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Yao YG, Lu L, Ni RJ, Bi R, Chen C, Chen JQ, Fuchs E, Gorbatyuk M, Lei H, Li H, Liu C, Lv LB, Tsukiyama-Kohara K, Kohara M, Perez-Cruz C, Rainer G, Shan BC, Shen F, Tang AZ, Wang J, Xia W, Xia X, Xu L, Yu D, Zhang F, Zheng P, Zheng YT, Zhou J, Zhou JN. Study of tree shrew biology and models: A booming and prosperous field for biomedical research. Zool Res 2024; 45:877-909. [PMID: 39004865 PMCID: PMC11298672 DOI: 10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2024.199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The tree shrew ( Tupaia belangeri) has long been proposed as a suitable alternative to non-human primates (NHPs) in biomedical and laboratory research due to its close evolutionary relationship with primates. In recent years, significant advances have facilitated tree shrew studies, including the determination of the tree shrew genome, genetic manipulation using spermatogonial stem cells, viral vector-mediated gene delivery, and mapping of the tree shrew brain atlas. However, the limited availability of tree shrews globally remains a substantial challenge in the field. Additionally, determining the key questions best answered using tree shrews constitutes another difficulty. Tree shrew models have historically been used to study hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, myopia, and psychosocial stress-induced depression, with more recent studies focusing on developing animal models for infectious and neurodegenerative diseases. Despite these efforts, the impact of tree shrew models has not yet matched that of rodent or NHP models in biomedical research. This review summarizes the prominent advancements in tree shrew research and reflects on the key biological questions addressed using this model. We emphasize that intensive dedication and robust international collaboration are essential for achieving breakthroughs in tree shrew studies. The use of tree shrews as a unique resource is expected to gain considerable attention with the application of advanced techniques and the development of viable animal models, meeting the increasing demands of life science and biomedical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Gang Yao
- Key Laboratory of Genetic Evolution and Animal Models, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650204, China
- National Research Facility for Phenotypic & Genetic Analysis of Model Animals (Primate Facility), and National Resource Center for Non-Human Primates, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650107, China
- KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650204, China
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650204, China. E-mail:
| | - Li Lu
- Key Laboratory of Genetic Evolution and Animal Models, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650204, China
- National Research Facility for Phenotypic & Genetic Analysis of Model Animals (Primate Facility), and National Resource Center for Non-Human Primates, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650107, China
- KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650204, China
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650204, China
| | - Rong-Jun Ni
- Mental Health Center and Psychiatric Laboratory, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
- Sichuan Clinical Medical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Chengdu, Sichuan 610044, China
| | - Rui Bi
- Key Laboratory of Genetic Evolution and Animal Models, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650204, China
- National Research Facility for Phenotypic & Genetic Analysis of Model Animals (Primate Facility), and National Resource Center for Non-Human Primates, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650107, China
- KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650204, China
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650204, China
| | - Ceshi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Genetic Evolution and Animal Models, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650204, China
| | - Jia-Qi Chen
- National Research Facility for Phenotypic & Genetic Analysis of Model Animals (Primate Facility), and National Resource Center for Non-Human Primates, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650107, China
| | - Eberhard Fuchs
- German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute of Primate Research, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Marina Gorbatyuk
- Department of Optometry and Vision Science, School of Optometry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Hao Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Hongli Li
- Key Laboratory of Genetic Evolution and Animal Models, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650204, China
- National Research Facility for Phenotypic & Genetic Analysis of Model Animals (Primate Facility), and National Resource Center for Non-Human Primates, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650107, China
- KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650204, China
| | - Chunyu Liu
- Soong Ching Ling Institute of Maternity and Child Health, International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Long-Bao Lv
- National Research Facility for Phenotypic & Genetic Analysis of Model Animals (Primate Facility), and National Resource Center for Non-Human Primates, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650107, China
| | - Kyoko Tsukiyama-Kohara
- Transboundary Animal Diseases Center, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima-city, Kagoshima 890-8580, Japan
| | - Michinori Kohara
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| | | | - Gregor Rainer
- Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg CH-1700, Switzerland
| | - Bao-Ci Shan
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Radiographic Techniques and Equipment, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- School of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Fang Shen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - An-Zhou Tang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530000, China
- Key Laboratory of Early Prevention and Treatment for Regional High Frequency Tumor (Guangxi Medical University), Ministry of Education, Nanning, Guangxi 530000, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
| | - Wei Xia
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530000, China
- Key Laboratory of Early Prevention and Treatment for Regional High Frequency Tumor (Guangxi Medical University), Ministry of Education, Nanning, Guangxi 530000, China
| | - Xueshan Xia
- School of Public Health, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Ling Xu
- Key Laboratory of Genetic Evolution and Animal Models, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650204, China
- National Research Facility for Phenotypic & Genetic Analysis of Model Animals (Primate Facility), and National Resource Center for Non-Human Primates, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650107, China
- KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650204, China
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650204, China
| | - Dandan Yu
- Key Laboratory of Genetic Evolution and Animal Models, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650204, China
- National Research Facility for Phenotypic & Genetic Analysis of Model Animals (Primate Facility), and National Resource Center for Non-Human Primates, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650107, China
- KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650204, China
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650204, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Soong Ching Ling Institute of Maternity and Child Health, International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Ping Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Genetic Evolution and Animal Models, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650204, China
- National Research Facility for Phenotypic & Genetic Analysis of Model Animals (Primate Facility), and National Resource Center for Non-Human Primates, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650107, China
- KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650204, China
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650204, China
| | - Yong-Tang Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Genetic Evolution and Animal Models, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650204, China
- National Research Facility for Phenotypic & Genetic Analysis of Model Animals (Primate Facility), and National Resource Center for Non-Human Primates, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650107, China
- KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650204, China
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650204, China
| | - Jumin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Genetic Evolution and Animal Models, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650204, China
| | - Jiang-Ning Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Diseases, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
- Institute of Brain Science, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, China
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Bandeira DM, Rasinhas ADC, Leonardo R, da Silva MAN, Araujo EL, Trindade GF, Santos RT, Mendes YDS, Barth OM, Barreto-Vieira DF. Testicular damage without clinical manifestations in BALB/c mice experimentally infected with Zika virus. Anim Reprod 2024; 21:e20230124. [PMID: 39021499 PMCID: PMC11253786 DOI: 10.1590/1984-3143-ar2023-0124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
In 2015-2016, the Zika virus (ZIKV) caused a major epidemic in the Americas, increasing cases of microcephaly and Guillain-Barré syndrome. During this period, the discovery of ZIKV sexual transmission intensified studies on the impact of this virus on the reproductive organs. For this study, 2-month-old male BALB/c mice were infected with 1.26 x 106 PFU/mL of ZIKV in solution via the intravenous route. After three, seven, and fourteen days post-infection (DPI), blood and testicle samples were obtained to detect ZIKV RNA. The authors observed that the infected animals had slower weight gain than the control group. Viremia occurred only at 3DPI, and the ZIKV RNA was detected in one testis sample at 7DPI. The histopathological analysis of this organ revealed intense disorganization of the seminiferous tubules' structure, inflammatory infiltrate, necrosis, hemorrhage, fluid accumulation, congestion of blood vessels, and reduced sperm count. Ultrastructural analysis showed nuclear changes in tubule cells, activation of interstitial cells, and morphological changes in spermatozoa, in addition to fragmentation and decreased electron density of the genetic material of these cells. Thus, despite causing predominantly asymptomatic infections, ZIKV can cause significant subclinical and transient damage, including to male reproductive organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derick Mendes Bandeira
- Laboratório de Morfologia e Morfogênese Viral, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Arthur da Costa Rasinhas
- Laboratório de Morfologia e Morfogênese Viral, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Raphael Leonardo
- Laboratório de Morfologia e Morfogênese Viral, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | | | - Eduarda Lima Araujo
- Laboratório de Morfologia e Morfogênese Viral, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Gisela Freitas Trindade
- Laboratório de Tecnologia Virológica, Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Renata Tourinho Santos
- Laboratório de Tecnologia Virológica, Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Ygara da Silva Mendes
- Laboratório de Tecnologia Virológica, Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Ortrud Monika Barth
- Laboratório de Morfologia e Morfogênese Viral, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Debora Ferreira Barreto-Vieira
- Laboratório de Morfologia e Morfogênese Viral, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
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3
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Shofa M, Okamura T, Urano E, Matsuura Y, Yasutomi Y, Saito A. Repeated Intravaginal Inoculation of Zika Virus Protects Cynomolgus Monkeys from Subcutaneous Superchallenge. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232214002. [PMID: 36430481 PMCID: PMC9696507 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) outbreaks in Central and South America caused severe public health problems in 2015 and 2016. These outbreaks were finally contained through several methods, including mosquito control using insecticides and repellents. Additionally, the development of herd immunity in these countries might have contributed to containing the epidemic. While ZIKV is mainly transmitted by mosquito bites and mucosal transmission via bodily fluids, including the semen of infected individuals, has also been reported. We evaluated the effect of mucosal ZIKV infection on continuous subcutaneous challenges in a cynomolgus monkey model. Repeated intravaginal inoculations of ZIKV did not induce detectable viremia or clinical symptoms, and all animals developed a potent neutralizing antibody, protecting animals from the subsequent subcutaneous superchallenge. These results suggest that viral replication at mucosal sites can induce protective immunity without causing systemic viremia or symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Shofa
- Department of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
- Graduate School of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
| | - Tomotaka Okamura
- Tsukuba Primate Research Center, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Ibaraki 305-0843, Japan
| | - Emiko Urano
- Tsukuba Primate Research Center, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Ibaraki 305-0843, Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Matsuura
- Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Yasutomi
- Tsukuba Primate Research Center, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Ibaraki 305-0843, Japan
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Mie 514-8507, Japan
- Correspondence: (Y.Y.); (A.S.)
| | - Akatsuki Saito
- Department of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
- Graduate School of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Center for Animal Disease Control, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
- Correspondence: (Y.Y.); (A.S.)
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4
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Qiu HY, Zhang NN, Ma QQ, Li RT, Guan MY, Zhang LL, Zhou J, Zhang RR, Huang XY, Yang WH, Deng YQ, Qin CF, Zhou DS. Aerosolized Zika Virus Infection in Guinea Pigs. Emerg Microbes Infect 2022; 11:2350-2358. [PMID: 36069671 PMCID: PMC9553109 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2022.2122577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is primarily transmitted through mosquito bites and sexual contact, and vertical transmission of ZIKV has also been observed in humans. In addition, ZIKV infection via unknown transmission routes has been frequently reported in clinical settings. However, whether ZIKV can be transmitted via aerosol routes remains unknown. In this study, we demonstrated that aerosolized ZIKV is fully infectious in vitro and in vivo. Remarkably, intratracheal (i.t.) inoculation with aerosolized ZIKV led to rapid viremia and viral secretion in saliva, as well as robust humoral and innate immune responses in guinea pigs. Transcriptome analysis further revealed that the expression of genes related to viral processes, biological regulation and the immune response was significantly changed. Together, our results confirm that aerosolized ZIKV can result in systemic infection and induce both innate and adaptive immune responses in guinea pigs, highlighting the possibility of ZIKV transmission via aerosols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Ying Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, AMMS, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Na-Na Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, AMMS, Beijing 100071, China.,School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Qing-Qing Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, AMMS, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Rui-Ting Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, AMMS, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Meng-Yue Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, AMMS, Beijing 100071, China.,Beijing Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100010, China
| | - Li-Li Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, AMMS, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Jia Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, AMMS, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Rong-Rong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, AMMS, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Xing-Yao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, AMMS, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Wen-Hui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, AMMS, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Yong-Qiang Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, AMMS, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Cheng-Feng Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, AMMS, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Dong-Sheng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, AMMS, Beijing 100071, China
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Bi Z, Hong W, Yang J, Lu S, Peng X. Animal models for SARS-CoV-2 infection and pathology. MedComm (Beijing) 2021; 2:548-568. [PMID: 34909757 PMCID: PMC8662225 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the etiology of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Current variants including Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, and Lambda increase the capacity of infection and transmission of SARS-CoV-2, which might disable the in-used therapies and vaccines. The COVID-19 has now put an enormous strain on health care system all over the world. Therefore, the development of animal models that can capture characteristics and immune responses observed in COVID-19 patients is urgently needed. Appropriate models could accelerate the testing of therapeutic drugs and vaccines against SARS-CoV-2. In this review, we aim to summarize the current animal models for SARS-CoV-2 infection, including mice, hamsters, nonhuman primates, and ferrets, and discuss the details of transmission, pathology, and immunology induced by SARS-CoV-2 in these animal models. We hope this could throw light to the increased usefulness in fundamental studies of COVID-19 and the preclinical analysis of vaccines and therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenfei Bi
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug TargetState Key Laboratory of BiotherapyNational Clinical Research Center for GeriatricsWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduSichuanChina
| | - Weiqi Hong
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug TargetState Key Laboratory of BiotherapyNational Clinical Research Center for GeriatricsWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduSichuanChina
| | - Jingyun Yang
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug TargetState Key Laboratory of BiotherapyNational Clinical Research Center for GeriatricsWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduSichuanChina
| | - Shuaiyao Lu
- National Kunming High‐level Biosafety Primate Research CenterInstitute of Medical BiologyChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeYunnanChina
| | - Xiaozhong Peng
- National Kunming High‐level Biosafety Primate Research CenterInstitute of Medical BiologyChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeYunnanChina
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6
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Mammalian animal models for dengue virus infection: a recent overview. Arch Virol 2021; 167:31-44. [PMID: 34761286 PMCID: PMC8579898 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-021-05298-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Dengue, a rapidly spreading mosquito-borne human viral disease caused by dengue virus (DENV), is a public health concern in tropical and subtropical areas due to its expanding geographical range. DENV can cause a wide spectrum of illnesses in humans, ranging from asymptomatic infection or mild dengue fever (DF) to life-threatening dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) and dengue shock syndrome (DSS). Dengue is caused by four DENV serotypes; however, dengue pathogenesis is complex and poorly understood. Establishing a useful animal model that can exhibit dengue-fever-like signs similar to those in humans is essential to improve our understanding of the host response and pathogenesis of DENV. Although several animal models, including mouse models, non-human primate models, and a recently reported tree shrew model, have been investigated for DENV infection, animal models with clinical signs that are similar to those of DF in humans have not yet been established. Although animal models are essential for understanding the pathogenesis of DENV infection and for drug and vaccine development, each animal model has its own strengths and limitations. Therefore, in this review, we provide a recent overview of animal models for DENV infection and pathogenesis, focusing on studies of the antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) effect in animal models.
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7
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Li D, Baloch Z, Zhao Y, Bai L, Wang X, Wang G, Zhang AM, Lan K, Xia X. Establishment of Tree Shrew Animal Model for Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus (HHV-8) Infection. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:710067. [PMID: 34603235 PMCID: PMC8481836 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.710067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is the most common cause of Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS) and other malignant growths in humans. However, the lack of a KSHV-infected small animal model has hampered understanding of the mechanisms of KSHV infection, virus replication, pathogenesis, and persistence. This study was designed to explore the susceptibility of tree shrews as a possible KSHV-infected small animal model. A recombinant GFP (latent)/RFP (lytic)-positive rKSHV.219 strain was used to infect primary cells cultured from different tissues of tree shrews as an in vitro model and adult tree shrews as an in vivo model. KSHV latent nuclear antigen (LANA) and DNA were successfully detected in primary cells of tree shrews. Among them, tree shrew kidney epithelial cells (TSKEC) were the most susceptible cells to KSHV infection compared to other cells. KSHV genomic DNA, mRNA, and KSHV-specific proteins were readily detected in the TSKEC cultured up to 32 dpi. Moreover, KSHV DNA and mRNA transcription were also readily detected in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and various tissues of tree shrews infected with KSHV. Haematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining showed lymphocyte infiltration, lymphoid tissue focal aggregation, alveolar wall thickening, hepatocyte edema, hepatic necrosis in the spleen, lung, and liver of KSHV-infected animals. Additionally, immune-histochemical (IHC) staining showed that LANA or ORF62-positive cells were present in the spleen, lung, liver, and kidney of KSHV-infected tree shrews. Here, we have successfully established in vitro and in vivo KSHV latent infection in tree shrews. This small animal model is not only useful for studying the pathogenesis of KSHV in vivo but can also be a useful model to study transmission routes of viral infection and a useful platform to characterize the novel therapeutics against KSHV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daoqun Li
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China.,Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Zulqarnain Baloch
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Yang Zhao
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Lei Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Gang Wang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - A-Mei Zhang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Ke Lan
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xueshan Xia
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
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Kayesh MEH, Sanada T, Kohara M, Tsukiyama-Kohara K. Tree Shrew as an Emerging Small Animal Model for Human Viral Infection: A Recent Overview. Viruses 2021; 13:v13081641. [PMID: 34452505 PMCID: PMC8402676 DOI: 10.3390/v13081641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral infection is a global public health threat causing millions of deaths. A suitable small animal model is essential for viral pathogenesis and host response studies that could be used in antiviral and vaccine development. The tree shrew (Tupaia belangeri or Tupaia belangeri chinenesis), a squirrel-like non-primate small mammal in the Tupaiidae family, has been reported to be susceptible to important human viral pathogens, including hepatitis viruses (e.g., HBV, HCV), respiratory viruses (influenza viruses, SARS-CoV-2, human adenovirus B), arboviruses (Zika virus and dengue virus), and other viruses (e.g., herpes simplex virus, etc.). The pathogenesis of these viruses is not fully understood due to the lack of an economically feasible suitable small animal model mimicking natural infection of human diseases. The tree shrew model significantly contributes towards a better understanding of the infection and pathogenesis of these important human pathogens, highlighting its potential to be used as a viable viral infection model of human viruses. Therefore, in this review, we summarize updates regarding human viral infection in the tree shrew model, which highlights the potential of the tree shrew to be utilized for human viral infection and pathogenesis studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Enamul Hoque Kayesh
- Transboundary Animal Diseases Centre, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan;
- Department of Microbiology and Public Health, Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Barishal 8210, Bangladesh
| | - Takahiro Sanada
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan; (T.S.); (M.K.)
| | - Michinori Kohara
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan; (T.S.); (M.K.)
| | - Kyoko Tsukiyama-Kohara
- Transboundary Animal Diseases Centre, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-99-285-3589
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Miller MR, Fagre AC, Clarkson TC, Markle ED, Foy BD. Three Immunocompetent Small Animal Models That Do Not Support Zika Virus Infection. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10080971. [PMID: 34451435 PMCID: PMC8401401 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10080971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus that is primarily transmitted to humans through the bite of an infected mosquito. ZIKV causes disease in infected humans with added complications of Guillain-Barré syndrome and birth defects in infants born to mothers infected during pregnancy. There are several large immunocompetent animal models for ZIKV including non-human primates (NHPs). NHP models closely reflect human infection; however, due to sample size restrictions, investigations into the effects of transmission route and the impacts on disease dynamics have been understudied. Mice have been widely used for modeling ZIKV infection, yet there are few ZIKV-susceptible immunocompetent mouse models and none of these have been used to investigate sexual transmission. In an effort to identify a small immunocompetent animal model to characterize sexual transmission of ZIKV, we attempt experimental infection of multimammate mice, New Zealand white rabbits, and Hartley guinea pigs. The multimammate mouse is the natural reservoir of Lassa fever virus and has been identified to harbor other human pathogens. Likewise, while NZW rabbits are susceptible to West Nile virus, they have not yet been examined for their susceptibility to infection with ZIKV. Guinea pigs have been successfully used as models for ZIKV infection, but only in immunocompromised life stages (young or pregnant). Here, it was found that the multimammate mouse and New Zealand White (NZW) rabbits are not susceptible ZIKV infection as determined by a lack viral RNA in tissues and fluids collected. Sexually mature male Hartley guinea pigs were inoculated subcutaneously and by mosquito bite, but found to be refractory to ZIKV infection, contrary to findings of other studies in young and pregnant guinea pigs. Interestingly, here it is shown that adult male guinea pigs are not susceptible to ZIKV infection, even when infected by natural route (e.g., mosquito bite). Although a new small animal model for the sexual transmission for ZIKV was not established through this study, these findings provide information on outbred animal species that are not permissive to infection (NZW rabbits and multimammate mice) and new information surrounding limitations of a previously established animal model (guinea pigs).
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Luo MT, Mu D, Yang X, Luo RH, Zheng HY, Chen M, Guo YQ, Zheng YT. Tree Shrew Cells Transduced with Human CD4 and CCR5 Support Early Steps of HIV-1 Replication, but Viral Infectivity Is Restricted by APOBEC3. J Virol 2021; 95:e0002021. [PMID: 34076481 PMCID: PMC8312864 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00020-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The host range of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is narrow. Therefore, using ordinary animal models to study HIV-1 replication, pathogenesis, and therapy is impractical. The lack of applicable animal models for HIV-1 research spurred our investigation on whether tree shrews (Tupaia belangeri chinensis), which are susceptible to many types of human viruses, can act as an animal model for HIV-1. Here, we report that tree shrew primary cells are refractory to wild-type HIV-1 but support the early replication steps of HIV-1 pseudotyped with the vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein envelope (VSV-G), which can bypass entry receptors. The exogenous expression of human CD4 renders the tree shrew cell line infectible to X4-tropic HIV-1IIIB, suggesting that tree shrew CXCR4 is a functional HIV-1 coreceptor. However, tree shrew cells did not produce infectious HIV-1 progeny virions, even with the human CD4 receptor. Subsequently, we identified tree shrew (ts) apolipoprotein B editing catalytic polypeptide 3 (tsAPOBEC3) proteins as active inhibitors of HIV-1 particle infectivity, with virus infectivity reduced 10- to 1,000-fold. Unlike human APOBEC3G, the tsA3Z2c-Z1b protein was not degraded by the HIV-1 viral infectivity factor (Vif) but markedly restricted HIV-1 replication through mutagenicity and reverse transcription inhibition. The pooled knockout of tsA3Z2c-Z1b partially restored the infectivity of the HIV-1 progeny. This work suggests that tsAPOBEC3 proteins serve as an additional barrier to the development of HIV-1 tree shrew models, even when virus entry is overcome by exogenous expression of human CD4. IMPORTANCE The development of animal models is critical for studying human diseases and their pathogenesis and for evaluating drug and vaccine efficacy. For improved AIDS research, the ideal animal model of HIV-1 infection should be a small laboratory mammal that closely mimics virus replication in humans. Tree shrews exhibit considerable potential as animal models for the study of human diseases and therapeutic responses. Here, we report that human CD4-expressing tree shrew cells support the early steps of HIV-1 replication and that tree shrew CXCR4 is a functional coreceptor of HIV-1. However, tree shrew cells harbor additional restrictions that lead to the production of HIV-1 virions with low infectivity. Thus, the tsAPOBEC3 proteins are partial barriers to developing tree shrews as an HIV-1 model. Our results provide insight into the genetic basis of HIV inhibition in tree shrews and build a foundation for the establishment of gene-edited tree shrew HIV-1-infected models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Ting Luo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Center for Bio-safety Mega-Science, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Dan Mu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Center for Bio-safety Mega-Science, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Institute of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Center for Bio-safety Mega-Science, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Rong-Hua Luo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Center for Bio-safety Mega-Science, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Hong-Yi Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Center for Bio-safety Mega-Science, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Min Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Center for Bio-safety Mega-Science, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Ying-Qi Guo
- National Resource Center for Non-Human Primates, and National Research Facility for Phenotypic & Genetic Analysis of Model Animals (Primate Facility), Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Yong-Tang Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Center for Bio-safety Mega-Science, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- National Resource Center for Non-Human Primates, and National Research Facility for Phenotypic & Genetic Analysis of Model Animals (Primate Facility), Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
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11
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Baloch Z, Shen Z, Zhang L, Feng Y, Li D, Zhang NN, Deng YQ, Yang C, Sun X, Dai J, Yang Z, Qin CF, Xia X. Recapitulating Zika Virus Infection in Vagina of Tree Shrew (Tupaia belangeri). Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:687338. [PMID: 34249779 PMCID: PMC8270636 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.687338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Sexual transmission of Zika Virus (ZIKV) elevates the risk of its dissemination in the female reproductive tract and causes a serious threat to the fetus. However, the available animal models are not appropriate to investigate sexual transmission, dynamics of ZIKV infection, replication, and shedding. The use of tree shrew as a small animal model of ZIKV vaginal infection was assessed in this study. A total of 23 sexually mature female tree shrews were infected with ZIKV GZ01 via the intravaginal route. There was no significant difference in change of body weight, and the temperature between ZIKV infected and control animals. Viral RNA loads were detected in blood, saliva, urine, and vaginal douching. ZIKV RNA was readily detected in vaginal lavage of 22 animals (95.65%, 22/23) at 1 dpi, and viral load ranged from 104.46 to 107.35 copies/ml, and the peak of viral load appeared at 1 dpi. The expression of key inflammatory genes, such as IL6, 8, CCL5, TNF-a, and CXCL9, was increased in the spleen of ZIKV infected animals. In the current study, female tree shrews have been successfully infected with ZIKV through the vaginal route for the first time. Interestingly, at first, ZIKV replicates at the local site of infection and then spreads throughout the host body to develop a robust systemic infection and mounted a protective immune response. This small animal model is not only valuable for exploring ZIKV sexual transmission and may also help to explain the cause of debilitating manifestations of the fetus in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zulqarnain Baloch
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Yunnan Provincial Center for Molecular Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Zhili Shen
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Yunnan Provincial Center for Molecular Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Yunnan Provincial Center for Molecular Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Yue Feng
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Yunnan Provincial Center for Molecular Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Daoqun Li
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Yunnan Provincial Center for Molecular Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Na-Na Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Yong-Qiang Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Chunguang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Center of Tree Shrew Germplasm Resources, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Xiaomei Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiejie Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zifeng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Center of Tree Shrew Germplasm Resources, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Cheng-Feng Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Xueshan Xia
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Yunnan Provincial Center for Molecular Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
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12
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Zika Virus Induces an Atypical Tripartite Unfolded Protein Response with Sustained Sensor and Transient Effector Activation and a Blunted BiP Response. mSphere 2021; 6:e0036121. [PMID: 34106769 PMCID: PMC8265652 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00361-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
To study how the Zika virus (ZIKV) interacts with the host unfolded protein response (UPR), we undertook a kinetics study. We show that ZIKV infection triggers an atypical tripartite UPR in A549 cells involving transient activation of the effectors X-box-binding protein 1, activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4), CCAAT enhancer-binding protein-homologous protein, and growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible protein 34 during early infection and sustained activation of all three UPR sensors: RNA-activated protein kinase-like endoplasmic reticulum-resident kinase (PERK), inositol-requiring kinase-1α (IRE1α), and ATF6. Sustained phosphorylation of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2α and rRNA degradation coincide with host translational shutoff, cell lysis, and virus release during late infection. We show a blunted response of the master negative regulator, the immunoglobulin heavy-chain-binding protein (BiP), by chemical UPR inducers, and we show that ZIKV suppresses BiP transcription and translation, suggesting that it may be necessary to blunt the BiP response to sustain UPR sensor activation. The PERK inhibitor GSK2606414 alone has no effects but synergizes with the ATF6 inhibitor Ceapin-A7 to inhibit early and late infection, whereas Ceapin-A7 alone inhibits late infection. Likewise, 4-phenylbutyric acid inhibits ZIKV replication by attenuating the PERK and ATF6 pathways and potentiating the IRE1α pathway, suggesting that ZIKV infection is differentially and temporally regulated by different UPR arms. ZIKV infection is inhibited by pretreatment of chemical UPR inducers but is refractory to the inhibitory activity of chemical inducers once infection has been established, suggesting that ZIKV has anti-UPR mechanisms that may be able to modulate and co-opt the UPR in its life cycle. IMPORTANCE The Zika virus originates from Africa and Asia but is emerging in other parts of the world. It usually causes an asymptomatic or mild, acute infection but can cause serious neurological complications, such as microcephaly and Guillain-Barré syndromes. Therefore, there is a pressing need for an antiviral. Viruses are obligative parasites and are dependent on the hosts for their propagation. As a result, we can target viruses by targeting host dependency. The host unfolded protein response is a cellular homeostatic response to stresses but can also be triggered by virus infections. We show here that Zika virus infection can cause stress and trigger the unfolded protein response. The Zika virus is able to manipulate, subvert, and co-opt the host unfolded protein response to aid its own replication. Understanding host dependency is important in the quest of a new class of antivirals called host-targeting agents.
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13
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Jiang L, Lu C, Sun Q. Tree Shrew as a New Animal Model for the Study of Dengue Virus. Front Immunol 2021; 12:621164. [PMID: 33841402 PMCID: PMC8026886 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.621164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue virus is a significant public health threat worldwide; however, the pathogenesis of dengue disease remains poorly understood due to lack of appropriate small animal models. Tree shrews are an emerging experimental animal model for the study of human diseases due to their resemblance of genetic characteristics to primate animals. Herein we report that dengue infection in tree shrews elicits resemble clinical symptoms as in humans. Dengue fever (△2°C> normal body temperature) developed in ~22% healthy Chinese tree shrews from 2 through 33 days after infection with a low dose (1 ∗ 104 PFU/animal) of dengue virus serotype 2 or 3 intravenously or subcutaneously. The dengue genomic RNA and neutralizing antibodies were detected in ~78% of animals at days 7 and 15 post infection respectively. The serum levels of liver enzymes including aspartate transaminase, alanine aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase were elevated with peaks at day 7 after infection. Modest thrombocytopenia and a slight decrease in the white blood cell count were observed. Intriguingly, although viral RNA was barely detectable in the liver by 48 days after infection, it was still evident in the brain. The intra-brain bleeding lesions in the intravenous infection group were more severe than those in the subcutaneous infection group. Our data demonstrate that primary dengue virus infection in tree shrews causes resemble clinical disease as in humans and thus tree shrews may be a suitable model for the study of dengue disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liming Jiang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China.,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research & Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, China.,State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Caixia Lu
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China.,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research & Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, China
| | - Qiangming Sun
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China.,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research & Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, China
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Zhang J, Xiao H, Bi Y, Long Q, Gong Y, Dai J, Sun M, Cun W. Characteristics of the tree shrew humoral immune system. Mol Immunol 2020; 127:175-185. [PMID: 32992149 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2020.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Preclinical studies require an immune response similar to that of humans in a small animal model that is convenient to operate. Based on genome alignment, tree shrews are small animals considered to be more similar to primates than are rodents, and many human disease models have been established with tree shrews. However, the characteristics of the humoral immune response of tree shrews remain to be elucidated. In this study, the genetic sequence of the heavy chain constant region of tree shrew immunoglobulin (Ig) was complemented, and the results of immunoglobulin domain homology and transcriptome analysis showed that the tree shrew genome encodes only four classes of antibodies and does not encode IgD. The oldest IgM antibody has the highest homology with primates. After the complete sequence of each type of antibody was obtained, the tree shrew antibody protein was further expressed and purified by in vitro recombination, and an IgG quantitative evaluation system was established. The highly effective immuno protective effect induced by HSV-1 infection and the significant bactericidal effect induced by Neisseria meningitidis group C polysaccharide immunization showed that tree shrews exhibited immune responses more similar to humans than to mice. This may provide better predictive value for vaccine preclinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Zhang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development of Severe Infectious Disease, 935 Jiaoling Road, Kunming, 650118, Yunnan, China
| | - Hongjian Xiao
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development of Severe Infectious Disease, 935 Jiaoling Road, Kunming, 650118, Yunnan, China
| | - Yanwei Bi
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development of Severe Infectious Disease, 935 Jiaoling Road, Kunming, 650118, Yunnan, China
| | - Qiong Long
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development of Severe Infectious Disease, 935 Jiaoling Road, Kunming, 650118, Yunnan, China
| | - Yue Gong
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development of Severe Infectious Disease, 935 Jiaoling Road, Kunming, 650118, Yunnan, China
| | - Jiejie Dai
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development of Severe Infectious Disease, 935 Jiaoling Road, Kunming, 650118, Yunnan, China
| | - Ming Sun
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development of Severe Infectious Disease, 935 Jiaoling Road, Kunming, 650118, Yunnan, China
| | - Wei Cun
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development of Severe Infectious Disease, 935 Jiaoling Road, Kunming, 650118, Yunnan, China.
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15
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Establishment and transcriptomic features of an immortalized hepatic cell line of the Chinese tree shrew. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:8813-8823. [PMID: 32880691 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10855-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Chinese tree shrew (Tupaia belangeri chinesis) is a rising experimental animal and has been used for studying a variety of human diseases, such as metabolic and viral infectious diseases. METHODS In this study, we established an immortalized tree shrew hepatic cell line, ITH6.1, by introducing the simian virus 40 large T antigen gene into primary tree shrew hepatocytes (PTHs). RESULTS The ITH6.1 cell line had a stable cell morphology and proliferation activity. This cell line could be infected by enterovirus 71 (EV71), but not hepatitis C virus (HCV), although the known HCV entry factors, including CD81, SR-BI, CLDN1 and OCLN, were all expressed in the PTHs and ITH6.1 of different passages. Comparison of the transcriptomic features of the PTHs and different passages of the ITH6.1 cells revealed the dynamic gene expression profiles during the transformation. We found that the DNA replication- and cell cycle-related genes were upregulated, whereas the metabolic pathway-related genes were downregulated in early passages of immortalized hepatocytes compared to the PTHs. Furthermore, expression of hepatocytes function-related genes were repressed in ITH6.1 compared to that of PTHs. CONCLUSION We believe these cellular expression alterations might cause the resistance of the ITH6.1 cell to HCV infection. This tree shrew liver cell line may be a good resource for the field. KEY POINTS • A tree shrew hepatic cell line (ITH6.1) was established. • ITH6.1 cells could be infected by EV71, but not HCV. • ITH6.1 had an altered expression profiling compared to the primary hepatocytes.
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Blitvich BJ, Magalhaes T, Laredo-Tiscareño SV, Foy BD. Sexual Transmission of Arboviruses: A Systematic Review. Viruses 2020; 12:v12090933. [PMID: 32854298 PMCID: PMC7552039 DOI: 10.3390/v12090933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) are primarily maintained in nature in transmission cycles between hematophagous arthropods and vertebrate hosts, but an increasing number of arboviruses have been isolated from or indirectly detected in the urogenital tract and sexual secretions of their vertebrate hosts, indicating that further investigation on the possibility of sexual transmission of these viruses is warranted. The most widely recognized sexually-transmitted arbovirus is Zika virus but other arboviruses, including Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus and dengue virus, might also be transmitted, albeit occasionally, by this route. This review summarizes our current understanding on the ability of arboviruses to be sexually transmitted. We discuss the sexual transmission of arboviruses between humans and between vertebrate animals, but not arthropod vectors. Every taxonomic group known to contain arboviruses (Asfarviridae, Bunyavirales, Flaviviridae, Orthomyxoviridae, Reoviridae, Rhabdoviridae and Togaviridae) is covered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley J. Blitvich
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-515-294-9861; Fax: +1-515-294-8500
| | - Tereza Magalhaes
- Arthropod-Borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (T.M.); (B.D.F.)
| | - S. Viridiana Laredo-Tiscareño
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA;
| | - Brian D. Foy
- Arthropod-Borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (T.M.); (B.D.F.)
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Pathogenesis and Immune Response Caused by Vector-Borne and Other Viral Infections in a Tupaia Model. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7120686. [PMID: 31842286 PMCID: PMC6956204 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7120686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2019] [Revised: 12/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The Tupaia or tree shrew (Tupaia belangeri), a small mammal of the Tupaiidae family, is an increasingly used and promising infection model for virological and immunological research. Recently, sequencing of the Tupaia whole genome revealed that it is more homologous to the genome of humans than of rodents. Viral infections are a global threat to human health, and a complex series of events are involved in the interactions between a virus and the host immune system, which play important roles in the activation of an immune response and the outcome of an infection. Majority of immune response data in viral infections are obtained from studies using animal models that enhance the understanding of host-virus interactions; a proper understanding of these interactions is very important for the development of effective antivirals and prophylactics. Therefore, animal models that are permissive to infection and that recapitulate human disease pathogenesis and immune responses to viral infections are essential. Several studies have shown the permissiveness of Tupaia to a number of important human viral infections in vitro and in vivo without prior adaptation of the viruses; the immune responses and clinical manifestations were comparable to those observed in human infections. Thus, the Tupaia is being utilized and developed as a promising immunocompetent small animal model for viral infection studies. In this review, we focused on the immune responses, mostly innate, during viral infection and pathogenesis in the Tupaia model; we evaluated the interaction between the virus and the components of host resistance, the usefulness of this model for immunopathogenesis studies, and the vaccines and antivirals available.
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Construction of complete Tupaia belangeri transcriptome database by whole-genome and comprehensive RNA sequencing. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12372. [PMID: 31451757 PMCID: PMC6710255 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48867-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The northern tree shrew (Tupaia belangeri) possesses high potential as an animal model of human diseases and biology, given its genetic similarity to primates. Although genetic information on the tree shrew has already been published, some of the entire coding sequences (CDSs) of tree shrew genes remained incomplete, and the reliability of these CDSs remained difficult to determine. To improve the determination of tree shrew CDSs, we performed sequencing of the whole-genome, mRNA, and total RNA and integrated the resulting data. Additionally, we established criteria for the selection of reliable CDSs and annotated these sequences by comparison to the human transcriptome, resulting in the identification of complete CDSs for 12,612 tree shrew genes and yielding a more accurate tree shrew genome database (TupaiaBase: http://tupaiabase.org). Transcriptome profiles in hepatitis B virus infected tree shrew livers were analyzed for validation. Gene ontology analysis showed enriched transcriptional regulation at 1 day post-infection, namely in the “type I interferon signaling pathway”. Moreover, a negative regulator of type I interferon, SOCS3, was induced. This work, which provides a tree shrew CDS database based on genomic DNA and RNA sequencing, is expected to serve as a powerful tool for further development of the tree shrew model.
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Zhang L, Shen ZL, Feng Y, Li DQ, Zhang NN, Deng YQ, Qi XP, Sun XM, Dai JJ, Yang CG, Yang ZF, Qin CF, Xia XS. Infectivity of Zika virus on primary cells support tree shrew as animal model. Emerg Microbes Infect 2019; 8:232-241. [PMID: 30866776 PMCID: PMC6455147 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2018.1559707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus that caused the public health emergency. Recently, we have proved a novel small animal tree shrew was susceptive to ZIKV infection and presented the most common rash symptoms as ZIKV patients. Here we further cultured the primary cells from different tissues of this animal to determine the tissue tropism of ZIKV infection in vitro. The results showed that the primary cells from tree shrew kidney, lung, liver, skin and aorta were permissive to ZIKV infection and could support viral replication by the detection of viral specific RNA intra- and extra-cells. In comparing, the skin fibroblast and vascular endothelial cells were highly permissive to ZIKV infection with high releasing of active virus particles in supernatants proved by its infectivity in established neonatal mouse model. The expressions of ZIKV envelop and nonstructural protein-1, and the effects and strong immune response of primary tree shrew cells were also detected followed by ZIKV infection. These findings provide powerful in vitro cell-level evidence to support tree shrew as animal model of ZIKV infection and may help to explain the rash manifestations in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- a Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering , Kunming University of Science and Technology , Kunming , People's Republic of China.,b Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Yunnan Provincial Center for Molecular Medicine , Kunming University of Science and Technology , Kunming , People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Li Shen
- b Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Yunnan Provincial Center for Molecular Medicine , Kunming University of Science and Technology , Kunming , People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Feng
- b Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Yunnan Provincial Center for Molecular Medicine , Kunming University of Science and Technology , Kunming , People's Republic of China
| | - Dao-Qun Li
- b Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Yunnan Provincial Center for Molecular Medicine , Kunming University of Science and Technology , Kunming , People's Republic of China
| | - Na-Na Zhang
- c State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity , Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology , Beijing , People's Republic of China
| | - Yong-Qiang Deng
- c State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity , Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology , Beijing , People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Peng Qi
- d Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms , Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Kunming , People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Mei Sun
- e Center of Tree Shrew Germplasm Resources , Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College , Kunming , People's Republic of China
| | - Jie-Jie Dai
- e Center of Tree Shrew Germplasm Resources , Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College , Kunming , People's Republic of China
| | - Chun-Guang Yang
- f State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease , First Affiliated Hospital of Guagnzhou Medical University , Guangzhou , People's Republic of China
| | - Zi-Feng Yang
- f State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease , First Affiliated Hospital of Guagnzhou Medical University , Guangzhou , People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng-Feng Qin
- c State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity , Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology , Beijing , People's Republic of China
| | - Xue-Shan Xia
- b Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Yunnan Provincial Center for Molecular Medicine , Kunming University of Science and Technology , Kunming , People's Republic of China
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Xu D, Li C, Qin CF, Xu Z. Update on the Animal Models and Underlying Mechanisms for ZIKV-Induced Microcephaly. Annu Rev Virol 2019; 6:459-479. [PMID: 31206355 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-virology-092818-015740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The circulation of Zika virus (ZIKV) in nearly 80 countries and territories poses a significant global threat to public health. ZIKV is causally linked to severe developmental defects in the brain, recognized as congenital Zika syndrome (CZS), which includes microcephaly and other serious congenital neurological complications. Since the World Health Organization declared the ZIKV outbreak a public health emergency of international concern, remarkable progress has been made in the generation of different ZIKV infection animal models to gain insight into cellular targets and pathogenesis and to explore the associated underlying mechanisms. Here we focus on summarizing our current understanding of the effects of ZIKV on mammalian brain development in different developmental stages and discuss the potential underlying mechanisms of ZIKV-induced CZS, as well as future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Xu
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Institute of Life Sciences, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China;
| | - Cui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China;
| | - Cheng-Feng Qin
- Department of Virology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China;
| | - Zhiheng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; .,Parkinson's Disease Center, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing 100069, China
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