the molecular mechanisms governing virus infection and is crucial for designing novel antiviral strategies. In the case of the African swine fever virus (ASFV), a large DNA virus that causes a deadly panzootic disease in pigs, the limited understanding of host and viral targets hinders the development of effective vaccines and treatments. This review summarizes the current knowledge of virus-host and virus-virus PPIs by collecting and analyzing studies of individual viral proteins. We have compiled a dataset of experimentally determined host and virus protein targets, the molecular mechanisms involved, and the biological functions of the identified virus-host and virus-virus protein interactions during infection. Ultimately, this work provides a comprehensive and systematic overview of ASFV interactome, identifies knowledge gaps, and proposes future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Magdalena Dolata
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Gang Pei
- Institute of Immunology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | | | - Axel Karger
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
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