1
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Deng H, Cong G, Wang H, Hu Z, Shi D, Shi H, Xia C, Fu F, Feng L. Isolation, characterization, and phylogenetic analysis of two new porcine parvovirus 1 isolates from Northern China. Virus Res 2024; 339:199247. [PMID: 37923168 PMCID: PMC10751695 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2023.199247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Porcine parvovirus (PPV) is a pathogen of infectious reproductive disease, which can cause stillbirth, mummification, embryo death, and infertility (SMEDI) syndrome in pigs. The objective of this study was to gain new insights into the evolution and phylogeny of the PPV1 genome. In this study, we isolated two new PPV1 (HLJ202108-Y and SDLC202109) from northern China and sequenced their whole genomes. The new isolates were found to have three amino acid substitutions (K195R, K562R, and S578P) in nonstructural protein 1. The VP2 amino acid site contained nine nonsynonymous substitutions, including six substitutions of the Kresse strain corresponding to the NADL-2 strain and three substitutions of A414S, S436T, and N555K. Genetic evolution analysis was conducted on 107 reference sequences available in the GenBank database, and 4-5 PPV1 taxa were defined. The new isolates were in the same phylogenetic cluster as strain 27a. The changes in the cluster, specifically marker amino acids, and their potential role in enhancing pathogenicity are discussed in this study. Furthermore, the evolutionary tree map results showed that the strains in China were evolving in two directions: one was becoming increasingly similar to early NADL-2 strains, while the other was evolving toward 27a-like strains. We also compared the proliferation ability of the isolated strains in susceptible cells by analyzing the multistep growth curves. The results showed that the virulence titer of the mutant strain was high. In summary, this study introduced the latest changes in PPV and discussed the virus characteristics that were considered to affect virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiwei Deng
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Guangyi Cong
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Hongfeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Zedong Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Da Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Hongyan Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Changyou Xia
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Fang Fu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China.
| | - Li Feng
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China.
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2
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Vereecke N, Kvisgaard LK, Baele G, Boone C, Kunze M, Larsen LE, Theuns S, Nauwynck H. Molecular Epidemiology of Porcine Parvovirus Type 1 (PPV1) and the Reactivity of Vaccine-Induced Antisera Against Historical and Current PPV1 Strains. Virus Evol 2022; 8:veac053. [PMID: 35815310 PMCID: PMC9252332 DOI: 10.1093/ve/veac053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine Parvovirus Type 1 (PPV1) contributes to important losses in the swine industry worldwide. During a PPV1 infection, embryos and fetuses are targeted, resulting in stillbirth, mummification, embryonic death, and infertility (SMEDI syndrome). Even though vaccination is common in gilts and sows, strains mainly belonging to the 27a-like group have been spreading in Europe since early 2000s, resulting in SMEDI problems and requiring in-depth studies into the molecular epidemiology and vaccination efficacy of commercial vaccines. Here, we show that PPV1 has evolved since 1855 [1737, 1933] at a rate of 4.71 × 10−5 nucleotide substitutions per site per year. Extensive sequencing allowed evaluating and reassessing the current PPV1 VP1-based classifications, providing evidence for the existence of four relevant phylogenetic groups. While most European strains belong to the PPV1a (G1) or PPV1b (G2 or 27a-like) group, most Asian and American G2 strains and some European strains were divided into virulent PPV1c (e.g. NADL-8) and attenuated PPV1d (e.g. NADL-2) groups. The increase in the swine population, vaccination degree, and health management (vaccination and biosafety) influenced the spread of PPV1. The reactivity of anti-PPV1 antibodies from sows vaccinated with Porcilis© Parvo, Eryseng© Parvo, or ReproCyc© ParvoFLEX against different PPV1 field strains was the highest upon vaccination with ReproCyc© ParvoFLEX, followed by Eryseng© Parvo, and Porcilis© Parvo. Our findings contribute to the evaluation of the immunogenicity of existing vaccines and support the development of new vaccine candidates. Finally, the potential roles of cluster-specific hallmark amino acids in elevated pathogenicity and viral entry are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick Vereecke
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University , Merelbeke, Belgium
- PathoSense BV , Lier, Belgium
| | - Lise Kirstine Kvisgaard
- Veterinary Clinical Microbiology, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Guy Baele
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Carine Boone
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University , Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Marius Kunze
- Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica GmbH , Binger Str. 173, 55216 Ingelheim am Rhein, Germany
| | - Lars Erik Larsen
- Veterinary Clinical Microbiology, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Hans Nauwynck
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University , Merelbeke, Belgium
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Viral fitness and antigenic determinants of porcine parvovirus at the amino acid level of the capsid protein. J Virol 2021; 96:e0119821. [PMID: 34757840 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01198-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Since 2001, strains of porcine parvovirus (PPV), designated 27a-like strains, were observed in Europe, suggesting a predominance of these viruses over older strains. The reasons for the obvious evolutionary advantage are unknown. Here, a series of mutants containing amino acid replacements found in the predominant field strains were generated in a PPV-NADL2 background and their impact on replication efficiency and antibody binding activity was determined. Some amino acid substitutions observed in the 27a-like strains significantly increased viral fitness and decreased neutralization activity of sera raised against commercial vaccines and old virus strains (e.g. NADL2). These mutant viruses and a monoclonal antibody raised against a classical PPV strain defined an 27a-specific neutralizing epitope around amino acid 228 of the capsid protein VP2. Based on the analysis of the mutant viruses, it is hypothesized that the predominant factor for the global spread of the PPV-27a strain substitutions is an increased viral fitness of the 27a-like viruses, possibly supported by a partial immune selection. This is reminiscent to the evolution of canine parvovirus and worldwide replacement of the original virus by the so-called new antigenic types. Importance Porcine parvovirus is one of the most important causes of reproductive failure in swine. Recently, despite the continuous use of vaccines, "new" strains emerged, leading to the hypothesis that the emergence of new amino acid substitutions could be a viral adaptation to the immune response against the commercial vaccines. Our results indicate the amino acid substitutions observed in the 27a-like strains can modify viral fitness and antigenicity. However, an absolute immune escape was not evident.
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Abstract
Despite tight genetic compression, viral genomes are often organized into functional gene clusters, a modular structure that might favor their evolvability. This has greatly facilitated biotechnological developments such as the recombinant adeno-associated virus (AAV) systems for gene therapy. Following this lead, we endeavored to engineer the related insect parvovirus Junonia coenia densovirus (JcDV) to create addressable vectors for insect pest biocontrol. To enable safer manipulation of capsid mutants, we translocated the nonstructural (ns) gene cluster outside the viral genome. To our dismay, this yielded a virtually nonreplicable clone. We linked the replication defect to an unexpected modularity breach, as ns translocation truncated the overlapping 3' untranslated region (UTR) of the capsid transcript (vp). We found that the native vp 3' UTR is necessary for high-level VP production but that decreased expression does not adversely impact the expression of NS proteins, which are known replication effectors. As nonsense vp mutations recapitulate the replication defect, VP proteins appear to be directly implicated in the replication process. Our findings suggest intricate replication-encapsidation couplings that favor the maintenance of genetic integrity. We discuss possible connections with an intriguing cis-packaging phenomenon previously observed in parvoviruses whereby capsids preferentially package the genome from which they were expressed. IMPORTANCE Densoviruses could be used as biological control agents to manage insect pests. Such applications require an in-depth biological understanding and associated molecular tools. However, the genomes of these viruses remain difficult to manipulate due to poorly tractable secondary structures at their extremities. We devised a construction strategy that enables precise and efficient molecular modifications. Using this approach, we endeavored to create a split clone of Junonia coenia densovirus (JcDV) that can be used to safely study the impact of capsid mutations on host specificity. Our original construct proved to be nonfunctional. Fixing this defect led us to uncover that capsid proteins and their correct expression are essential for continued rolling-hairpin replication. This points to an intriguing link between replication and packaging, which might be shared with related viruses. This serendipitous discovery illustrates the power of synthetic biology approaches to advance our knowledge of biological systems.
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Zhao Z, Li J, Feng X, Tang X, Guo X, Meng Q, Rao Z, Zhao X, Feng L, Zhang H. Lipid metabolism is a novel and practical source of potential targets for antiviral discovery against porcine parvovirus. Vet Microbiol 2021; 261:109177. [PMID: 34391196 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2021.109177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
How parvovirus manipulates host lipid metabolism to facilitate its propagation, pathogenicity and consequences for disease, is poorly characterized. Here, we addressed this question using porcine parvovirus (PPV) to understand the complex interactions of parvovirus with lipid metabolism networks contributing to the identification of novel and practical antiviral candidates. PPV significantly alters host lipid composition, characteristic of subclasses of phospholipids and sphingolipids, and induces lipid droplets (LDs) formation via regulating calcium-independent PLA2β (iPLA2β), phospholipase Cγ2 (PLCγ2), diacylglycerol kinase α (DKGα), phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase θ (LPAATθ), and sphingosine kinases (SphK1 and SphK2). PPV utilizes and exploits these enzymes as well as their metabolites and host factors including MAPKs (p38 and ERK1/2), protein kinase C (PKC) and Ca2+ to induce S phase arrest, apoptosis and incomplete autophagy, all benefit to PPV propagation. PPV also suppresses prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) synthesis via downregulating cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1), indicating PPV hijacks COX-1-PGE2 axis to evade immune surveillance. Our data support a model where PPV to establishes an optimal environment for its propagation and pathogenicity via co-opting host lipid metabolism, being positioned as a source of potential targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanzhong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xiaohui Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xiangfang Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xiaoyu Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Qingshi Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Zhenghua Rao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xinghui Zhao
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA.
| | - Li Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, PR China.
| | - Hongfu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, PR China.
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6
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Park GN, Song S, Cha RM, Choe S, Shin J, Kim SY, Hyun BH, Park BK, An DJ. Genetic analysis of porcine parvoviruses detected in South Korean wild boars. Arch Virol 2021; 166:2249-2254. [PMID: 33999261 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-021-05106-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Porcine parvovirus 1 (PPV1) is a major cause of reproductive failure in pigs. To date, six additional porcine parvoviruses (PPV2-PPV7) have been identified. In this study, we detected 11 PPV1 strains, five PPV3 strains, three PPV4 strains, six PPV5 strains, five PPV6 strains, and one PPV7 strain in Korean wild boars. PPV1, -3, and -5, and PPV6 from Korean wild boars harbor conserved motifs within the Ca2+ binding loop and the catalytic center of the PLA1 motif. Intra-species recombination among PPV7 strains was also identified. Genetic characterization revealed that PPV1 from Korean wild boars may be similar to virulent PPV strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyu-Nam Park
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency (APQA), Gimchen, Gyeongbuk-do, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Sok Song
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency (APQA), Gimchen, Gyeongbuk-do, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Ra Mi Cha
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency (APQA), Gimchen, Gyeongbuk-do, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - SeEun Choe
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency (APQA), Gimchen, Gyeongbuk-do, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihye Shin
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency (APQA), Gimchen, Gyeongbuk-do, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Song-Yi Kim
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency (APQA), Gimchen, Gyeongbuk-do, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Bang-Hun Hyun
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency (APQA), Gimchen, Gyeongbuk-do, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Bong-Kyun Park
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency (APQA), Gimchen, Gyeongbuk-do, 39660, Republic of Korea.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul University, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Jun An
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency (APQA), Gimchen, Gyeongbuk-do, 39660, Republic of Korea.
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7
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Gogone ICVP, Ferreira GH, Gava D, Schaefer R, de Paula-Lopes FF, Rocha RDA, de Barros FRO. Applicability of Raman spectroscopy on porcine parvovirus and porcine circovirus type 2 detection. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2021; 249:119336. [PMID: 33385972 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2020.119336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Porcine parvovirus (PPV) is one of the major infectious causes of reproductive failure of swine. This disease is characterized by embryonic and fetal infection and death, responsible for important economic losses. PPV is also implicated as a trigger in the development of post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) caused by Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2). Their detection is PCR-based, which is quite sensitive and specific, but laborious, costly and time-demanding. Therefore, this study aimed to assess Raman spectroscopy (RS) as a diagnostic tool for PPV and PCV2 due to its label-free properties and unique ability to search and identify molecular fingerprints. Briefly, swine testis (ST) cells were inoculated with PPV or PCV2 and in vitro cultured (37 °C, 5% CO2) for four days. Fixed cells were then submitted to RS investigation using a 633 nm laser. A total of 225 spectra centered at 1300 cm-1 was obtained for each sample (5 spectra/cell; 15 cells/replicate; 3 replicates) of PPV-, PCV2-infected and uninfected (control) ST cells. Clear statistical discrimination between samples from both virus-infected cells was achieved with a Principal Component - Linear Discriminant Analysis (PCA-LDA) model, reaching sensitivity rates from 95.55% to 97.77%, respectively to PCV2- and PPV-infected cells. These results were then submitted to a Leave-One-Out (LOO) validation algorithm resulting in 99.97% of accuracy. Extensive band assignment was analyzed and compiled for better understanding of PPV and PCV2 virus-cell interaction, demonstrating that specific protein, lipids and DNA/RNA bands are the most important assignments related to discrimination of virus-infected from uninfected cells. In conclusion, these results represent promising bases for RS application on PCV2 and PPV detection for future diagnostic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Raquel de A Rocha
- Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Dois Vizinhos, PR, Brazil
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Chen S, Miao B, Chen N, Zhang X, Zhang X, Du Q, Huang Y, Tong D. A novel porcine parvovirus DNA-launched infectious clone carrying stable double labels as an effective genetic platform. Vet Microbiol 2019; 240:108502. [PMID: 31902505 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.108502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Porcine parvovirus (PPV) is one of the major pathogens causing reproductive failure of swine. However, its specific pathogenesis has not been fully elucidated. Infectious clone is a powerful tool for further studying the pathogenic mechanism of PPV. In the present study, a PPV infectious clone was constructed, and the clone carries His-tag and Flag-tag double-genetic marker at the end of the ns1 gene 3' terminal and vp1 gene 5' terminal, respectively. The PPV DNA fragment F1 (1-182) in 5' end and the other PPV DNA fragment F2 (4788-5074) in 3' end were synthesized and assembled to the lower copy plasmid to construct pKQLL(F1 + F2), while the PPV DNA genome as a template to amplify carrying tags sequence PPV middle DNA fragment F3 and F4 by introducing Flag and His tags sequence in primers. Subsequently, the fused fragment F3/F4 were cloned into the Stu I/Sna B I sites of pKQLL(F1 + F2) plasmid to assemble the complete full-length PPV DNA recombinant plasmids, named as pD-PPV. The pD-PPV was transfected into PK-15 cells to gain rescued PPV virus, designed as D-PPV. Moreover, D-PPV showed similar replicate capability and pathogenicity comparing to the wild-type parental PPV through in vitro and in vivo studies, and the double labels can effectively indicate the expression and localization of viral proteins. Finally, the rescued D-PPV was found to be a convenient tool for antiviral drug screening. These data indicated that the newly established reverse genetic system for PPV would be a useful tool for further studying the pathogenesis mechanisms of PPV, developing labeled vaccine and screening antiviral drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songbiao Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Bichen Miao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Nannan Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Xuezhi Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Xiujuan Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Qian Du
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Yong Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China.
| | - Dewen Tong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China.
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9
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Chen S, Miao B, Zhang H, Xiong Y, Zhang X, Shao T, He J, Du Q, Huang Y, Tong D. Construction and characterization of the infectious clone of porcine parvovirus carrying genetic marker. Vet Microbiol 2019; 235:143-150. [PMID: 31282372 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 06/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Porcine parvovirus (PPV) is one of the major pathogens that bring about reproductive failure of pregnant sows. However, the study of the pathogenesis mechanism is circumscribed due to the lack of efficient genetic manipulation method. Infectious clone is a powerful tool for further studying the genetic mechanisms of PPV. In the present study, the gene fragment (157-4812) of PPV was amplified by PPV China isolate strain as a template, and PPV DNA fragments (1-182) forming Y-structure within in 5' end and (4788-5074) forming U-structure in 3' end were synthesized. And then, the above three fragments were inserted into plasmid pKQLL to congregate a PPV full-length recombinant plasmid by means of In-Fusion cloning technology. After the successful sequencing identification of the recombinant plasmid, the EcoR I restriction site was brought out as a genetic marker by nonsense mutation (A3058 T) to produce plasmid Y-PPV, which was transfected into PK-15 cells for rescue of virus. The rescued viral particles were observed under transmission electron microscopy, and the sequencing analysis showed that Y-PPV could stably carry the genetic marker. It could be seen that Y-PPV has similar replicate capability and pathogenicity as the wild-type parental PPV strain by cellular and animal experiments. These results confirmed that Y-PPV maintain similar biological characteristics with wild-type parental PPV strain. Infectious clone could be a valuable tool for studying the individual genes of PPV and applications in gene deletion or live vector vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songbiao Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, YL, China
| | - Bichen Miao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, YL, China
| | - Huan Zhang
- College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, YL, China
| | - Yingli Xiong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, YL, China
| | - Xiujuan Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, YL, China
| | - Ting Shao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, YL, China
| | - Jia He
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, YL, China
| | - Qian Du
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, YL, China
| | - Yong Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, YL, China.
| | - Dewen Tong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, YL, China.
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10
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Establishment of a rescue system for porcine parvovirus using a seamless cloning method. Arch Virol 2019; 164:1459-1467. [PMID: 30880347 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-019-04209-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we describe a novel and rapid method for the construction of a full-length infectious clone (pPPV). The constructed clone contained an engineered EcoRv site that served as a genetic marker and was shown to be infectious when transfected into a monolayer of PK-15 cells. The rescued virus (rPPV) of the infectious clone was found to be indistinguishable from wild-type virus BQ in terms of its biological properties. The generation of this PPV infectious clone provides a potentially powerful tool with which to elucidate the molecular pathogenesis of PPV.
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11
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Mészáros I, Olasz F, Cságola A, Tijssen P, Zádori Z. Biology of Porcine Parvovirus (Ungulate parvovirus 1). Viruses 2017; 9:v9120393. [PMID: 29261104 PMCID: PMC5744167 DOI: 10.3390/v9120393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 12/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine parvovirus (PPV) is among the most important infectious agents causing infertility in pigs. Until recently, it was thought that the virus had low genetic variance, and that prevention of its harmful effect on pig fertility could be well-controlled by vaccination. However, at the beginning of the third millennium, field observations raised concerns about the effectiveness of the available vaccines against newly emerging strains. Subsequent investigations radically changed our view on the evolution and immunology of PPV, revealing that the virus is much more diverse than it was earlier anticipated, and that some of the “new” highly virulent isolates cannot be neutralized effectively by antisera raised against “old” PPV vaccine strains. These findings revitalized PPV research that led to significant advancements in the understanding of early and late viral processes during PPV infection. Our review summarizes the recent results of PPV research and aims to give a comprehensive update on the present understanding of PPV biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- István Mészáros
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 1143 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Ferenc Olasz
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 1143 Budapest, Hungary.
| | | | - Peter Tijssen
- INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, Québec, QC H7V 1B7, Canada.
| | - Zoltán Zádori
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 1143 Budapest, Hungary.
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12
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Perspectives on the Evolution of Porcine Parvovirus. Viruses 2017; 9:v9080196. [PMID: 28933737 PMCID: PMC5580453 DOI: 10.3390/v9080196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine parvovirus (PPV) is one of the main causes of porcine reproductive failure. It is important for swine industries to understand the recent trends in PPV evolution. Previous data show that PPV has two genetic lineages originating in Germany. In this study, two more genetic lineages were defined, one of which was distinctly Asian. Additionally, amino acid substitutions in European strains and Asian strains showed distinct differences in several regions of the VP2 gene. The VP1 gene of the recent PPV isolate (T142_South Korea) was identical to that of Kresse strain isolated in the USA in 1985, indicating that modern PPV strains now resemble the original strains (Kresse and NADL-2). In this study, we compared strains isolated in the 20th century to recent isolates and confirmed the trend that modern strains are becoming more similar to previous strains.
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Streck AF, Canal CW, Truyen U. Molecular epidemiology and evolution of porcine parvoviruses. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2015; 36:300-306. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2015.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Revised: 10/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Sun J, Huang L, Wei Y, Wang Y, Chen D, Du W, Wu H, Feng L, Liu C. Identification of three PPV1 VP2 protein-specific B cell linear epitopes using monoclonal antibodies against baculovirus-expressed recombinant VP2 protein. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:9025-36. [PMID: 26153140 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-6790-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Revised: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Porcine parvovirus type 1 (PPV1) is a major causative agent of embryonic and fetal death in swine. The PPV1 VP2 protein is closely associated with viral immunogenicity for eliciting neutralizing antibodies, but its antigenic structures have been largely unknown. We generated three monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against baculovirus-expressed recombinant PPV1 VP2 protein. A PEPSCAN analysis identified the minimal B cell linear epitopes of PPV1 VP2 based on these MAbs. Three core epitopes, (228)QQITDA(233), (284)RSLGLPPK(291), and (344)FEYSNGGPFLTPI(356), were defined and mapped onto three-dimensional models of the PPV1 virion and VP2 monomer. The epitope (228)QQITDA(233) is exposed on the virion surface, and the other two are located inside the protein. An alignment of the PPV1 VP2 amino acid sequences showed that (284)RSLGLPPK(291) and (344)FEYSNGGPFLTPI(356) are absolutely conserved, whereas (228)QQITDA(233) has a single substitution at residue 233 in some (S → A or T). We developed a VP2 epitope-based indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (iELISA) to test for anti-PPV1 antibodies. In a comparative analysis with an immunoperoxidase monolayer assay using 135 guinea pig sera, the VP2-epitope-based iELISA had a concordance rate of 85.19 %, sensitivity of 83.33 %, and specificity of 85.47 %. MAb 8H6 was used to monitor VP2 during the PPV1 replication cycle in vitro with an indirect immunofluorescence assay, which indicated that newly encapsulated virions are released from the nucleus at 24 h postinfection and the PPV1 replication cycle takes less than 24 h. This study provides valuable information clarifying the antigenic structure of PPV1 VP2 and lays the foundations for PPV1 serodiagnosis and antigen detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhui Sun
- Division of Swine Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), 427 Maduan Street, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001, People's Republic of China.
| | - Liping Huang
- Division of Swine Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), 427 Maduan Street, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yanwu Wei
- Division of Swine Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), 427 Maduan Street, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yiping Wang
- Division of Swine Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), 427 Maduan Street, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001, People's Republic of China.
| | - Dongjie Chen
- Division of Swine Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), 427 Maduan Street, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wenjuan Du
- Division of Swine Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), 427 Maduan Street, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hongli Wu
- Division of Swine Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), 427 Maduan Street, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001, People's Republic of China.
| | - Li Feng
- Division of Swine Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), 427 Maduan Street, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001, People's Republic of China.
| | - Changming Liu
- Division of Swine Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), 427 Maduan Street, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001, People's Republic of China.
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Yu HQ, Cai XQ, Lin ZX, Li XL, Yue QY, Li R, Zhu XQ. Rapid and specific detection of porcine parvovirus using real-time PCR and high resolution melting (HRM) analysis. BMC Vet Res 2015; 11:46. [PMID: 25879634 PMCID: PMC4356059 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-015-0364-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Porcine parvovirus (PPV) is the important causative agent for infectious infertility, which is a fairly tough virus that multiplies normally in the intestine of pigs without causing clinical signs in the world. Results We developed an assay integrating real-time PCR and high resolution melting (HRM) analysis for the detection of PPV. Primers targeting the VP gene were highly specific, as evidenced by the negative amplification of closely related viruses, such as porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), pseudorabies virus (PRV), classical swine fever virus (CSFV), or Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV). The performance of unlabeled real time PCR was compared to TaqMan real time PCR, and the detection limits of the two methods were nearly equal. Moreover, there was good correlation between Cp and diluted genomic DNA when tested with the two methods. The assay has the accuracy of 100% in reference to labeled real time PCR, when it was tested on 45 clinical samples. Conclusions The present study demonstrated that the established assay integrating real-time PCR and HRM is relatively cost-effective and more stable, which provides an alternative tool for rapid, simple, specific and sensitive detection of PPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Qiong Yu
- Technical Center, Guangdong Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510630, PR China.
| | - Xian-Quan Cai
- Technical Center, Zhongshan Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Zhongshan, Guangdong Province, 528403, PR China.
| | - Zhi-Xiong Lin
- Technical Center, Guangdong Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510630, PR China.
| | - Xiang-Li Li
- Zhongshan Torch Polytechnic College, Zhongshan, Guangdong Province, 528403, PR China.
| | - Qiao-Yun Yue
- Technical Center, Zhongshan Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Zhongshan, Guangdong Province, 528403, PR China.
| | - Rong Li
- Technical Center, Zhongshan Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Zhongshan, Guangdong Province, 528403, PR China.
| | - Xing-Quan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, PR China.
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Fernandes S, Boisvert M, Szelei J, Tijssen P. Differential replication of two porcine parvovirus strains in bovine cell lines ensues from initial DNA processing and NS1 expression. J Gen Virol 2014; 95:910-921. [DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.059741-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine parvovirus (PPV) is a small DNA virus with restricted coding capacity. The 5 kb genome expresses three major non-structural proteins (NS1, NS2 and SAT), and two structural proteins (VP1 and VP2). These few viral proteins are pleiotropic and interact with cellular components throughout viral replication. In this regard, very few cell lines have been shown to replicate the virus efficiently. Cell lines were established from a primary culture of bovine cells that allowed allotropic variants of PPV to be distinguished. Three cell lines were differentially sensitive to infection by two prototype PPV strains, NADL-2 and Kresse. In the first cell line (D10), infection was restricted early in the infectious cycle and was not productive. Infection of the second cell line (G11) was 1000 times less efficient with the NADL-2 strain compared with porcine cells, while production of infectious virus of the Kresse strain was barely detectable. Restriction points in these cells were the initial generation of DNA replication intermediates and NS1 production. Infection with chimeras between NADL-2 and Kresse showed that residues outside the previously described allotropic determinant were also partially responsible for the restriction to Kresse replication in G11 cells. F4 cells were permissive to both strains, although genome replication and infectious virus production were lower than in the porcine cells used for comparison. These results highlight the dependent nature of parvovirus tropism on host factors and suggest that cells from a non-host origin can fully support a productive infection by both strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Fernandes
- INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, 531 boulevard des Prairies, Laval, Québec, Canada H7V 1B7
| | - Maude Boisvert
- INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, 531 boulevard des Prairies, Laval, Québec, Canada H7V 1B7
| | - Jozsef Szelei
- INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, 531 boulevard des Prairies, Laval, Québec, Canada H7V 1B7
| | - Peter Tijssen
- INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, 531 boulevard des Prairies, Laval, Québec, Canada H7V 1B7
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Complete genome sequence of a porcine parvovirus strain isolated in central china. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2014; 2:2/1/e01247-13. [PMID: 24482519 PMCID: PMC3907734 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.01247-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We report here the complete genome sequence of the porcine parvovirus (PPV) strain J-PPV, isolated from central China. Our data, together with sequence data for PPV isolates from other regions of China, will help in understanding the epidemiology and molecular characteristics of PPV field isolates in China.
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Phylogeny and evolution of porcine parvovirus. Virus Res 2013; 178:392-7. [PMID: 24050995 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2013.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Revised: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Porcine parvovirus (PPV), a member of the genus Parvovirus, family Parvoviridae, is a significant causative agent in porcine reproductive failure, causing serious economic losses in the swine industry. Previous phylogenetic studies based on the NS1 or VP2 genes indicated that current PPV strains diverged 30 years ago and that VP2 was under neutral or positive selection. Our analysis of NS1, VP2 and complete ORFs indicated that the most recent common ancestor of PPV strains existed about 250 years ago and that the 127-nt repeat in the 3'NTR was present in viruses of some subclades that evolved about 80 years ago. Nucleotide substitution rates of NS1 and VP2 genes were 3.03 × 10(-5) and 1.07 × 10(-4), respectively. Both the NS1 and VP2 proteins were under purifying selection and recombination did not contribute to the genetic diversity of PPV. As expected, surface amino acids are hydrophilic and make up the majority of mutations in the VP2 protein; residues in VP2 interfaces were substituted gradually, often in conjunction with complementary substitutions in the neighboring VP2.
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Streck AF, Homeier T, Foerster T, Truyen U. Population dynamics and in vitro antibody pressure of porcine parvovirus indicate a decrease in variability. J Gen Virol 2013; 94:2050-2055. [DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.052555-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
To estimate the impact of porcine parvovirus (PPV) vaccines on the emergence of new phenotypes, the population dynamic history of the virus was calculated using the Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo method with a Bayesian skyline coalescent model. Additionally, an in vitro model was performed with consecutive passages of the ‘Challenge’ strain (a virulent field strain) and NADL2 strain (a vaccine strain) in a PK-15 cell line supplemented with polyclonal antibodies raised against the vaccine strain. A decrease in genetic diversity was observed in the presence of antibodies in vitro or after vaccination (as estimated by the in silico model). We hypothesized that the antibodies induced a selective pressure that may reduce the incidence of neutral selection, which should play a major role in the emergence of new mutations. In this scenario, vaccine failures and non-vaccinated populations (e.g. wild boars) may have an important impact in the emergence of new phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Felipe Streck
- CAPES Foundation, Ministry of Education of Brazil, Setor Bancário Norte, Quadra 2, Bloco L, Lote 06, 70040-020, Brasília, Brazil
- Institute of Animal Hygiene and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 1, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Timo Homeier
- Institute of Animal Hygiene and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 1, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tessa Foerster
- Institute of Animal Hygiene and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 1, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Uwe Truyen
- Institute of Animal Hygiene and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 1, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
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Abstract
Porcine parvovirus (PPV) isolate PPV2010 has recently emerged in China. Herein, we analyze the complete genome sequence of PPV2010. Our results indicate that the genome of PPV2010 bears mixed characteristics of virulent PPV and vaccine strains. Importantly, PPV2010 has the potential to be a naturally attenuated candidate vaccine strain.
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