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Mitchell JL, Takata H, Muir R, Colby DJ, Kroon E, Crowell TA, Sacdalan C, Pinyakorn S, Puttamaswin S, Benjapornpong K, Trichavaroj R, Tressler RL, Fox L, Polonis VR, Bolton DL, Maldarelli F, Lewin SR, Haddad EK, Phanuphak P, Robb ML, Michael NL, de Souza M, Phanuphak N, Ananworanich J, Trautmann L. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells sense HIV replication before detectable viremia following treatment interruption. J Clin Invest 2021; 130:2845-2858. [PMID: 32017709 DOI: 10.1172/jci130597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) are robust producers of IFNα and one of the first immune cells to respond to SIV infection. To elucidate responses to early HIV-1 replication, we studied blood pDCs in 29 HIV-infected participants who initiated antiretroviral therapy during acute infection and underwent analytic treatment interruption (ATI). We observed an increased frequency of partially activated pDCs in the blood before detection of HIV RNA. Concurrent with peak pDC frequency, we detected a transient decline in the ability of pDCs to produce IFNα in vitro, which correlated with decreased phosphorylation of IFN regulatory factory 7 (IRF7) and NF-κB. The levels of phosphorylated IRF7 and NF-κB inversely correlated with plasma IFNα2 levels, implying that pDCs were refractory to in vitro stimulation after IFNα production in vivo. After ATI, decreased expression of IFN genes in pDCs inversely correlated with the time to viral detection, suggesting that pDC IFN loss is part of an effective early immune response. These data from a limited cohort provide a critical first step in understanding the earliest immune response to HIV-1 and suggest that changes in blood pDC frequency and function can be used as an indicator of viral replication before detectable plasma viremia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie L Mitchell
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine (HJF), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Hiroshi Takata
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine (HJF), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Roshell Muir
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Department of Medicine, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Donn J Colby
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine (HJF), Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,South East Asia Research Collaboration with Hawaii (SEARCH), Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre (TRC-ARC), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Eugène Kroon
- South East Asia Research Collaboration with Hawaii (SEARCH), Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre (TRC-ARC), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Trevor A Crowell
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine (HJF), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Carlo Sacdalan
- South East Asia Research Collaboration with Hawaii (SEARCH), Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre (TRC-ARC), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Suteeraporn Pinyakorn
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine (HJF), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Suwanna Puttamaswin
- South East Asia Research Collaboration with Hawaii (SEARCH), Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre (TRC-ARC), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Khunthalee Benjapornpong
- South East Asia Research Collaboration with Hawaii (SEARCH), Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre (TRC-ARC), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Rapee Trichavaroj
- Department of Retrovirology, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (AFRIMS) United States Component, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Randall L Tressler
- Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Lawrence Fox
- Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Victoria R Polonis
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Diane L Bolton
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine (HJF), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Frank Maldarelli
- HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, National Cancer Institute (NCI), NIH, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Sharon R Lewin
- Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Hospital and Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Elias K Haddad
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Department of Medicine, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Praphan Phanuphak
- South East Asia Research Collaboration with Hawaii (SEARCH), Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre (TRC-ARC), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Merlin L Robb
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine (HJF), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Nelson L Michael
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Mark de Souza
- South East Asia Research Collaboration with Hawaii (SEARCH), Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre (TRC-ARC), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nittaya Phanuphak
- South East Asia Research Collaboration with Hawaii (SEARCH), Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre (TRC-ARC), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jintanat Ananworanich
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine (HJF), Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,South East Asia Research Collaboration with Hawaii (SEARCH), Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre (TRC-ARC), Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Global Health, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Lydie Trautmann
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine (HJF), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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2
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Mahé D, Matusali G, Deleage C, Alvarenga RLLS, Satie AP, Pagliuzza A, Mathieu R, Lavoué S, Jégou B, de França LR, Chomont N, Houzet L, Rolland AD, Dejucq-Rainsford N. Potential for Virus Endogenization in Humans through Testicular Germ Cell Infection: the Case of HIV. J Virol 2020; 94:e01145-20. [PMID: 32999017 PMCID: PMC7925188 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01145-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses have colonized the germ line of our ancestors on several occasions during evolution, leading to the integration in the human genome of viral sequences from over 30 retroviral groups and a few nonretroviruses. Among the recently emerged viruses infecting humans, several target the testis (e.g., human immunodeficiency virus [HIV], Zika virus, and Ebola virus). Here, we aimed to investigate whether human testicular germ cells (TGCs) can support integration by HIV, a contemporary retrovirus that started to spread in the human population during the last century. We report that albeit alternative receptors enabled HIV-1 binding to TGCs, HIV virions failed to infect TGCs in vitro Nevertheless, exposure of TGCs to infected lymphocytes, naturally present in the testis from HIV+ men, led to HIV-1 entry, integration, and early protein expression. Similarly, cell-associated infection or bypassing viral entry led to HIV-1 integration in a spermatogonial cell line. Using DNAscope, HIV-1 and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) DNA were detected within a few TGCs in the testis from one infected patient, one rhesus macaque, and one African green monkey in vivo Molecular landscape analysis revealed that early TGCs were enriched in HIV early cofactors up to integration and had overall low antiviral defenses compared with testicular macrophages and Sertoli cells. In conclusion, our study reveals that TGCs can support the entry and integration of HIV upon cell-associated infection. This could represent a way for this contemporary virus to integrate into our germ line and become endogenous in the future, as happened during human evolution for a number of viruses.IMPORTANCE Viruses have colonized the host germ line on many occasions during evolution to eventually become endogenous. Here, we aimed at investigating whether human testicular germ cells (TGCs) can support such viral invasion by studying HIV interactions with TGCs in vitro Our results indicate that isolated primary TGCs express alternative HIV-1 receptors, allowing virion binding but not entry. However, HIV-1 entered and integrated into TGCs upon cell-associated infection and produced low levels of viral proteins. In vivo, HIV-1 and SIV DNA was detected in a few TGCs. Molecular landscape analysis showed that TGCs have overall weak antiviral defenses. Altogether, our results indicate that human TGCs can support HIV-1 early replication, including integration, suggesting potential for endogenization in future generations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Mahé
- Université Rennes, INSERM, EHESP, IRSET (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail)-UMR_S1085, Rennes, France
| | - Giulia Matusali
- Université Rennes, INSERM, EHESP, IRSET (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail)-UMR_S1085, Rennes, France
| | - Claire Deleage
- Université Rennes, INSERM, EHESP, IRSET (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail)-UMR_S1085, Rennes, France
| | - Raquel L L S Alvarenga
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Anne-Pascale Satie
- Université Rennes, INSERM, EHESP, IRSET (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail)-UMR_S1085, Rennes, France
| | - Amélie Pagliuzza
- Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medecine, Université de Montréal, and Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Romain Mathieu
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Pontchaillou, Service Urologie, Rennes, France
| | - Sylvain Lavoué
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Pontchaillou, Centre de Coordination des Prélèvements, Rennes, France
| | - Bernard Jégou
- Université Rennes, INSERM, EHESP, IRSET (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail)-UMR_S1085, Rennes, France
| | - Luiz R de França
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Nicolas Chomont
- Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medecine, Université de Montréal, and Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Laurent Houzet
- Université Rennes, INSERM, EHESP, IRSET (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail)-UMR_S1085, Rennes, France
| | - Antoine D Rolland
- Université Rennes, INSERM, EHESP, IRSET (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail)-UMR_S1085, Rennes, France
| | - Nathalie Dejucq-Rainsford
- Université Rennes, INSERM, EHESP, IRSET (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail)-UMR_S1085, Rennes, France
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3
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Sugawara S, Thomas DL, Balagopal A. HIV-1 Infection and Type 1 Interferon: Navigating Through Uncertain Waters. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2019; 35:25-32. [PMID: 29999412 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2018.0161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 remains a chronic viral infection of global health importance. Although HIV-1 replication can be controlled by antiretroviral therapy (ART), there is no cure due to persistence of a long-lived latent reservoir. In addition, people living with HIV-1 who are taking ART still bear signatures of persistent immune activation that include continued type 1 interferon (IFN) signaling. Paradoxically, type 1 IFN exerts a limited role on the control of chronic HIV-1. Indeed, recent reports from humanized mice suggest that type 1 IFN may partly maintain the latent reservoir. In this review, we discuss the molecular interactions between HIV-1 and the type 1 IFN signaling pathway, and examine the efficacy of type 1 IFNs in vivo. We also explore whether limited type 1 IFN manipulation may have a therapeutic role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sho Sugawara
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - David L. Thomas
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ashwin Balagopal
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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4
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Huot N, Bosinger SE, Paiardini M, Reeves RK, Müller-Trutwin M. Lymph Node Cellular and Viral Dynamics in Natural Hosts and Impact for HIV Cure Strategies. Front Immunol 2018; 9:780. [PMID: 29725327 PMCID: PMC5916971 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Combined antiretroviral therapies (cARTs) efficiently control HIV replication leading to undetectable viremia and drastic increases in lifespan of people living with HIV. However, cART does not cure HIV infection as virus persists in cellular and anatomical reservoirs, from which the virus generally rebounds soon after cART cessation. One major anatomical reservoir are lymph node (LN) follicles, where HIV persists through replication in follicular helper T cells and is also trapped by follicular dendritic cells. Natural hosts of SIV, such as African green monkeys and sooty mangabeys, generally do not progress to disease although displaying persistently high viremia. Strikingly, these hosts mount a strong control of viral replication in LN follicles shortly after peak viremia that lasts throughout infection. Herein, we discuss the potential interplay between viral control in LNs and the resolution of inflammation, which is characteristic for natural hosts. We furthermore detail the differences that exist between non-pathogenic SIV infection in natural hosts and pathogenic HIV/SIV infection in humans and macaques regarding virus target cells and replication dynamics in LNs. Several mechanisms have been proposed to be implicated in the strong control of viral replication in natural host's LNs, such as NK cell-mediated control, that will be reviewed here, together with lessons and limitations of in vivo cell depletion studies that have been performed in natural hosts. Finally, we discuss the impact that these insights on viral dynamics and host responses in LNs of natural hosts have for the development of strategies toward HIV cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Huot
- HIV Inflammation and Persistence Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Vaccine Research Institute, Créteil, France
| | - Steven E Bosinger
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Yerkes Nonhuman Primate Genomics Core, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Mirko Paiardini
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - R Keith Reeves
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (BIDMC), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Michaela Müller-Trutwin
- HIV Inflammation and Persistence Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Vaccine Research Institute, Créteil, France
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5
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Scagnolari C, Antonelli G. Type I interferon and HIV: Subtle balance between antiviral activity, immunopathogenesis and the microbiome. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2018; 40:19-31. [PMID: 29576284 PMCID: PMC7108411 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2018.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Induction and action of IFN during acute and chronic HIV-1 infection. Host and viral factors influencing IFN response in HIV-1 infected patients. Type I IFN and IFNα subtypes signatures and their antiviral activity during HIV-1 infection. The microbiome and intestinal IFN responses relationship in HIV-1 infection and disease.
Type I interferon (IFN) response initially limits HIV-1 spread and may delay disease progression by stimulating several immune system components. Nonetheless, persistent exposure to type I IFN in the chronic phase of HIV-1 infection is associated with desensitization and/or detrimental immune activation, thereby hindering immune recovery and fostering viral persistence. This review provides a basis for understanding the complexity and function of IFN pleiotropic activity in HIV-1 infection. In particular, the dichotomous role of the IFN response in HIV-1 immunopathogenesis will be discussed, highlighting recent advances in the dynamic modulation of IFN production in acute versus chronic infection, expression signatures of IFN subtypes, and viral and host factors affecting the magnitude of IFN response during HIV-1 infection. Lastly, the review gives a forward-looking perspective on the interplay between microbiome compositions and IFN response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Scagnolari
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Laboratory of Virology Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia - Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy.
| | - Guido Antonelli
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Laboratory of Virology Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia - Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
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6
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Abstract
The female reproductive tract (FRT) is a major site for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. There currently exists a poor understanding of how the innate immune system is activated upon HIV transmission and how this activation may affect systemic spread of HIV from the FRT. However, multiple mechanisms for how HIV is sensed have been deciphered using model systems with cell lines and peripheral blood-derived cells. The aim of this review is to summarize recent progress in the field of HIV innate immune sensing and place this in the context of the FRT. Because HIV is somewhat unique as an STD that thrives under inflammatory conditions, the response of cells upon sensing HIV gene products can either promote or limit HIV infection depending on the context. Future studies should include investigations into how FRT-derived primary cells sense and respond to HIV to confirm conclusions drawn from non-mucosal cells. Understanding how cells of the FRT participate in and effect innate immune sensing of HIV will provide a clearer picture of what parameters during the early stages of HIV exposure determine transmission success. Such knowledge could pave the way for novel approaches for preventing HIV acquisition in women.
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7
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Huot N, Rascle P, Garcia-Tellez T, Jacquelin B, Müller-Trutwin M. Innate immune cell responses in non pathogenic versus pathogenic SIV infections. Curr Opin Virol 2016; 19:37-44. [PMID: 27447445 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2016.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
HIV-1/SIVmac infections deeply disturb innate host responses. Most studies have focused on the impact on dendritic cells and NK cells. A few but insufficient data are available on other innate immune cell types, such as neutrophils. It has been shown that innate lymphoid cells are depleted early and irreversibly during SIVmac/HIV-1 infections. Studies in natural hosts of SIV have contributed to pinpoint that early control of inflammation is crucial. In natural hosts, plasmacytoid dendritic cells, myeloid dendritic cells and NK cells are depleted during acute infection but return to normal levels by the end of acute infection. We summarize here the similarities and differences of various types of innate immune responses in natural hosts compared to pathogenic HIV/SIV mac infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Huot
- Institut Pasteur, Unité HIV, Inflammation and Persistence, Paris, France; CEA, Division of Immuno-Virology, iMETI, DSV, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France; Vaccine Research Institute, Créteil, France
| | - Philippe Rascle
- Institut Pasteur, Unité HIV, Inflammation and Persistence, Paris, France; Vaccine Research Institute, Créteil, France
| | | | - Beatrice Jacquelin
- Institut Pasteur, Unité HIV, Inflammation and Persistence, Paris, France
| | - Michaela Müller-Trutwin
- Institut Pasteur, Unité HIV, Inflammation and Persistence, Paris, France; Vaccine Research Institute, Créteil, France.
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8
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Bosinger SE, Utay NS. Type I interferon: understanding its role in HIV pathogenesis and therapy. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep 2016; 12:41-53. [PMID: 25662992 DOI: 10.1007/s11904-014-0244-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite over 30 years of research, the contribution of type I interferons (IFN-Is) to both the control of HIV replication and initiation of immunologic damage remains debated. In acute infection, IFN-Is, likely from plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs), activate NK cells and upregulate restriction factors targeting virtually the entire HIV life cycle. In chronic infection, IFN-Is may also contribute to CD4 T cell loss and immune exhaustion. pDCs subsequently infiltrate lymphoid and mucosal tissues, and their circulating populations wane in chronic infection; IFN-I may be produced by other cells. Data from nonhuman primates indicate prompt IFN-I signaling is critical in acute infection. Whereas some studies showed IFN-I administration without combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) is beneficial, others suggest that stimulating or blocking IFN-I signaling in chronic ART-suppressed HIV infection has had positive results. Here, we describe the history of HIV and IFN-I, IFN-I's sources, IFN-I's effects on HIV control and host defense, and recent interventional studies in SIV and HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven E Bosinger
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory Vaccine Center Bldg. 3028, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA,
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9
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Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cell Infection and Sensing Capacity during Pathogenic and Nonpathogenic Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection. J Virol 2015; 89:6918-27. [PMID: 25903334 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00332-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in humans and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) in macaques (MAC) lead to chronic inflammation and AIDS. Natural hosts, such as African green monkeys (AGM) and sooty mangabeys (SM), are protected against SIV-induced chronic inflammation and AIDS. Here, we report that AGM plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) express extremely low levels of CD4, unlike MAC and human pDC. Despite this, AGM pDC efficiently sensed SIVagm, but not heterologous HIV/SIV isolates, indicating a virus-host adaptation. Moreover, both AGM and SM pDC were found to be, in contrast to MAC pDC, predominantly negative for CCR5. Despite such limited CD4 and CCR5 expression, lymphoid tissue pDC were infected to a degree similar to that seen with CD4(+) T cells in both MAC and AGM. Altogether, our finding of efficient pDC infection by SIV in vivo identifies pDC as a potential viral reservoir in lymphoid tissues. We discovered low expression of CD4 on AGM pDC, which did not preclude efficient sensing of host-adapted viruses. Therefore, pDC infection and efficient sensing are not prerequisites for chronic inflammation. The high level of pDC infection by SIVagm suggests that if CCR5 paucity on immune cells is important for nonpathogenesis of natural hosts, it is possibly not due to its role as a coreceptor. IMPORTANCE The ability of certain key immune cell subsets to resist infection might contribute to the asymptomatic nature of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection in its natural hosts, such as African green monkeys (AGM) and sooty mangabeys (SM). This relative resistance to infection has been correlated with reduced expression of CD4 and/or CCR5. We show that plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) of natural hosts display reduced CD4 and/or CCR5 expression, unlike macaque pDC. Surprisingly, this did not protect AGM pDC, as infection levels were similar to those found in MAC pDC. Furthermore, we show that AGM pDC did not consistently produce type I interferon (IFN-I) upon heterologous SIVmac/HIV type 1 (HIV-1) encounter, while they sensed autologous SIVagm isolates. Pseudotyping SIVmac/HIV-1 overcame this deficiency, suggesting that reduced uptake of heterologous viral strains underlays this lack of sensing. The distinct IFN-I responses depending on host species and HIV/SIV isolates reveal the host/virus species specificity of pDC sensing.
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