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Mao R, Zhu Z, Yang F, Sun D, Zhou X, Cao W, Qin X, Dang W, Liu H, Tian H, Zhang K, Wu Q, Liu X, Zheng H. Picornavirus VP3 protein induces autophagy through the TP53-BAD-BAX axis to promote viral replication. Autophagy 2024:1-20. [PMID: 38752369 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2024.2350270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy/autophagy and apoptosis are pivotal interconnected host cell responses to viral infection, including picornaviruses. Here, the VP3 proteins of picornaviruses were determined to trigger autophagy, with the autophagic flux being triggered by the TP53-BAD-BAX axis. Using foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) as a model system, we unraveled a novel mechanism of how picornavirus hijacks autophagy to bolster viral replication and enhance pathogenesis. FMDV infection induced both autophagy and apoptosis in vivo and in vitro. FMDV VP3 protein facilitated the phosphorylation and translocation of TP53 from the nucleus into the mitochondria, resulting in BAD-mediated apoptosis and BECN1-mediated autophagy. The amino acid Gly129 in VP3 is essential for its interaction with TP53, and crucial for induction of autophagy and apoptosis. VP3-induced autophagy and apoptosis are both essential for FMDV replication, while, autophagy plays a more important role in VP3-mediated pathogenesis. Mutation of Gly129 to Ala129 in VP3 abrogated the autophagic regulatory function of VP3, which significantly decreased the viral replication and pathogenesis of FMDV. This suggested that VP3-induced autophagy benefits viral replication and pathogenesis. Importantly, this Gly is conserved and showed a common function in various picornaviruses. This study provides insight for developing broad-spectrum antivirals and genetic engineering attenuated vaccines against picornaviruses.Abbreviations: 3-MA, 3-methyladenine; ATG, autophagy related; BAD, BCL2 associated agonist of cell death; BAK1, BCL2 antagonist/killer 1; BAX, BCL2 associated X, apoptosis regulator; BBC3/PUMA, BCL2 binding component 3; BCL2, BCL2 apoptosis regulator; BID, BH3 interacting domain death agonist; BIP-V5, BAX inhibitor peptide V5; CFLAR/FLIP, CASP8 and FADD like apoptosis regulator; CPE, cytopathic effects; CQ, chloroquine; CV, coxsackievirus; DAPK, death associated protein kinase; DRAM, DNA damage regulated autophagy modulator; EV71, enterovirus 71; FMDV, foot-and-mouth disease virus; HAV, hepatitis A virus; KD, knockdown; MAP1LC3/LC3, microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3; MOI, multiplicity of infection; MTOR, mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase; PML, promyelocytic leukemia; PV, poliovirus; SVA, Seneca Valley virus; TCID50, 50% tissue culture infectious doses; TOR, target of rapamycin. TP53/p53, tumor protein p53; WCL, whole-cell lysate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoqing Mao
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zixiang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Fan Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Dehui Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiaoli Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Weijun Cao
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiaodong Qin
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Wen Dang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Huanan Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hong Tian
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Keshan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Qingfeng Wu
- Analysis and Test Group, Center for Technical Development and Analysis Service, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiangtao Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Haixue Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
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Wang S, Pang Z, Fan H, Tong Y. Advances in anti-EV-A71 drug development research. J Adv Res 2024; 56:137-156. [PMID: 37001813 PMCID: PMC10834817 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2023.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) is capable of causing hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD), which may lead to neurological sequelae and even death. As EV-A71 is resistant to environmental changes and mutates easily, there is still a lack of effective treatments or globally available vaccines. AIM OF REVIEW For more than 50 years since the HFMD epidemic, related drug research has been conducted. Progress in this area can promote the further application of existing potential drugs and develop more efficient and safe antiviral drugs, and provide useful reference for protecting the younger generation and maintaining public health security. KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF REVIEW At present, researchers have identified hundreds of EV-A71 inhibitors based on screening repurposed drugs, targeted structural design, and rational modification of previously effective drugs as the main development strategies. This review systematically introduces the current potential drugs to inhibit EV-A71 infection, including viral inhibitors targeting key sites such as the viral capsid, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), 2C protein, internal ribosome entry site (IRES), 3C proteinase (3Cpro), and 2A proteinase (2Apro), starting from each stage of the viral life cycle. Meanwhile, the progress of host-targeting antiviral drugs and their development are summarized in terms of regulating host immunity, inhibiting autophagy or apoptosis, and regulating the cellular redox environment. In addition, the current clinical methods for the prevention and treatment of HFMD are summarized and discussed with the aim of providing support and recommendations for the treatment of enterovirus infections including EV-A71.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuqi Wang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Zehan Pang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Huahao Fan
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China.
| | - Yigang Tong
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China; Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China.
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Sahoo M, Kondabattula G, Thakor JC, Dinesh M, Kumar P, Singh R, Singh K, Saminathan M, Sahoo NR. Novel pathological findings and immunohistochemical detection of FMDV antigens in the brain of calves naturally infected with foot-and-mouth disease. Microb Pathog 2022; 169:105650. [PMID: 35764187 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is an extremely contagious and economically devastating viral disease of cloven-hoofed domestic and wildlife animals. The disease is endemic in India and other developing countries of the world. The disease is mainly characterized by the presence of vesicular lesions and "tigroid heart" in calves. The current report describes the novel pathologic findings along with the distribution of FMDV antigens in brain of young calves naturally infected with FMDV. The carcasses of 37 calves suspected to have died from FMD were presented for postmortem investigation. Out of 37 dead calves, 10 calves showed the clinical signs of neurological abnormalities like opisthotonos, muscle twitching and tremor in hind limbs, stiffening of the neck followed by death. Microscopically, the meninges were congested, hemorrhagic, and infiltrated with mononuclear cells. The various sub anatomical sites of the brain showed the varying degrees of vascular changes, perivascular cuffing, focal to diffuse gliosis as well as degeneration and neuronal necrosis, indicating the nonsuppurative encephalitis. The immunolabeling of FMDV antigen was demonstrated in the neurons, inflammatory cells, and microglial cells besides its typical locations. The neurons of the brain also showed strong immunopositivity for caspase-3, caspase-9 and p53 and negative for Bcl-2 and apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) by both immunohistochemistry and western blotting indicating the role of caspase mediated intrinsic, and p53 dependent apoptotic pathway. Further, the TUNEL assay also confirmed the apoptosis in the neurons and glial cells of the brain of naturally infected calves. This study in calves establishes a basis for resemblance to other members of Picornaviruses, such as Enterovirus 71 and Coxsackievirus of humans and seems to be the first report of its kind showing the neuropathological alterations along with the distribution of FMDV antigens associated with apoptosis in younger calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monalisa Sahoo
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar, India; ICAR-DFMD-International Centre for Foot and Mouth Disease, Arugul, Jatni, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.
| | - Ganesh Kondabattula
- Quality Control & Quality Assurance unit, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Bengaluru, India
| | | | - M Dinesh
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar, India
| | - Pradeep Kumar
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar, India
| | - Rajendra Singh
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar, India
| | - Karampal Singh
- ICAR-CADRAD, Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar, India
| | - M Saminathan
- ICAR-CADRAD, Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar, India
| | - Nihar Ranjan Sahoo
- ICAR-DFMD-International Centre for Foot and Mouth Disease, Arugul, Jatni, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
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Li H, Yao Y, Chen Y, Zhang S, Deng Z, Qiao W, Tan J. TRAF3IP3 Is Cleaved by EV71 3C Protease and Exhibits Antiviral Activity. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:914971. [PMID: 35814660 PMCID: PMC9260427 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.914971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is one of the major pathogens of hand, foot, and mouth disease, which poses a major risk to public health and infant safety. 3C protease (3Cpro), a non-structural protein of EV71, promotes viral protein maturation by cleaving polyprotein precursors and facilitates viral immune escape by cleaving host proteins. In this study, we screened for human proteins that could interact with EV71 3Cpro using a yeast two-hybrid assay. Immune-associated protein TRAF3 Interacting Protein 3 (TRAF3IP3) was selected for further study. The results of co-immunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence demonstrated the interaction between TRAF3IP3 and EV71 3Cpro. A cleavage band was detected, indicating that both transfected 3Cpro and EV71 infection could cleave TRAF3IP3. 87Q-88G was identified as the only 3Cpro cleavage site in TRAF3IP3. In Jurkat and rhabdomyosarcoma (RD) cells, TRAF3IP3 inhibited EV71 replication, and 3Cpro cleavage partially resisted TRAF3IP3-induced inhibition. Additionally, the nuclear localization signal (NLS) and nuclear export signal (NES) of TRAF3IP3 were identified. The NES contributed to TRAF3IP3 alteration of 3Cpro localization and inhibition of EV71 replication. Together, these results indicate that TRAF3IP3 inhibits EV71 replication and 3Cpro resists such inhibition via proteolytic cleavage, providing a new example of virus-host interaction.
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Li Z, Wu Y, Li H, Li W, Tan J, Qiao W. 3C protease of enterovirus 71 cleaves promyelocytic leukemia protein and impairs PML-NBs production. Virol J 2021; 18:255. [PMID: 34930370 PMCID: PMC8686290 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-021-01725-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enterovirus 71 (EV71) usually infects infants causing hand-foot-mouth disease (HFMD), even fatal neurological disease like aseptic meningitis. Effective drug for preventing and treating EV71 infection is unavailable currently. EV71 3C mediated the cleavage of many proteins and played an important role in viral inhibiting host innate immunity. Promyelocytic leukemia (PML) protein, the primary organizer of PML nuclear bodies (PML-NBs), can be induced by interferon and is involved in antiviral activity. PML inhibits EV71 replication, and EV71 infection reduces PML expression, but the molecular mechanism is unclear. METHODS The cleavage of PMLIII and IV was confirmed by co-transfection of EV71 3C protease and PML. The detailed cleavage sites were evaluated further by constructing the Q to A mutant of PML. PML knockout cells were infected with EV71 to identify the effect of cleavage on EV71 replication. Immunofluorescence analysis to examine the interference of EV71 3C on the formation of PML-NBs. RESULTS EV71 3C directly cleaved PMLIII and IV. Furthermore, 3C cleaved PMLIV at the sites of Q430-A431 and Q444-S445 through its protease activity. Overexpression of PMLIV Q430A/Q444A variant exhibited stronger antiviral potential than the wild type. PMLIV Q430A/Q444A formed normal nuclear bodies that were not affected by 3C, suggesting that 3C may impair PML-NBs production via PMLIV cleavage and counter its antiviral activities. PML, especially PMLIV, which sequesters viral proteins in PML-NBs and inhibits viral production, is a novel target of EV71 3C cleavage. CONCLUSIONS EV71 3C cleaves PMLIV at Q430-A431 and Q444-S445. Cleavage reduces the antiviral function of PML and decomposes the formation of PML-NBs, which is conducive to virus replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuoran Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Ya'ni Wu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Hui Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Wenqian Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Juan Tan
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.
| | - Wentao Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.
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6
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Xiao H, Li J, Yang X, Li Z, Wang Y, Rui Y, Liu B, Zhang W. Ectopic Expression of TRIM25 Restores RIG-I Expression and IFN Production Reduced by Multiple Enteroviruses 3C pro. Virol Sin 2021; 36:1363-1374. [PMID: 34170466 PMCID: PMC8226358 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-021-00410-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteroviruses (EVs) 3C proteins suppress type I interferon (IFN) responses mediated by retinoid acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I), while an E3 ubiquitin ligase, tripartite motif protein 25 (TRIM25)-mediated RIG-I ubiquitination is essential for RIG-I antiviral activity. Therefore, whether the effect of EVs 3C on RIG-I is associated with TRIM25 expression is worth to be further investigated. Here, we demonstrate that 3C proteins of EV71 and coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) reduced not only RIG-I expression but also TRIM25 expression through protease cleavage activity, while overexpression of TRIM25 restored RIG-I expression and IFN-β production reduced by 3C proteins. Further investigation confirmed that the two amino acids and functional domains in TRIM25 required for RIG-I ubiquitination and TRIM25 structural conformation were essential for the recovery of RIG-I expression. Moreover, we also observed that TRIM25 could rescue RIG-I expression reduced by 3C proteins of CVA6 and EV-D68 but not CVA16. Our findings provide an insightful interpretation of 3C-mediated host innate immune suppression and support TRIM25 as an attractive target against multiple EVs infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Xiao
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of The Ministry of Education, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Jingliang Li
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of The Ministry of Education, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
- Changchun Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Xu Yang
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of The Ministry of Education, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Zhaolong Li
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of The Ministry of Education, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Changchun Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Yajuan Rui
- Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, Ministry of Education), Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Hand Surgery, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China.
| | - Wenyan Zhang
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of The Ministry of Education, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China.
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7
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Selina PI, Karaseva MA, Komissarov AA, Safina DR, Lunina NA, Roschina MP, Sverdlov ED, Demidyuk IV, Kostrov SV. Embryotoxic activity of 3C protease of human hepatitis A virus in developing Danio rerio embryos. Sci Rep 2021; 11:18196. [PMID: 34521911 PMCID: PMC8440601 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-97641-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The 3C protease is a key factor in picornavirus-induced pathologies with a comprehensive action on cell targets. However, the effects induced by the enzyme have not been described at the organismic level. Here, the model of developing Danio rerio embryos was used to analyze possible toxic effects of the 3C protease of human hepatitis A virus (3Cpro) at the whole-body level. The transient 3Cpro expression had a notable lethal effect and induced a number of specific abnormalities in Danio rerio embryos within 24 h. These effects are due to the proteolytic activity of the enzyme. At the same time, the 3Cpro variant with reduced catalytic activity (3Cmut) increased the incidence of embryonic abnormalities; however, this effect was smaller compared to the native enzyme form. While the expression of 3Cmut increased the overall rate of abnormalities, no predominance of specific ones was observed. The data obtained point to a presence significant impact of picornavirus 3Cprotease at the whole-organism level and make contribution to the study of the infectious process caused by human hepatitis A virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Polina I Selina
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of National Research Center, Kurchatov Institute, 123182, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Maria A Karaseva
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of National Research Center, Kurchatov Institute, 123182, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexey A Komissarov
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of National Research Center, Kurchatov Institute, 123182, Moscow, Russia
| | - Dina R Safina
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of National Research Center, Kurchatov Institute, 123182, Moscow, Russia
| | - Nataliya A Lunina
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of National Research Center, Kurchatov Institute, 123182, Moscow, Russia
| | - Marina P Roschina
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of National Research Center, Kurchatov Institute, 123182, Moscow, Russia
| | - Eugene D Sverdlov
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of National Research Center, Kurchatov Institute, 123182, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ilya V Demidyuk
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of National Research Center, Kurchatov Institute, 123182, Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey V Kostrov
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of National Research Center, Kurchatov Institute, 123182, Moscow, Russia
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8
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Ren Y, Wang A, Fang Y, Shu T, Wu D, Wang C, Huang M, Min J, Jin L, Zhou W, Qiu Y, Zhou X. SARS-CoV-2 Membrane Glycoprotein M Triggers Apoptosis With the Assistance of Nucleocapsid Protein N in Cells. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:706252. [PMID: 34513728 PMCID: PMC8425412 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.706252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The pandemic of COVID-19 by SARS-CoV-2 has become a global disaster. However, we still don’t know how specific SARS-CoV-2-encoded proteins contribute to viral pathogenicity. We found that SARS-CoV-2-encoded membrane glycoprotein M could induce caspase-dependent apoptosis via interacting with PDK1 and inhibiting the activation of PDK1-PKB/Akt signaling. Our investigation further revealed that SARS-CoV-2-encoded nucleocapsid protein N could specifically enhance the M-induced apoptosis via interacting with both M and PDK1, therefore strengthening M-mediated attenuation of PDK1-PKB/Akt interaction. Furthermore, when the M-N interaction was disrupted via certain rationally designed peptides, the PDK1-PKB/Akt signaling was restored, and the boosting activity of N on the M-triggered apoptosis was abolished. Overall, our findings uncovered a novel mechanism by which SARS-CoV-2-encoded M triggers apoptosis with the assistance of N, which expands our understanding of the two key proteins of SARS-CoV-2 and sheds light on the pathogenicity of this life-threatening virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Ren
- Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Wuhan, China
| | - An Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Wuhan, China.,Joint Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Health, Wuhan Institute of Virology & Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital, CAS, Wuhan, China.,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Wuhan, China
| | - Ting Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Wuhan, China.,Joint Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Health, Wuhan Institute of Virology & Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital, CAS, Wuhan, China
| | - Di Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Wuhan, China.,Joint Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Health, Wuhan Institute of Virology & Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital, CAS, Wuhan, China
| | - Chong Wang
- Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Wuhan, China
| | - Muhan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Wuhan, China.,Joint Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Health, Wuhan Institute of Virology & Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital, CAS, Wuhan, China
| | - Juan Min
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Wuhan, China
| | - Liang Jin
- Institute of Microbiology, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yang Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Wuhan, China.,Joint Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Health, Wuhan Institute of Virology & Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital, CAS, Wuhan, China.,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Wuhan, China.,Joint Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Health, Wuhan Institute of Virology & Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital, CAS, Wuhan, China.,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Institute of Microbiology, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang, China
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9
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Su YS, Hwang LH, Chen CJ. Heat Shock Protein A6, a Novel HSP70, Is Induced During Enterovirus A71 Infection to Facilitate Internal Ribosomal Entry Site-Mediated Translation. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:664955. [PMID: 34025620 PMCID: PMC8137988 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.664955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) is a human pathogen causing hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) in children. Its infection can lead to severe neurological diseases or even death in some cases. While being produced in a large quantity during infection, viral proteins often require the assistance from cellular chaperones for proper folding. In this study, we found that heat shock protein A6 (HSPA6), whose function in viral life cycle is scarcely studied, was induced and functioned as a positive regulator for EV-A71 infection. Depletion of HSPA6 led to the reductions of EV-A71 viral proteins, viral RNA and virions as a result of the downregulation of internal ribosomal entry site (IRES)-mediated translation. Unlike other HSP70 isoforms such as HSPA1, HSPA8, and HSPA9, which regulate all phases of the EV-A71 life, HSPA6 was required for the IRES-mediated translation only. Unexpectedly, the importance of HSPA6 in the IRES activity could be observed in the absence of viral proteins, suggesting that HSPA6 facilitated IRES activity through cellular factor(s) instead of viral proteins. Intriguingly, the knockdown of HSPA6 also caused the reduction of luciferase activity driven by the IRES from coxsackievirus A16, echovirus 9, encephalomyocarditis virus, or hepatitis C virus, supporting that HSPA6 may assist the function of a cellular protein generally required for viral IRES activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Siang Su
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Lih-Hwa Hwang
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Ju Chen
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
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10
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Yi J, Peng J, Yang W, Zhu G, Ren J, Li D, Zheng H. Picornavirus 3C - a protease ensuring virus replication and subverting host responses. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:134/5/jcs253237. [PMID: 33692152 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.253237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The protease 3C is encoded by all known picornaviruses, and the structural features related to its protease and RNA-binding activities are conserved; these contribute to the cleavage of viral polyproteins and the assembly of the viral RNA replication complex during virus replication. Furthermore, 3C performs functions in the host cell through its interaction with host proteins. For instance, 3C has been shown to selectively 'hijack' host factors involved in gene expression, promoting picornavirus replication, and to inactivate key factors in innate immunity signaling pathways, inhibiting the production of interferon and inflammatory cytokines. Importantly, 3C maintains virus infection by subtly subverting host cell death and modifying critical molecules in host organelles. This Review focuses on the molecular mechanisms through which 3C mediates physiological processes involved in virus-host interaction, thus highlighting the picornavirus-mediated pathogenesis caused by 3C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiamin Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology and OIE/National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, China
| | - Jiangling Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology and OIE/National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, China
| | - Wenping Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology and OIE/National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, China
| | - Guoqiang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology and OIE/National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, China
| | - Jingjing Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology and OIE/National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, China
| | - Dan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology and OIE/National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, China
| | - Haixue Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology and OIE/National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, China
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11
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You L, Chen J, Liu W, Xiang Q, Luo Z, Wang W, Xu W, Wu K, Zhang Q, Liu Y, Wu J. Enterovirus 71 induces neural cell apoptosis and autophagy through promoting ACOX1 downregulation and ROS generation. Virulence 2021; 11:537-553. [PMID: 32434419 PMCID: PMC7250321 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2020.1766790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) infection causes hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD), and even fatal neurological complications. However, the mechanisms underlying EV71 neurological pathogeneses are largely unknown. This study reveals a distinct mechanism by which EV71 induces apoptosis and autophagy in neural cells. EV71 non-structure protein 3D (also known as RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, RdRp) interacts with the peroxisomal protein acyl-CoA oxidase 1 (ACOX1), and contributes to ACOX1 downregulation. Further studies demonstrate that EV71 reduces peroxisome numbers. Additionally, knockdown of ACOX1 or peroxin 19 (PEX19) induces apoptosis and autophagy in neural cells including human neuroblastoma (SK-N-SH) cells and human astrocytoma (U251) cells, and EV71 infection induces neural cell death through attenuating ACOX1 production. Moreover, EV71 infection and ACOX1 knockdown facilitate reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and attenuate the cytoprotective protein deglycase (DJ-1)/Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2)/Heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) pathway (DJ-1/NRF2/HO-1), which collectively result in ROS accumulation in neural cells. In conclusion, EV71 downregulates ACOX1 protein expression, reduces peroxisome numbers, enhances ROS generation, and attenuates the DJ-1/NRF2/HO-1 pathway, thereby inducing apoptosis and autophagy in neural cells. These findings provide new insights into the mechanism underlying EV71-induced neural pathogenesis, and suggest potential treatments for EV71-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei You
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Junbo Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Weiyong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qi Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhen Luo
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenbiao Wang
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Kailang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yingle Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianguo Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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12
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Sun M, Yan K, Wang C, Xing J, Duan Z, Jin Y, Cardona CJ, Xing Z. Intrinsic apoptosis and cytokine induction regulated in human tonsillar epithelial cells infected with enterovirus A71. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0245529. [PMID: 33481814 PMCID: PMC7822318 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0245529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) has emerged as a clinically important neurotropic virus following poliovirus eradication. Recent studies have shown that human tonsillar epithelial cell lines (UT-SCC-60A and UT-SCC-60B) were susceptible to EV-A71, suggesting that human tonsillar crypt epithelium could be important in EV-A71 pathogenesis. However, the mechanism about how EV-A71 infects the upper oro-digestive tract remains largely unclear. In this study, we demonstrated that the human tonsillar epithelial cells infected with EV-A71 underwent apoptotic, in which cytochrome c was released from the mitochondria to the cytosol and caspase-9 was activated, while caspase-2 and -8 were not cleaved or activated during the infection. A selective inhibitor of caspase-9, Z-LEHD-FMK, inhibited the cleavage of the executioner caspase-3 and -7, indicating that only mitochondria-mediated intrinsic apoptotic pathway was activated in EV-A71-infected tonsillar epithelial cells. No evidence of pyroptosis or necroptosis was involved in the cell death. EV-A71 infection induced interferon, pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, including IFN-β, IL-6, CCL5, and TNF-α in tonsillar epithelial cells, which may play a critical role in EV-A71-caused herpangina. Our data indicated that the induction of the cytokines was partially regulated by the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) signaling pathway. The findings unveiled the host response to EV-A71 and its regulation mechanism, and will further our understanding the significance about the tonsillar crypt epithelium as the initial and primary portal in viral pathogenesis for EV-A71 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menghuai Sun
- Medical School and Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Nanjing Children’s Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Kunlong Yan
- Nanjing Children’s Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chunyang Wang
- Clinical Medical College, Xi’an Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Jiao Xing
- Nanjing Children’s Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhaojun Duan
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Jin
- Medical School and Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Nanjing Children’s Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- * E-mail: (YJ); (ZX)
| | - Carol J. Cardona
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota at Twin Cities, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Zheng Xing
- Medical School and Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota at Twin Cities, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
- * E-mail: (YJ); (ZX)
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13
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Wen W, Qi Z, Wang J. The Function and Mechanism of Enterovirus 71 (EV71) 3C Protease. Curr Microbiol 2020; 77:1968-1975. [PMID: 32556480 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-020-02082-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is the main pathogen of the hand, foot, and mouth disease. It was firstly isolated from sputum specimens of infants with central nervous system diseases in California in 1969, and has been repeatedly reported in various parts of the world, especially in the Asia-Pacific region. EV71 3C protein is a 183 amino acid cysteine protease that can cleave most structural and non-structural proteins of EV71. Based on the analysis and understanding of EV71 3C protease, it is helpful to study and treat diseases caused by EV71 virus infection. The EV71 3C protease promotes virus replication by cleaving EV71 synthesis or host proteins. Moreover, EV71 3C protease inhibits the innate immune system and causes apoptosis. At present, in order to deal with the damage caused by the EV71, it is urgent to develop antiviral drugs targeting 3C protease. This review will focus on the structure, function, and mechanism of EV71 3C protease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihui Wen
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Zixuan Qi
- School of Medicine, Forth Clinical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China.
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14
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Khitan ZJ, Khawaja I, Mufson MA, Sanabria JR, Abraham NG, Peterson SJ, Sundaram U, Shapiro JI. Can charcoal improve outcomes in COVID-19 infections? Med Hypotheses 2020; 144:110176. [PMID: 33254498 PMCID: PMC7416710 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.110176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 infection causes considerable morbidity and mortality, especially to those who are aged, have impaired renal function and are obese. We propose to examine the potential utility of oral activated charcoal with the hypothesis that such treatment would lower absorption of microbiome derived toxins and ameliorate systemic oxidant stress and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeid J Khitan
- Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, United States
| | - Imran Khawaja
- Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, United States
| | - Maurice A Mufson
- Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, United States
| | - Juan R Sanabria
- Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, United States
| | | | - Stephen J Peterson
- New York Presbyterian Brooklyn Methodist Hospital/Weill Cornell Medicine, United States
| | - Uma Sundaram
- Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, United States
| | - Joseph I Shapiro
- Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, United States.
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15
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BNIP3 deletion ameliorated enterovirus 71 infection-induced hand, foot and mouth disease via inhibiting apoptosis, autophagy, and inflammation in mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 87:106799. [PMID: 32717566 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Bcl2/adenovirus E1B protein-interacting protein 3 (BNIP3) plays a key role in cellular response to stress by regulating apoptosis and selective autophagy. The present study aimed to determine the effects of BNIP3 on enterovirus (EV) 71 infection-induced hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD), and the apoptosis, autophagy and inflammatory in mice and SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cell line. Neonatal BALB/c mice were injected with EV 71 strain to induce the HFMD. Western blotting and ELISA were used to measure the protein expression and cytokine levels. The BNIP3 mRNA and protein levels in the brain were increased in EV 71-infected mice. By contrast, the BNIP3-knockout (KO) mice with EV 71 infection had higher health score and survival rate. BNIP3 deletion reversed the increase of cleaved-caspase 3, cleaved-caspase 8, Bax, LC3 II and LC3 II/LC3 I levels, and the decrease of Bcl2 and Bcl2/Bax and LC3 I levels in the brain of mice with EV 71 infection. The EV 71 infection-induced increase of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP)-1, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, interferon (IFN)-α and IFN-γ levels were inhibited in BNIP3-KO mice. BNIP3 knockdown with small interfering RNA (siRNA) inhibited the EV 71 infection-induced the increases of apoptosis, autophagy and inflammatory factors in SH-SY5Y cells. BNIP3 overexpression further facilitated the EV 71 infection-induced increase of these inflammatory factors in SH-SY5Y cells. These results demonstrated that BNIP3 deletion ameliorated EV 71 infection-induced HFMD via inhibiting apoptosis, autophagy and inflammation in mice. BNIP3 may be a therapeutic target for HFMD.
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16
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Su YS, Hsieh PY, Li JS, Pao YH, Chen CJ, Hwang LH. The Heat Shock Protein 70 Family of Chaperones Regulates All Phases of the Enterovirus A71 Life Cycle. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1656. [PMID: 32760390 PMCID: PMC7371988 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) is one of the major etiologic agents causing hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) in children and occasionally causes severe neurological diseases or even death. EV-A71 replicates rapidly in host cells. For a successful infection, viruses produce large quantities of viral proteins in a short period, which requires cellular chaperone proteins for viral protein folding and viral particle assembly. In this study, we explored the roles of the heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) chaperone subnetwork in the EV-A71 life cycle. Our results revealed that EV-A71 exploits multiple HSP70s at each step of the viral life cycle, i.e., viral entry, translation, replication, assembly and release, and that each HSP70 typically functions in several stages of the life cycle. For example, the HSP70 isoforms HSPA1, HSPA8, and HSPA9 are required for viral entry and the translational steps of the infection. HSPA8 and HSPA9 may facilitate folding and stabilize viral proteins 3D and 2C, respectively, thus contributing to the formation of a replication complex. HSPA8 and HSPA9 also promote viral particle assembly, whereas HSPA1 and HSPA8 are involved in viral particle release. Because of the importance of various HSP70s at distinct steps of the viral life cycle, an allosteric inhibitor, JG40, which targets all HSP70s, significantly blocks EV-A71 infection. JG40 also blocks the replication of several other enteroviruses, such as coxsackievirus (CV) A16, CVB1, CVB3, and echovirus 11. Thus, targeting HSP70s may be a means of providing broad-spectrum antiviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Siang Su
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Yu Hsieh
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jun-Syuan Li
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Hsuan Pao
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Ju Chen
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Lih-Hwa Hwang
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
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17
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Lai Y, Wang M, Cheng A, Mao S, Ou X, Yang Q, Wu Y, Jia R, Liu M, Zhu D, Chen S, Zhang S, Zhao XX, Huang J, Gao Q, Wang Y, Xu Z, Chen Z, Zhu L, Luo Q, Liu Y, Yu Y, Zhang L, Tian B, Pan L, Rehman MU, Chen X. Regulation of Apoptosis by Enteroviruses. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1145. [PMID: 32582091 PMCID: PMC7283464 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus infection can cause a variety of diseases and severely impair the health of humans, animals, poultry, and other organisms. To resist viral infection, host organisms clear infected cells and viruses via apoptosis. However, throughout their long-term competition with host cells, enteroviruses have evolved a series of mechanisms to regulate the balance of apoptosis in order to replicate and proliferate. In the early stage of infection, enteroviruses mainly inhibit apoptosis by regulating the PI3K/Akt pathway and the autophagy pathway and by impairing cell sensors, thereby delaying viral replication. In the late stage of infection, enteroviruses mainly regulate apoptotic pathways and the host translation process via various viral proteins, ultimately inducing apoptosis. This paper discusses the means by which these two phenomena are balanced in enteroviruses to produce virus-favoring conditions – in a temporal sequence or through competition with each other. This information is important for further elucidation of the relevant mechanisms of acute infection by enteroviruses and other members of the picornavirus family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yalan Lai
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mingshu Wang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Anchun Cheng
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Sai Mao
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xumin Ou
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiao Yang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ying Wu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Renyong Jia
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mafeng Liu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Dekang Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shun Chen
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shaqiu Zhang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xin-Xin Zhao
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Juan Huang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qun Gao
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhiwen Xu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhengli Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ling Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qihui Luo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yunya Liu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanling Yu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bin Tian
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Leichang Pan
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mujeeb Ur Rehman
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoyue Chen
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
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18
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Sun Y, Zheng Q, Wang Y, Pang Z, Liu J, Yin Z, Lou Z. Activity-Based Protein Profiling Identifies ATG4B as a Key Host Factor for Enterovirus 71 Proliferation. J Virol 2019; 93:e01092-19. [PMID: 31554687 PMCID: PMC6880168 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01092-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Virus-encoded proteases play diverse roles in the efficient replication of enterovirus 71 (EV71), which is the causative agent of human hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD). However, it is unclear how host proteases affect viral proliferation. Here, we designed activity-based probes (ABPs) based on an inhibitor of the main EV71 protease (3Cpro), which is responsible for the hydrolysis of the EV71 polyprotein, and successfully identified host candidates that bind to the ABPs. Among the candidates, the host cysteine protease autophagy-related protein 4 homolog B (ATG4B), a key component of the autophagy machinery, was demonstrated to hydrolytically process the substrate of EV71 3Cpro and had activity comparable to that of the viral protease. Genetic disruption of ATG4B confirmed that the enzyme is indispensable for viral proliferation in vivo Our results not only further the understanding of host-virus interactions in EV71 biology but also provide a sample for the usage of activity-based proteomics to reveal host-pathogen interactions.IMPORTANCE Enterovirus 71 (EV71), one of the major pathogens of human HFMD, has caused outbreaks worldwide. How EV71 efficiently assesses its life cycle with elaborate interactions with multiple host factors remains to be elucidated. In this work, we deconvoluted that the host ATG4B protein processes the viral polyprotein with its cysteine protease activity and helps EV71 replicate through a chemical biology strategy. Our results not only further the understanding of the EV71 life cycle but also provide a sample for the usage of activity-based proteomics to reveal host-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Sun
- Center of Basic Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Qizhen Zheng
- Center of Basic Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yaxin Wang
- Center of Basic Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- School of Life Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhengyuan Pang
- Center of Basic Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Jingwei Liu
- Center of Basic Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Zheng Yin
- Center of Basic Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiyong Lou
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Science, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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19
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Wang H, Yuan M, Wang S, Zhang L, Zhang R, Zou X, Wang X, Chen D, Wu Z. STAT3 Regulates the Type I IFN-Mediated Antiviral Response by Interfering with the Nuclear Entry of STAT1. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20194870. [PMID: 31575039 PMCID: PMC6801597 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20194870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is a multifunctional factor that regulates inflammation and immunity. Knowledge of its regulatory mechanisms is very limited. Here, we showed that enterovirus 71 (EV71) infection induced the phosphorylation of STAT3 and the expression of its downstream inflammatory regulators. Knockdown of STAT3 with siRNAs significantly restricted viral RNA and protein levels, and also reduced viral titers. With further investigation, we found that importin α family member Karyopherin-α1 (KPNA1) was employed by both STAT1 and STAT3 for their nuclear import. The phosphorylated and un-phosphorylated STAT3 competed with STAT1 for binding to the decreased KPNA1 post infection and repressed downstream ISG expression. STAT3 knockdown alleviated the repressed type I IFN-mediated antiviral response upon infection and led to decreased viral replication. Taken together, our data suggested the role of STAT3 in maintaining the balance of inflammation and antiviral responses in the central nervous system (CNS) upon infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanru Wang
- Center for Public Health Research, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
| | - Meng Yuan
- Center for Public Health Research, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
| | - Shuaibo Wang
- Jinling College, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210089, China.
| | - Li Zhang
- Center for Public Health Research, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
| | - Rui Zhang
- Center for Public Health Research, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
| | - Xue Zou
- Center for Public Health Research, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
| | - Xiaohui Wang
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Deyan Chen
- Center for Public Health Research, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
| | - Zhiwei Wu
- Center for Public Health Research, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
- State Key Lab of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
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20
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Li ML, Lin JY, Chen BS, Weng KF, Shih SR, Calderon JD, Tolbert BS, Brewer G. EV71 3C protease induces apoptosis by cleavage of hnRNP A1 to promote apaf-1 translation. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0221048. [PMID: 31498791 PMCID: PMC6733512 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0221048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) induces apoptosis to promote viral particle release. Earlier work showed that EV71 utilizes its 3C protease to induce apoptosis in a caspase-3-dependent pathway, though the mechanism is unknown. However, work from Vagner, Holcik and colleagues showed that host protein heterogeneous ribonucleoprotein A1 (hnRNP A1) binds the IRES of cellular apoptotic peptidase activating factor 1 (apaf-1) mRNA to repress its translation. In this work, we show that apaf-1 expression is essential for EV71-induced apoptosis. EV71 infection or ectopic expression of 3C protease cleaves hnRNP A1, which abolishes its binding to the apaf-1 IRES. This allows IRES-dependent synthesis of apaf-1, activation of caspase-3, and apoptosis. Thus, we reveal a novel mechanism that EV71 utilizes for virus release via a 3C protease-hnRNP A1-apaf-1-caspase-3-apoptosis axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Ling Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ, United States of America
| | - Jing-Yi Lin
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Bo-Shiun Chen
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Feng Weng
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Shin-Ru Shih
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Jesse Davila Calderon
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
| | - Blanton S. Tolbert
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
| | - Gary Brewer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ, United States of America
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21
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Sun D, Wen X, Wang M, Mao S, Cheng A, Yang X, Jia R, Chen S, Yang Q, Wu Y, Zhu D, Liu M, Zhao X, Zhang S, Wang Y, Xu Z, Chen Z, Zhu L, Luo Q, Liu Y, Yu Y, Zhang L, Chen X. Apoptosis and Autophagy in Picornavirus Infection. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2032. [PMID: 31551969 PMCID: PMC6733961 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell death is a fundamental process in maintaining cellular homeostasis, which can be either accidental or programed. Programed cell death depends on the specific signaling pathways, resulting in either lytic or non-lytic morphology. It exists in two primary forms: apoptosis and autophagic cell death. Apoptosis is a non-lytic and selective cell death program, which is executed by caspases in response to non-self or external stimuli. In contrast, autophagy is crucial for maintaining cellular homeostasis via the degradation and recycling of cellular components. These two mechanisms also function in the defense against pathogen attack. However, picornaviruses have evolved to utilize diverse strategies and target critical components to regulate the apoptotic and autophagic processes for optimal replication and the release from the host cell. Although an increasing number of investigations have shown that the apoptosis and autophagy are altered in picornavirus infection, the mechanism by which viruses take advantage of these two processes remains unknown. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms of picornavirus executes cellular apoptosis and autophagy at the molecular level and the relationship between these interactions and viral pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Sun
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xingjian Wen
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mingshu Wang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Sai Mao
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Anchun Cheng
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoyao Yang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Renyong Jia
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shun Chen
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiao Yang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ying Wu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Dekang Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mafeng Liu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xinxin Zhao
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shaqiu Zhang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yin Wang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhiwen Xu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhengli Chen
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ling Zhu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qihui Luo
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yunya Liu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanling Yu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoyue Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
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22
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Bai J, Chen X, Liu Q, Zhou X, Long JE. Characteristics of enterovirus 71-induced cell death and genome scanning to identify viral genes involved in virus-induced cell apoptosis. Virus Res 2019; 265:104-114. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2019.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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23
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Fernandes MHV, Maggioli MF, Otta J, Joshi LR, Lawson S, Diel DG. Senecavirus A 3C Protease Mediates Host Cell Apoptosis Late in Infection. Front Immunol 2019; 10:363. [PMID: 30918505 PMCID: PMC6424860 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Senecavirus A (SVA), an oncolytic picornavirus used for cancer treatment in humans, has recently emerged as a vesicular disease (VD)-causing agent in swine worldwide. Notably, SVA-induced VD is indistinguishable from foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) and other high-consequence VDs of pigs. Here we investigated the role of apoptosis on infection and replication of SVA. Given the critical role of the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway on modulation of cell death, we first assessed activation of NF-κB during SVA infection. Results here show that while early during infection SVA induces activation of NF-κB, as evidenced by nuclear translocation of NF-κB-p65 and NF-κB-mediated transcription, late in infection a cleaved product corresponding to the C-terminus of NF-κB-p65 is detected in infected cells, resulting in lower NF-κB transcriptional activity. Additionally, we assessed the potential role of SVA 3C protease (3Cpro) in SVA-induced host-cell apoptosis and cleavage of NF-κB-p65. Transient expression of SVA 3Cpro was associated with cleavage of NF-κB-p65 and Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), suggesting its involvement in virus-induced apoptosis. Most importantly, we showed that while cleavage of NF-κB-p65 is secondary to caspase activation, the proteolytic activity of SVA 3Cpro is essential for induction of apoptosis. Experiments using the pan-caspase inhibitor Z-VAD-FMK confirmed the relevance of late apoptosis for SVA infection, indicating that SVA induces apoptosis, presumably, as a mechanism to facilitate virus release and/or spread from infected cells. Together, these results suggest an important role of apoptosis for SVA infection biology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Diego G. Diel
- Animal Disease Research And Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, United States
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24
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Rasti M, Khanbabaei H, Teimoori A. An update on enterovirus 71 infection and interferon type I response. Rev Med Virol 2019; 29:e2016. [PMID: 30378208 PMCID: PMC7169063 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Enteroviruses are members of Pichornaviridae family consisting of human enterovirus group A, B, C, and D as well as nonhuman enteroviruses. Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) is a serious disease which is usually seen in the Asia-Pacific region in children. Enterovirus 71 and coxsackievirus A16 are two important viruses responsible for HFMD which are members of group A enterovirus. IFN α and β are two cytokines, which have a major activity in the innate immune system against viral infections. Most of the viruses have some weapons against these cytokines. EV71 has two main proteases called 2A and 3C, which are important for polyprotein processing and virus maturation. Several studies have indicated that they have a significant effect on different cellular pathways such as interferon production and signaling pathway. The aim of this study was to investigate the latest findings about the interaction of 2A and 3C protease of EV71 and IFN production/signaling pathway and their inhibitory effects on this pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojtaba Rasti
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Health Research InstituteAhvaz Jundishapur University of Medical SciencesAhvazIran
| | - Hashem Khanbabaei
- Medical Physics Department, School of MedicineAhvaz Jundishapur University of Medical SciencesAhvazIran
| | - Ali Teimoori
- Department of Virology, Faculty of MedicineHamadan University of Medical SciencesHamadanIran
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25
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Wang H, Li Y. Recent Progress on Functional Genomics Research of Enterovirus 71. Virol Sin 2018; 34:9-21. [PMID: 30552635 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-018-0071-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is one of the main pathogens that causes hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD). HFMD caused by EV71 infection is mostly self-limited; however, some infections can cause severe neurological diseases, such as aseptic meningitis, brain stem encephalitis, and even death. There are still no effective clinical drugs used for the prevention and treatment of HFMD. Studying EV71 protein function is essential for elucidating the EV71 replication process and developing anti-EV71 drugs and vaccines. In this review, we summarized the recent progress in the studies of EV71 non-coding regions (5' UTR and 3' UTR) and all structural and nonstructural proteins, especially the key motifs involving in viral infection, replication, and immune regulation. This review will promote our understanding of EV71 virus replication and pathogenesis, and will facilitate the development of novel drugs or vaccines to treat EV71.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiqiang Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Antimicrobial Agents, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Yuhuan Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Antimicrobial Agents, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China. .,NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China.
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26
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Song F, Yu X, Zhong T, Wang Z, Meng X, Li Z, Zhang S, Huo W, Liu X, Zhang Y, Zhang W, Yu J. Caspase-3 Inhibition Attenuates the Cytopathic Effects of EV71 Infection. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:817. [PMID: 29755438 PMCID: PMC5932146 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies demonstrate that human enterovirus 71 (EV71), a primary causative agent for hand, foot, and mouth disease, activates caspase-3 through the non-structural viral 3C protein to induce host cell apoptosis; however, until now it was unclear how 3C activates caspase-3 and how caspase-3 activation affects viral production. Our results demonstrate that 3C binds caspase-8 and caspase-9 but does not directly bind caspase-3 to activate them, and that the proteolytic activity of 3C is required by the activation of caspase-8, caspase-9, and caspase-3. Inhibition of caspase-3 activity attenuates apoptosis in 3C-transfected cells. Furthermore, caspase-3 inhibitor protects host cells from the cytopathic effect of EV71 infection and prevents cell cycle arrest, which is known to be favored for EV71 viral replication. Inhibition of caspase-3 activity decreases EV71 viral protein expression and viral production, but has no effect on viral entry, replication, even polyprotein translation. Therefore, caspase-3 is exploited functionally by EV71 to facilitate its production, which suggests a novel therapeutic approach for the treatment and prevention of hand, foot, and mouth disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengmei Song
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaoyan Yu
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ting Zhong
- College of Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zengyan Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiangling Meng
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhaolong Li
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shuxia Zhang
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wenbo Huo
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yahong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Immunotechnology of Henan Province, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Wenyan Zhang
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jinghua Yu
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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27
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Yuan J, Shen L, Wu J, Zou X, Gu J, Chen J, Mao L. Enterovirus A71 Proteins: Structure and Function. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:286. [PMID: 29515559 PMCID: PMC5826392 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) infection has grown to become a serious threat to global public health. It is one of the major causes of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) in infants and young children. EV-A71 can also infect the central nervous system (CNS) and induce diverse neurological complications, such as brainstem encephalitis, aseptic meningitis, and acute flaccid paralysis, or even death. Viral proteins play a crucial role in EV-A71 infection. Many recent studies have discussed the structure and function of EV-A71 proteins, and the findings reported will definitely aid the development of vaccines and therapeutic approaches. This article reviews the progress in the research on the structure and function of EV-A71 proteins. Available literature can provide a basis for studying the pathogenesis of EV-A71 infection in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Yuan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- Clinical Laboratory, Danyang People's Hospital, Jiangsu, China
| | - Li Shen
- Clinical Laboratory, Zhenjiang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jing Wu
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xinran Zou
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Jiaqi Gu
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Jianguo Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Lingxiang Mao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
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28
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Wang Y, Qin Y, Wang T, Chen Y, Lang X, Zheng J, Gao S, Chen S, Zhong X, Mu Y, Wu X, Zhang F, Zhao W, Zhong Z. Pyroptosis induced by enterovirus 71 and coxsackievirus B3 infection affects viral replication and host response. Sci Rep 2018; 8:2887. [PMID: 29440739 PMCID: PMC5811489 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20958-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is the primary causative pathogen of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD), affecting children with severe neurological complications. Pyroptosis is a programmed cell death characterized by cell lysis and inflammatory response. Although proinflammatory response has been implicated to play important roles in EV71-caused diseases, the involvement of pyroptosis in the pathogenesis of EV71 is poorly defined. We show that EV71 infection induced caspase-1 activation. Responding to the activation of caspase-1, the expression and secretion of both IL-1β and IL-18 were increased in EV71-infected cells. The treatment of caspase-1 inhibitor markedly improved the systemic response of the EV71-infected mice. Importantly, caspase-1 inhibitor suppressed EV71 replication in mouse brains. Similarly, pyroptosis was activated by the infection of coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3), an important member of the Enterovirus genus. Caspase-1 activation and the increased expression of IL-18 and NLRP3 were demonstrated in HeLa cells infected with CVB3. Caspase-1 inhibitor also alleviated the overall conditions of virus-infected mice with markedly decreased replication of CVB3 and reduced expression of caspase-1. These results indicate that pyroptosis is involved in the pathogenesis of both EV71 and CVB3 infections, and the treatment of caspase-1 inhibitor is beneficial to the host response during enterovirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Ying Qin
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Tianying Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Yang Chen
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Xiujuan Lang
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Jia Zheng
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Shuoyang Gao
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Sijia Chen
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhong
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Yusong Mu
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Xiaoyu Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Harbin Medical University, 23 Youzheng Street, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Fengming Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Wenran Zhao
- Department of Cell Biology, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, Harbin, 150081, China.
| | - Zhaohua Zhong
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, Harbin, 150081, China.
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Cleavage of osmosensitive transcriptional factor NFAT5 by Coxsackieviral protease 2A promotes viral replication. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006744. [PMID: 29220410 PMCID: PMC5738146 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear factor of activated T cells 5 (NFAT5)/Tonicity enhancer binding protein (TonEBP) is a transcription factor induced by hypertonic stress in the kidney. However, the function of NFAT5 in other organs has rarely been studied, even though it is ubiquitously expressed. Indeed, although NFAT5 was reported to be critical for heart development and function, its role in infectious heart diseases has remained obscure. In this study, we aimed to understand the mechanism by which NFAT5 interferes with infection of Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3), a major cause of viral myocarditis. Our initial results demonstrated that although the mRNA level of NFAT5 remained constant during CVB3 infection, NFAT5 protein level decreased because the protein was cleaved. Bioinformatic prediction and verification of the predicted site by site-directed mutagenesis experiments determined that the NFAT5 protein was cleaved by CVB3 protease 2A at Glycine 503. Such cleavage led to the inactivation of NFAT5, and the 70-kDa N-terminal cleavage product (p70-NFAT5) exerted a dominant negative effect on the full-length NFAT5 protein. We further showed that elevated expression of NFAT5 to counteract viral protease cleavage, especially overexpression of a non-cleavable mutant of NFAT5, significantly inhibited CVB3 replication. Ectopic expression of NFAT5 resulted in elevated expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), a factor reported to inhibit CVB3 replication. The necessity of iNOS for the anti-CVB3 effect of NFAT5 was supported by the observation that inhibition of iNOS blocked the anti-CVB3 effect of NFAT5. In a murine model of viral myocarditis, we observed that treatment with hypertonic saline or mannitol solution upregulated NFAT5 and iNOS expression, inhibited CVB3 replication and reduced tissue damage in the heart. Taken together, our data demonstrate that the anti-CVB3 activity of NFAT5 is impaired during CVB3 infection due to 2A-mediated cleavage of NFAT5. Thus induction of NFAT5 by hypertonic agents may be a promising strategy for the development of anti-CVB3 therapeutics.
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Enterovirus 71 Inhibits Pyroptosis through Cleavage of Gasdermin D. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.01069-17. [PMID: 28679757 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01069-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) can cause hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD) in young children. Severe infection with EV71 can lead to neurological complications and even death. However, the molecular basis of viral pathogenesis remains poorly understood. Here, we report that EV71 induces degradation of gasdermin D (GSDMD), an essential component of pyroptosis. Remarkably, the viral protease 3C directly targets GSDMD and induces its cleavage, which is dependent on the protease activity. Further analyses show that the Q193-G194 pair within GSDMD is the cleavage site of 3C. This cleavage produces a shorter N-terminal fragment spanning amino acids 1 to 193 (GSDMD1-193). However, unlike the N-terminal fragment produced by caspase-1 cleavage, this fragment fails to trigger cell death or inhibit EV71 replication. Importantly, a T239D or F240D substitution abrogates the activity of GSDMD consisting of amino acids 1 to 275 (GSDMD1-275). This is correlated with the lack of pyroptosis or inhibition of viral replication. These results reveal a previously unrecognized strategy for EV71 to evade the antiviral response.IMPORTANCE Recently, it has been reported that GSDMD plays a critical role in regulating lipopolysaccharide and NLRP3-mediated interleukin-1β (IL-1β) secretion. In this process, the N-terminal domain of p30 released from GSDMD acts as an effector in cell pyroptosis. We show that EV71 infection downregulates GSDMD. EV71 3C cleaves GSDMD at the Q193-G194 pair, resulting in a truncated N-terminal fragment disrupted for inducing cell pyroptosis. Notably, GSDMD1-275 (p30) inhibits EV71 replication whereas GSDMD1-193 does not. These results reveal a new strategy for EV71 to evade the antiviral response.
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